@article{MaschwitzFialaLinsenmair1994,
  author    = {Maschwitz, Ulrich and Fiala, Brigitte and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Clerodendrum fistulosum (Verbenanceae), an unspecific myrmecophyte from Borneo with spontaneously opening domatia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31013},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Clerodendrumjistulosum Becc. is a true myrmecophyte as it offers nesting space for ants in hollow intemodes. In contrast to previous reports our investigations proved that these domatia open by themselves, thus providing cavities for a variety of different ant species. In Sarawak, Malaysia, we did not find an obligate relationship between C. jistulosum and a specific ant-partner. For comparison, studies on herbarium material of other Clerodendrum species were carried out a further species, C. deflexum from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra presumably also is myrmecophytic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaschwitzFialaSawetal.1994,
  author    = {Maschwitz, Ulich and Fiala, Brigitte and Saw, L. G. and Norma-Rashid, Yusoff and Idris, Azarae Haji},
  title     = {Ficus obscura var. borneensis (Moraceae), a new non-specific ant-plant from Malesia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42926},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Ficus obscura var. borneensis is a true myrmecophyte. It spontaneously forms cavities (domatia) in parts of its twigs which open by slits, These occur in the internodes and are usually not swollen. The domatia are inhabited by a variety of non-specific tree-living ants including Crematogaster spp., Cataulacus sp., Tetramorium sp., Cardio condyla sp. and Camponotus sp.. Additionally the plant providL a su~ar-containing secretion from extrafloral nectaries on the lower surfaces of the leaves. Examination of herbarium specimens of 37 other South-east Asian Ficus species did not reveal a single specimen with domatia.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FialaRabensteinMaschwitz1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Rabenstein, R. and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Ant-attracting plant-structures: Food bodies of SE Asian Vitaceae},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55177},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Pflanzen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FialaGrunskyMaschwitzetal.1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Grunsky, Harald and Maschwitz, Ulrich and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Diversity of ant-plant interactions: Protective efficacy in Macaranga species with different degrees of ant-association.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32905},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {The pioneer tree Macaranga in SE Asia has developed manyfold associations with ants. The genus comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative relationships to obligate myrmecophytes. Only myrmecophytic Macaranga offer nesting space for ants and are associated with a specific ant partner. The nonmyrmecophytic species are visited by a variety of different ant species which are attracted by extrafloral nectaries (EFN) and food bodies. Transitional Macaranga species like M. hosei are colonized later in their development due to their stem structure. Before the colonization by their specific Crematogaster partner the young plants are visited by different ant species attracted by EFN. These nectaries are reduced and food body production starts as soon as colonization becomes possible. We demonstrated earlier that obligate ant partners can protect their Macaranga plants against herbivore damage and vine cover. In this study we focused on nonspecific interactions and studied M. tanarius and M. hosei, representing a non-myrmecophyte and a transitional species respectively. In ant exclusion experiments both M. tanarius and M. hosei suffered significantly higher mean leaf damage than controls, 37\% versus 6\% in M. hosei, 16\% versus 7\% in M. tanarius. M. tanarius offers both EFN and food bodies so that tests for different effects of these two food rewards could be conducted. Plants with food bodies removed but with EFN remaining had the lowest mean increase of herbivore damage of all experimental groups. Main herbivores on M. hosei were mites and caterpillars. Many M. tanarius plants were infested by a shootborer. Both Macaranga species were visited by various ant species. Crematogaster spp. being the most abundant. We found no evidence for any specific relationships. The results of this study strongly support the hypothesis that non-specific, facultative associations with ants can be advantageous for Macaranga plants. Food bodies appear to have lower attractive value for opportunistic ants than EFN and may require a specific dietary adaptation. This is also indicated by the fact that food body production in the transitional M. hosei does not start before stem structure allows a colonization by the obligate Crematogaster species. M. hosei thus benefits from facultative association with a variety of ants until it produces its first domatia and can be colonized by its obligate mutualist.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FialaFederleMaschwitzetal.1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Federle, W. and Maschwitz, U. and Azarae, Idris},
  title     = {The first myrmecophytic 2-partner-system in the genus Macaranga: The association between Macaranga puncticulata and a Componotus (Colobopsis) in Malaysia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55144},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biologie},
  language  = {en}
}