@article{StormsJakharMitesseretal.2022,
  author    = {Storms, Mona and Jakhar, Aryan and Mitesser, Oliver and Jechow, Andreas and H{\"o}lker, Franz and Degen, Tobias and Hovestadt, Thomas and Degen, Jacqueline},
  title     = {The rising moon promotes mate finding in moths},
  series = {Communications Biology},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Communications Biology},
  doi       = {10.1038/s42003-022-03331-x},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301365},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {To counteract insect decline, it is essential to understand the underlying causes, especially for key pollinators such as nocturnal moths whose ability to orientate can easily be influenced by ambient light conditions. These comprise natural light sources as well as artificial light, but their specific relevance for moth orientation is still unknown. We investigated the influence of moonlight on the reproductive behavior of privet hawkmoths (Sphinx ligustri) at a relatively dark site where the Milky Way was visible while the horizon was illuminated by distant light sources and skyglow. We show that male moths use the moon for orientation and reach females significantly faster with increasing moon elevation. Furthermore, the choice of flight direction depended on the cardinal position of the moon but not on the illumination of the horizon caused by artificial light, indicating that the moon plays a key role in the orientation of male moths.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SiegerHovestadt2020,
  author    = {Sieger, Charlotte Sophie and Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {The degree of spatial variation relative to temporal variation influences evolution of dispersal},
  series = {Oikos},
  volume    = {129},
  journal   = {Oikos},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1111/oik.07567},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239049},
  pages     = {1611 -- 1622},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In the face of ongoing global climate and land use change, organisms have multiple possibilities to cope with the modification of their environment. The two main possibilities are to either adapt locally or disperse to a more suitable habitat. The evolution of both local adaptation and dispersal interacts and can be influenced by the spatial and temporal variation (of e.g. temperature or precipitation). In an individual based model (IBM), we explore evolution of phenotypes in landscapes with varying degree of spatial relative to global temporal variation in order to examine its influence on the evolution of dispersal, niche optimum and niche width. The relationship between temporal and spatial variation did neither influence the evolution of local adaptation in the niche optimum nor of niche widths. Dispersal probability is highly influenced by the spatio-temporal relationship: with increasing spatial variation, dispersal probability decreases. Additionally, the shape of the distribution of the trait values over patch attributes switches from hump- to U-shaped. At low spatial variance more individuals emigrate from average habitats, at high spatial variance more from extreme habitats. The comparatively high dispersal probability in extreme patches of landscapes with a high spatial variation can be explained by evolutionary succession of two kinds of adaptive response. Early in the simulations, extreme patches in landscapes with a high spatial variability act as sink habitats, where population persistence depends on highly dispersive individuals with a wide niche. With ongoing evolution, local adaptation of the remaining individuals takes over, but simultaneously a possible bet-hedging strategy promotes higher dispersal probabilities in those habitats. Here, in generations that experience extreme shifts from the temporal mean of the patch attribute, the expected fitness becomes higher for dispersing individuals than for philopatric individuals. This means that under certain circumstances, both local adaptation and high dispersal probability can be selected for for coping with the projected environmental changes in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchenkMitesserHovestadtetal.2018,
  author    = {Schenk, Mariela and Mitesser, Oliver and Hovestadt, Thomas and Holzschuh, Andrea},
  title     = {Overwintering temperature and body condition shift emergence dates of spring-emerging solitary bees},
  series = {PeerJ},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PeerJ},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.4721},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228544},
  pages     = {e4721, 1-17},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Solitary bees in seasonal environments must align their life-cycles with favorable environmental conditions and resources; the timing of their emergence is highly fitness relevant. In several bee species, overwintering temperature influences both emergence date and body weight at emergence. High variability in emergence dates among specimens overwintering at the same temperatures suggests that the timing of emergence also depends on individual body conditions. However, possible causes for this variability, such as individual differences in body size or weight, have been rarely studied. In a climate chamber experiment using two spring-emerging mason bees (Osmia cornuta and O. bicornis), we investigated the relationship between temperature, emergence date, body weight, and body size, the last of which is not affected by overwintering temperature. Our study showed that body weight declined during hibernation more strongly in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures. Although bees emerged earlier in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures, at the time of emergence, bees in warm overwintering temperatures had lower body weights than bees in cold overwintering temperatures (exception of male O. cornuta). Among specimens that experienced the same overwintering temperatures, small and light bees emerged later than their larger and heavier conspecifics. Using a simple mechanistic model we demonstrated that spring-emerging solitary bees use a strategic approach and emerge at a date that is most promising for their individual fitness expectations. Our results suggest that warmer overwintering temperatures reduce bee fitness by causing a decrease in body weight at emergence. We showed furthermore that in order to adjust their emergence dates, bees use not only temperature but also their individual body condition as triggers. This may explain differing responses to climate warming within and among bee populations and may have consequences for bee-plant interactions as well as for the persistence of bee populations under climate change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RedlichZhangBenjaminetal.2022,
  author    = {Redlich, Sarah and Zhang, Jie and Benjamin, Caryl and Dhillon, Maninder Singh and Englmeier, Jana and Ewald, J{\"o}rg and Fricke, Ute and Ganuza, Cristina and Haensel, Maria and Hovestadt, Thomas and Kollmann, Johannes and Koellner, Thomas and K{\"u}bert-Flock, Carina and Kunstmann, Harald and Menzel, Annette and Moning, Christoph and Peters, Wibke and Riebl, Rebekka and Rummler, Thomas and Rojas-Botero, Sandra and Tobisch, Cynthia and Uhler, Johannes and Uphus, Lars and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf},
  title     = {Disentangling effects of climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services—A multi-scale experimental design},
  series = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.1111/2041-210X.13759},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258270},
  pages     = {514-527},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Climate and land-use change are key drivers of environmental degradation in the Anthropocene, but too little is known about their interactive effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Long-term data on biodiversity trends are currently lacking. Furthermore, previous ecological studies have rarely considered climate and land use in a joint design, did not achieve variable independence or lost statistical power by not covering the full range of environmental gradients. Here, we introduce a multi-scale space-for-time study design to disentangle effects of climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The site selection approach coupled extensive GIS-based exploration (i.e. using a Geographic information system) and correlation heatmaps with a crossed and nested design covering regional, landscape and local scales. Its implementation in Bavaria (Germany) resulted in a set of study plots that maximise the potential range and independence of environmental variables at different spatial scales. Stratifying the state of Bavaria into five climate zones (reference period 1981-2010) and three prevailing land-use types, that is, near-natural, agriculture and urban, resulted in 60 study regions (5.8 × 5.8 km quadrants) covering a mean annual temperature gradient of 5.6-9.8°C and a spatial extent of ~310 × 310 km. Within these regions, we nested 180 study plots located in contrasting local land-use types, that is, forests, grasslands, arable land or settlement (local climate gradient 4.5-10°C). This approach achieved low correlations between climate and land use (proportional cover) at the regional and landscape scale with |r ≤ 0.33| and |r ≤ 0.29| respectively. Furthermore, using correlation heatmaps for local plot selection reduced potentially confounding relationships between landscape composition and configuration for plots located in forests, arable land and settlements. The suggested design expands upon previous research in covering a significant range of environmental gradients and including a diversity of dominant land-use types at different scales within different climatic contexts. It allows independent assessment of the relative contribution of multi-scale climate and land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Understanding potential interdependencies among global change drivers is essential to develop effective restoration and mitigation strategies against biodiversity decline, especially in expectation of future climatic changes. Importantly, this study also provides a baseline for long-term ecological monitoring programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PoethkeHovestadtMitesser2003,
  author    = {Poethke, Hans-Joachim and Hovestadt, Thomas and Mitesser, Oliver},
  title     = {Local extinction and the evolution of dispersal rates: Causes and correlations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47718},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {We present the results of individual-based simulation experiments on the evolution of dispersal rates of organisms living in metapopulations. We find conflicting results regarding the relationship between local extinction rate and evolutionarily stable (ES) dispersal rate depending on which principal mechanism causes extinction: if extinction is caused by environmental catastrophes eradicating local populations, we observe a positive correlation between extinction and ES dispersal rate; if extinction is a consequence of stochastic local dynamics and environmental fluctuations, the correlation becomes ambiguous; and in cases where extinction is caused by dispersal mortality, a negative correlation between local extinction rate and ES dispersal rate emerges. We conclude that extinction rate, which both affects and is affected by dispersal rates, is not an ideal predictor for optimal dispersal rates.},
  subject      = {Ausbreitung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PoethkePfenningHovestadt2007,
  author    = {Poethke, Hans J. and Pfenning, Brenda and Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {The relative contribution of individual and kin selection to the evolution of density-dependent dispersal rates},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48225},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Questions: What are the relative contributions of kin selection and individual selection to the evolution of dispersal rates in fragmented landscapes? How do environmental parameters influence the relative contributions of both evolutionary forces? Features of the model: Individual-based simulation model of a metapopulation. Logistic local growth dynamics and density-dependent dispersal. An optional shuffling algorithm allows the continuous destruction of any genetic structure in the metapopulation. Ranges of key variables: Depending on dispersal mortality (0.05-0.4) and the strength of environmental fluctuations, mean dispersal probability varied between 0.05 and 0.5. Conclusions: For local population sizes of 100 individuals, kin selection alone could account for dispersal probabilities of up to 0.1. It may result in a ten-fold increase of optimal dispersal rates compared with those predicted on the basis of individual selection alone. Such a substantial contribution of kin selection to dispersal is restricted to cases where the overall dispersal probabilities are small (textless 0.1). In the latter case, as much as 30\% of the total fitness of dispersing individuals could arise from the increased reproduction of kin left in the natal patch.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PoethkeHovestadt2002,
  author    = {Poethke, Hans J. and Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {Evolution of density-and patch-size-dependent dispersal rates},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49659},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Based on a marginal value approach, we derive a nonlinear expression for evolutionarily stable (ES) dispersal rates in a metapopulation with global dispersal. For the general case of density-dependent population growth, our analysis shows that individual dispersal rates should decrease with patch capacity and-beyond a certain threshold-increase with population density. We performed a number of spatially explicit, individual-based simulation experiments to test these predictions and to explore further the relevance of variation in the rate of population increase, density dependence, environmental fluctuations and dispersal mortality on the evolution of dispersal rates. They confirm the predictions of our analytical approach. In addition, they show that dispersal rates in metapopulations mostly depend on dispersal mortality and inter-patch variation in population density. The latter is dominantly driven by environmental fluctuations and the rate of population increase. These conclusions are not altered by the introduction of neighbourhood dispersal. With patch capacities in the order of 100 individuals, kin competition seems to be of negligible importance for ES dispersal rates except when overall dispersal rates are low.},
  subject      = {Metapopulation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuehlenbergHovestadt1992,
  author    = {M{\"u}hlenberg, Michael and Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {Das Zielartenkonzept},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30140},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LakovicPoethkeHovestadt2015,
  author    = {Lakovic, Milica and Poethke, Hans-Joachim and Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {Dispersal timing: Emigration of insects living in patchy environments},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {7},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0128672},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126466},
  pages     = {e0128672},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Dispersal is a life-history trait affecting dynamics and persistence of populations; it evolves under various known selective pressures. Theoretical studies on dispersal typically assume 'natal dispersal', where individuals emigrate right after birth. But emigration may also occur during a later moment within a reproductive season ('breeding dispersal'). For example, some female butterflies first deposit eggs in their natal patch before migrating to other site(s) to continue egg-laying there. How breeding compared to natal dispersal influences the evolution of dispersal has not been explored. To close this gap we used an individual-based simulation approach to analyze (i) the evolution of timing of breeding dispersal in annual organisms, (ii) its influence on dispersal (compared to natal dispersal). Furthermore, we tested (iii) its performance in direct evolutionary contest with individuals following a natal dispersal strategy. Our results show that evolution should typically result in lower dispersal under breeding dispersal, especially when costs of dispersal are low and population size is small. By distributing offspring evenly across two patches, breeding dispersal allows reducing direct sibling competition in the next generation whereas natal dispersal can only reduce trans-generational kin competition by producing highly dispersive offspring in each generation. The added benefit of breeding dispersal is most prominent in patches with small population sizes. Finally, the evolutionary contests show that a breeding dispersal strategy would universally out-compete natal dispersal.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JoschinskiHovestadtKrauss2015,
  author    = {Joschinski, Jens and Hovestadt, Thomas and Krauss, Jochen},
  title     = {Coping with shorter days: do phenology shifts constrain aphid fitness?},
  series = {PeerJ},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {PeerJ},
  number    = {e1103},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.1103},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148382},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Climate change can alter the phenology of organisms. It may thus lead seasonal organisms to face different day lengths than in the past, and the fitness consequences of these changes are as yet unclear. To study such effects, we used the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum as a model organism, as it has obligately asexual clones which can be used to study day length effects without eliciting a seasonal response. We recorded life-history traits under short and long days, both with two realistic temperature cycles with means differing by 2 °C. In addition, we measured the population growth of aphids on their host plant Pisum sativum. We show that short days reduce fecundity and the length of the reproductive period of aphids. Nevertheless, this does not translate into differences at the population level because the observed fitness costs only become apparent late in the individual's life. As expected, warm temperature shortens the development time by 0.7 days/°C, leading to faster generation times. We found no interaction of temperature and day length. We conclude that day length changes cause only relatively mild costs, which may not decelerate the increase in pest status due to climate change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HovestadtThomasMitesseretal.2019,
  author    = {Hovestadt, Thomas and Thomas, Jeremy A. and Mitesser, Oliver and Sch{\"o}nrogge, Karsten},
  title     = {Multiple host use and the dynamics of host-switching in host-parasite systems},
  series = {Insect Conservation and Diversity},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Insect Conservation and Diversity},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1111/icad.12374},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204747},
  pages     = {511-522},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The link between multi-host use and host switching in host-parasite interactions is a continuing area of debate. Lycaenid butterflies in the genus Maculinea, for example, exploit societies of different Myrmica ant species across their ranges, but there is only rare evidence that they simultaneously utilise multiple hosts at a local site, even where alternative hosts are present. We present a simple population-genetic model accounting for the proportion of two alternative hosts and the fitness of parasite genotypes on each host. In agreement with standard models, we conclude that simultaneous host use is possible whenever fitness of heterozygotes on alternative hosts is not too low. We specifically focus on host-shifting dynamics when the frequency of hosts changes. We find that (i) host shifting may proceed so rapidly that multiple host use is unlikely to be observed, (ii) back and forth transition in host use can exhibit a hysteresis loop, (iii) the parasites' host use may not be proportional to local host frequencies and be restricted to the rarer host under some conditions, and (iv) that a substantial decline in parasite abundance may typically precede a shift in host use. We conclude that focusing not just on possible equilibrium conditions but also considering the dynamics of host shifting in non-equilibrium situations may provide added insights into host-parasite systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{HovestadtRoeserMuehlenberg1991,
  author    = {Hovestadt, Thomas and Roeser, J. and M{\"u}hlenberg, M.},
  title     = {Fl{\"a}chenbedarf von Tierpopulationen - als Kriterien f{\"u}r Maßnahmen des Biotopschutzes und als Datenbasis zur Beurteilung von Eingriffen in Natur und Landschaft},
  isbn      = {3-89336-057-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33645},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Die Untersuchung des Fl{\"a}chenanspruchs von Tierpopulationen ist wegen folgender Gesichtspunkte wichtig: (a) Nachdem das Aussterben der Arten nicht nachl{\"a}ßt, erhebt sich die Frage nach den M{\"o}glichkeiten im Naturschutz, quantitative Forderungen zu begr{\"u}nden. (b) Da selbst gezielte Schutzmaßnahmen sinnlos werden, wenn die Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r das {\"u}berleben der Arten oder Lebensgemeinschaften nicht gegeben sind, muß man sich fragen, wieviel an Umweltverschmutzung reduziert werden muß, damit der Artenschutz verwirklicht werden kann. Der "Extensivierungsspielraum" an sich reicht nicht aus. Die Frage nach dem Fl{\"a}chenanspruch schließt den Gedanken einer "mindestens notwendigen" Fl{\"a}chensicherung ein. Der Fl{\"a}chenbedarf einer Tierpopulation wird bestimmt durch (A) den Raumbedarf der Reproduktionseinheit, und (B) der Gr{\"o}ße einer {\"u}berlebensf{\"a}higen Population. (A) variiert durch die individuell und im Jahresverlauf schwankenden Aktionsraumgr{\"o}ßen und die unterschiedliche Habitatqualit{\"a}t. Die {\"u}berlebensf{\"a}higkeit (B) einer Population ist von Zufallsprozessen abh{\"a}ngig und daher nur mit einer gewissen Wahrscheinlichkeit absch{\"a}tzbar. Vier verschiedene (nicht anthropogene) Faktoren k{\"o}nnen selbst in einem geeigneten Habi tat zum Aussterben von Populationen f{\"u}hren: (a) demographische und (b) genetische Zufallsprozesse, (c) Umweltschwankungen und (d) (Natur) katastrophen. Eine Absicherung gegen diese Risikofaktoren wird durch Vergr{\"o}ßerung der Population, Erh{\"o}hung der Zahl geeigneter Habitate und Verringerung der Isolierung zwischen den bewohnten Fl{\"a}chen erreicht. Eine Mindestforderung (Minimalareal die mindest notwendige Fl{\"a}che, die gesch{\"u}tzt werden muß) kann nur an der sog. "minimum viable population" bemessen werden. Die Gef{\"a}hrdungsgradanalyse ("population vulnerability analysis") f{\"u}r eine bestimmte Tierart liefert die notwendigen Angaben zur Habitatqualit{\"a}t, Fl{\"a}chengr{\"o}ße und Lage der Fl{\"a}chen, die f{\"u}r die Zukunftssicherung einer Population unter nat{\"u}rlichen Bedingungen (z.B. "mit 95\%iger Wahrscheinlichkeit die n{\"a}chsten 50 Jahre {\"u}berlebensf{\"a}hig" ) notwendig sind. Sowohl beim konstruktiven Artenschutz wie auch f{\"u}r die Schadensbegrenzung bei Eingriffsregelungen sollte eine Zielart ausgew{\"a}hlt werden, damit die Fl{\"a}chensicherung eindeutig quantitativ begr{\"u}ndet werden kann. Die Auswahl einer Zielart erfolgt nach Kriterien wie {\"u}berregionaler Gef{\"a}hrdungsgrad, Schl{\"u}sselart, Chancen der Populationssicherung und wird regional nach den bestehenden Voraussetzungen (Vorkommen, Habitatangebot, Regionalplan) angepaßt. Die wesentlichen Aspekte eines ZielartenKonzeptes sind: Der Fl{\"a}chenbedarf f{\"u}r Schutz- und Ausgleichsmaßnahmen wird an den {\"U}berlebensaussichten einzelner Tierpopulationen bemessen -- Die Zukunftssicherung muß nat{\"u}rliche Bedingungen (nicht st{\"a}ndige St{\"u}tzmaßnahmen) voraussetzen -- Die Analyse von Risikofaktoren bildet die Grundlage f{\"u}r die Absch{\"a}tzung der Zukunftsaussichten. Es sind wissenschaftlich begr{\"u}ndete, quantitative Aussagen m{\"o}glich. Durch die Sicherung von Fl{\"a}chen mit geeigneter Habitatqualit{\"a}t profitieren viele weitere Arten von den Schutzmaßnahmen. Es entsteht ein k{\"u}nftiger Forschungsbedarf vor allem zu den Gef{\"a}hrdungsgradanalysen ausgew{\"a}hlter Zielarten. F{\"u}r die praktische Umsetzung sind die Aufstellung einer regional angepaßten Zielartenliste, Habitateignungsanalysen und die Entwicklung von Populationsmodellen f{\"u}r Zielarten von seiten der biologischen Wissenschaft n{\"o}tig.},
  subject      = {Tiere},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HovestadtPoethkeMessner2000,
  author    = {Hovestadt, Thomas and Poethke, Hans J. and Messner, Stefan},
  title     = {Variability in dispersal distances generates typical successional patterns: a simple simulation model},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48178},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {More recently, it became clear that conclusions drawn from traditional ecological theory may be altered substantially if the spatial dimension of species interactions is considered explicitly. Regardless of the details of these models, spatially explicit simulations of ecological processes have nearly universally shown that spatial or spatio-temporal patterns in species distributions can emerge even from homogeneous starting conditions; limited dispersal is one of the key factors responsible for the development of such aggregated and patchy distributions (cf., Pacala 1986, Holmes et al. 1994, Molofsky 1994, Tilman 1994, Bascompte and Sole 1995, 1997, 1998, Jeltsch et al. 1999). In line with these ideas, we wish to draw attention to the fact that in heterogeneous landscapes differences in characteristic dispersal distances between species are a sufficient precondition for the emergence of a successional pattern. We will use a simple, spatially explicit simulation program to demonstrate the validity of this statement. We will also show that the speed of the successional progress depends on scale and heterogeneity in the distribution of suitable habitat.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HovestadtMitesserElmesetal.2007,
  author    = {Hovestadt, Thomas and Mitesser, Oliver and Elmes, Graham and Thomas, Jeremy A. and Hochberg, Michael E.},
  title     = {An Evolutionarily Stable Strategy model for the evolution of dimorphic development in the butterfly Maculinea rebeli, a social parasite of Myrmica Ant Colonies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48165},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Caterpillars of the butterfly Maculinea rebeli develop as parasites inside ant colonies. In intensively studied French populations, about 25\% of caterpillars mature within 1 year (fast-developing larvae [FDL]) and the others after 2 years (slow-developing larvae [SDL]); all available evidence indicates that this ratio is under the control of egg-laying females. We present an analytical model to predict the evolutionarily stable fraction of FDL (pESS). The model accounts for added winter mortality of SDL, general and kin competition among caterpillars, a competitive advantage of SDL over newly entering FDL (priority effect), and the avoidance of renewed infection of ant nests by butterflies in the coming season (segregation). We come to the following conclusions: (1) all factors listed above can promote the evolution of delayed development; (2) kin competition and segregation stabilize pESS near 0.5; and (3) a priority effect is the only mechanism potentially selecting for. However, given the empirical data, pESS is predicted to fall closer to 0.5 than to the 0.25 that has been observed. In this particular system, bet hedging cannot explain why more than 50\% of larvae postpone growth. Presumably, other fitness benefits for SDL, for example, higher fertility or longevity, also contribute to the evolution of delayed development. The model presented here may be of general applicability for systems where maturing individuals compete in small subgroups.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Hovestadt1990,
  author    = {Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {M{\"o}glichkeiten und Kriterien f{\"u}r die Bestimmung von Minimalarealen von Tierpopulationen und {\"O}kosystembest{\"a}nden},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30150},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Hovestadt1990,
  author    = {Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung zuf{\"a}lligen Aussterbens f{\"u}r die Naturschutzplanung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30136},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HornMitesserHovestadtetal.2019,
  author    = {Horn, Melanie and Mitesser, Oliver and Hovestadt, Thomas and Yoshii, Taishi and Rieger, Dirk and Helfrich-F{\"o}rster, Charlotte},
  title     = {The circadian clock improves fitness in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster},
  series = {Frontiers in Physiology},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Physiology},
  number    = {1374},
  issn      = {1664-042X},
  doi       = {10.3389/fphys.2019.01374},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-195738},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {It is assumed that a properly timed circadian clock enhances fitness, but only few studies have truly demonstrated this in animals. We raised each of the three classical Drosophila period mutants for >50 generations in the laboratory in competition with wildtype flies. The populations were either kept under a conventional 24-h day or under cycles that matched the mutant's natural cycle, i.e., a 19-h day in the case of pers mutants and a 29-h day for perl mutants. The arrhythmic per0 mutants were grown together with wildtype flies under constant light that renders wildtype flies similar arrhythmic as the mutants. In addition, the mutants had to compete with wildtype flies for two summers in two consecutive years under outdoor conditions. We found that wildtype flies quickly outcompeted the mutant flies under the 24-h laboratory day and under outdoor conditions, but perl mutants persisted and even outnumbered the wildtype flies under the 29-h day in the laboratory. In contrast, pers and per0 mutants did not win against wildtype flies under the 19-h day and constant light, respectively. Our results demonstrate that wildtype flies have a clear fitness advantage in terms of fertility and offspring survival over the period mutants and - as revealed for perl mutants - this advantage appears maximal when the endogenous period resonates with the period of the environment. However, the experiments indicate that perl and pers persist at low frequencies in the population even under the 24-h day. This may be a consequence of a certain mating preference of wildtype and heterozygous females for mutant males and time differences in activity patterns between wildtype and mutants.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrosPoethkeHovestadt2009,
  author    = {Gros, Andreas and Poethke, Hans Joachim and Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {Sex-specific spatio-temporal variability in reproductive success promotes the evolution of sex-biased dispersal},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48711},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Abstract: Inbreeding depression, asymmetries in costs or benefits of dispersal, and the mating system have been identified as potential factors underlying the evolution of sex-biased dispersal. We use individual-based simulations to explore how the mating system and demographic stochasticity influence the evolution of sex-specific dispersal in a metapopulation with females competing over breeding sites, and males over mating opportunities. Comparison of simulation results for random mating with those for a harem system (locally, a single male sires all offspring) reveal that even extreme variance in local male reproductive success (extreme male competition) does not induce male-biased dispersal. The latter evolves if the between-parch variance in reproductive success is larger for males than females. This can emerge due to demographic stochasticity if the habitat patches are small. More generally, members of a group of individuals experiencing higher spatio-temporal variance in fitness expectations may evolve to disperse with greater probability than others.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrosHovestadtPoethke2008,
  author    = {Gros, Andreas and Hovestadt, Thomas and Poethke, Hans Joachim},
  title     = {Evolution of sex-biased dispersal : the role of sex-specific dispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreeding},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48705},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Abstract: Inbreeding avoidance and asymmetric competition over resources have both been identified as factors favoring the evolution of sex-biased dispersal. It has also been recognized that sex-specific costs of dispersal would select for sex-biased dispersal, but there is little quantitative information on this aspect. In this paper we explore (i) the quantitative relationship between cost-asymmetry and a bias in dispersal, (ii) the influence of demographic stochasticity on this effect, and (iii) how inbreeding and cost-asymmetry interact in their effect on sex-specific dispersal. We adjust an existing analytical model to account for sex-specific costs of dispersal. Based on numerical calculations we predict a severe bias in dispersal already for small differences in dispersal costs. We corroborate these predictions in individual-based simulations, but show that demographic stochasticity generally leads to more balanced dispersal. In combination with inbreeding, cost asymmetries will usually determine which of the two sexes becomes the more dispersive.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrosHovestadtPoethke2006,
  author    = {Gros, Andreas and Hovestadt, Thomas and Poethke, Hans Joachim},
  title     = {Evolution of local adaptions in dispersal strategies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45406},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The optimal probability and distance of dispersal largely depend on the risk to end up in unsuitable habitat. This risk is highest close to the habitat's edge and consequently, optimal dispersal probability and distance should decline towards the habitat's border. This selection should lead to the emergence of spatial gradients in dispersal strategies. However, gene flow caused by dispersal itself is counteracting local adaptation. Using an individual based model we investigate the evolution of local adaptations of dispersal probability and distance within a single, circular, habitat patch. We compare evolved dispersal probabilities and distances for six different dispersal kernels (two negative exponential kernels, two skewed kernels, nearest neighbour dispersal and global dispersal) in patches of different size. For all kernels a positive correlation between patch size and dispersal probability emerges. However, a minimum patch size is necessary to allow for local adaptation of dispersal strategies within patches. Beyond this minimum patch area the difference in mean dispersal distance between center and edge increases linearly with patch radius, but the intensity of local adaptation depends on the dispersal kernel. Except for global and nearest neighbour dispersal, the evolved spatial pattern are qualitatively similar for both, mean dispersal probability and distance. We conclude, that inspite of the gene-flow originating from dispersal local adaptation of dispersal strategies is possible if a habitat is of sufficient size. This presumably holds for any realistic type of dispersal kernel.},
  subject      = {Ausbreitung},
  language  = {en}
}