@phdthesis{Breher2009,
  author    = {Breher, Stephanie},
  title     = {Die kardiale Funktion von Popdc1 in der Maus: Vom Gen zum Ph{\"a}n},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Popeye domain containing (Popdc)-Gene bilden eine evolution{\"a}r stark konservierte Genfamilie mit pr{\"a}ferenzieller Expression im Herzen und in der Skelettmuskulatur. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Popdc1 in kardialen Myozyten in Glanzstreifen, lateralen Membranen und im T-Tubuli-System exprimiert wird und mit Ionenkan{\"a}len und anderen myozyt{\"a}ren Membranproteinen wie Cav1.2, Caveolin 3 und NCX1 kolokalisiert ist. Im ventrikul{\"a}ren Reizleitungssystem ist die Expression von Popdc1 gegen{\"u}ber dem ventrikul{\"a}ren Arbeitsmyokard erh{\"o}ht, w{\"a}hrend Atrium und Sinusknoten nahezu {\"a}quivalente Expressionsdom{\"a}nen aufweisen. Mithilfe von elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen konnte bei den Popdc1-Nullmutanten eine stressinduzierte Sinusbradykardie festgestellt werden, die altersabh{\"a}ngig auftritt und auf Sinuspausen zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Histologische Untersuchungen, unter Zuhilfenahme des Sinusknotenmarkers HCN4, zeigten einen Zellverlust im inferioren Teil des Sinusknotens. Popdc1 ist ein Transmembranprotein, das eine 150 Aminos{\"a}ure umfassende, stark konservierte Popeye-Dom{\"a}ne aufweist. F{\"u}r diese Dom{\"a}ne konnte auf struktureller Ebene eine Homologie zu zyklischen Nukleotid-Bindungsdom{\"a}nen vorhergesagt und eine Bindung an cAMP und cGMP experimentell demonstriert werden. Es handelt sich bei den Popdc-Proteinen um einen neuen Zweig der Bindungsproteine f{\"u}r zyklische Nukleotidmonophosphate (cNMP). Die Bindungssequenz weist signifikante Unterschiede zu anderen bereits identifizierten cNMP-Bindungsproteinen auf. Weiterhin wurde die Interaktion von Popdc1 mit TREK1, einem Mitglied der Tandemporenkan{\"a}le untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Popdc1 nach Koexpression in Froschoozyten, den TREK1-Strom erh{\"o}ht und dass die \&\#946;-adrenerge Inhibition des TREK1 Kanals durch Popdc1 verst{\"a}rkt wird. Im Arbeitsmyokard, im kardialen Reizleitungssystem und in kotransfizierten Cos7-Zellen werden beide Proteine {\"u}berlappend exprimiert. Diese Daten zeigen, dass Popdc1 eine wichtige Funktion bei der Regulation der Schrittmacheraktivit{\"a}t, der Aufrechterhaltung der Sinusknotenmorphologie und der Modulation von Ionenkan{\"a}len aufweist. Interessanterweise wurden von unserer Arbeitsgruppe bereits die gleichen Ph{\"a}notypen f{\"u}r die Popdc2 Maus beschrieben, sodass die Popdc Genfamilie {\"u}berlappende und redundante Funktionen aufweist.},
  subject      = {Sinusknoten},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Stoll2009,
  author    = {Stoll, Sascha},
  title     = {Funktionelle Analyse von Blochmannia floridanus, dem prim{\"a}ren Endosymbionten der Rossameise Camponotus floridanus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37238},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Ameisen der Gattung Camponotus beherbergen bakterielle Symbionten der Gattung Blochmannia in spezialisierten Zellen des Mitteldarms (Blochmann, 1882; Buchner, 1965; Sauer, 2000; Schr{\"o}der et al., 1996). Die Genomsequenzierung dieser Symbionten zeigte, dass Blochmannia, {\"a}hnlich den Symbionten von Blattl{\"a}usen, haupts{\"a}chlich Gene der Aminos{\"a}urebiosynthese beibehalten hat (Degnan et al., 2005; Gil et al., 2003). Die Relevanz dieser nahrungsaufwertenden Funktion konnte experimentell best{\"a}tigt werden (Feldhaar et al., 2007). Ein Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Aufkl{\"a}rung der dynamischen Interaktion der beiden Partner w{\"a}hrend des komplexen Lebenszyklus des holometabolen Wirtes. Fr{\"u}here Studien deuteten darauf hin, dass die Symbiose vor allem w{\"a}hrend der Larven- und Puppenphasen von Bedeutung sein k{\"o}nnte (Feldhaar et al., 2007; Wolschin et al., 2004; Zientz et al., 2006). Mit fluoreszenter in situ Hybridisierung (FISH) und konfokaler Laserscanning Mikroskopie konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Lokalisierung von B. floridanus w{\"a}hrend der wichtigsten Entwicklungsstadien aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Symbionten schon im ersten Larvenstadium in spezialisierten Zellen um den Darm angeordnet sind, aber in sp{\"a}teren Stadien nicht, wie bisher angenommen, auf diese Bakteriozyten beschr{\"a}nkt sind, sondern bis zum Schlupf der jungen Arbeiterinnen massiv andere Darmzellen infizieren. {\"U}bereinstimmend mit Bestimmungen der Zellzahl in den verschiedenen Wirtsstadien ist die Anzahl der Symbionten gegen Ende der Metamorphose am h{\"o}chsten. Die Symbiose degeneriert in sehr alten Arbeiterinnen, gut gef{\"u}llte Bakteriozyten werden jedoch noch monatelang beibehalten. Mit Macroarray- und qRT- PCR- basierten Transkriptomanalysen wurde die Expression der bakteriellen Gene in charakteristischen Entwicklungsstadien des Wirtes untersucht. Allgemein zeigen vor allem Gene f{\"u}r molekulare Chaperons und bestimmte bakterielle Grundfunktionen eine hohe Expression. Aber auch viele Gene, die m{\"o}glicherweise wichtige Funktionen in der Symbiose besitzen, wie die Biosynthese essentieller Aminos{\"a}uren und das Recycling von Stickstoffverbindungen, zeigen ein hohes absolutes Transkriptlevel. Zudem besteht eine positive Korrelation zwischen dem Expressionsniveau und dem GC- Gehalt der Gene, die in dem h{\"o}heren Selektionsdruck und damit einer geringeren Mutationsrate der essentiellen Gene begr{\"u}ndet liegt (Schaber et al., 2005). Durch Proteinanalysen konnte best{\"a}tigt werden, dass die Faktoren mit der h{\"o}chsten absoluten Transkription die dominanten Proteine der Symbionten darstellen. In den unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsstadien zeigen viele Gene eine deutliche Dynamik, deren Ausmaß aber, verglichen mit freilebenden Bakterien, gering ist. Aus den Expressionsprofilen aufeinanderfolgender Gene lassen sich m{\"o}gliche Transkriptionseinheiten ableiten, die teilweise auch experimentell best{\"a}tigt wurden. Oftmals zeigen auch Gene, die nicht in Transkriptionseinheiten angeordnet sind, aber verwandten Stoffwechselwegen angeh{\"o}ren, {\"a}hnliche Muster. Dies deutet auf das Vorhandensein grundlegender Genregulations-mechanismen hin, obwohl im Genom von B. floridanus nur noch sehr wenige Transkriptionsfaktoren codiert sind (Gil et al., 2003). Auf {\"u}bergeordneter Ebene zeigt sich, dass bei Symbionten aus sp{\"a}ten Puppenstadien viele symbioserelevante Gene im Vergleich zu Genen des Grundmetabolismus eine erh{\"o}hte Expression zeigen. Dies betrifft besonders die Biosynthese aromatischer und verzweigter Aminos{\"a}uren, die in diesen Stadien vom Wirt in hoher Menge ben{\"o}tigt werden, w{\"a}hrend die internen Reserven gleichzeitig zur Neige gehen. Dies {\"a}ußert sich auch im deutlichen Abfallen der Speicherproteinmenge des Wirts gegen Ende der Puppenphase. Die festgestellte Ver{\"a}nderung der Symbiontenzahl {\"u}bertrifft das geringe Ausmaß der Genregulation um ein Vielfaches. Die Bakterien liegen in jedem Stadium polyploid mit bis zu 100 Genomkopien vor, dieser Polyploidiegrad bleibt jedoch w{\"a}hrend der gesamten Wirtsentwicklung weitestgehend konstant. Somit scheint die Kontrolle des Wirts {\"u}ber die bakterielle Vermehrung der entscheidende Faktor dieser Symbiose zu sein. Die verbleibenden regulatorischen F{\"a}higkeiten der Bakterien stellen m{\"o}glicherweise eine Feinjustierung von optimierten Produktionseinheiten dar, deren Anzahl nach den Bed{\"u}rfnissen des Wirtes ver{\"a}ndert wird. Insgesamt konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit neue Einblicke in das komplexe Zusammenleben von Blochmannia und Camponotus gewonnen werden, die zu einem besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis der biologischen Funktion und der grundlegenden Mechanismen dieser Symbiose f{\"u}hren. Eine der wichtigsten Fragestellungen nach dem Sinn einer nahrungsaufwertenden Symbiose f{\"u}r einen Nahrungsgeneralisten konnte mit starken Hinweisen auf eine stadienabh{\"a}ngige Relevanz der Symbiose beantwortet werden, die den enormen evolution{\"a}ren Erfolg dieser Ameisengattung erkl{\"a}ren k{\"o}nnte.\&\#8195;},
  subject      = {Intrazellul{\"a}re Symbiose},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Li2009,
  author    = {Li, Naixin},
  title     = {Dorso-ventral Differentiation and Specification of the Mesencephalon in Early Chick Embryos},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32950},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The chick midbrain is subdivided into functionally distinct ventral and dorsal domains, tegmentum and optic tectum. In the mature tectum, neurons are organized in layers, while they form discrete nuclei in the tegmentum. An interesting characteristic of the embryonic brain is the development of a large optic tectum, of which the growth becomes obvious at embryonic day 3 (E3). Dorsoventral (DV) specification of the early midbrain should thus play a crucial role for the organization of the neuronal circuitry in optic tectum and tegmentum. In the first part of my thesis, I investigated regional commitment and establishment of cellular differences along the midbrain DV axis. I examined the commitment of gene expression patterns in isolated ventral and dorsal tissue in vivo and in vitro, and studied their cell mixing properties. Explant cultures, and grafting of dorsal midbrain into a ventral environment or vice versa, revealed a gradual increase in the autonomy of region-specific gene regulation between, which was accompanied by a gradual increase in differential adhesive properties from E2 to E3, once the DV axis polarity was fixed. These events happened at a time-point when the majority of midbrain cells are not yet differentiated. Long-term transplantation (6 - 9 days) using quail cells from ventral midbrain as grafts showed the same result. Hence, the results suggest that progressive specification of the midbrain DV axis is accompanied by progressively reduced cell mixing between dorsal and ventral precursors, leading to a partial regionalization of midbrain tissue into autonomous units of precursor cell populations. In the second part I investigated the genes that might be involved in regulating the growth of the tectum. In particular, I focused on the role of Pax7 transcription factor, a paired domain protein. The results suggested that Pax7 was involved in regulating the medial-lateral extension of the tectum. Over expression of Pax7 in dorsal midbrain led to an enlarged tectum accompanied by a raise in cell division, while Pax7 knockdown by shrank caused a reduction in tectum. The overall pattern of neuronal differentiation was not disturbed by an up or down regulation of Pax7. Pax7 also positively regulated Pax3, another pair-ruled gene expressed dorsally. These results suggest that Pax7 very likely together with Pax3 could facilitate or maintain neural cell proliferation in the midbrain at early stages and that a regulation of the size in that region does not influence the neuronal patterning of the developmental field. I further checked the expression and function of a GFPase Rab 23, that was suggested to be involved in the DV patterning in mouse neural tube as a negative regulator of Shh signaling. Overexpression of Rab23 indicated that it facilitated the expression of Pax7 and Pax3 in the neural tube and suppressed ventral genes like Nkx6.1 cell autonomously, however, it did not disturb neuronal patterning. Interestingly, a thorough expression study of Rab 23 during chick early development revealed that Rab23 is already expressed very early and asymmetrically during gastrulation, suggesting a possible role of Rab23 on the left-right determination of Hensen's node. In combination with the result that Rab23 is expressed in the notochord early in development, I assume that both Rab23 and Shh exist in all neural progenitor cells initially, and when their expression patterns separate gradually the neural cells adopt a ventral or dorsal fate according to their location along the dorsoventral axis. The avian embryo is a classic system used widely to investigate questions of vertebrate development. The easy and cheap accessibility of the embryo for in ovo or ex ovo experiments all around the year make it an ideal animal model to work with. The only recently developed method of over expressing genes in specific cells or regions in the chick embryo by electroporation enabled me to study different ways of gene suppression using this way of gene transfection. Thus, I compared the effect of long-hairpin and short hairpin dsRNA in different vectors and antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. The results revealed that all hairpin dsRNA constructs did reduce gene and protein expression often accompanied by morphological changes. Most efficiently were shRNAi constructs cloned into a siRNA-specific vector - pSilencer 1.0-U6. Gene silencing was already well observed 36 hours after transfection. In comparison antisense morpholino oligonucleotides did not show such big gene reduction as the shRNA in pSilencer. Taken together, this methodical research proposes that the shRNA in the pSilencer vector was a good and effective tool to reduce gene and protein expression locally.},
  subject      = {Differenzierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Friedrich2009,
  author    = {Friedrich, Torben},
  title     = {New statistical Methods of Genome-Scale Data Analysis in Life Science - Applications to enterobacterial Diagnostics, Meta-Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Gene Expression and functional Sequence Annotation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39858},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Recent progresses and developments in molecular biology provide a wealth of new but insufficiently characterised data. This fund comprises amongst others biological data of genomic DNA, protein sequences, 3-dimensional protein structures as well as profiles of gene expression. In the present work, this information is used to develop new methods for the characterisation and classification of organisms and whole groups of organisms as well as to enhance the automated gain and transfer of information. The first two presented approaches (chapters 4 und 5) focus on the medically and scientifically important enterobacteria. Its impact in medicine and molecular biology is founded in versatile mechanisms of infection, their fundamental function as a commensal inhabitant of the intestinal tract and their use as model organisms as they are easy to cultivate. Despite many studies on single pathogroups with clinical distinguishable pathologies, the genotypic factors that contribute to their diversity are still partially unknown. The comprehensive genome comparison described in Chapter 4 was conducted with numerous enterobacterial strains, which cover nearly the whole range of clinically relevant diversity. The genome comparison constitutes the basis of a characterisation of the enterobacterial gene pool, of a reconstruction of evolutionary processes and of comprehensive analysis of specific protein families in enterobacterial subgroups. Correspondence analysis, which is applied for the first time in this context, yields qualitative statements to bacterial subgroups and the respective, exclusively present protein families. Specific protein families were identified for the three major subgroups of enterobacteria namely the genera Yersinia and Salmonella as well as to the group of Shigella and E. coli by applying statistical tests. In conclusion, the genome comparison-based methods provide new starting points to infer specific genotypic traits of bacterial groups from the transfer of functional annotation. Due to the high medical importance of enterobacterial isolates their classification according to pathogenicity has been in focus of many studies. The microarray technology offers a fast, reproducible and standardisable means of bacterial typing and has been proved in bacterial diagnostics, risk assessment and surveillance. The design of the diagnostic microarray of enterobacteria described in chapter 5 is based on the availability of numerous enterobacterial genome sequences. A novel probe selection strategy based on the highly efficient algorithm of string search, which considers both coding and non-coding regions of genomic DNA, enhances pathogroup detection. This principle reduces the risk of incorrect typing due to restrictions to virulence-associated capture probes. Additional capture probes extend the spectrum of applications of the microarray to simultaneous diagnostic or surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Comprehensive test hybridisations largely confirm the reliability of the selected capture probes and its ability to robustly classify enterobacterial strains according to pathogenicity. Moreover, the tests constitute the basis of the training of a regression model for the classification of pathogroups and hybridised amounts of DNA. The regression model features a continuous learning capacity leading to an enhancement of the prediction accuracy in the process of its application. A fraction of the capture probes represents intergenic DNA and hence confirms the relevance of the underlying strategy. Interestingly, a large part of the capture probes represents poorly annotated genes suggesting the existence of yet unconsidered factors with importance to the formation of respective virulence phenotypes. Another major field of microarray applications is gene expression analysis. The size of gene expression databases rapidly increased in recent years. Although they provide a wealth of expression data, it remains challenging to integrate results from different studies. In chapter 6 the methodology of an unsupervised meta-analysis of genome-wide A. thaliana gene expression data sets is presented, which yields novel insights in function and regulation of genes. The application of kernel-based principal component analysis in combination with hierarchical clustering identified three major groups of contrasts each sharing overlapping expression profiles. Genes associated with two groups are known to play important roles in Indol-3 acetic acid (IAA) mediated plant growth and development as well as in pathogen defence. Yet uncharacterised serine-threonine kinases could be assigned to novel functions in pathogen defence by meta-analysis. In general, hidden interrelation between genes regulated under different conditions could be unravelled by the described approach. HMMs are applied to the functional characterisation of proteins or the detection of genes in genome sequences. Although HMMs are technically mature and widely applied in computational biology, I demonstrate the methodical optimisation with respect to the modelling accuracy on biological data with various distributions of sequence lengths. The subunits of these models, the states, are associated with a certain holding time being the link to length distributions of represented sequences. An adaptation of simple HMM topologies to bell-shaped length distributions described in chapter 7 was achieved by serial chain-linking of single states, while residing in the class of conventional HMMs. The impact of an optimisation of HMM topologies was underlined by performance evaluations with differently adjusted HMM topologies. In summary, a general methodology was introduced to improve the modelling behaviour of HMMs by topological optimisation with maximum likelihood and a fast and easily implementable moment estimator. Chapter 8 describes the application of HMMs to the prediction of interaction sites in protein domains. As previously demonstrated, these sites are not trivial to predict because of varying degree in conservation of their location and type within the domain family. The prediction of interaction sites in protein domains is achieved by a newly defined HMM topology, which incorporates both sequence and structure information. Posterior decoding is applied to the prediction of interaction sites providing additional information of the probability of an interaction for all sequence positions. The implementation of interaction profile HMMs (ipHMMs) is based on the well established profile HMMs and inherits its known efficiency and sensitivity. The large-scale prediction of interaction sites by ipHMMs explained protein dysfunctions caused by mutations that are associated to inheritable diseases like different types of cancer or muscular dystrophy. As already demonstrated by profile HMMs, the ipHMMs are suitable for large-scale applications. Overall, the HMM-based method enhances the prediction quality of interaction sites and improves the understanding of the molecular background of inheritable diseases. With respect to current and future requirements I provide large-scale solutions for the characterisation of biological data in this work. All described methods feature a highly portable character, which allows for the transfer to related topics or organisms, respectively. Special emphasis was put on the knowledge transfer facilitated by a steadily increasing wealth of biological information. The applied and developed statistical methods largely provide learning capacities and hence benefit from the gain of knowledge resulting in increased prediction accuracies and reliability.},
  subject      = {Genomik},
  language  = {en}
}