@phdthesis{Bartossek2018,
  author    = {Bartossek, Thomas},
  title     = {Structural and functional analysis of the trypanosomal variant surface glycoprotein using x-ray scattering techniques and fluorescence microscopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144775},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Trypanosoma brucei is an obligate parasite and causative agent of severe diseases affecting humans and livestock. The protist lives extracellularly in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, where it is prone to attacks by the host immune system. As a sophisticated means of defence against the immune response, the parasite's surface is coated in a dense layer of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), that reduces identification of invariant epitopes on the cell surface by the immune system to levels that prevent host immunity. The VSG has to form a coat that is both dense and mobile, to shield invariant surface proteins from detection and to allow quick recycling of the protective coat during immune evasion. This coat effectively protects the parasite from the harsh environment that is the mammalian bloodstream and leads to a persistent parasitemia if the infection remains untreated. The available treatment against African Trypanosomiasis involves the use of drugs that are themselves severely toxic and that can lead to the death of the patient. Most of the drugs used as treatment were developed in the early-to-mid 20th century, and while developments continue, they still represent the best medical means to fight the parasite. The discovery of a fluorescent VSG gave rise to speculations about a potential interaction between the VSG coat and components of the surrounding medium, that could also lead to a new approach in the treatment of African Trypanosomiasis that involves the VSG coat. The initially observed fluorescence signal was specific for a combination of a VSG called VSG'Y' and the triphenylmethane (TPM) dye phenol red. Exchanging this TPM to a bromo-derivative led to the observation of another fluorescence effect termed trypanicidal effect which killed the parasite independent of the expressed VSG and suggests a structurally conserved feature between VSGs that could function as a specific drug target against T. b. brucei. The work of this thesis aims to identify the mechanisms that govern the unique VSG'Y' fluorescence and the trypanocidal effect. Fluorescence experiments and protein mutagenesis of VSG'Y' as well as crystallographic trials with a range of different VSGs were utilized in the endeavour to identify the binding mechanisms between TPM compounds and VSGs, to find potentially conserved structural features between VSGs and to identify the working mechanisms of VSG fluorescence and the trypanocidal effect. These trials have the potential to lead to the formulation of highly specific drugs that target the parasites VSG coat. During the crystallographic trials of this thesis, the complete structure of a VSG was solved experimentally for the first time. This complete structure is a key component in furthering the understanding of the mechanisms governing VSG coat formation. X-ray scattering techniques, involving x-ray crystallography and small angle x-ray scattering were applied to elucidate the first complete VSG structures, which reveal high flexibility of the protein and supplies insight into the importance of this flexibility in the formation of a densely packed but highly mobile surface coat.},
  subject      = {Trypanosoma brucei brucei},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Das2018,
  author    = {Das, Sudip},
  title     = {Genome-wide identification of virulence-associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus using Transposon insertion-site deep sequencing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143362},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonises one third of the healthy human population, finding its niche in the nose and on skin. Apart from being a commensal, it is also an important opportunistic human pathogen capable of destructing tissue, invading host cells and killing them from within. This eventually contributes to severe hospital- and community-acquired infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resistant to commonly used antibiotics are protected when residing within the host cell. This doctoral thesis is focused on the investigation of staphylococcal factors governing intracellular virulence and subsequent host cell death. To initiate an unbiased approach to conduct this study, complex S. aureus mutant pools were generated using transposon insertional mutagenesis. Genome-wide infection screens were performed using these S. aureus transposon mutant pools in vitro and in vivo, followed by analysis using Transposon insertion site deep sequencing (Tn-seq) technology. Amongst several other factors, this study identified a novel regulatory system in S. aureus that controls pathogen-induced host cytotoxicity and intra-host survival. The primary components of this system are an AraC-family transcription regulator called Repressor of surface proteins (Rsp) and a virulence associated non-coding RNA, SSR42. Mutants within rsp exhibit enhanced intra-host survival in human epithelial cells and delayed host cytotoxicity. Global gene-expression profiling by RNA-seq demonstrated that Rsp controls the expression of SSR42, several cytotoxins and other bacterial factors directed against the host immune system. Rsp enhances S. aureus toxin response when triggered by hydrogen peroxide, an antimicrobial substance employed by neutrophils to destroy pathogens. Absence of rsp reduces S. aureus-induced neutrophil damage and early lethality during mouse pneumonia, but still permits blood stream infection. Intriguingly, S. aureus lacking rsp exhibited enhanced survival in human macrophages, which hints towards a Trojan horse-like phenomenon and could facilitate dissemination within the host. Hence, Rsp emerged as a global regulator of bacterial virulence, which has an impact on disease progression with prolonged intra-cellular survival, delayed-lethality but allows disseminated manifestation of disease. Moreover, this study exemplifies the use of genome-wide approaches as useful resources for identifying bacterial factors and deduction of its pathogenesis.},
  subject      = {Staphylococcus aureus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Joschinski2018,
  author    = {Joschinski, Jens},
  title     = {Is the phenology of pea aphids (\(Acyrthosiphon\) \(pisum\)) constrained by diurnal rhythms?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148099},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The rotation of the earth leads to a cyclic change of night and day. Numerous strategies evolved to cope with diurnal change, as it is generally advantageous to be synchronous to the cyclic change in abiotic conditions. Diurnal rhythms are regulated by the circadian clock, a molecular feedback loop of RNA and protein levels with a period of circa 24 hours. Despite its importance for individuals as well as for species interactions, our knowledge of circadian clocks is mostly confined to few model organisms. While the structuring of activity is generally adaptive, a rigid temporal organization also has its drawbacks. For example, the specialization to a diurnal pattern limits the breadth of the temporal niche. Organisms that are adapted to a diurnal life style are often poor predators or foragers during night time, constraining the time budget to only diurnal parts of the day/night cycle. Climate change causes shifts in phenology (seasonal timing) and northward range expansions, and changes in season or in latitude are associated with novel day length - temperature correlations. Thus, seasonal organisms will have some life history stages exposed to novel day lengths, and I hypothesized that the diurnal niche determines whether the day length changes are beneficial or harmful for the organism. I thus studied the effects of day length on life-history traits in a multi-trophic system consisting of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and predatory larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (common green lacewing) and Episyrphus balteatus (marmalade hoverfly). In order to identify the mechanisms for phenological constraints I then focused on diurnal rhythms and the circadian clock of the pea aphid. Aphids reacted to shorter days with a reduced fecundity and shorter reproductive period. Short days did however not impact population growth, because the fitness constraints only became apparent late in the individual's life. In contrast, E. balteatus grew 13\% faster in the shorter day treatment and preyed on significantly more aphids, whereas C. carnea grew 13\% faster under longer days and the elevation of predation rates was marginally significant. These results show that day length affects vital life-history traits, but that the direction and effect size depends on species. I hypothesized that the constraints or fitness benefits are caused by a constricted or expanded time budget, and hence depend on the temporal niche. E. balteatus is indeed night-active and C. carnea appears to be crepuscular, but very little data exists for A. pisum. Hence, I reared the pea aphid on an artificial diet and recorded survival, moulting and honeydew excretion. The activity patterns were clearly rhythmic and molting and honeydew excretion were elevated during day-time. Thus, the diurnal niche could explain the observed, but weak, day length constraints of aphids. The diurnal niche of some organisms is remarkably flexible, and a flexible diurnal niche may explain why the day length constrains were relatively low in A. pisum. I thus studied its circadian clock, the mechanism that regulates diurnal rhythms. First, I improved an artificial diet for A. pisum, and added the food colorant Brilliant Blue FCF. This food colorant stained gut and honeydew in low concentration without causing mortalities, and thus made honeydew excretion visible under dim red light. I then used the blue diet to raise individual aphids in 16:08 LD and constant darkness (DD), and recorded honeydew excretion and molting under red light every three hours. In addition, we used a novel monitoring setup to track locomotor activity continuously in LD and DD. Both the locomotor rhythm and honeydew excretion of A. pisum appeared to be bimodal, peaking in early morning and in the afternoon in LD. Both metabolic and locomotor rhythm persisted also for some time under constant darkness, indicating that the rhythms are driven by a functional circadian clock. However, the metabolic rhythm damped within three to four days, whereas locomotor rhythmicity persisted with a complex distribution of several free-running periods. These results fit to a damped circadian clock that is driven by multiple oscillator populations, a model that has been proposed to link circadian clocks and photoperiodism, but never empirically tested. Overall, my studies integrate constraints in phenological adaptation with a mechanistic explanation. I showed that a shorter day length can constrain some species of a trophic network while being beneficial for others, and linked the differences to the diurnal niche of the species. I further demonstrated that a flexible circadian clock may alleviate the constraints, potentially by increasing the plasticity of the diurnal niche.},
  subject      = {Tagesrhythmus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mildner2018,
  author    = {Mildner, Stephanie},
  title     = {Temporal organization in \(Camponotus\) \(ants\): endogenous clocks and zeitgebers responsible for synchronization of task-related circadian rhythms in foragers and nurses},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149382},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The rotation of the earth around its axis causes recurring and predictable changes in the environment. To anticipate those changes and adapt their physiology and behavior accordingly, most organisms possess an endogenous clock. The presence of such a clock has been demonstrated for several ant species including Camponotus ants, but its involvement in the scheduling of daily activities within and outside the ant nest is fairly unknown. Timing of individual behaviors and synchronization among individuals is needed to generate a coordinated collective response and to maintain colony function. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the presence of a circadian clock in different worker castes, and to determine the daily timing of their behavioral tasks within the colonies of two nectar-collecting Camponotus species. In chapter I, I describe the general temporal organization of work throughout the worker life in the species Camponotus rufipes. Continuous tracking of behavioral activity of individually- marked workers for up to 11 weeks in subcolonies revealed an age-dependent division of labor between interior and exterior workers. After eclosion, the fairly immobile young ants were frequently nurtured by older nurses, yet they started nursing the brood themselves within the first 48 hours of their life. Only 60\% of workers switched to foraging at an age range of one to two weeks, likely because of the reduced needs within the small scale of the subcolonies. Not only the transition rates varied between subcolonies, but also the time courses of the task sequences between workers did, emphasizing the timed allocation of workers to different tasks in response to colony needs. Most of the observed foragers were present outside the nest only during the night, indicating a distinct timing of this behavioral activity on a daily level as well. As food availability, humidity and temperature levels were kept constant throughout the day, the preference for nocturnal activity seems to be endogenous and characteristic for C. rufipes. The subsequent monitoring of locomotor activity of workers taken from the subcolonies revealed the presence of a functional endogenous clock already in one-day old ants. As some nurses displayed activity rhythms in phase with the foraging rhythm, a synchronization of these in-nest workers by social interactions with exterior workers can be hypothesized. Do both castes use their endogenous clock to schedule their daily activities within the colony? In chapter II, I analyzed behavioral activity of C. rufipes foragers and nurses within the social context continuously for 24 hours. As time-restricted access to food sources may be one factor affecting daily activities of ants under natural conditions, I confronted subcolonies with either daily pulses of food availability or ad libitum feeding. Under nighttime and ad libitum feeding, behavioral activity of foragers outside the nest was predominantly nocturnal, confirming the results from the simple counting of exterior workers done in chapter I. Foragers switched to diurnality during daytime feeding, demonstrating the flexible and adaptive timing of a daily behavior. Because they synchronized their activity with the short times of food availability, these workers showed high levels of inactivity. Nurses, in contrast, were active all around the clock independent of the feeding regime, spending their active time largely with feeding and licking the brood. After the feeding pulses, however, a short bout of activity was observed in nurses. During this time period, both castes increasingly interacted via trophallaxis within the nest. With this form of social zeitgeber, exterior workers were able to entrain in-nest workers, a phenomenon observed already in chapter I. Under the subsequent monitoring of locomotor activity under LD conditions the rhythmic workers of both castes were uniformly nocturnal independent of the feeding regime. This endogenous activity pattern displayed by both worker castes in isolation was modified in the social context in adaption to task demands. Chapter III focuses on the potential factors causing the observed plasticity of daily rhythms in the social context in the ant C. rufipes. As presence of brood and conspecifics are likely indicators of the social context, I tested the effect of these factors on the endogenous rhythms of otherwise isolated individuals. Even in foragers, the contact to brood triggered an arrhythmic activity pattern resembling the arrhythmic behavioral activity pattern seen in nurses within the social context. As indicated in chapter I and II, social interaction could be one crucial factor for the synchronization of in nest activities. When separate groups were entrained to phase-shifted light-dark-cycles and monitored afterwards under constant conditions in pairwise contact through a mesh partitioning, both individuals shifted parts of their activity towards the activity period of the conspecific. Both social cues modulated the endogenous rhythms of workers and contribute to the context dependent plasticity in ant colonies. Although most nursing activities are executed arrhythmically throughout the day (chapter II), previous studies reported rhythmic translocation events of the brood in Camponotus nurses. As this behavior favors brood development, the timing of the translocations within the dark nest seems to be crucial. In chapter IV, I tracked translocation activity of all nurses within subcolonies of C. mus. Under the confirmed synchronized conditions of a LD-cycle, the daily pattern of brood relocation was based on the rhythmic, alternating activity of subpopulations with preferred translocation direction either to the warm or to the cold part of the temperature gradient at certain times of the day. Although the social interaction after pulse feeding had noticeable effects on the in-nest activity in C. rufipes (chapter I and II), it was not sufficient to synchronize the brood translocation rhythm of C. mus under constant darkness (e.g. when other zeitgebers were absent). The free-running translocation activity in some nurses demonstrated nevertheless the involvement of an endogenous clock in this behavior, which could be entrained under natural conditions by other potential non-photic zeitgebers like temperature and humidity cycles. Daily cycling of temperature and humidity could not only be relevant for in-nest activities, but also for the foraging activity outside the nest. Chapter V focuses on the monitoring of field foraging rhythms in the sympatric species C. mus and C. rufipes in relation to abiotic factors. Although both species had comparable critical thermal limits in the laboratory, foragers in C. mus were strictly diurnal and therefore foraged under higher temperatures than the predominant nocturnal foragers in C. rufipes. Marking experiments in C. rufipes colonies with higher levels of diurnal activity revealed the presence of temporally specialized forager subpopulations. These results suggest the presence of temporal niches not only between the two Camponotus species, but as well between workers within colonies of the same species. In conclusion, the temporal organization in colonies of Camponotus ants involves not only the scheduling of tasks performed throughout the worker life, but also the precise timing of daily activities. The necessary endogenous clock is already functioning in all workers after eclosion. Whereas the light-dark cycle and food availability seem to be the prominent zeitgebers for foragers, nurses may rely more on non-photic zeitgeber like social interaction, temperature and humidity cycles.},
  subject      = {circadian clocks},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schuecker2018,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}cker, Katharina},
  title     = {The molecular architecture of the meiotic chromosome axis as revealed by super-resolution microscopy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144199},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {During meiosis proteins of the chromosome axis are important for monitoring chromatin structure and condensation, for pairing and segregation of chromosomes, as well as for accurate recombination. They include HORMA-domain proteins, proteins of the DNA repair system, synaptonemal complex (SC) proteins, condensins and cohesins. To understand more about their function in shaping the meiotic chromosome it is crucial to establish a defined model of their molecular architecture. Up to now their molecular organization was analysed using conventional methods, like confocal scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Unfortunately, these techniques are limited either by their resolution power or their localization accuracy. In conclusion, a lot of data on the molecular organization of chromosome axis proteins stays elusive. For this thesis the molecular structure of the murine synaptonemal complex (SC) and the localization of its proteins as well as of three cohesins was analysed with isotropic resolution, providing new insights into their architecture and topography on a nanoscale level. This was done using immunofluorescence labelling in combination with super-resolution microscopy, line profiles and average position determination. The results show that the murine SC has a width of 221.6 nm ± 6.1 nm including a central region (CR) of 148.2 nm ± 2.6 nm. In the CR a multi-layered organization of the central element (CE) proteins was verified by measuring their strand diameters and strand distances and additionally by imaging potential anchoring sites of SYCP1 (synaptonemal complex protein 1) to the lateral elements (LEs). We were able to show that the two LEs proteins SYCP2 and SYCP3 do co-localize alongside their axis and that there is no significant preferential localization towards the inner LE axis of SYCP2. The presented results also predict an orderly organization of murine cohesin complexes (CCs) alongside the chromosome axis in germ cells and support the hypothesis that cohesins in the CR of the SC function independent of CCs. In the end new information on the molecular organization of two main components of the murine chromosome axis were retrieved with nanometer precision and previously unknown details of their molecular architecture and topography were unravelled.},
  subject      = {Meiose},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Carstensen2018,
  author    = {Carstensen, Anne Carola},
  title     = {Identification of novel N-MYC interacting proteins reveals N-MYC interaction with TFIIIC},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143658},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {N-MYC is a member of the human MYC proto-oncogene family, which comprises three transcription factors (C-, N- and L-MYC) that function in multiple biological processes. Deregulated expression of MYC proteins is linked to tumour initiation, maintenance and progression. For example, a large fraction of neuroblastoma displays high N-MYC levels due to an amplification of the N-MYC encoding gene. MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma depend on high N-MYC protein levels, which are maintained by Aurora-A kinase. Aurora-A interaction with N-MYC interferes with degradation of N-MYC via the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFFBXW7. However, the underlying mechanism of Aurora-A-mediated stabilisation of N-MYC remains to be elucidated. To identify novel N-MYC interacting proteins, which could be involved in N-MYC stabilisation by Aurora-A, a proteomic analysis of purified N-MYC protein complexes was conducted. Since two alanine mutations in MBI of N-MYC, T58A and S62A (N-MYC mut), disable Aurora-A-mediated stabilisation of N-MYC, N-MYC protein complexes from cells expressing either N-MYC wt or mut were analysed. Proteomic analysis revealed that N-MYC interacts with two deubiquitinating enzymes, USP7 and USP11, which catalyse the removal of ubiquitin chains from target proteins, preventing recognition by the proteasome and subsequent degradation. Although N-MYC interaction with USP7 and USP11 was confirmed in subsequent immunoprecipitation experiments, neither USP7, nor USP11 was shown to be involved in the regulation of N-MYC stability. Besides USP7/11, proteomic analyses identified numerous additional N-MYC interacting proteins that were not described to interact with MYC transcription factors previously. Interestingly, many of the identified N-MYC interaction partners displayed a preference for the interaction with N-MYC wt, suggesting a MBI-dependent interaction. Among these were several proteins, which are involved in three-dimensional organisation of chromatin domains and transcriptional elongation by POL II. Not only the interaction of N-MYC with proteins functioning in elongation, such as the DSIF component SPT5 and the PAF1C components CDC73 and CTR9, was validated in immunoprecipitation experiments, but also with the POL III transcription factor TFIIIC and topoisomerases TOP2A/B. ChIP-sequencing analysis of N-MYC and TFIIIC subunit 5 (TFIIIC5) revealed a large number of joint binding sites in POL II promoters and intergenic regions, which are characterised by the presence of a specific motif that is highly similar to the CTCF motif. Additionally, N-MYC was shown to interact with the ring-shaped cohesin complex that is known to bind to CTCF motifs and to assist the insulator protein CTCF. Importantly, individual ChIP experiments demonstrated that N-MYC, TFIIIC5 and cohesin subunit RAD21 occupy joint binding sites comprising a CTCF motif. Collectively, the results indicate that N-MYC functions in two biological processes that have not been linked to MYC biology previously. Furthermore, the identification of joint binding sites of N-MYC, TFIIIC and cohesin and the confirmation of their interaction with each other suggests a novel function of MYC transcription factors in three-dimensional organisation of chromatin.},
  subject      = {Biologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gupta2018,
  author    = {Gupta, Shishir Kumar},
  title     = {Re-annotation of Camponotus floridanus Genome and Characterization of Innate Immunity Transcriptome Responses to Bacterial Infections},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140168},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The sequencing of several ant genomes within the last six years open new research avenues for understanding not only the genetic basis of social species but also the complex systems such as immune responses in general. Similar to other social insects, ants live in cooperative colonies, often in high densities and with genetically identical or closely related individuals. The contact behaviours and crowd living conditions allow the disease to spread rapidly through colonies. Nevertheless, ants can efficiently combat infections by using diverse and effective immune mechanisms. However, the components of the immune system of carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus and also the factors in bacteria that facilitate infection are not well understood. To form a better view of the immune repository and study the C. floridanus immune responses against the bacteria, experimental data from Illumina sequencing and mass-spectrometry (MS) data of haemolymph in normal and infectious conditions were analysed and integrated with the several bioinformatics approaches. Briefly, the tasks were accomplished in three levels. First, the C. floridanus genome was re-annotated for the improvement of the existing annotation using the computational methods and transcriptomics data. Using the homology based methods, the extensive survey of literature, and mRNA expression profiles, the immune repository of C. floridanus were established. Second, large-scale protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and signalling network of C. floridanus were reconstructed and analysed and further the infection induced functional modules in the networks were detected by mapping of the expression data over the networks. In addition, the interactions of the immune components with the bacteria were identified by reconstructing inter-species PPIs networks and the interactions were validated by literature. Third, the stage-specific MS data of larvae and worker ants were analysed and the differences in the immune response were reported. Concisely, all the three omics levels resulted to multiple findings, for instance, re-annotation and transcriptome profiling resulted in the overall improvement of structural and functional annotation and detection of alternative splicing events, network analysis revealed the differentially expressed topologically important proteins and the active functional modules, MS data analysis revealed the stage specific differences in C. floridanus immune responses against bacterial pathogens. Taken together, starting from re-annotation of C. floridanus genome, this thesis provides a transcriptome and proteome level characterization of ant C. floridanus, particularly focusing on the immune system responses to pathogenic bacteria from a biological and a bioinformatics point of view. This work can serve as a model for the integration of omics data focusing on the immuno-transcriptome of insects.},
  subject      = {Camponotus floridanus},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{LoefflerMayerTrujilloVieraetal.2018,
  author    = {L{\"o}ffler, Mona C. and Mayer, Alexander E. and Trujillo Viera, Jonathan and Loza Valdes, Angel and El-Merahib, Rabih and Ade, Carsten P. and Karwen, Till and Schmitz, Werner and Slotta, Anja and Erk, Manuela and Janaki-Raman, Sudha and Matesanz, Nuria and Torres, Jorge L. and Marcos, Miguel and Sabio, Guadalupe and Eilers, Martin and Schulze, Almut and Sumara, Grzegorz},
  title     = {Protein kinase D1 deletion in adipocytes enhances energy dissipation and protects against adiposity},
  series = {The EMBO Journal},
  journal   = {The EMBO Journal},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176093},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Nutrient overload in combination with decreased energy dissipation promotes obesity and diabetes. Obesity results in a hormonal imbalance, which among others, activates G-protein coupled receptors utilizing diacylglycerol (DAG) as secondary messenger. Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a DAG effector which integrates multiple nutritional and hormonal inputs, but its physiological role in adipocytes is unknown. Here, we show that PKD1 promotes lipogenesis and suppresses mitochondrial fragmentation, biogenesis, respiration, and energy dissipation in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner. Moreover, mice lacking PKD1 in adipocytes are resistant to diet-induced obesity due to elevated energy expenditure. Beiging of adipocytes promotes energy expenditure and counteracts obesity. Consistently, deletion of PKD1 promotes expression of the β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) in a CCAAT/enhancerbinding protein (C/EBP)-α and δ-dependent manner, which leads to the elevated expression of beige markers in adipocytes and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Finally, deletion of PKD1 in adipocytes improves insulin sensitivity and ameliorates liver steatosis. Thus, loss of PKD1 in adipocytes increases energy dissipation by several complementary mechanisms and might represent an attractive strategy to treat obesity and its related complications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Burgert2018,
  author    = {Burgert, Anne},
  title     = {Untersuchung von Sphingolipiden und anderen Membrankonjugaten mittels hochaufl{\"o}sender Fluoreszenzmikroskopie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145725},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Methoden der Fluoreszenz-Lokalisationsmikroskopie (engl. single-molecule localization microscopy, SMLM) erm{\"o}glichen es Molek{\"u}le zu quantifizieren und deren Verteilung zu analysieren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Membranmolek{\"u}le auf unterschiedlichen eukaryotischen Zellen, aber auch auf Prokaryoten mit dSTORM (engl. direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) oder PALM (engl.: photoactivated localization microscopy) aufgenommen und quantifiziert. Bevor jedoch diese hochaufl{\"o}sende fluoreszenzbasierte Technik f{\"u}r biologische Fragestellungen angewendet werden konnten, mussten zun{\"a}chst potentielle Artefakt-ausl{\"o}sende Quellen identifiziert und Strategien gefunden werden, um diese zu eliminieren. Eine m{\"o}gliche Artefakt-Quelle ist eine zu niedrige Photonenzahl, die von Fluorophoren emittiert wird. Werden zu wenige Photonen detektiert, kann die Lokalisation eines Fluorophors weniger pr{\"a}zise bestimmt werden. Dies kann zu einer falschen Abbildung von Strukturen f{\"u}hren oder zu falschen R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}ssen {\"u}ber die Verteilung von Molek{\"u}len. Eine M{\"o}glichkeit die Anzahl der emittierten Photonen zu erh{\"o}hen, ist chemische Additive als Triplettl{\"o}scher einzusetzen. Sie bewirken, dass die Fluorophore wieder in den Grundzustand relaxieren und somit wieder angeregt werden k{\"o}nnen. Es wurden verschiedene Additive, die in der Literatur als Triplettl{\"o}scher beschrieben sind, getestet. Dazu wurden zun{\"a}chst ihre Auswirkungen auf den Triplettzustand verschiedener Fluorophore (Alexa Fluor (Al) 488, 532 und 647 und Atto655) mit Hilfe von Fluoreszenzkorrelationsspektroskopie (FCS) untersucht. Cyclooctatetraen (COT) bewirkte dabei eine Abnahme der Triplettausbeute von Al488, Al532 und Al647 um ~ 40-60\%, bei Atto655 ver{\"a}nderte sie sich nicht. Obwohl die Ergebnisse der FCS-Messungen darauf hindeuten, dass COT in einer erh{\"o}hten Anzahl an emittierten Photonen resultiert, konnte dies bei dSTORM-Messungen nicht best{\"a}tigt werden. Hier hatte COT nur einen gr{\"o}ßeren positiven Effekt auf das Fluorophor Al647 (Zunahme um ~ 60\%). Eine Erkl{\"a}rung f{\"u}r diese Widerspr{\"u}chlichkeit zu den Ergebnissen aus den FCS-Messungen, k{\"o}nnte das Vorhandensein des Schaltpuffers bei dSTORM-Messungen sein. Dieser bewirkt den {\"U}bergang der Fluorophore in den Aus-Zustand bzw. entzieht dem Puffer Sauerstoff. Bei der Zugabe von 5 mM Kaliumiodid (KI) nahm die Triplettamplitude bei FCS-Messungen nur bei Al488 ab (um ~ 80\%). Eine geringe Steigerung (um ~ 10\%) der Intensit{\"a}t von Al488 mit KI konnte bei dSTORM-Messungen mit niedrigen Konzentrationen (~ 0,5 mM) erzielt werden. Bei einer Konzentration von 5 mM sank die Intensit{\"a}t jedoch wieder um 40\%. Deuteriumoxid (D2O) soll, anders als die Triplettl{\"o}scher, eine Verbesserung der Photonenausbeute dadurch bewirken, dass strahlungslose Relaxationsprozesse minimiert werden. Mit dSTORM-Messungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Atto655 und Al647 in D2O zwar pro An-Zustand mehr Photonen emittieren als in Schaltpuffer ohne D2O, da die Fluorophore hier jedoch schneller bleichen, letztendlich die gleiche Anzahl an Photonen detektiert werden. Um die Anzahl an emittierten Photonen zu erh{\"o}hen, eignet sich also nur COT bei dSTORM-Messungen mit AL647 und KI in sehr geringen Konzentrationen bei Al488. D2O kann eingesetzt werden, wenn eine Probe schnell vermessen werden muss, wie zum Beispiel bei Lebendzellmessungen. Nicht nur eine zu niedrige Photonenzahl, auch eine zu geringe Photoschaltrate kann Artefakte bei dSTORM-Messungen erzeugen. Dies wurde anhand von verschiedenen biologischen Strukturen, die mit unterschiedlichen Anregungsintensit{\"a}ten aufgenommen wurden, deutlich gemacht. Besonders die Aufnahmen von Plasmamembranen sind anf{\"a}llig f{\"u}r die Generierung von Artefakten. Sie weisen viele inhomogene und lokal dichte Regionen auf. Wenn nun mehr als ein Emitter pro µm² gleichzeitig an ist, erzeugt das Auswertungsprogramm große artifizielle Cluster. Die hier durchgef{\"u}hrten Messungen machen deutlich, wie wichtig es ist, dSTORM-Bilder immer auf m{\"o}gliche Artefakte hin zu untersuchen, besonders wenn Molek{\"u}le quantifiziert werden sollen. Daf{\"u}r m{\"u}ssen die unbearbeiteten Rohdaten sorgf{\"a}ltig gesichtet werden und notfalls die Messungen mit einer h{\"o}heren Laserleistung wiederholt werden. Da dSTORM mittlerweile immer mehr zur Quantifizierung eingesetzt wird und Clusteranalysen durchgef{\"u}hrt werden, w{\"a}re es sinnvoll bei Ver{\"o}ffentlichungen die Rohdaten von entscheidenden Aufnahmen der {\"O}ffentlichkeit zur Verf{\"u}gung zu stellen. Die F{\"a}rbemethode ist ein weiterer Punkt, durch den Artefakte bei der Abbildung von Molek{\"u}len mittels SMLM entstehen k{\"o}nnen. H{\"a}ufig werden Antik{\"o}rper zum Markieren verwendet. Dabei sollte darauf geachtet werden, dass m{\"o}glichst kleine Antik{\"o}rper oder Antik{\"o}rperfragmente verwendet werden, besonders wenn Clusteranalysen durchgef{\"u}hrt werden sollen. Anderenfalls leidet die Aufl{\"o}sung darunter, bzw. erh{\"o}ht sich die Gefahr der Kreuzvernetzung von Molek{\"u}len. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit, wurden Plasmamembran-Ceramide untersucht. Ceramide geh{\"o}ren zu den Sphingolipiden und regulieren diverse zellul{\"a}re Prozesse. Verschiedene Stimuli bewirken eine Aktivierung von Sphingomyelinasen (SMasen), die Ceramide in der Plasmamembran synthetisieren. Steigt die Konzentration von Ceramiden in der Plasmamembran an, kondensieren diese zu Ceramid-reichen Plattformen (CRPs). Bisher ist noch wenig {\"u}ber die Verteilung der Ceramide und die Gr{\"o}ße der CRPs bekannt. Sie wurden hier {\"u}ber IgG-Antik{\"o}rper in der Plasmamembran von Jurkat-, U2OS-, HBME- und prim{\"a}ren T-Zellen angef{\"a}rbt und erstmals mit dSTORM hochaufgel{\"o}st, um sie dann zu quantifizieren. Unabh{\"a}ngig von der Zelllinie befanden sich 50\% aller Ceramidmolek{\"u}le in ~ 75 nm großen CRPs. Im Mittel bestanden die CRPs aus ~ 20 Ceramiden. Mit Hilfe einer Titrationsreihe konnte ausgeschlossen werden, dass diese Cluster nur durch die Antik{\"o}rper-F{\"a}rbung artifiziell erzeugt wurden. Bei Inkubation der Zellen mit Bacillus cereus Sphingomyelinase (bSMase) stieg die Gesamtkonzentration der Ceramide in der Plasmamembran an, ebenso wie die Ceramidanzahl innerhalb der CRPs, außerdem die Anzahl und Gr{\"o}ße der CRPs. Dies k{\"o}nnte zu einer Ver{\"a}nderung der L{\"o}slichkeit von Membrankomponenten f{\"u}hren, was wiederum eine Akkumulation bestimmter Rezeptoren oder eine Kompartimentierung bestimmter Proteine erleichtern k{\"o}nnte. Die Anh{\"a}ufung der Ceramide in den CRPs k{\"o}nnte ebenfalls die lokale Interaktion mit anderen Membranmolek{\"u}len erleichtern und dadurch m{\"o}glicherweise die Reaktivit{\"a}t von Rezeptoren ver{\"a}ndern. Mittels Azid-modifizierten Ceramidanaloga und kupferfreier Click-Chemie wurden Plasmamembran-Ceramide auch in lebenden Jurkat-Zellen mit Hilfe konfokaler Laser-Raster-Mikroskopie (CLSM, engl. confocal laser scanning microscopy) und Strukturierter Beleuchtungsmikroskopie (SIM, engl. structured illumination microscopy) untersucht. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Fetts{\"a}ure-Kettenl{\"a}nge und die Position des Azids bei den Ceramidanaloga eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, wie hoch das detektierte Signal in der Plasmamembran letztendlich ist. Die Versuche machen auch deutlich, dass die klickbaren Ceramidanaloga lebendzellkompatibel sind, sodass sie eine hervorragende M{\"o}glichkeit darstellen, zellul{\"a}re Reaktionen zu verfolgen. Es wurden hier nicht nur Ceramide in eukaryotischen Zellen analysiert, sondern auch in Bakterien. Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) sind gramnegative Bakterien, die im Menschen eine Sepsis oder eine Meningitis ausl{\"o}sen k{\"o}nnen. Es wurde mittels immunhistochemischen F{\"a}rbungen mit dem anti-Ceramid IgG-Antik{\"o}rper, aber auch mit den klickbaren Ceramidanaloga, ein Signal in der Membran erhalten, was mit dSTORM hochaufgel{\"o}st wurde. In anderen Bakterien wurden ebenfalls schon Sphingolipide nachgewiesen. Studien zu Ceramiden in N. meningitidis wurden bisher jedoch noch nicht ver{\"o}ffentlicht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten erstmals Ergebnisse erhalten werden, die darauf hinweisen, dass N. meningitidis ebenfalls Ceramide besitzen k{\"o}nnten. In einem dritten Projekt wurde die Interaktion zwischen NK-Zellen und Aspergillus fumigatus untersucht. Der Schimmelpilz kann eine Invasive Aspergillose in immunsupprimierten Menschen ausl{\"o}sen, was zum Tod f{\"u}hren kann. Verschiedene Studien konnten schon zeigen, dass NK-Zellen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Bek{\"a}mpfung des Pilzes spielen. Der genaue Mechanismus ist jedoch noch unbekannt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass der NK-Zell-Marker CD56 entscheidend f{\"u}r die Pilzerkennung ist. Mit immunhistochemischen F{\"a}rbungen und LSM-, aber auch dSTORM-Messungen, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die normalerweise homogen verteilten CD56-Rezeptoren auf der Plasmamembran von NK-Zellen aktiv an die Interaktionsstelle zu A. fumigatus transportiert werden. Mit der Zeit akkumulieren hier immer mehr CD56-Proteine, w{\"a}hrend das Signal in der restlichen Membran immer weiter abnimmt. Es konnte erstmals CD56 als wichtiger Erkennungsrezeptor f{\"u}r A. fumigatus identifiziert werden. In dem letzten bearbeiteten Projekt, wurde die Bindung von Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartat (NMDA)-Rezeptor Enzephalitis Autoantik{\"o}rper an Neuronen untersucht. Bei einer Anti-NMDA-Rezeptor Enzephalitis bilden die Patienten Autoantik{\"o}rper gegen die NR1-Untereinheit ihrer eigenen postsynaptischen NMDA-Rezeptoren. Da die Krankheit oft sehr sp{\"a}t erkannt wird und die Behandlungsm{\"o}glichkeiten noch sehr eingeschr{\"a}nkt sind, f{\"u}hrt sie noch oft zum Tod. Sie wurde erst vor wenigen Jahren beschrieben, sodass der genaue Mechanismus noch unbekannt ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit, konnten erste F{\"a}rbungen mit aufgereinigten Antik{\"o}rper aus Anti-NMDA-Rezeptor Enzephalitis Patienten an NMDA-Rezeptor-transfizierte HEK-Zellen und hippocampalen Maus-Neuronen durchgef{\"u}hrt und mit dSTORM hochaufgel{\"o}st werden. Mit den Messungen der HEK-Zellen konnte best{\"a}tigt werden, dass die Autoantik{\"o}rper an die NR1-Untereinheit der Rezeptoren binden. Es konnten erstmals auch die Bindung der Antik{\"o}rper an Neuronen hochaufgel{\"o}st werden. Dabei wurde sichtbar, dass die Antik{\"o}rper zum einen dicht gepackt in den Synapsen vorliegen, aber auch d{\"u}nner verteilt in den extrasynaptischen Regionen. Basierend auf der Ripley's H-Funktion konnten in den Synapsen große Cluster von ~ 90 nm Durchmesser und im Mittel ~ 500 Lokalisationen und extrasynaptisch kleinere Cluster mit einem durchschnittlichen Durchmesser von ~ 70 nm und ~ 100 Lokalisationen ausgemacht werden. Diese ersten Ergebnisse legen den Grundstein f{\"u}r weitere Messungen, mit denen der Mechanismus der Krankheit untersucht werden kann.},
  subject      = {Ceramide},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bucher2018,
  author    = {Bucher, Hannes},
  title     = {Pre-clinical modeling of viral- and bacterial-induced exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144368},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  pages     = {XIII, 105},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exacerbations are a considerable reason for increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Infections with influenza virus (H1N1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are important triggers of exacerbations. To date, no treatments are available which can stop the progression of COPD. Novel approaches are urgently needed. Pre-clinical models of the disease are crucial for the development of novel therapeutic options. In order to establish pre-clinical models which mimic aspects of human COPD exacerbations, mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and additionally infected with H1N1, RSV and/or NTHi. Clinically relevant treatments such as the corticosteroids Fluticasone propionate and Dexamethasone, the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor Roflumilast and the long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist Tiotropium were tested in the established models. Furthermore, a novel treatment approach using antibodies (Abs) directed against IL-1α, IL-1β or IL-1R1 was examined in the established CS/H1N1 model. Levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, KC, TNF-α, RANTES, IL-17, MCP-1, MIP 1α and MIP-1β were measured in lung homogenate. Numbers of total cells, neutrophils and macrophages were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Hematoxylin- and eosin- (H\&E-) stained lung slices were analyzed to detect pathological changes. Quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) was used to investigate gene expression of ICAM-1 and MUC5 A/C. The viral/bacterial load was investigated in lung homogenate or BAL fluid. In addition to the in vivo studies, the effects of the above mentioned treatments were investigated in vitro in H1N1, RSV or NTHi-infected (primary) human bronchial epithelial cells using submerged or air-liquid-interface (ALI) cell culture systems. Four pre-clinical models (CS/H1N1, CS/RSV, CS/NTHi, CS/H1N1/NTHi) were established depicting clinically relevant aspects of COPD exacerbations such as increased inflammatory cells and cytokines in the airways and impaired lung function. In the CS/H1N1 model, Tiotropium improved lung function and was superior in reducing inflammation in comparison to Fluticasone or Roflumilast. Moreover, Fluticasone increased the loss of body-weight, levels of IL-6, KC and TNF-α and worsened lung function. In CS/RSV-exposed mice Tiotropium but not Fluticasone or Roflumilast treatment reduced neutrophil numbers and IL-6 and TNF α levels in the lung. The viral load of H1N1 and RSV was significantly elevated in CS/virus-exposed mice and NCI-H292 cells after Fluticasone and Dexamethasone treatment. The results from these studies demonstrate that Tiotropium has anti-inflammatory effects on CS/virus-induced inflammation and might help to explain the observed reduction of exacerbation rates in Tiotropium-treated COPD patients. Furthermore, the findings from this work indicate that treatment with Fluticasone or Dexamethasone might not be beneficial to reduce inflammation in the airways of COPD patients and supports clinical studies that link treatment with corticosteroids to an increased risk for pneumonia. Testing of anti-IL-1α, anti-IL-1β or anti-IL-1R1 Abs in the CS/H1N1 model suggests that, in line with clinical data, antagonization of IL-1β is not sufficient to reduce pulmonary inflammation and indicates a predominant role of IL-1α in CS/virus-induced airway inflammation. In line with the in vivo findings, anti-IL-1α but not anti-IL-1β Abs reduced levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in H1N1-infected primary human bronchial epithelial ALI cell culture. Blocking the IL-1R1 provided significant inhibitory effects on inflammatory cells in vivo but was inferior compared to inhibiting both its soluble ligands IL-1α and IL-1β. Concomitant usage of Abs against IL-1α/IL-1β revealed strong effects and reduced total cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Additionally, levels of KC, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1α and MIP-1β were significantly reduced and ICAM-1 mRNA expression was attenuated. These results suggest that combined inhibition of IL-1α/IL-1β might be beneficial to reduce inflammation and exacerbations in COPD patients. Moreover, combined targeting of both IL-1α/IL-1β might be more efficient compared to inhibition of the IL-1R1. As in the CS/virus models, corticosteroid treatment failed to reduce inflammatory cells in the CS/NTHi and CS/H1N1/NTHi models, increased the loss of body-weight and the bacterial load. Furthermore, Roflumilast administration had no significant effects on cell counts or cytokines. However, it improved compliance in the CS/NTHi model. Treatment with Azithromycin reduced the bacterial load in the CS/NTHi model and reduced numbers of total cells, neutrophils, macrophages and levels of KC and TNF-α in the CS/H1N1/NTHi model. In conclusion, the established CS/H1N1, CS/RSV, CS/NTHi, CS/H1N1/NTHi models depict clinically relevant aspects of human COPD exacerbations in mice and provide the opportunity to investigate underlying disease mechanisms and to test novel therapies.},
  subject      = {Obstruktive Ventilationsst{\"o}rung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kay2018,
  author    = {Kay, Janina},
  title     = {The circadian clock of the carpenter ant \(Camponotus\) \(floridanus\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158061},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Due to the earth´s rotation around itself and the sun, rhythmic daily and seasonal changes in illumination, temperature and many other environmental factors occur. Adaptation to these environmental rhythms presents a considerable advantage to survival. Thus, almost all living beings have developed a mechanism to time their behavior in accordance. This mechanism is the endogenous clock. If it fulfills the criteria of (1) entraining to zeitgebers (2) free-running behavior with a period of ~ 24 hours (3) temperature compensation, it is also referred to as "circadian clock". Well-timed behavior is crucial for eusocial insects, which divide their tasks among different behavioral castes and need to respond to changes in the environment quickly and in an orchestrated fashion. Circadian rhythms have thus been studied and observed in many eusocial species, from ants to bees. The underlying mechanism of this clock is a molecular feedback loop that generates rhythmic changes in gene expression and protein levels with a phase length of approximately 24 hours. The properties of this feedback loop are well characterized in many insects, from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, to the honeybee Apis mellifera. Though the basic principles and components of this loop are seem similar at first glance, there are important differences between the Drosophila feedback loop and that of hymenopteran insects, whose loop resembles the mammalian clock loop. The protein PERIOD (PER) is thought to be a part of the negative limb of the hymenopteran clock, partnering with CRYPTOCHROME (CRY). The anatomical location of the clock-related neurons and the PDF-network (a putative in- and output mediator of the clock) is also well characterized in Drosophila, the eusocial honeybee as well as the nocturnal cockroach Leucophea maderae. The circadian behavior, anatomy of the clock and its molecular underpinnings were studied in the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus, a eusocial insect Locomotor activity recordings in social isolation proved that the majority of ants could entrain to different LD cycles, free-ran in constant darkness and had a temperature-compensated clock with a period slightly shorter than 24 hours. Most individuals proved to be nocturnal, but different types of activity like diurnality, crepuscularity, rhythmic activity during both phases of the LD, or arrhythmicity were also observed. The LD cycle had a slight influence on the distribution of these activities among individuals, with more diurnal ants at shorter light phases. The PDF-network of C. floridanus was revealed with the anti-PDH antibody, and partly resembled that of other eusocial or nocturnal insects. A comparison of minor and major worker brains, only revealed slight differences in the number of somata and fibers crossing the posterior midline. All in all, most PDF-structures that are conserved in other insects where found, with numerous fibers in the optic lobes, a putative accessory medulla, somata located near the proximal medulla and many fibers in the protocerebrum. A putative connection between the mushroom bodies, the optic lobes and the antennal lobes was found, indicating an influence of the clock on olfactory learning. Lastly, the location and intensity of PER-positive cell bodies at different times of a 24 hour day was established with an antibody raised against Apis mellifera PER. Four distinct clusters, which resemble those found in A. mellifera, were detected. The clusters could be grouped in dorsal and lateral neurons, and the PER-levels cycled in all examined clusters with peaks around lights on and lowest levels after lights off. In summary, first data on circadian behavior and the anatomy and workings of the clock of C. floridanus was obtained. Firstly, it´s behavior fulfills all criteria for the presence of a circadian clock. Secondly, the PDF-network is very similar to those of other insects. Lastly, the location of the PER cell bodies seems conserved among hymenoptera. Cycling of PER levels within 24 hours confirms the suspicion of its role in the circadian feedback loop.},
  subject      = {Chronobiologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Herweg2018,
  author    = {Herweg, Jo-Ana},
  title     = {Die Simkania-Vakuole: Die Rolle von ER, retro-/anterograden Protein- und Lipidtransport},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136844},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Simkania negevensis (Sn) is a Chlamydia-like obligate intracellular bacterium which replicates within a membrane bound vacuole, termed SCV (Simkania-containing vacuole). The SCV is a unique compartment closely associated with ER-membranes, consequently ER-stress is blocked by the bacteria. SCV morphology is similar among epithelial cells (HeLa229, A549, HEp-2) and macrophages (THP1). The SCV represents the first intracellular interface between the host and pathogen which serves as a replication niche. Identifying human and bacterial factors associated with ER-SCV-membranes should contribute towards the understanding of SCV composition and formation as well as interactions with ER or transports. Comparative studies of the SCV should indicate similarities to the chlamydial inclusion since some host cell factors are already known for Chlamydia. In this thesis, a purification protocol has been established that is applicable to HeLa229 and THP1 ER-SCV-membranes and has been further utilized for proteome and lipidome analyses. 302 bacterial and 1178 human proteins composing ER-SCV-membranes and 885 bacterial proteins composing purified Sn have been identified by using label-free mass spectrometry measurements. Among the human factors of non or Sn infected ER-(SCV-) membranes we found 51 enriched or depleted proteins in addition to 57 transport associated ones that indicated infection induced differences among intracellular protein transport. Contrary regulation of retrograde and anterograde transported proteins could be confirmed by using RNA interference and inhibitor tests, whereby Clathrin-associated and COPI vesicles seem to play a central role. Application of Retro-inhibitors, which interfered with retrograde transport processes between endosome to Golgi or early to late endosomes, as well as Bafilomycin A1 (retrograde, late endosomes and lysosomes) and Brefeldin A (anterograde, ER and Golgi) exerted a strong influence on SCV formation, morphology and intracellular lipid transport. By using label-free mass spectrometry measurements and thin layer chromatography we could determine differences in lipid levels within Sn infected cells, ER-SCV-membranes and purified Sn in comparison to uninfected cells. In addition to lipid enrichment or depletion in whole-cell extracts and ER-SCV-membranes, we identified two infection-specific lipids, cholesterol-ß-Dglucoside and PE 30:0. Further, high-throughput RNA interference tests indicated a dependence of Sn infections on endosome to Golgi and Clathrin-associated vesicle transports. Taken together, we were able to identify initial potential SCV-associated proteins and lipids that were connected to bacterial infection. Furthermore, SCV formation and Sn infectiousness depends on retrograde transport processes and therefore also on acquisition of nutrients, such as lipids.},
  subject      = {Simkania},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bargul2018,
  author    = {Bargul, Joel Ltilitan},
  title     = {Characterization of motility and erythrocyte adherence as virulence factors in African trypanosomes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115053},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Pathogens causing African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), the major livestock disease in sub-Saharan Africa, belong to the salivarian group of the African trypanosomes, which are transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly (Glossina spec.). T. vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei brucei are major pathogens of cattle in particular, causing nagana, with dramatic socio-economic consequences for the affected regions. The parasites additionally have a huge reservoir of other livestock and wild animal hosts. T. brucei, the species which also includes the subspecies pathogenic to humans causing sleeping sickness, has been extensively studied as the cultivatable model trypanosome. But less is known about the other salivarian species, which are not routinely held in culture, if at all possible. A hallmark of trypanosomal lifestyle is the protozoan flagellates incessant motility, which enables them to populate an enormous range of habitats in very diverse hosts. We were now able to characterize, for the first time with high spatiotemporal resolution microscopy, the swimming behaviour and mechanism of the most relevant salivarian species isolated directly from blood. We show the influence of viscosity on the motility of bloodstream form (BSF) cells and simulate their movement between erythrocytes, giving a clear picture of how all analyzed species move under varying environmental conditions. We show that although the basic mechanism of flagellar motility applies to all analyzed species, there are clear morphological differences that produce different reactions to the physical environment. We could define specific conditions for highly increased swimming persistence and speed for compared to the behaviour in standard culture. These results have important implications for the parasites survival strategies in the host, e.g. regarding the capacity for antibody clearance. Although we show all species to effectively remove antibodies from the cell surface, T. congolense differed markedly in its motility behaviour, which gives rise to interesting questions about this species behaviour in the bloodstream. Most of the T. congolense parasites (and to a lesser extent T. vivax) adhere to sheep erythrocytes. Further in vitro studies showed that T. congolense and T. vivax adhered to rabbit, goat, pig and cattle erythrocytes- but binding behaviour was absent in murine blood. Notably, both T. brucei and T. evansi lacked adherence to all studied host erythrocytes. Generally, attachment to blood cells caused reduction of swimming velocities. Judging from its cell architecture, as well as the motility studies in higher media viscosity and in micropillar arrays, T. congolense is not adapted to swim at high speeds in the mammalian bloodstream. Low swimming speeds could allow these purely intravascular parasites to remain bound to the host erythrocytes.},
  subject      = {Motili{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jung2018,
  author    = {Jung, Jamin},
  title     = {Precise timing of the trypanosome cell division cycle},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114932},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {African trypanosomes are the causative agents of fatal diseases in humans and livestock. Trypanosomes show a complex lifecycle and shuttle between the transmitting vector, the tsetse (Glossina spec.), and the mammalian host. As a result of this the parasite undergoes tremendous changes in morphology and metabolism to adapt to the different living environments. The two best-studied lifecycle stages are the procyclic forms (PCF) that live in the tsetse fly and the proliferative bloodstream form (BSF) that resides in the mammalian blood. The most conspicuous weapon that trypanosomes use to evade the host immune attack is a dense layer of a single protein type, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), which shields the entire cell surface. Immune evasion required high rates of surface membrane turnover and surface coat recycling. Trypanosomes show highly polarised cell architecture with all major eukaryotic organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, endosomal apparatus, lysosome, mitochondrion and peroxisome-like glycosomes) generally present in single copy. Furthermore, trypanosomes possess a single flagellum, which is important not only for cellular motility but also for cell division. How the duplication of all these cellular components is coordinated in order to progresss through the cell division cycle is poorly understood. We used trypanosomes as a model organism due to the relative simplicity and the polarised nature of their cell architecture and determined the duplication of all their compartments. This was only possible due to a new synchronisation approach developed during this project. In the first part of the thesis a precise temporal map of the cell division cycle of the BSF T. brucei cell division cycle was generated. By the use of well-described morphological markers (K/N status, new flagellum outgrowth and DNA synthesis) the position of individual cells was determined with high temporal resolution; this allowed us for the first time to synchronise a cell population in silico without affecting the naturally asynchronous growth. In the second part of the thesis we used this tool to follow duplication events of the Major organelles during progression through the cell division cycle. We precisely determined the time points of organelle duplication and found that it is ordered in trypanosomes. Furthermore we found that BSF T. brucei cells do not grow continuously, cell size start to increase rapidly, during a short period of time, late in the cell division cycle. We speculate that the initiation of cell volume increase is temporally separated from the formation of all secretory organelles in order to ensure maintenance of the protective coat, which must remain intact at all times in order for BSF trypanosomes to be able to evade the host immune response.},
  subject      = {Zellteilung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RubioCosialsSchulzLambertsenetal.2018,
  author    = {Rubio-Cosials, Anna and Schulz, Eike C. and Lambertsen, Lotte and Smyshlyaev, Georgy and Rojas-Cordova, Carlos and Forslund, Kristoffer and Karaca, Ezgi and Bebel, Aleksandra and Bork, Peer and Barabas, Orsolya},
  title     = {Transposase-DNA Complex Structures Reveal Mechanisms for Conjugative Transposition of Antibiotic Resistance},
  series = {Cell},
  volume    = {173},
  journal   = {Cell},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.032},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227085},
  pages     = {e20, 208-220},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Conjugative transposition drives the emergence of multidrug resistance in diverse bacterial pathogens, yet the mechanisms are poorly characterized. The Tn1549 conjugative transposon propagates resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin used for severe drug-resistant infections. Here, we present four high-resolution structures of the conserved Y-transposase of Tn1549 complexed with circular transposon DNA intermediates. The structures reveal individual transposition steps and explain how specific DNA distortion and cleavage mechanisms enable DNA strand exchange with an absolute minimum homology requirement. This appears to uniquely allow Tn916-like conjugative transposons to bypass DNA homology and insert into diverse genomic sites, expanding gene transfer. We further uncover a structural regulatory mechanism that prevents premature cleavage of the transposon DNA before a suitable target DNA is found and generate a peptide antagonist that interferes with the transposase-DNA structure to block transposition. Our results reveal mechanistic principles of conjugative transposition that could help control the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kropf2018,
  author    = {Kropf, Jan},
  title     = {The Dual Olfactory Pathway in the Honeybee Brain: Sensory Supply and Electrophysiological Properties},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-108369},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The olfactory sense is of utmost importance for honeybees, Apis mellifera. Honeybees use olfaction for communication within the hive, for the identification of nest mates and non-nest mates, the localization of food sources, and in case of drones (males), for the detection of the queen and mating. Honeybees, therefore, can serve as excellent model systems for an integrative analysis of an elaborated olfactory system. To efficiently filter odorants out of the air with their antennae, honeybees possess a multitude of sensilla that contain the olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Three types of olfactory sensilla are known from honeybee worker antennae: Sensilla trichoidea, Sensilla basiconica and Sensilla placodea. In the sensilla, odorant receptors that are located in the dendritic arborizations of the OSNs transduce the odorant information into electrical information. Approximately 60.000 OSN axons project in two parallel bundles along the antenna into the brain. Before they enter the primary olfactory brain center, the antennal lobe (AL), they diverge into four distinct tracts (T1-T4). OSNs relay onto ~3.000-4.000 local interneurons (LN) and ~900 projection neurons (PN), the output neurons of the AL. The axons of the OSNs together with neurites from LNs and PNs form spheroidal neuropil units, the so-called glomeruli. OSN axons from the four AL input tracts (T1-T4) project into four glomerular clusters. LNs interconnect the AL glomeruli, whereas PNs relay the information to the next brain centers, the mushroom body (MB) - associated with sensory integration, learning and memory - and the lateral horn (LH). In honeybees, PNs project to the MBs and the LH via two separate tracts, the medial and the lateral antennal-lobe tract (m/lALT) which run in parallel in opposing directions. The mALT runs first to the MB and then to the LH, the lALT runs first to the LH and then to the MB. This dual olfactory pathway represents a feature unique to Hymenoptera. Interestingly, both tracts were shown to process information about similar sets of odorants by extracting different features. Individual mALT PNs are more odor specific than lALT PNs. On the other hand, lALT PNs have higher spontaneous and higher odor response action potential (AP) frequencies than mALT PNs. In the MBs, PNs form synapses with ~184.000 Kenyon cells (KC), which are the MB intrinsic neurons. KCs, in contrast to PNs, show almost no spontaneous activity and employ a spatially and temporally sparse code for odor coding. In manuscript I of my thesis, I investigated whether the differences in specificity of odor responses between m- and lALT are due to differences in the synaptic input. Therefore, I investigated the axonal projection patterns of OSNs housed in S. basiconica in honeybee workers and compared them with S. trichoidea and S. placodea using selective anterograde labeling with fluorescent tracers and confocal- microscopy analyses of axonal projections in AL glomeruli. Axons of S. basiconica-associated OSNs preferentially projected into the T3 input-tract cluster in the AL, whereas the two other types of sensilla did not show a preference for a specific glomerular cluster. T3- associated glomeruli had previously been shown to be innervated by mALT PNs. Interestingly, S. basiconica as well as a number of T3 glomeruli lack in drones. Therefore I set out to determine whether this was associated with the reduction of glomeruli innervated by mALT PNs. Retrograde tracing of mALT PNs in drones and counting of innervated glomeruli showed that the number of mALT-associated glomeruli was strongly reduced in drones compared to workers. The preferential projections of S. basiconica-associated OSNs into T3 glomeruli in female workers together with the reduction of mALT-associated glomeruli in drones support the presence of a female-specific olfactory subsystem that is partly innervated by OSNs from S. basiconica and is associated with mALT projection neurons. As mALT PNs were shown to be more odor specific, I suppose that already the OSNs in this subsystem are more odor specific than lALT associated OSNs. I conclude that this female-specific subsystem allows the worker honeybees to respond adequately to the enormous variety of odorants they experience during their lifetime. In manuscript II, I investigated the ion channel composition of mALT and lALT PNs and KCs in situ. This approach represents the first study dealing with the honeybee PN and KC ion channel composition under standard conditions in an intact brain preparation. With these recordings I set out to investigate the potential impact of intrinsic neuronal properties on the differences between m- and lALT PNs and on the sparse odor coding properties of KCs. In PNs, I identified a set of Na+ currents and diverse K+ currents depending on voltage and Na+ or Ca2+ that support relatively high spontaneous and odor response AP frequencies. This set of currents did not significantly differ between mALT and lALT PNs, but targets for potential modulation of currents leading to differences in AP frequencies were found between both types of PNs. In contrast to PNs, KCs have very prominent K+ currents, which are likely to contribute to the sparse response fashion observed in KCs. Furthermore, Ca2+ dependent K+ currents were found, which may be of importance for coincidence detection, learning and memory formation. Finally, I conclude that the differences in odor specificity between m- and lALT PNs are due to their synaptic input from different sets of OSNs and potential processing by LNs. The differences in spontaneous activity between the two tracts may be caused by different neuronal modulation or, in addition, also by interaction with LNs. The temporally sparse representation of odors in KCs is very likely based on the intrinsic KC properties, whereas general excitability and spatial sparseness are likely to be regulated through GABAergic feedback neurons.},
  subject      = {Voltage-Clamp-Methode},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Nuernberger2018,
  author    = {N{\"u}rnberger, Fabian},
  title     = {Timing of colony phenology and foraging activity in honey bees},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155105},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {I. Timing is a crucial feature in organisms that live within a variable and changing environment. Complex mechanisms to measure time are wide-spread and were shown to exist in many taxa. These mechanisms are expected to provide fitness benefits by enabling organisms to anticipate environmental changes and adapt accordingly. However, very few studies have addressed the adaptive value of proper timing. The objective of this PhD-project was to investigate mechanisms and fitness consequences of timing decisions concerning colony phenology and foraging activity in the honey bee (Apis mellifera), a social insect species with a high degree of social organization and one of the most important pollinators of wild plants and crops. In chapter II, a study is presented that aimed to identify the consequences of disrupted synchrony between colony phenology and the local environment by manipulating the timing of brood onset after hibernation. In a follow-up experiment, the importance of environmental factors for the timing of brood onset was investigated to assess the potential of climate change to disrupt synchronization of colony phenology (Chapter III). Chapter IV aimed to prove for the first time that honey bees can use interval time-place learning to improve foraging activity in a variable environment. Chapter V investigates the fitness benefits of information exchange between nest mates via waggle dance communication about a resource environment that is heterogeneous in space and time. II. In the study presented in chapter II, the importance of the timing of brood onset after hibernation as critical point in honey bee colony phenology in temperate zones was investigated. Honey bee colonies were overwintered at two climatically different sites. By translocating colonies from each site to the other in late winter, timing of brood onset was manipulated and consequently colony phenology was desynchronized with the local environment. Delaying colony phenology in respect to the local environment decreased the capability of colonies to exploit the abundant spring bloom. Early brood onset, on the other hand, increased the loads of the brood parasite Varroa destructor later in the season with negative impact on colony worker population size. This indicates a timing related trade-off and illustrates the importance of investigating effects of climate change on complex multi-trophic systems. It can be concluded that timing of brood onset in honey bees is an important fitness relevant step for colony phenology that is highly sensitive to climatic conditions in late winter. Further, phenology shifts and mismatches driven by climate change can have severe fitness consequences. III. In chapter III, I assess the importance of the environmental factors ambient temperature and photoperiod as well as elapsed time on the timing of brood onset. Twenty-four hibernating honey bee colonies were placed into environmental chambers and allocated to different combinations of two temperature regimes and three different light regimes. Brood onset was identified non-invasively by tracking comb temperature within the winter cluster. The experiment revealed that ambient temperature plays a major role in the timing of brood onset, but the response of honey bee colonies to temperature increases is modified by photoperiod. Further, the data indicate the involvement of an internal clock. I conclude that the timing of brood onset is complex but probably highly susceptible to climate change and especially spells of warm weather in winter. IV. In chapter IV, it was examined if honey bees are capable of interval time-place learning and if this ability improves foraging efficiency in a dynamic resource environment. In a field experiment with artificial feeders, foragers were able to learn time intervals and use this ability to anticipate time periods during which feeders were active. Further, interval time-place learning enabled foragers to increase nectar uptake rates. It was concluded that interval time-place learning can help honey bee foragers to adapt to the complex and variable temporal patterns of floral resource environments. V. The study presented in chapter V identified the importance of the honey bee waggle dance communication for the spatiotemporal coordination of honey bee foraging activity in resource environments that can vary from day to day. Consequences of disrupting the instructional component of honey bee dance communication were investigated in eight temperate zone landscapes with different levels of spatiotemporal complexity. While nectar uptake of colonies was not affected, waggle dance communication significantly benefitted pollen harvest irrespective of landscape complexity. I suggest that this is explained by the fact that honey bees prefer to forage pollen in semi-natural habitats, which provide diverse resource species but are sparse and presumably hard to find in intensively managed agricultural landscapes. I conclude that waggle dance communication helps to ensure a sufficient and diverse pollen diet which is crucial for honey bee colony health. VI. In my PhD-project, I could show that honey bee colonies are able to adapt their activities to a seasonally and daily changing environment, which affects resource uptake, colony development, colony health and ultimately colony fitness. Ongoing global change, however, puts timing in honey bee colonies at risk. Climate change has the potential to cause mismatches with the local resource environment. Intensivation of agricultural management with decreased resource diversity and short resource peaks in spring followed by distinctive gaps increases the probability of mismatches. Even the highly efficient foraging system of honey bees might not ensure a sufficiently diverse and healthy diet in such an environment. The global introduction of the parasitic mite V. destructor and the increased exposure to pesticides in intensively managed landscapes further degrades honey bee colony health. This might lead to reduced cognitive capabilities in workers and impact the communication and social organization in colonies, thereby undermining the ability of honey bee colonies to adapt to their environment.},
  subject      = {Biene},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChristopherDUgelvigWiesenhoferetal.2018,
  author    = {Christopher D., Pull and Ugelvig, Line V. and Wiesenhofer, Florian and Anna V., Grasse and Tragust, Simon and Schmitt, Thomas and Brown, Mark JF and Cremer, Sylvia},
  title     = {Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies},
  series = {eLIFE},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {eLIFE},
  doi       = {10.7554/eLife.32073},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223728},
  pages     = {e 32073, 1-29},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In social groups, infections have the potential to spread rapidly and cause disease outbreaks. Here, we show that in a social insect, the ant Lasius neglectus, the negative consequences of fungal infections (Metarhizium brunneum) can be mitigated by employing an efficient multicomponent behaviour, termed destructive disinfection, which prevents further spread of the disease through the colony. Ants specifically target infected pupae during the pathogens non-contagious incubation period, utilising chemical 'sickness cues' emitted by pupae. They then remove the pupal cocoon, perforate its cuticle and administer antimicrobial poison, which enters the body and prevents pathogen replication from the inside out. Like the immune system of a metazoan body that specifically targets and eliminates infected cells, ants destroy infected brood to stop the pathogen completing its lifecycle, thus protecting the rest of the colony. Hence, in an analogous fashion, the same principles of disease defence apply at different levels of biological organisation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KellerBrandelBeckeretal.2018,
  author    = {Keller, Alexander and Brandel, Annette and Becker, Mira C. and Balles, Rebecca and Abdelmohsen, Usama Ramadan and Ankenbrand, Markus J. and Sickel, Wiebke},
  title     = {Wild bees and their nests host Paenibacillus bacteria with functional potential of avail},
  series = {Microbiome},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Microbiome},
  number    = {229},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40168-018-0614-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177554},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: In previous studies, the gram-positive firmicute genus Paenibacillus was found with significant abundances in nests of wild solitary bees. Paenibacillus larvae is well-known for beekeepers as a severe pathogen causing the fatal honey bee disease American foulbrood, and other members of the genus are either secondary invaders of European foulbrood or considered a threat to honey bees. We thus investigated whether Paenibacillus is a common bacterium associated with various wild bees and hence poses a latent threat to honey bees visiting the same flowers. Results: We collected 202 samples from 82 individuals or nests of 13 bee species at the same location and screened each for Paenibacillus using high-throughput sequencing-based 16S metabarcoding. We then isolated the identified strain Paenibacillus MBD-MB06 from a solitary bee nest and sequenced its genome. We did find conserved toxin genes and such encoding for chitin-binding proteins, yet none specifically related to foulbrood virulence or chitinases. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a closer relationship to strains of root-associated Paenibacillus rather than strains causing foulbrood or other accompanying diseases. We found anti-microbial evidence within the genome, confirmed by experimental bioassays with strong growth inhibition of selected fungi as well as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions: The isolated wild bee associate Paenibacillus MBD-MB06 is a common, but irregularly occurring part of wild bee microbiomes, present on adult body surfaces and guts and within nests especially in megachilids. It was phylogenetically and functionally distinct from harmful members causing honey bee colony diseases, although it shared few conserved proteins putatively toxic to insects that might indicate ancestral predisposition for the evolution of insect pathogens within the group. By contrast, our strain showed anti-microbial capabilities and the genome further indicates abilities for chitin-binding and biofilm-forming, suggesting it is likely a useful associate to avoid fungal penetration of the bee cuticula and a beneficial inhabitant of nests to repress fungal threats in humid and nutrient-rich environments of wild bee nests.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ankenbrand2018,
  author    = {Ankenbrand, Markus Johannes},
  title     = {Squeezing more information out of biological data - development and application of bioinformatic tools for ecology, evolution and genomics},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156344},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {New experimental methods have drastically accelerated the pace and quantity at which biological data is generated. High-throughput DNA sequencing is one of the pivotal new technologies. It offers a number of novel applications in various fields of biology, including ecology, evolution, and genomics. However, together with those opportunities many new challenges arise. Specialized algorithms and software are required to cope with the amount of data, often requiring substantial training in bioinformatic methods. Another way to make those data accessible to non-bioinformaticians is the development of programs with intuitive user interfaces. In my thesis I developed analyses and programs to tackle current problems with high-throughput data in biology. In the field of ecology this covers the establishment of the bioinformatic workflow for pollen DNA meta-barcoding. Furthermore, I developed an application that facilitates the analysis of ecological communities in the context of their traits. Information from multiple public databases have been aggregated and can now be mapped automatically to existing community tables for interactive inspection. In evolution the new data are used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees from multiple genes. I developed the tool bcgTree to automate this process for bacteria. Many plant genomes have been sequenced in current years. Sequencing reads of those projects also contain data from the chloroplasts. The tool chloroExtractor supports the targeted extraction and analysis of the chloroplast genome. To compare the structure of multiple genomes specialized software is required for calculation and visualization of the relationships. I developed AliTV to address this. In contrast to existing programs for this task it allows interactive adjustments of produced graphics. Thus, facilitating the discovery of biologically relevant information. Another application I developed helps to analyze transcriptomes even if no reference genome is present. This is achieved by aggregating the different pieces of information, like functional annotation and expression level, for each transcript in a web platform. Scientists can then search, filter, subset, and visualize the transcriptome. Together the methods and tools expedite insights into biological systems that were not possible before.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RangerBiedermannPhuntumartetal.2018,
  author    = {Ranger, Christopher M. and Biedermann, Peter HW and Phuntumart, Vipaporn and Beligala, Gayathri U. and Ghosh, Satyaki and Palmquist, Debra E. and Mueller, Robert and Barnett, Jenny and Schultz, Peter B. and Reding, Michael E. and Benz, J. Philipp},
  title     = {Symbiont selection via alcohol benefits fungus farming by ambrosia beetles},
  series = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume    = {115},
  journal   = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  number    = {17},
  doi       = {10.1073/pnas.1716852115},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224953},
  pages     = {4447-4452},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Animal-microbe mutualisms are typically maintained by vertical symbiont transmission or partner choice. A third mechanism, screening of high-quality symbionts, has been predicted in theory, but empirical examples are rare. Here we demonstrate that ambrosia beetles rely on ethanol within host trees for promoting gardens of their fungal symbiont and producing offspring. Ethanol has long been known as the main attractant for many of these fungus-farming beetles as they select host trees in which they excavate tunnels and cultivate fungal gardens. More than 300 attacks by Xylosandrus germanus and other species were triggered by baiting trees with ethanol lures, but none of the foundresses established fungal gardens or produced broods unless tree tissues contained in vivo ethanol resulting from irrigation with ethanol solutions. More X. germanus brood were also produced in a rearing substrate containing ethanol. These benefits are a result of increased food supply via the positive effects of ethanol on food-fungus biomass. Selected Ambrosiella and Raffaelea fungal isolates from ethanol-responsive ambrosia beetles profited directly and indirectly by (i) a higher biomass on medium containing ethanol, (ii) strong alcohol dehydrogenase enzymatic activity, and (iii) a competitive advantage over weedy fungal garden competitors (Aspergillus, Penicillium) that are inhibited by ethanol. As ambrosia fungi both detoxify and produce ethanol, they may maintain the selectivity of their alcohol-rich habitat for their own purpose and that of other ethanol-resistant/producing microbes. This resembles biological screening of beneficial symbionts and a potentially widespread, unstudied benefit of alcohol-producing symbionts (e.g., yeasts) in other microbial symbioses.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BatzkeBuechelHansenetal.2018,
  author    = {Batzke, Katharina and B{\"u}chel, Gabriele and Hansen, Wiebke and Schramm, Alexander},
  title     = {TrkB-target Galectin-1 impairs immune activation and radiation responses in neuroblastoma: implications for tumour therapy},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms19030718},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285097},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Galectin-1 (Gal-1) has been described to promote tumour growth by inducing angiogenesis and to contribute to the tumour immune escape. We had previously identified up-regulation of Gal-1 in preclinical models of aggressive neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial tumour of childhood. While Gal-1 did not confer a survival advantage in the absence of exogenous stressors, Gal-1 contributed to enhanced cell migratory and invasive properties. Here, we review these findings and extend them by analyzing Gal-1 mediated effects on immune cell regulation and radiation resistance. In line with previous results, cell autonomous effects as well as paracrine functions contribute to Gal-1 mediated pro-tumourigenic functions. Interfering with Gal-1 functions in vivo will add to a better understanding of the role of the Gal-1 axis in the complex tumour-host interaction during immune-, chemo- and radiotherapy of neuroblastoma.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RibitschPehamAdeetal.2018,
  author    = {Ribitsch, Iris and Peham, Christian and Ade, Nicole and Duerr, Julia and Handschuh, Stephan and Schramel, Johannes Peter and Vogl, Claus and Walles, Heike and Egerbacher, Monika and Jenner, Florian},
  title     = {Structure-Function relationships of equine menisci},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0194052},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225214},
  pages     = {e0194052, 1-17},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Meniscal pathologies are among the most common injuries of the femorotibial joint in both human and equine patients. Pathological forces and ensuing injuries of the cranial horn of the equine medial meniscus are considered analogous to those observed in the human posterior medial horn. Biomechanical properties of human menisci are site-and depth-specific. However, the influence of equine meniscus topography and composition on its biomechanical properties is yet unknown. A better understanding of equine meniscus composition and biomechanics could advance not only veterinary therapies for meniscus degeneration or injuries, but also further substantiate the horse as suitable translational animal model for (human) meniscus tissue engineering. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the composition and structure of the equine knee meniscus in a site-and age-specific manner and their relationship with potential site-specific biomechanical properties. The meniscus architecture was investigated histologically. Biomechanical testing included evaluation of the shore hardness (SH), stiffness and energy loss of the menisci. The SH was found to be subjected to both age and site-specific changes, with an overall higher SH of the tibial meniscus surface and increase in SH with age. Stiffness and energy loss showed neither site nor age related significant differences. The macroscopic and histologic similarities between equine and human menisci described in this study, support continued research in this field.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ScheibBroserConstantinetal.2018,
  author    = {Scheib, Ulrike and Broser, Matthias and Constantin, Oana M. and Yang, Shang and Gao, Shiqiang and Mukherjee, Shatanik and Stehfest, Katja and Nagel, Georg and Gee, Christine E. and Hegemann, Peter},
  title     = {Rhodopsin-cyclases for photocontrol of cGMP/cAMP and 2.3 {\AA} structure of the adenylyl cyclase domain},
  series = {Nature Communications},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Nature Communications},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41467-018-04428-w},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228517},
  pages     = {2046, 1-15},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are important second messengers that orchestrate fundamental cellular responses. Here, we present the characterization of the rhodopsinguanylyl cyclase from Catenaria anguillulae (CaRhGC), which produces cGMP in response to green light with a light to dark activity ratio > 1000. After light excitation the putative signaling state forms with tau = 31 ms and decays with tau = 570 ms. Mutations (up to 6) within the nucleotide binding site generate rhodopsin-adenylyl cyclases (CaRhACs) of which the double mutated YFP-CaRhAC (E497K/C566D) is the most suitable for rapid cAMP production in neurons. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the ligand-bound AC domain (2.25 angstrom) reveals detailed information about the nucleotide binding mode within this recently discovered class of enzyme rhodopsin. Both YFP-CaRhGC and YFP-CaRhAC are favorable optogenetic tools for non-invasive, cell-selective, and spatio-temporally precise modulation of cAMP/cGMP with light.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RatHeibyBunzetal.2018,
  author    = {Rat, Charlotte and Heiby, Julia C. and Bunz, Jessica P. and Neuweiler, Hannes},
  title     = {Two-step self-assembly of a spider silk molecular clamp},
  series = {Nature Communications},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Nature Communications},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41467-018-07227-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225016},
  pages     = {4779, 1-11},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Web spiders synthesize silk fibers of unique strength and extensibility through the controlled self-assembly of protein building blocks, so-called spidroins. The spidroin C-terminal domain is highly conserved and connects two polypeptide chains through formation of an all-helical, intertwined dimer. Here we use contact-induced fluorescence self-quenching and resonance energy transfer in combination with far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy as three orthogonal structural probes to dissect the mechanism of folding and dimerization of a spidroin C-terminal domain from the major ampullate gland of the nursery web spider Euprosthenops australis. We show that helices forming the dimer core assemble very rapidly and fold on association. Subsequently, peripheral helices fold and dock slowly onto the preformed core. Lability of outer helices facilitates formation of a highly expanded, partially folded dimer. The high end-to-end distance of chain termini in the partially folded dimer suggests an extensibility module that contributes to elasticity of spider silk.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReisSchwebsDietzetal.2018,
  author    = {Reis, Helena and Schwebs, Marie and Dietz, Sabrina and Janzen, Christian J. and Butter, Falk},
  title     = {TelAP1 links telomere complexes with developmental expression site silencing in African trypanosomes},
  series = {Nucleic Acids Research},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {Nucleic Acids Research},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1093/nar/gky028},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225180},
  pages     = {2820-2833},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {During its life cycle, Trypanosoma brucei shuttles between a mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector. In the mammalian host, immune evasion of T. brucei bloodstream form (BSF) cells relies on antigenic variation, which includes monoallelic expression and periodic switching of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes. The active VSG is transcribed from only 1 of the 15 subtelomeric expression sites (ESs). During differentiation from BSF to the insect-resident procyclic form (PCF), the active ES is transcriptionally silenced. We used mass spectrometry-based interactomics to determine the composition of telomere protein complexes in T. brucei BSF and PCF stages to learn more about the structure and functions of telomeres in trypanosomes. Our data suggest a different telomere complex composition in the two forms of the parasite. One of the novel telomere-associated proteins, TelAP1, forms a complex with telomeric proteins TbTRF, TbRAP1 and TbTIF2 and influences ES silencing kinetics during developmental differentiation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchenkMitesserHovestadtetal.2018,
  author    = {Schenk, Mariela and Mitesser, Oliver and Hovestadt, Thomas and Holzschuh, Andrea},
  title     = {Overwintering temperature and body condition shift emergence dates of spring-emerging solitary bees},
  series = {PeerJ},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PeerJ},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.4721},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228544},
  pages     = {e4721, 1-17},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Solitary bees in seasonal environments must align their life-cycles with favorable environmental conditions and resources; the timing of their emergence is highly fitness relevant. In several bee species, overwintering temperature influences both emergence date and body weight at emergence. High variability in emergence dates among specimens overwintering at the same temperatures suggests that the timing of emergence also depends on individual body conditions. However, possible causes for this variability, such as individual differences in body size or weight, have been rarely studied. In a climate chamber experiment using two spring-emerging mason bees (Osmia cornuta and O. bicornis), we investigated the relationship between temperature, emergence date, body weight, and body size, the last of which is not affected by overwintering temperature. Our study showed that body weight declined during hibernation more strongly in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures. Although bees emerged earlier in warm than in cold overwintering temperatures, at the time of emergence, bees in warm overwintering temperatures had lower body weights than bees in cold overwintering temperatures (exception of male O. cornuta). Among specimens that experienced the same overwintering temperatures, small and light bees emerged later than their larger and heavier conspecifics. Using a simple mechanistic model we demonstrated that spring-emerging solitary bees use a strategic approach and emerge at a date that is most promising for their individual fitness expectations. Our results suggest that warmer overwintering temperatures reduce bee fitness by causing a decrease in body weight at emergence. We showed furthermore that in order to adjust their emergence dates, bees use not only temperature but also their individual body condition as triggers. This may explain differing responses to climate warming within and among bee populations and may have consequences for bee-plant interactions as well as for the persistence of bee populations under climate change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NadellaMohantySharmaetal.2018,
  author    = {Nadella, Vinod and Mohanty, Aparna and Sharma, Lalita and Yellaboina, Sailu and Mollenkopf, Hans-Joachim and Mazumdar, Varadendra Balaji and Palaparthi, Ramesh and Mylavarapu, Madhavi B. and Maurya, Radheshyam and Kurukuti, Sreenivasulu and Rudel, Thomas and Prakash, Hridayesh},
  title     = {Inhibitors of Apoptosis Protein Antagonists (Smac Mimetic Compounds) Control Polarization of Macrophages during Microbial Challenge and Sterile Inflammatory Responses},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  number    = {1792},
  issn      = {1664-3224},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2017.01792},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197484},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Apoptosis is a physiological cell death process essential for development, tissue homeostasis, and for immune defense of multicellular animals. Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) regulate apoptosis in response to various cellular assaults. Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches we demonstrate here that the IAPs not only support opportunistic survival of intracellular human pathogens like Chlamydia pneumoniae but also control plasticity of iNOS+ M1 macrophage during the course of infection and render them refractory for immune stimulation. Treatment of Th1 primed macrophages with birinapant (IAP-specific antagonist) inhibited NO generation and relevant proteins involved in innate immune signaling. Accordingly, birinapant promoted hypoxia, angiogenesis, and tumor-induced M2 polarization of iNOS+ M1 macrophages. Interestingly, birinapant-driven changes in immune signaling were accompanied with changes in the expression of various proteins involved in the metabolism, and thus revealing the new role of IAPs in immune metabolic reprogramming in committed macrophages. Taken together, our study reveals the significance of IAP targeting approaches (Smac mimetic compounds) for the management of infectious and inflammatory diseases relying on macrophage plasticity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BencurovaGuptaSarukhanyanetal.2018,
  author    = {Bencurova, Elena and Gupta, Shishir K. and Sarukhanyan, Edita and Dandekar, Thomas},
  title     = {Identification of antifungal targets based on computer modeling},
  series = {Journal of Fungi},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Journal of Fungi},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2309-608X},
  doi       = {10.3390/jof4030081},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197670},
  pages     = {81},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic, cosmopolitan fungus that attacks patients with a weak immune system. A rational solution against fungal infection aims to manipulate fungal metabolism or to block enzymes essential for Aspergillus survival. Here we discuss and compare different bioinformatics approaches to analyze possible targeting strategies on fungal-unique pathways. For instance, phylogenetic analysis reveals fungal targets, while domain analysis allows us to spot minor differences in protein composition between the host and fungi. Moreover, protein networks between host and fungi can be systematically compared by looking at orthologs and exploiting information from host-pathogen interaction databases. Further data—such as knowledge of a three-dimensional structure, gene expression data, or information from calculated metabolic fluxes—refine the search and rapidly put a focus on the best targets for antimycotics. We analyzed several of the best targets for application to structure-based drug design. Finally, we discuss general advantages and limitations in identification of unique fungal pathways and protein targets when applying bioinformatics tools.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PrustyChowdhuryGulveetal.2018,
  author    = {Prusty, Bhupesh K. and Chowdhury, Suvagata R. and Gulve, Nitish and Rudel, Thomas},
  title     = {Peptidase Inhibitor 15 (PI15) Regulates Chlamydial CPAF Activity},
  series = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology},
  number    = {183},
  issn      = {2235-2988},
  doi       = {10.3389/fcimb.2018.00183},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196918},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Obligate intracellular pathogenic Chlamydia trachomatis express several serine proteases whose roles in chlamydial development and pathogenicity are not completely understood. The chlamydial protease CPAF is expressed during the replicative phase of the chlamydial developmental cycle and is secreted into the lumen of the Chlamydia-containing vacuole called inclusion. How the secreted protease is activated in the inclusion lumen is currently not fully understood. We have identified human serine peptidase inhibitor PI15 as a potential host factor involved in the regulation of CPAF activation. Silencing expression as well as over expression of PI15 affected normal development of Chlamydia. PI15 was transported into the chlamydial inclusion lumen where it co-localized with CPAF aggregates. We show that PI15 binds to the CPAF zymogen and potentially induces CPAF protease activity at low concentrations. However, at high concentrations PI15 inhibits CPAF activity possibly by blocking its protease domain. Our findings shed light on a new aspect of chlamydial host co-evolution which involves the recruitment of host cell proteins into the inclusion to control the activation of bacterial proteases like CPAF that are important for the normal development of Chlamydia.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BuellesbachVetterSchmitt2018,
  author    = {Buellesbach, Jan and Vetter, Sebastian G. and Schmitt, Thomas},
  title     = {Differences in the reliance on cuticular hydrocarbons as sexual signaling and species discrimination cues in parasitoid wasps},
  series = {Frontiers in Zoology},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Zoology},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12983-018-0263-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221702},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) have been documented to play crucial roles as species- and sex-specific cues in the chemical communication systems of a wide variety of insects. However, whether they are sufficient by themselves as the sole cue triggering sexual behavior as well as preference of con- over heterospecific mating partners is rarely assessed. We conducted behavioral assays in three representative species of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to determine their reliance on CHC as species-specific sexual signaling cues. Results We found a surprising degree of either unspecific or insufficient sexual signaling when CHC are singled out as recognition cues. Most strikingly, the cosmopolitan species Nasonia vitripennis, expected to experience enhanced selection pressure to discriminate against other co-occurring parasitoids, did not discriminate against CHC of a partially sympatric species from another genus, Trichomalopsis sarcophagae. Focusing on the latter species, in turn, it became apparent that CHC are even insufficient as the sole cue triggering conspecific sexual behavior, hinting at the requirement of additional, synergistic sexual cues particularly important in this species. Finally, in the phylogenetically and chemically most divergent species Muscidifurax uniraptor, we intriguingly found both CHC-based sexual signaling as well as species discrimination behavior intact although this species is naturally parthenogenetic with sexual reproduction only occurring under laboratory conditions. Conclusions Our findings implicate a discrepancy in the reliance on and specificity of CHC as sexual cues in our tested parasitioid wasps. CHC profiles were not sufficient for unambiguous discrimination and preference behavior, as demonstrated by clear cross-attraction between some of our tested wasp genera. Moreover, we could show that only in T. sarcophagae, additional behavioral cues need to be present for triggering natural mating behavior, hinting at an interesting shift in signaling hierarchy in this particular species. This demonstrates the importance of integrating multiple, potentially complementary signaling modalities in future studies for a better understanding of their individual contributions to natural sexual communication behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BartmannJanakiRamanFloeteretal.2018,
  author    = {Bartmann, Catharina and Janaki Raman, Sudha R. and Fl{\"o}ter, Jessica and Schulze, Almut and Bahlke, Katrin and Willingstorfer, Jana and Strunz, Maria and W{\"o}ckel, Achim and Klement, Rainer J. and Kapp, Michaela and Djuzenova, Cholpon S. and Otto, Christoph and K{\"a}mmerer, Ulrike},
  title     = {Beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) can influence the energetic phenotype of breast cancer cells, but does not impact their proliferation and the response to chemotherapy or radiation},
  series = {Cancer \& Metabolism},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Cancer \& Metabolism},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40170-018-0180-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175607},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Ketogenic diets (KDs) or short-term fasting are popular trends amongst supportive approaches for cancer patients. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) is the main physiological ketone body, whose concentration can reach plasma levels of 2-6 mM during KDs or fasting. The impact of 3-OHB on the biology of tumor cells described so far is contradictory. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a physiological concentration of 3 mM 3-OHB on metabolism, proliferation, and viability of breast cancer (BC) cells in vitro. Methods: Seven different human BC cell lines (BT20, BT474, HBL100, MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, MDA-MB 468, and T47D) were cultured in medium with 5 mM glucose in the presence of 3 mM 3-OHB at mild hypoxia (5\% oxygen) or normoxia (21\% oxygen). Metabolic profiling was performed by quantification of the turnover of glucose, lactate, and 3-OHB and by Seahorse metabolic flux analysis. Expression of key enzymes of ketolysis as well as the main monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT2 and the glucose-transporter GLUT1 was analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The effect of 3-OHB on short- and long-term cell proliferation as well as chemo- and radiosensitivity were also analyzed. Results: 3-OHB significantly changed the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in BT20 cells resulting in a more oxidative energetic phenotype. MCF-7 and MDA-MB 468 cells had increased ECAR only in response to 3-OHB, while the other three cell types remained uninfluenced. All cells expressed MCT2 and GLUT1, thus being able to uptake the metabolites. The consumption of 3-OHB was not strongly linked to mRNA overexpression of key enzymes of ketolysis and did not correlate with lactate production and glucose consumption. Neither 3-OHB nor acetoacetate did interfere with proliferation. Further, 3-OHB incubation did not modify the response of the tested BC cell lines to chemotherapy or radiation. Conclusions: We found that a physiological level of 3-OHB can change the energetic profile of some BC cell lines. However, 3-OHB failed to influence different biologic processes in these cells, e.g., cell proliferation and the response to common breast cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, we have no evidence that 3-OHB generally influences the biology of breast cancer cells in vitro.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BeckHovhanyanMenegazzietal.2018,
  author    = {Beck, Katherina and Hovhanyan, Anna and Menegazzi, Pamela and Helfrich-F{\"o}rster, Charlotte and Raabe, Thomas},
  title     = {Drosophila RSK Influences the Pace of the Circadian Clock by Negative Regulation of Protein Kinase Shaggy Activity},
  series = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  number    = {122},
  issn      = {1662-5099},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnmol.2018.00122},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196034},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Endogenous molecular circadian clocks drive daily rhythmic changes at the cellular, physiological, and behavioral level for adaptation to and anticipation of environmental signals. The core molecular system consists of autoregulatory feedback loops, where clock proteins inhibit their own transcription. A complex and not fully understood interplay of regulatory proteins influences activity, localization and stability of clock proteins to set the pace of the clock. This study focuses on the molecular function of Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) in the Drosophila melanogaster circadian clock. Mutations in the human rsk2 gene cause Coffin-Lowry syndrome, which is associated with severe mental disabilities. Knock-out studies with Drosophila ortholog rsk uncovered functions in synaptic processes, axonal transport and adult behavior including associative learning and circadian activity. However, the molecular targets of RSK remain elusive. Our experiments provide evidence that RSK acts in the key pace maker neurons as a negative regulator of Shaggy (SGG) kinase activity, which in turn determines timely nuclear entry of the clock proteins Period and Timeless to close the negative feedback loop. Phosphorylation of serine 9 in SGG is mediated by the C-terminal kinase domain of RSK, which is in agreement with previous genetic studies of RSK in the circadian clock but argues against the prevailing view that only the N-terminal kinase domain of RSK proteins carries the effector function. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation how RSK influences the molecular clock and imply SGG S9 phosphorylation by RSK and other kinases as a convergence point for diverse cellular and external stimuli.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bemm2018,
  author    = {Bemm, Felix Mathias},
  title     = {Genetic foundation of unrivaled survival strategies - Of water bears and carnivorous plants -},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157109},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {All living organisms leverage mechanisms and response systems to optimize reproduction, defense, survival, and competitiveness within their natural habitat. Evolutionary theories such as the universal adaptive strategy theory (UAST) developed by John Philip Grime (1979) attempt to describe how these systems are limited by the trade-off between growth, maintenance and regeneration; known as the universal three-way trade-off. Grime introduced three adaptive strategies that enable organisms to coop with either high or low intensities of stress (e.g., nutrient deficiency) and environmental disturbance (e.g., seasons). The competitor is able to outcompete other organisms by efficiently tapping available resources in environments of low intensity stress and disturbance (e.g., rapid growers). A ruderal specism is able to rapidly complete the life cycle especially during high intensity disturbance and low intensity stress (e.g., annual colonizers). The stress tolerator is able to respond to high intensity stress with physiological variability but is limited to low intensity disturbance environments. Carnivorous plants like D. muscipula and tardigrades like M. tardigradum are two extreme examples for such stress tolerators. D. muscipula traps insects in its native habitat (green swamps in North and South Carolina) with specialized leaves and thereby is able to tolerate nutrient deficient soils. M. tardigradum on the other side, is able to escape desiccation of its terrestrial habitat like mosses and lichens which are usually covered by a water film but regularly fall completely dry. The stress tolerance of the two species is the central study object of this thesis. In both cases, high througput sequencing data and methods were used to test for transcriptomic (D. muscipula) or genomic adaptations (M. tardigradum) which underly the stress tolerance. A new hardware resource including computing cluster and high availability storage system was implemented in the first months of the thesis work to effectively analyze the vast amounts of data generated for both projects. Side-by-side, the data management resource TBro [14] was established together with students to intuitively approach complex biological questions and enhance collaboration between researchers of several different disciplines. Thereafter, the unique trapping abilities of D. muscipula were studied using a whole transcriptome approach. Prey-dependent changes of the transcriptional landscape as well as individual tissue-specific aspects of the whole plant were studied. The analysis revealed that non-stimulated traps of D. muscipula exhibit the expected hallmarks of any typical leaf but operates evolutionary conserved stress-related pathways including defense-associated responses when digesting prey. An integrative approach, combining proteome and transcriptome data further enabled the detailed description of the digestive cocktail and the potential nutrient uptake machinery of the plant. The published work [25] as well as a accompanying video material (https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/ 2016-05/cshl-fgr042816.php; Video credit: S{\"o}nke Scherzer) gained global press coverage and successfully underlined the advantages of D. muscipula as experimental system to understand the carnivorous syndrome. The analysis of the peculiar stress tolerance of M. tardigradum during cryptobiosis was carried out using a genomic approach. First, the genome size of M. tardigradum was estimated, the genome sequenced, assembled and annotated. The first draft of M. tardigradum and the workflow used to established its genome draft helped scrutinizing the first ever released tardigrade genome (Hypsibius dujardini) and demonstrated how (bacterial) contamination can influence whole genome analysis efforts [27]. Finally, the M. tardigradum genome was compared to two other tardigrades and all species present in the current release of the Ensembl Metazoa database. The analysis revealed that tardigrade genomes are not that different from those of other Ecdysozoa. The availability of the three genomes allowed the delineation of their phylogenetic position within the Ecdysozoa and placed them as sister taxa to the nematodes. Thereby, the comparative analysis helped to identify evolutionary trends within this metazoan lineage. Surprisingly, the analysis did not reveal general mechanisms (shared by all available tardigrade genomes) behind the arguably most peculiar feature of tardigrades; their enormous stress tolerance. The lack of molecular evidence for individual tardigrade species (e.g., gene expression data for M. tardigradum) and the non-existence of a universal experimental framework which enables hypothesis testing withing the whole phylum Tardigrada, made it nearly impossible to link footprints of genomic adaptations to the unusual physiological capabilities. Nevertheless, the (comparative) genomic framework established during this project will help to understand how evolution tinkered, rewired and modified existing molecular systems to shape the remarkable phenotypic features of tardigrades.},
  subject      = {B{\"a}rtierchen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoenigGuerreiroPeršohetal.2018,
  author    = {K{\"o}nig, Julia and Guerreiro, Marco Alexandre and Peršoh, Derek and Begerow, Dominik and Krauss, Jochen},
  title     = {Knowing your neighbourhood - the effects of Epichlo{\"e} endophytes on foliar fungal assemblages in perennial ryegrass in dependence of season and land-use intensity},
  series = {PeerJ},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PeerJ},
  number    = {e4660},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.4660},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176814},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Epichlo{\"e} endophytes associated with cool-season grass species can protect their hosts from herbivory and can suppress mycorrhizal colonization of the hosts' roots. However, little is known about whether or not Epichlo{\"e} endophyte infection can also change the foliar fungal assemblages of the host. We tested 52 grassland study sites along a land-use intensity gradient in three study regions over two seasons (spring vs. summer) to determine whether Epichlo{\"e} infection of the host grass Lolium perenne changes the fungal community structure in leaves. Foliar fungal communities were assessed by Next Generation Sequencing of the ITS rRNA gene region. Fungal community structure was strongly affected by study region and season in our study, while land-use intensity and infection with Epichlo{\"e} endophytes had no significant effects. We conclude that effects on non-systemic endophytes resulting from land use practices and Epichlo{\"e} infection reported in other studies were masked by local and seasonal variability in this study's grassland sites.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HofrichterMojaradDolletal.2018,
  author    = {Hofrichter, Michaela A. H. and Mojarad, Majid and Doll, Julia and Grimm, Clemens and Eslahi, Atiye and Hosseini, Neda Sadat and Rajati, Mohsen and M{\"u}ller, Tobias and Dittrich, Marcus and Maroofian, Reza and Haaf, Thomas and Vona, Barbara},
  title     = {The conserved p.Arg108 residue in S1PR2 (DFNB68) is fundamental for proper hearing: evidence from a consanguineous Iranian family},
  series = {BMC Medical Genetics},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {BMC Medical Genetics},
  number    = {81},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12881-018-0598-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175755},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Genetic heterogeneity and consanguineous marriages make recessive inherited hearing loss in Iran the second most common genetic disorder. Only two reported pathogenic variants (c.323G>C, p.Arg108Pro and c.419A>G, p.Tyr140Cys) in the S1PR2 gene have previously been linked to autosomal recessive hearing loss (DFNB68) in two Pakistani families. We describe a segregating novel homozygous c.323G>A, p.Arg108Gln pathogenic variant in S1PR2 that was identified in four affected individuals from a consanguineous five generation Iranian family. Methods: Whole exome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of 116 hearing loss-associated genes was performed in an affected individual from a five generation Iranian family. Segregation analysis and 3D protein modeling of the p.Arg108 exchange was performed. Results: The two Pakistani families previously identified with S1PR2 pathogenic variants presented profound hearing loss that is also observed in the affected Iranian individuals described in the current study. Interestingly, we confirmed mixed hearing loss in one affected individual. 3D protein modeling suggests that the p.Arg108 position plays a key role in ligand receptor interaction, which is disturbed by the p.Arg108Gln change. Conclusion: In summary, we report the third overall mutation in S1PR2 and the first report outside the Pakistani population. Furthermore, we describe a novel variant that causes an amino acid exchange (p.Arg108Gln) in the same amino acid residue as one of the previously reported Pakistani families (p.Arg108Pro). This finding emphasizes the importance of the p.Arg108 amino acid in normal hearing and confirms and consolidates the role of S1PR2 in autosomal recessive hearing loss.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrimmHufnagelWobseretal.2018,
  author    = {Grimm, Johannes and Hufnagel, Anita and Wobser, Marion and Borst, Andreas and Haferkamp, Sebastian and Houben, Roland and Meierjohann, Svenja},
  title     = {BRAF inhibition causes resilience of melanoma cell lines by inducing the secretion of FGF1},
  series = {Oncogenesis},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Oncogenesis},
  number    = {71},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41389-018-0082-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177261},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Approximately half of all melanoma patients harbour activating mutations in the serine/threonine kinase BRAF. This is the basis for one of the main treatment strategies for this tumor type, the targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. While the initial responsiveness to these drugs is high, resistance develops after several months, frequently at sites of the previously responding tumor. This indicates that tumor response is incomplete and that a certain tumor fraction survives even in drug-sensitive patients, e.g., in a therapy-induced senescence-like state. Here, we show in several melanoma cell lines that BRAF inhibition induces a secretome with stimulating effect on fibroblasts and naive melanoma cells. Several senescence-associated factors were found to be transcribed and secreted in response to BRAF or MEK inhibition, among them members of the fibroblast growth factor family. We identified the growth factor FGF1 as mediator of resilience towards BRAF inhibition, which limits the pro-apoptotic effects of the drug and activates fibroblasts to secrete HGF. FGF1 regulation was mediated by the PI3K pathway and by FRA1, a direct target gene of the MAPK pathway. When FGFR inhibitors were applied in parallel to BRAF inhibitors, resilience was broken, thus providing a rationale for combined therapeutical application.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZielewskaBuettnerHeurichMuelleretal.2018,
  author    = {Zielewska-B{\"u}ttner, Katarzyna and Heurich, Marco and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Braunisch, Veronika},
  title     = {Remotely Sensed Single Tree Data Enable the Determination of Habitat Thresholds for the Three-Toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus)},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {12},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs10121972},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197565},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Forest biodiversity conservation requires precise, area-wide information on the abundance and distribution of key habitat structures at multiple spatial scales. We combined airborne laser scanning (ALS) data with color-infrared (CIR) aerial imagery for identifying individual tree characteristics and quantifying multi-scale habitat requirements using the example of the three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) (TTW) in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany). This bird, a keystone species of boreal and mountainous forests, is highly reliant on bark beetles dwelling in dead or dying trees. While previous studies showed a positive relationship between the TTW presence and the amount of deadwood as a limiting resource, we hypothesized a unimodal response with a negative effect of very high deadwood amounts and tested for effects of substrate quality. Based on 104 woodpecker presence or absence locations, habitat selection was modelled at four spatial scales reflecting different woodpecker home range sizes. The abundance of standing dead trees was the most important predictor, with an increase in the probability of TTW occurrence up to a threshold of 44-50 dead trees per hectare, followed by a decrease in the probability of occurrence. A positive relationship with the deadwood crown size indicated the importance of fresh deadwood. Remote sensing data allowed both an area-wide prediction of species occurrence and the derivation of ecological threshold values for deadwood quality and quantity for more informed conservation management.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KohlRutschmann2018,
  author    = {Kohl, Patrick Laurenz and Rutschmann, Benjamin},
  title     = {The neglected bee trees: European beech forests as a home for feral honey bee colonies},
  series = {PeerJ},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PeerJ},
  number    = {e4602},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.4602},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176512},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {It is a common belief that feral honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) were eradicated in Europe through the loss of habitats, domestication by man and spread of pathogens and parasites. Interestingly, no scientific data are available, neither about the past nor the present status of naturally nesting honeybee colonies. We expected near-natural beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests to provide enough suitable nest sites to be a home for feral honey bee colonies in Europe. Here, we made a first assessment of their occurrence and density in two German woodland areas based on two methods, the tracing of nest sites based on forager flight routes (beelining technique), and the direct inspection of potential cavity trees. Further, we established experimental swarms at forest edges and decoded dances for nest sites performed by scout bees in order to study how far swarms from beekeeper-managed hives would potentially move into a forest. We found that feral honey bee colonies regularly inhabit tree cavities in near-natural beech forests at densities of at least 0.11-0.14 colonies/km\(^{2}\). Colonies were not confined to the forest edges; they were also living deep inside the forests. We estimated a median distance of 2,600 m from the bee trees to the next apiaries, while scout bees in experimental swarms communicated nest sites in close distances (median: 470 m). We extrapolate that there are several thousand feral honey bee colonies in German woodlands. These have to be taken in account when assessing the role of forest areas in providing pollination services to the surrounding land, and their occurrence has implications for the species' perception among researchers, beekeepers and conservationists. This study provides a starting point for investigating the life-histories and the ecological interactions of honey bees in temperate European forest environments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BiscottiAdolfiBaruccaetal.2018,
  author    = {Biscotti, Maria Assunta and Adolfi, Mateus Contar and Barucca, Marco and Forconi, Mariko and Pallavicini, Alberto and Gerdol, Marco and Canapa, Adriana and Schartl, Manfred},
  title     = {A comparative view on sex differentiation and gametogenesis genes in lungfish and coelacanths},
  series = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1093/gbe/evy101},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176774},
  pages     = {1430-1444},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Gonadal sex differentiation and reproduction are the keys to the perpetuation of favorable gene combinations and positively selected traits. In vertebrates, several gonad development features that differentiate tetrapods and fishes are likely to be, at least in part, related to the water-to-land transition. The collection of information from basal sarcopterygians, coelacanths, and lungfishes, is crucial to improve our understanding of the molecular evolution of pathways involved in reproductive functions, since these organisms are generally regarded as "living fossils" and as the direct ancestors of tetrapods. Here, we report for the first time the characterization of >50 genes related to sex differentiation and gametogenesis in Latimeria menadoensis and Protopterus annectens. Although the expression profiles of most genes is consistent with the intermediate position of basal sarcopterygians between actinopterygian fish and tetrapods, their phylogenetic placement and presence/absence patterns often reveal a closer affinity to the tetrapod orthologs. On the other hand, particular genes, for example, the male gonad factor gsdf (Gonadal Soma-Derived Factor), provide examples of ancestral traits shared with actinopterygians, which disappeared in the tetrapod lineage.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dejure2018,
  author    = {Dejure, Francesca Romana},
  title     = {Investigation of the role of MYC as a stress responsive protein},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158587},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The transcription factor MYC is deregulated in over 70\% of all human tumors and, in its oncogenic form, plays a major role in the cancer metabolic reprogramming, promoting the uptake of nutrients in order to sustain the biosynthetic needs of cancer cells. The research presented in this work aimed to understand if MYC itself is regulated by nutrient availability, focusing on the two major fuels of cancer cells: glucose and glutamine. Initial observations showed that endogenous MYC protein levels strongly depend on the availability of glutamine, but not of glucose. Subsequent analysis highlighted that the mechanism which accounts for the glutamine-mediated regulation of MYC is dependent on the 3´-untranslated region (3´-UTR) of MYC. Enhanced glutamine utilization by tumors has been shown to be directly linked to MYC oncogenic activity and MYC-dependent apoptosis has been observed under glutamine starvation. Such effect has been described in experimental systems which are mainly based on the use of MYC transgenes that do not contain the 3´-UTR. It was observed in the present study that cells are able to survive under glutamine starvation, which leads to cell cycle arrest and not apoptosis, as previously reported. However, enforced expression of a MYC transgene, which lacks the 3´-UTR, strongly increases the percentage of apoptotic cells upon starvation. Evaluation of glutamine-derived metabolites allowed to identify adenosine nucleotides as the specific stimulus responsible for the glutamine-mediated regulation of MYC, in a 3´-UTR-dependent way. Finally, glutamine-dependent MYC-mediated effects on RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) function were evaluated, since MYC is involved in different steps of global transcriptional regulation. A global loss of RNAPII recruitment at the transcriptional start site results upon glutamine withdrawal. Such effect is overcome by enforced MYC expression under the same condition. This study shows that the 3´UTR of MYC acts as metabolic sensor and that MYC globally regulates the RNAPII function according to the availability of glutamine. The observations presented in this work underline the importance of considering stress-induced mechanisms impinging on the 3´UTR of MYC.},
  subject      = {Myc},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YankuBitmanLotanZoharetal.2018,
  author    = {Yanku, Yifat and Bitman-Lotan, Eliya and Zohar, Yaniv and Kurant, Estee and Zilke, Norman and Eilers, Martin and Orian, Amir},
  title     = {Drosophila HUWE1 ubiquitin ligase regulates endoreplication and antagonizes JNK signaling during salivary gland development},
  series = {Cells},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Cells},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2073-4409},
  doi       = {10.3390/cells7100151},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197630},
  pages     = {151},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The HECT-type ubiquitin ligase HECT, UBA and WWE Domain Containing 1, (HUWE1) regulates key cancer-related pathways, including the Myc oncogene. It affects cell proliferation, stress and immune signaling, mitochondria homeostasis, and cell death. HUWE1 is evolutionarily conserved from Caenorhabditis elegance to Drosophila melanogaster and Humans. Here, we report that the Drosophila ortholog, dHUWE1 (CG8184), is an essential gene whose loss results in embryonic lethality and whose tissue-specific disruption establishes its regulatory role in larval salivary gland development. dHUWE1 is essential for endoreplication of salivary gland cells and its knockdown results in the inability of these cells to replicate DNA. Remarkably, dHUWE1 is a survival factor that prevents premature activation of JNK signaling, thus preventing the disintegration of the salivary gland, which occurs physiologically during pupal stages. This function of dHUWE1 is general, as its inhibitory effect is observed also during eye development and at the organismal level. Epistatic studies revealed that the loss of dHUWE1 is compensated by dMyc proeitn expression or the loss of dmP53. dHUWE1 is therefore a conserved survival factor that regulates organ formation during Drosophila development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaluzaWallaceHeardetal.2018,
  author    = {Kaluza, Benjamin F. and Wallace, Helen M. and Heard, Tim A. and Minden, Vanessa and Klein, Alexandra and Leonhardt, Sara D.},
  title     = {Social bees are fitter in more biodiverse environments},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {12353},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-30126-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177231},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Bee population declines are often linked to human impacts, especially habitat and biodiversity loss, but empirical evidence is lacking. To clarify the link between biodiversity loss and bee decline, we examined how floral diversity affects (reproductive) fitness and population growth of a social stingless bee. For the first time, we related available resource diversity and abundance to resource (quality and quantity) intake and colony reproduction, over more than two years. Our results reveal plant diversity as key driver of bee fitness. Social bee colonies were fitter and their populations grew faster in more florally diverse environments due to a continuous supply of food resources. Colonies responded to high plant diversity with increased resource intake and colony food stores. Our findings thus point to biodiversity loss as main reason for the observed bee decline.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PaulsBlechschmidtFrantzmannetal.2018,
  author    = {Pauls, Dennis and Blechschmidt, Christine and Frantzmann, Felix and el Jundi, Basil and Selcho, Mareike},
  title     = {A comprehensive anatomical map of the peripheral octopaminergic/tyraminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {15314},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-33686-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177412},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The modulation of an animal's behavior through external sensory stimuli, previous experience and its internal state is crucial to survive in a constantly changing environment. In most insects, octopamine (OA) and its precursor tyramine (TA) modulate a variety of physiological processes and behaviors by shifting the organism from a relaxed or dormant condition to a responsive, excited and alerted state. Even though OA/TA neurons of the central brain are described on single cell level in Drosophila melanogaster, the periphery was largely omitted from anatomical studies. Given that OA/TA is involved in behaviors like feeding, flying and locomotion, which highly depend on a variety of peripheral organs, it is necessary to study the peripheral connections of these neurons to get a complete picture of the OA/TA circuitry. We here describe the anatomy of this aminergic system in relation to peripheral tissues of the entire fly. OA/TA neurons arborize onto skeletal muscles all over the body and innervate reproductive organs, the heart, the corpora allata, and sensory organs in the antennae, legs, wings and halteres underlining their relevance in modulating complex behaviors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MallLarsenMartin2018,
  author    = {Mall, David and Larsen, Ashley E. and Martin, Emily A.},
  title     = {Investigating the (mis)match between natural pest control knowledge and the intensity of pesticide use},
  series = {Insects},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Insects},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.3390/insects9010002},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158977},
  pages     = {2},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Transforming modern agriculture towards both higher yields and greater sustainability is critical for preserving biodiversity in an increasingly populous and variable world. However, the intensity of agricultural practices varies strongly between crop systems. Given limited research capacity, it is crucial to focus efforts to increase sustainability in the crop systems that need it most. In this study, we investigate the match (or mismatch) between the intensity of pesticide use and the availability of knowledge on the ecosystem service of natural pest control across various crop systems. Using a systematic literature search on pest control and publicly available pesticide data, we find that pest control literature is not more abundant in crops where insecticide input per hectare is highest. Instead, pest control literature is most abundant, with the highest number of studies published, in crops with comparatively low insecticide input per hectare but with high world harvested area. These results suggest that a major increase of interest in agroecological research towards crops with high insecticide input, particularly cotton and horticultural crops such as citrus and high value-added vegetables, would help meet knowledge needs for a timely ecointensification of agriculture.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoetzlRiesSchneideretal.2018,
  author    = {Boetzl, Fabian A. and Ries, Elena and Schneider, Gudrun and Krauss, Jochen},
  title     = {It's a matter of design - how pitfall trap design affects trap samples and possible predictions},
  series = {PeerJ},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PeerJ},
  number    = {e5078},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.5078},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176870},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Pitfall traps are commonly used to assess ground dwelling arthropod communities. The effects of different pitfall trap designs on the trapping outcome are poorly investigated however they might affect conclusions drawn from pitfall trap data greatly. Methods: We tested four pitfall trap types which have been used in previous studies for their effectiveness: a simple type, a faster exchangeable type with an extended plastic rim plate and two types with guidance barriers (V- and X-shaped). About 20 traps were active for 10 weeks and emptied biweekly resulting in 100 trap samples. Results: Pitfall traps with guidance barriers were up to five times more effective than simple pitfall traps and trap samples resulted in more similar assemblage approximations. Pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates did not only perform poorly but also resulted in distinct carabid assemblages with less individuals of small species and a larger variation. Discussion: Due to the obvious trait filtering and resulting altered assemblages, we suggest not to use pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates. In comprehensive biodiversity inventories, a smaller number of pitfall traps with guidance barriers and a larger number of spatial replicates is of advantage, while due to comparability reasons, the use of simple pitfall traps will be recommended in most other cases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FujiwaraHermannLuiblKatsuraetal.2018,
  author    = {Fujiwara, Yuri and Hermann-Luibl, Christiane and Katsura, Maki and Sekiguchi, Manabu and Ida, Takanori and Helfrich-F{\"o}rster, Charlotte and Yoshii, Taishi},
  title     = {The CCHamide1 Neuropeptide Expressed in the Anterior Dorsal Neuron 1 Conveys a Circadian Signal to the Ventral Lateral Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster},
  series = {Frontiers in Physiology},
  volume    = {09},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Physiology},
  issn      = {1664-042X},
  doi       = {10.3389/fphys.2018.01276},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-195940},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster possesses approximately 150 brain clock neurons that control circadian behavioral rhythms. Even though individual clock neurons have self-sustaining oscillators, they interact and synchronize with each other through a network. However, little is known regarding the factors responsible for these network interactions. In this study, we investigated the role of CCHamide1 (CCHa1), a neuropeptide expressed in the anterior dorsal neuron 1 (DN1a), in intercellular communication of the clock neurons. We observed that CCHa1 connects the DN1a clock neurons to the ventral lateral clock neurons (LNv) via the CCHa1 receptor, which is a homolog of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor playing a role in circadian intercellular communications in mammals. CCHa1 knockout or knockdown flies have a generally low activity level with a special reduction of morning activity. In addition, they exhibit advanced morning activity under light-dark cycles and delayed activity under constant dark conditions, which correlates with an advance/delay of PAR domain Protein 1 (PDP1) oscillations in the small-LNv (s-LNv) neurons that control morning activity. The terminals of the s-LNv neurons show rather high levels of Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) in the evening, when PDF is low in control flies, suggesting that the knockdown of CCHa1 leads to increased PDF release; PDF signals the other clock neurons and evidently increases the amplitude of their PDP1 cycling. A previous study showed that high-amplitude PDP1 cycling increases the siesta of the flies, and indeed, CCHa1 knockout or knockdown flies exhibit a longer siesta than control flies. The DN1a neurons are known to be receptive to PDF signaling from the s-LNv neurons; thus, our results suggest that the DN1a and s-LNv clock neurons are reciprocally coupled via the neuropeptides CCHa1 and PDF, and this interaction fine-tunes the timing of activity and sleep.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KruegerEngstler2018,
  author    = {Kr{\"u}ger, Timothy and Engstler, Markus},
  title     = {The fantastic voyage of the trypanosome: a protean micromachine perfected during 500 million years of engineering},
  series = {Micromachines},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Micromachines},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.3390/mi9020063},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175944},
  pages     = {63},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The human body is constantly attacked by pathogens. Various lines of defence have evolved, among which the immune system is principal. In contrast to most pathogens, the African trypanosomes thrive freely in the blood circulation, where they escape immune destruction by antigenic variation and incessant motility. These unicellular parasites are flagellate microswimmers that also withstand the harsh mechanical forces prevailing in the bloodstream. They undergo complex developmental cycles in the bloodstream and organs of the mammalian host, as well as the disease-transmitting tsetse fly. Each life cycle stage has been shaped by evolution for manoeuvring in distinct microenvironments. Here, we introduce trypanosomes as blueprints for nature-inspired design of trypanobots, micromachines that, in the future, could explore the human body without affecting its physiology. We review cell biological and biophysical aspects of trypanosome motion. While this could provide a basis for the engineering of microbots, their actuation and control still appear more like fiction than science. Here, we discuss potentials and challenges of trypanosome-inspired microswimmer robots.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchlichtingRiegerCusumanoetal.2018,
  author    = {Schlichting, Matthias and Rieger, Dirk and Cusumano, Paola and Grebler, Rudi and Costa, Rodolfo and Mazzotta, Gabriella M. and Helfrich-F{\"o}rster, Charlotte},
  title     = {Cryptochrome interacts with actin and enhances eye-mediated light sensitivity of the circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster},
  series = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  number    = {238},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnmol.2018.00238},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177086},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Cryptochromes (CRYs) are a class of flavoproteins that sense blue light. In animals, CRYs are expressed in the eyes and in the clock neurons that control sleep/wake cycles and are implied in the generation and/or entrainment of circadian rhythmicity. Moreover, CRYs are sensing magnetic fields in insects as well as in humans. Here, we show that in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster CRY plays a light-independent role as "assembling" protein in the rhabdomeres of the compound eyes. CRY interacts with actin and appears to increase light sensitivity of the eyes by keeping the "signalplex" of the phototransduction cascade close to the membrane. By this way, CRY also enhances light-responses of the circadian clock.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheer2018,
  author    = {Scheer, Ulrich},
  title     = {Boveri's research at the Zoological Station Naples: Rediscovery of his original microscope slides at the University of W{\"u}rzburg},
  series = {Marine Genomics},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Marine Genomics},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.margen.2018.01.003},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228453},
  pages     = {1-8},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Eric Davidson once wrote about Theodor Boveri: "From his own researches, and perhaps most important, his generalized interpretations, derive the paradigms that underlie modern inquiries into the genomic basis of embryogenesis" (Davidson, 1985). As luck would have it, the "primary data" of Boveri's experimental work, namely the microscope slides prepared by him and his wife Marcella during several stays at the Zoological Station in Naples (1901/02, 1911/12 and 1914), have survived at the University of Wurzburg. More than 600 slides exist and despite their age they are in a surprisingly good condition. The slides are labelled and dated in Boveri's handwriting and thus can be assigned to his published experimental work on sea urchin development. The results allowed Boveri to unravel the role of the cell nucleus and its chromosomes in development and inheritance. Here, I present an overview of the slides in the context of Boveri's work along with photographic images of selected specimens taken from the original slides. It is planned to examine the slides in more detail, take high-resolution focal image series of significant specimens and make them online available.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaltdorfTheissMarkertetal.2018,
  author    = {Kaltdorf, Kristin Verena and Theiss, Maria and Markert, Sebastian Matthias and Zhen, Mei and Dandekar, Thomas and Stigloher, Christian and Kollmannsberger, Philipp},
  title     = {Automated classification of synaptic vesicles in electron tomograms of C. elegans using machine learning},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {10},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0205348},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176831},
  pages     = {e0205348},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Synaptic vesicles (SVs) are a key component of neuronal signaling and fulfil different roles depending on their composition. In electron micrograms of neurites, two types of vesicles can be distinguished by morphological criteria, the classical "clear core" vesicles (CCV) and the typically larger "dense core" vesicles (DCV), with differences in electron density due to their diverse cargos. Compared to CCVs, the precise function of DCVs is less defined. DCVs are known to store neuropeptides, which function as neuronal messengers and modulators [1]. In C. elegans, they play a role in locomotion, dauer formation, egg-laying, and mechano- and chemosensation [2]. Another type of DCVs, also referred to as granulated vesicles, are known to transport Bassoon, Piccolo and further constituents of the presynaptic density in the center of the active zone (AZ), and therefore are important for synaptogenesis [3]. To better understand the role of different types of SVs, we present here a new automated approach to classify vesicles. We combine machine learning with an extension of our previously developed vesicle segmentation workflow, the ImageJ macro 3D ART VeSElecT. With that we reliably distinguish CCVs and DCVs in electron tomograms of C. elegans NMJs using image-based features. Analysis of the underlying ground truth data shows an increased fraction of DCVs as well as a higher mean distance between DCVs and AZs in dauer larvae compared to young adult hermaphrodites. Our machine learning based tools are adaptable and can be applied to study properties of different synaptic vesicle pools in electron tomograms of diverse model organisms.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZoltnerKrienitzFieldetal.2018,
  author    = {Zoltner, Martin and Krienitz, Nina and Field, Mark C. and Kramer, Susanne},
  title     = {Comparative proteomics of the two T. brucei PABPs suggests that PABP2 controls bulk mRNA},
  series = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases},
  number    = {7},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0006679},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177126},
  pages     = {e0006679},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) regulate mRNA fate by controlling stability and translation through interactions with both the poly(A) tail and eIF4F complex. Many organisms have several paralogs of PABPs and eIF4F complex components and it is likely that different eIF4F/PABP complex combinations regulate distinct sets of mRNAs. Trypanosomes have five eIF4G paralogs, six of eIF4E and two PABPs, PABP1 and PABP2. Under starvation, polysomes dissociate and the majority of mRNAs, most translation initiation factors and PABP2 reversibly localise to starvation stress granules. To understand this more broadly we identified a protein interaction cohort for both T. brucei PABPs by cryo-mill/affinity purification-mass spectrometry. PABP1 very specifically interacts with the previously identified interactors eIF4E4 and eIF4G3 and few others. In contrast PABP2 is promiscuous, with a larger set of interactors including most translation initiation factors and most prominently eIF4G1, with its two partners TbG1-IP and TbG1-IP2. Only RBP23 was specific to PABP1, whilst 14 RNA-binding proteins were exclusively immunoprecipitated with PABP2. Significantly, PABP1 and associated proteins are largely excluded from starvation stress granules, but PABP2 and most interactors translocate to granules on starvation. We suggest that PABP1 regulates a small subpopulation of mainly small-sized mRNAs, as it interacts with a small and distinct set of proteins unable to enter the dominant pathway into starvation stress granules and localises preferentially to a subfraction of small polysomes. By contrast PABP2 likely regulates bulk mRNA translation, as it interacts with a wide range of proteins, enters stress granules and distributes over the full range of polysomes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KottlerSchartl2018,
  author    = {Kottler, Verena A. and Schartl, Manfred},
  title     = {The colorful sex chromosomes of teleost fish},
  series = {Genes},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Genes},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.3390/genes9050233},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176587},
  pages     = {233},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Teleost fish provide some of the most intriguing examples of sexually dimorphic coloration, which is often advantageous for only one of the sexes. Mapping studies demonstrated that the genetic loci underlying such color patterns are frequently in tight linkage to the sex-determining locus of a species, ensuring sex-specific expression of the corresponding trait. Several genes affecting color synthesis and pigment cell development have been previously described, but the color loci on the sex chromosomes have mostly remained elusive as yet. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the genetics of such color loci in teleosts, mainly from studies on poeciliids and cichlids. Further studies on these color loci will certainly provide important insights into the evolution of sex chromosomes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoertleinDraegerSchoenaueretal.2018,
  author    = {B{\"o}rtlein, Charlene and Draeger, Annette and Schoenauer, Roman and Kuhlemann, Alexander and Sauer, Markus and Schneider-Schaulies, Sybille and Avota, Elita},
  title     = {The neutral sphingomyelinase 2 is required to polarize and sustain T Cell receptor signaling},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  number    = {815},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2018.00815},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176572},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {By promoting ceramide release at the cytosolic membrane leaflet, the neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (NSM) is capable of organizing receptor and signalosome segregation. Its role in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling remained so far unknown. We now show that TCR-driven NSM activation is dispensable for TCR clustering and initial phosphorylation, but of crucial importance for further signal amplification. In particular, at low doses of TCR stimulatory antibodies, NSM is required for Ca\(^{2+}\) mobilization and T cell proliferation. NSM-deficient T cells lack sustained CD3ζ and ZAP-70 phosphorylation and are unable to polarize and stabilize their microtubular system. We identified PKCζ as the key NSM downstream effector in this second wave of TCR signaling supporting dynamics of microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). Ceramide supplementation rescued PKCζ membrane recruitment and MTOC translocation in NSM-deficient cells. These findings identify the NSM as essential in TCR signaling when dynamic cytoskeletal reorganization promotes continued lateral and vertical supply of TCR signaling components: CD3ζ, Zap70, and PKCζ, and functional immune synapses are organized and stabilized via MTOC polarization.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReilingKrohneFriedrichetal.2018,
  author    = {Reiling, Sarah J. and Krohne, Georg and Friedrich, Oliver and Geary, Timothy G. and Rohrbach, Petra},
  title     = {Chloroquine exposure triggers distinct cellular responses in sensitive versus resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {11137},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-29422-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225123},
  pages     = {1-11},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Chloroquine (CQ) treatment failure in Plasmodium falciparum parasites has been documented for decades, but the pharmacological explanation of this phenotype is not fully understood. Current concepts attribute CQ resistance to reduced accumulation of the drug at a given external CQ concentration ([CQ] ex) in resistant compared to sensitive parasites. The implication of this explanation is that the mechanisms of CQ-induced toxicity in resistant and sensitive strains are similar once lethal internal concentrations have been reached. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the mechanism of CQ-induced toxicity in CQ-sensitive (CQS) versus CQ-resistant (CQR) parasites by analyzing the time-course of cellular responses in these strains after exposure to varying [CQ] ex as determined in 72 h toxicity assays. Parasite killing was delayed in CQR parasites for up to 10 h compared to CQS parasites when exposed to equipotent [CQ] ex. In striking contrast, brief exposure (1 h) to lethal [CQ] ex in CQS but not CQR parasites caused the appearance of hitherto undescribed hemozoin (Hz)-containing compartments in the parasite cytosol. Hz-containing compartments were very rarely observed in CQR parasites even after CQ exposures sufficient to cause irreversible cell death. These findings challenge current concepts that CQ killing of malaria parasites is solely concentration-dependent, and instead suggest that CQS and CQR strains fundamentally differ in the consequences of CQ exposure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BeckYuStrzelczykPaulsetal.2018,
  author    = {Beck, Sebastian and Yu-Strzelczyk, Jing and Pauls, Dennis and Constantin, Oana M. and Gee, Christine E. and Ehmann, Nadine and Kittel, Robert J. and Nagel, Georg and Gao, Shiqiang},
  title     = {Synthetic light-activated ion channels for optogenetic activation and inhibition},
  series = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  number    = {643},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnins.2018.00643},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177520},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Optogenetic manipulation of cells or living organisms became widely used in neuroscience following the introduction of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). ChR2 is a non-selective cation channel, ideally suited to depolarize and evoke action potentials in neurons. However, its calcium (Ca2\(^{2+}\)) permeability and single channel conductance are low and for some applications longer-lasting increases in intracellular Ca\(^{2+}\) might be desirable. Moreover, there is need for an efficient light-gated potassium (K\(^{+}\)) channel that can rapidly inhibit spiking in targeted neurons. Considering the importance of Ca\(^{2+}\) and K\(^{+}\) in cell physiology, light-activated Ca\(^{2+}\)-permeant and K\(^{+}\)-specific channels would be welcome additions to the optogenetic toolbox. Here we describe the engineering of novel light-gated Ca\(^{2+}\)-permeant and K\(^{+}\)-specific channels by fusing a bacterial photoactivated adenylyl cyclase to cyclic nucleotide-gated channels with high permeability for Ca\(^{2+}\) or for K\(^{+}\), respectively. Optimized fusion constructs showed strong light-gated conductance in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in rat hippocampal neurons. These constructs could also be used to control the motility of Drosophila melanogaster larvae, when expressed in motoneurons. Illumination led to body contraction when motoneurons expressed the light-sensitive Ca\(^{2+}\)-permeant channel, and to body extension when expressing the light-sensitive K\(^{+}\) channel, both effectively and reversibly paralyzing the larvae. Further optimization of these constructs will be required for application in adult flies since both constructs led to eclosion failure when expressed in motoneurons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PelzWagnerLichthardtetal.2018,
  author    = {Pelz, J{\"o}rg O. W. and Wagner, Johanna and Lichthardt, Sven and Baur, Johannes and Kastner, Caroline and Matthes, Niels and Germer, Christoph-Thomas and Wiegering, Armin},
  title     = {Laparoscopic right-sided colon resection for colon cancer - has the control group so far been chosen correctly?},
  series = {World Journal of Surgical Oncology},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {World Journal of Surgical Oncology},
  number    = {117},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12957-018-1417-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176186},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: The treatment strategies for colorectal cancer located in the right side of the colon have changed dramatically during the last decade. Due to the introduction of complete mesocolic excision (CME) with central ligation of the vessels and systematic lymph node dissection, the long-term survival of affected patients has increased significantly. It has also been proposed that right-sided colon resection can be performed laparoscopically with the same extent of resection and equal long-term results. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of a prospectively expanded database on right-sided colorectal cancer or adenoma treated at the University Hospital of Wuerzburg between 2009 and 2016 was performed. All patients underwent CME. This data was analyzed alone and in comparison to the published data describing laparoscopic right-sided colon resection for colon cancer. Results: The database contains 279 patients, who underwent right-sided colon resection due to colorectal cancer or colorectal adenoma (255 open; 24 laparoscopic). Operation data (time, length of stay, time on ICU) was equal or superior to laparoscopy, which is comparable to the published results. Surprisingly, the surrogate parameter for correct CME (the number of removed lymph nodes) was significantly higher in the open group. In a subgroup analysis only including patients who were feasible for laparoscopic resection and had been operated with an open procedure by an experienced surgeon, operation time was significantly shorter and the number of removed lymph nodes is significantly higher in the open group. Conclusion: So far, several studies demonstrate that laparoscopic right-sided colon resection is comparable to open resection. Our data suggests that a consequent CME during an open operation leads to significantly more removed lymph nodes than in laparoscopically resected patients and in several so far published data of open control groups from Europe. Further prospective randomized trials comparing the long-term outcome are urgently needed before laparoscopy for right-sided colon resection can be recommended ubiquitously.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LichtensteinGruebelSpaethe2018,
  author    = {Lichtenstein, Leonie and Gr{\"u}bel, Kornelia and Spaethe, Johannes},
  title     = {Opsin expression patterns coincide with photoreceptor development during pupal development in the honey bee, Apis mellifera},
  series = {BMC Developmental Biology},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {BMC Developmental Biology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12861-018-0162-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175665},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: The compound eyes of insects allow them to catch photons and convert the energy into electric signals. All compound eyes consist of numerous ommatidia, each comprising a fixed number of photoreceptors. Different ommatidial types are characterized by a specific set of photoreceptors differing in spectral sensitivity. In honey bees, males and females possess different ommatidial types forming distinct retinal mosaics. However, data are lacking on retinal ontogeny and the mechanisms by which the eyes are patterned. In this study, we investigated the intrinsic temporal and circadian expression patterns of the opsins that give rise to the ultraviolet, blue and green sensitive photoreceptors, as well as the morphological maturation of the retina during pupal development of honey bees. Results: qPCR and histological labeling revealed that temporal opsin mRNA expression differs between sexes and correlates with rhabdom elongation during photoreceptor development. In the first half of the pupal stage, when the rhabdoms of the photoreceptors are still short, worker and (dorsal) drone retinae exhibit similar expression patterns with relatively high levels of UV (UVop) and only marginal levels of blue (BLop) and green (Lop1) opsin mRNA. In the second half of pupation, when photoreceptors and rhabdoms elongate, opsin expression in workers becomes dominated by Lop1 mRNA. In contrast, the dorsal drone eye shows high expression levels of UVop and BLop mRNA, whereas Lop1 mRNA level decreases. Interestingly, opsin expression levels increase up to 22-fold during early adult life. We also found evidence that opsin expression in adult bees is under the control of the endogenous clock. Conclusions: Our data indicate that the formation of the sex-specific retinal composition of photoreceptors takes place during the second half of the pupal development, and that opsin mRNA expression levels continue to increase in young bees, which stands in contrast to Drosophila, where the highest expression levels are found during the late pupal stage and remain constant in adults. From an evolutionary perspective, we hypothesize that the delayed retinal maturation during the early adult phase is linked to the delayed transition from indoor to outdoor activities in bees, when vision becomes important.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RedlichMartinWendeetal.2018,
  author    = {Redlich, Sarah and Martin, Emily A. and Wende, Beate and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf},
  title     = {Landscape heterogeneity rather than crop diversity mediates bird diversity in agricultural landscapes},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0200438},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177110},
  pages     = {e0200438},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Crop diversification has been proposed as farm management tool that could mitigate the externalities of conventional farming while reducing productivity-biodiversity trade-offs. Yet evidence for the acclaimed biodiversity benefits of landscape-level crop diversity is ambiguous. Effects may strongly depend on spatial scale and the level of landscape heterogeneity (e.g. overall habitat diversity). At the same time, contrasting within-taxon responses obscure benefits to specific functional groups (i.e. species with shared characteristics or requirements) if studied at the community level. The objectives of this study were to 1) disentangle the relative effects of crop diversity and landscape heterogeneity on avian species richness across five spatial scales ranging from 250 to 3000 m radii around focal winter wheat fields; and 2) assess whether functional groups (feeding guild, conservation status, habitat preference, nesting behaviour) determine the strength and direction of responses to crop diversity and landscape heterogeneity. In central Germany, 14 landscapes were selected along independent gradients of crop diversity (annual arable crops) and landscape heterogeneity. Bird species richness in each landscape was estimated using four point counts throughout the breeding season. We found no effects of landscape-level crop diversity on bird richness and functional groups. Instead, landscape heterogeneity was strongly associated with increased total bird richness across all spatial scales. In particular, insect-feeding and non-farmland birds were favoured in heterogeneous landscapes, as were species not classified as endangered or vulnerable on the regional Red List. Crop-nesting farmland birds, however, were less species-rich in these landscapes. Accordingly, crop diversification may be less suitable for conserving avian diversity and associated ecosystem services (e.g. biological pest control), although confounding interactions with management intensity need yet to be confirmed. In contrast, enhancement of landscape heterogeneity by increasing perennial habitat diversity, reducing field sizes and the amount of cropland has the potential to benefit overall bird richness. Specialist farmland birds, however, may require more targeted management approaches.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RuedenauerWoehrleSpaetheetal.2018,
  author    = {Ruedenauer, Fabian A. and W{\"o}hrle, Christine and Spaethe, Johannes and Leonhardt, Sara D.},
  title     = {Do honeybees (Apis mellifera) differentiate between different pollen types?},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0205821},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177537},
  pages     = {e0205821},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Bees receive nectar and pollen as reward for pollinating plants. Pollen of different plant species varies widely in nutritional composition. In order to select pollen of appropriate nutritional quality, bees would benefit if they could distinguish different pollen types. Whether they rely on visual, olfactory and/or chemotactile cues to distinguish between different pollen types, has however been little studied. In this study, we examined whether and how Apis mellifera workers differentiate between almond and apple pollen. We used differential proboscis extension response conditioning with olfactory and chemotactile stimulation, in light and darkness, and in summer and winter bees. We found that honeybees were only able to differentiate between different pollen types, when they could use both chemotactile and olfactory cues. Visual cues further improved learning performance. Summer bees learned faster than winter bees. Our results thus highlight the importance of multisensory information for pollen discrimination.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KropfRoessler2018,
  author    = {Kropf, Jan and R{\"o}ssler, Wolfgang},
  title     = {In-situ recording of ionic currents in projection neurons and Kenyon cells in the olfactory pathway of the honeybee},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0191425},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175869},
  pages     = {e0191425},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The honeybee olfactory pathway comprises an intriguing pattern of convergence and divergence: ~60.000 olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) convey olfactory information on ~900 projection neurons (PN) in the antennal lobe (AL). To transmit this information reliably, PNs employ relatively high spiking frequencies with complex patterns. PNs project via a dual olfactory pathway to the mushroom bodies (MB). This pathway comprises the medial (m-ALT) and the lateral antennal lobe tract (l-ALT). PNs from both tracts transmit information from a wide range of similar odors, but with distinct differences in coding properties. In the MBs, PNs form synapses with many Kenyon cells (KC) that encode odors in a spatially and temporally sparse way. The transformation from complex information coding to sparse coding is a well-known phenomenon in insect olfactory coding. Intrinsic neuronal properties as well as GABAergic inhibition are thought to contribute to this change in odor representation. In the present study, we identified intrinsic neuronal properties promoting coding differences between PNs and KCs using in-situ patch-clamp recordings in the intact brain. We found very prominent K+ currents in KCs clearly differing from the PN currents. This suggests that odor coding differences between PNs and KCs may be caused by differences in their specific ion channel properties. Comparison of ionic currents of m- and l-ALT PNs did not reveal any differences at a qualitative level.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HesselbachScheiner2018,
  author    = {Hesselbach, Hannah and Scheiner, Ricarda},
  title     = {Effects of the novel pesticide flupyradifurone (Sivanto) on honeybee taste and cognition},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {4954},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-23200-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175853},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Due to intensive agriculture honeybees are threatened by various pesticides. The use of one group of them, the neonicotinoids, was recently restricted by the European Union. These chemicals bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) in the honeybee brain. Recently, Bayer AG released a new pesticide by the name of "Sivanto" against sucking insects. It is assumed to be harmless for honeybees, although its active ingredient, flupyradifurone, binds nAchR similar to the neonicotinoids. We investigated if this pesticide affects the taste for sugar and cognitive performance in honeybee foragers. These bees are directly exposed to the pesticide while foraging for pollen or nectar. Our results demonstrate that flupyradifurone can reduce taste and appetitive learning performance in honeybees foraging for pollen and nectar, although only the highest concentration had significant effects. Most likely, honeybee foragers will not be exposed to these high concentrations. Therefore, the appropriate use of this pesticide is considered safe for honeybees, at least with respect to the behaviors studied here.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SarukhanyanShityakovDandekar2018,
  author    = {Sarukhanyan, Edita and Shityakov, Sergey and Dandekar, Thomas},
  title     = {In silico designed Axl receptor blocking drug candidates against Zika virus infection},
  series = {ACS Omega},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {ACS Omega},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1021/acsomega.8b00223},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176739},
  pages     = {5281-5290},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {After a large outbreak in Brazil, novel drugs against Zika virus became extremely necessary. Evaluation of virus-based pharmacological strategies concerning essential host factors brought us to the idea that targeting the Axl receptor by blocking its dimerization function could be critical for virus entry. Starting from experimentally validated compounds, such as RU-301, RU-302, warfarin, and R428, we identified a novel compound 2′ (R428 derivative) to be the most potent for this task amongst a number of alternative compounds and leads. The improved affinity of compound 2′ was confirmed by molecular docking as well as molecular dynamics simulation techniques using implicit solvation models. The current study summarizes a new possibility for inhibition of the Axl function as a potential target for future antiviral therapies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchartlSchoriesWatamatsuetal.2018,
  author    = {Schartl, Manfred and Schories, Susanne and Watamatsu, Yuko and Nagao, Yusuke and Hashimoto, Hisashi and Bertin, Chlo{\´e} and Mourot, Brigitte and Schmidt, Cornelia and Wilhelm, Dagmar and Centanin, Lazaro and Guiguen, Yann and Herpin, Amaury},
  title     = {Sox5 is involved in germ-cell regulation and sex determination in medaka following co-option of nested transposable elements},
  series = {BMC Biology},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {BMC Biology},
  number    = {16},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12915-018-0485-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175827},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Sex determination relies on a hierarchically structured network of genes, and is one of the most plastic processes in evolution. The evolution of sex-determining genes within a network, by neo- or sub-functionalization, also requires the regulatory landscape to be rewired to accommodate these novel gene functions. We previously showed that in medaka fish, the regulatory landscape of the master male-determining gene dmrt1bY underwent a profound rearrangement, concomitantly with acquiring a dominant position within the sex-determining network. This rewiring was brought about by the exaptation of a transposable element (TE) called Izanagi, which is co-opted to act as a silencer to turn off the dmrt1bY gene after it performed its function in sex determination. Results: We now show that a second TE, Rex1, has been incorporated into Izanagi. The insertion of Rex1 brought in a preformed regulatory element for the transcription factor Sox5, which here functions in establishing the temporal and cell-type-specific expression pattern of dmrt1bY. Mutant analysis demonstrates the importance of Sox5 in the gonadal development of medaka, and possibly in mice, in a dmrt1bY-independent manner. Moreover, Sox5 medaka mutants have complete female-to-male sex reversal. Conclusions: Our work reveals an unexpected complexity in TE-mediated transcriptional rewiring, with the exaptation of a second TE into a network already rewired by a TE. We also show a dual role for Sox5 during sex determination: first, as an evolutionarily conserved regulator of germ-cell number in medaka, and second, by de novo regulation of dmrt1 transcriptional activity during primary sex determination due to exaptation of the Rex1 transposable element.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AnelliOrdasKneitzetal.2018,
  author    = {Anelli, Viviana and Ordas, Anita and Kneitz, Susanne and Sagredo, Leonel Munoz and Gourain, Victor and Schartl, Manfred and Meijer, Annemarie H. and Mione, Marina},
  title     = {Ras-Induced miR-146a and 193a Target Jmjd6 to Regulate Melanoma Progression},
  series = {Frontiers in Genetics},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Genetics},
  number    = {675},
  issn      = {1664-8021},
  doi       = {10.3389/fgene.2018.00675},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196963},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Ras genes are among the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer; yet our understanding of their oncogenic activity at the molecular mechanistic level is incomplete. To identify downstream events that mediate ras-induced cellular transformation in vivo, we analyzed global microRNA expression in three different models of Ras-induction and tumor formation in zebrafish. Six microRNAs were found increased in Ras-induced melanoma, glioma and in an inducible model of ubiquitous Ras expression. The upregulation of the microRNAs depended on the activation of the ERK and AKT pathways and to a lesser extent, on mTOR signaling. Two Ras-induced microRNAs (miR-146a and 193a) target Jmjd6, inducing downregulation of its mRNA and protein levels at the onset of Ras expression during melanoma development. However, at later stages of melanoma progression, jmjd6 levels were found elevated. The dynamic of Jmjd6 levels during progression of melanoma in the zebrafish model suggests that upregulation of the microRNAs targeting Jmjd6 may be part of an anti-cancer response. Indeed, triple transgenic fish engineered to express a microRNA-resistant Jmjd6 from the onset of melanoma have increased tumor burden, higher infiltration of leukocytes and shorter melanoma-free survival. Increased JMJD6 expression is found in several human cancers, including melanoma, suggesting that the up-regulation of Jmjd6 is a critical event in tumor progression. The following link has been created to allow review of record GSE37015: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?token=jjcrbiuicyyqgpc\&acc=GSE37015.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JarickBertscheStahletal.2018,
  author    = {Jarick, Marcel and Bertsche, Ute and Stahl, Mark and Schultz, Daniel and Methling, Karen and Lalk, Michael and Stigloher, Christian and Steger, Mirco and Schlosser, Andreas and Ohlsen, Knut},
  title     = {The serine/threonine kinase Stk and the phosphatase Stp regulate cell wall synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {13693},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-32109-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177333},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The cell wall synthesis pathway producing peptidoglycan is a highly coordinated and tightly regulated process. Although the major components of bacterial cell walls have been known for decades, the complex regulatory network controlling peptidoglycan synthesis and many details of the cell division machinery are not well understood. The eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinase Stk and the cognate phosphatase Stp play an important role in cell wall biosynthesis and drug resistance in S. aureus. We show that stp deletion has a pronounced impact on cell wall synthesis. Deletion of stp leads to a thicker cell wall and decreases susceptibility to lysostaphin. Stationary phase Δstp cells accumulate peptidoglycan precursors and incorporate higher amounts of incomplete muropeptides with non-glycine, monoglycine and monoalanine interpeptide bridges into the cell wall. In line with this cell wall phenotype, we demonstrate that the lipid II:glycine glycyltransferase FemX can be phosphorylated by the Ser/Thr kinase Stk in vitro. Mass spectrometric analyses identify Thr32, Thr36 and Ser415 as phosphoacceptors. The cognate phosphatase Stp dephosphorylates these phosphorylation sites. Moreover, Stk interacts with FemA and FemB, but is unable to phosphorylate them. Our data indicate that Stk and Stp modulate cell wall synthesis and cell division at several levels.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchenkKraussHolzschuh2018,
  author    = {Schenk, Mariela and Krauss, Jochen and Holzschuh, Andrea},
  title     = {Desynchronizations in bee-plant interactions cause severe fitness losses in solitary bees},
  series = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  volume    = {87},
  journal   = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1111/1365-2656.12694},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228533},
  pages     = {139-149},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {1. Global warming can disrupt mutualistic interactions between solitary bees and plants when increasing temperature differentially changes the timing of interacting partners. One possible scenario is for insect phenology to advance more rapidly than plant phenology. 2. However, empirical evidence for fitness consequences due to temporal mismatches is lacking for pollinators and it remains unknown if bees have developed strategies to mitigate fitness losses following temporal mismatches. 3. We tested the effect of temporal mismatches on the fitness of three spring-emerging solitary bee species, including one pollen specialist. Using flight cages, we simulated (i) a perfect synchronization (from a bee perspective): bees and flowers occur simultaneously, (ii) a mismatch of 3days and (iii) a mismatch of 6days, with bees occurring earlier than flowers in the latter two cases. 4. A mismatch of 6days caused severe fitness losses in all three bee species, as few bees survived without flowers. Females showed strongly reduced activity and reproductive output compared to synchronized bees. Fitness consequences of a 3-day mismatch were species-specific. Both the early-spring species Osmia cornuta and the mid-spring species Osmia bicornis produced the same number of brood cells after a mismatch of 3days as under perfect synchronization. However, O.cornuta decreased the number of female offspring, whereas O.bicornis spread the brood cells over fewer nests, which may increase offspring mortality, e.g. due to parasitoids. The late-spring specialist Osmia brevicornis produced fewer brood cells even after a mismatch of 3days. Additionally, our results suggest that fitness losses after temporal mismatches are higher during warm than cold springs, as the naturally occurring temperature variability revealed that warm temperatures during starvation decreased the survival rate of O.bicornis. 5. We conclude that short temporal mismatches can cause clear fitness losses in solitary bees. Although our results suggest that bees have evolved species-specific strategies to mitigate fitness losses after temporal mismatches, the bees were not able to completely compensate for impacts on their fitness after temporal mismatches with their food resources.},
  subject      = {pollination},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RasaNoraKrukleHenningetal.2018,
  author    = {Rasa, Santa and Nora-Krukle, Zaiga and Henning, Nina and Eliassen, Eva and Shikova, Evelina and Harrer, Thomas and Scheibenbogen, Carmen and Murovska, Modra and Prusty, Bhupesh K.},
  title     = {Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)},
  series = {Journal of Translational Medicine},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Journal of Translational Medicine},
  number    = {268},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12967-018-1644-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224960},
  pages     = {1-25},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background and main text: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex and controversial clinical condition without having established causative factors. Increasing numbers of cases during past decade have created awareness among patients as well as healthcare professionals. Chronic viral infection as a cause of ME/CFS has long been debated. However, lack of large studies involving well-designed patient groups and validated experimental set ups have hindered our knowledge about this disease. Moreover, recent developments regarding molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of various infectious agents cast doubts over validity of several of the past studies. Conclusions: This review aims to compile all the studies done so far to investigate various viral agents that could be associated with ME/CFS. Furthermore, we suggest strategies to better design future studies on the role of viral infections in ME/CFS.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CoelhoKultimaCosteaetal.2018,
  author    = {Coelho, Luis Pedro and Kultima, Jens Roat and Costea, Paul Igor and Fournier, Coralie and Pan, Yuanlong and Czarnecki-Maulden, Gail and Hayward, Matthew Robert and Forslund, Sofia K. and Schmidt, Thomas Sebastian Benedikt and Descombes, Patrick and Jackson, Janet R. and Li, Qinghong and Bork, Peer},
  title     = {Similarity of the dog and human gut microbiomes in gene content and response to diet},
  series = {Microbiome},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Microbiome},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40168-018-0450-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223177},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background Gut microbes influence their hosts in many ways, in particular by modulating the impact of diet. These effects have been studied most extensively in humans and mice. In this work, we used whole genome metagenomics to investigate the relationship between the gut metagenomes of dogs, humans, mice, and pigs. Results We present a dog gut microbiome gene catalog containing 1,247,405 genes (based on 129 metagenomes and a total of 1.9 terabasepairs of sequencing data). Based on this catalog and taxonomic abundance profiling, we show that the dog microbiome is closer to the human microbiome than the microbiome of either pigs or mice. To investigate this similarity in terms of response to dietary changes, we report on a randomized intervention with two diets (high-protein/low-carbohydrate vs. lower protein/higher carbohydrate). We show that diet has a large and reproducible effect on the dog microbiome, independent of breed or sex. Moreover, the responses were in agreement with those observed in previous human studies. Conclusions We conclude that findings in dogs may be predictive of human microbiome results. In particular, a novel finding is that overweight or obese dogs experience larger compositional shifts than lean dogs in response to a high-protein diet.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AdamDeimelPardoMedinaetal.2018,
  author    = {Adam, Alexander and Deimel, Stephan and Pardo-Medina, Javier and Garc{\´i}a-Mart{\´i}nez, Jorge and Konte, Tilen and Lim{\´o}n, M. Carmen and Avalos, Javier and Terpitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Protein activity of the \(Fusarium\) \(fujikuroi\) rhodopsins CarO and OpsA and their relation to fungus-plant interaction},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms19010215},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285125},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Fungi possess diverse photosensory proteins that allow them to perceive different light wavelengths and to adapt to changing light conditions in their environment. The biological and physiological roles of the green light-sensing rhodopsins in fungi are not yet resolved. The rice plant pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi exhibits two different rhodopsins, CarO and OpsA. CarO was previously characterized as a light-driven proton pump. We further analyzed the pumping behavior of CarO by patch-clamp experiments. Our data show that CarO pumping activity is strongly augmented in the presence of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid and in sodium acetate, in a dose-dependent manner under slightly acidic conditions. By contrast, under these and other tested conditions, the Neurospora rhodopsin (NR)-like rhodopsin OpsA did not exhibit any pump activity. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) searches in the genomes of ascomycetes revealed the occurrence of rhodopsin-encoding genes mainly in phyto-associated or phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting a possible correlation of the presence of rhodopsins with fungal ecology. In accordance, rice plants infected with a CarO-deficient F. fujikuroi strain showed more severe bakanae symptoms than the reference strain, indicating a potential role of the CarO rhodopsin in the regulation of plant infection by this fungus.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FigueiredoKraussSteffanDewenteretal.2019,
  author    = {Figueiredo, Ludmilla and Krauss, Jochen and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Cabral, Juliano Sarmento},
  title     = {Understanding extinction debts: spatio-temporal scales, mechanisms and a roadmap for future research},
  series = {Ecography},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Ecography},
  number    = {12},
  doi       = {10.1111/ecog.04740},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204859},
  pages     = {1973-1990},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Extinction debt refers to delayed species extinctions expected as a consequence of ecosystem perturbation. Quantifying such extinctions and investigating long-term consequences of perturbations has proven challenging, because perturbations are not isolated and occur across various spatial and temporal scales, from local habitat losses to global warming. Additionally, the relative importance of eco-evolutionary processes varies across scales, because levels of ecological organization, i.e. individuals, (meta)populations and (meta)communities, respond hierarchically to perturbations. To summarize our current knowledge of the scales and mechanisms influencing extinction debts, we reviewed recent empirical, theoretical and methodological studies addressing either the spatio-temporal scales of extinction debts or the eco-evolutionary mechanisms delaying extinctions. Extinction debts were detected across a range of ecosystems and taxonomic groups, with estimates ranging from 9 to 90\% of current species richness. The duration over which debts have been sustained varies from 5 to 570 yr, and projections of the total period required to settle a debt can extend to 1000 yr. Reported causes of delayed extinctions are 1) life-history traits that prolong individual survival, and 2) population and metapopulation dynamics that maintain populations under deteriorated conditions. Other potential factors that may extend survival time such as microevolutionary dynamics, or delayed extinctions of interaction partners, have rarely been analyzed. Therefore, we propose a roadmap for future research with three key avenues: 1) the microevolutionary dynamics of extinction processes, 2) the disjunctive loss of interacting species and 3) the impact of multiple regimes of perturbation on the payment of debts. For their ability to integrate processes occurring at different levels of ecological organization, we highlight mechanistic simulation models as tools to address these knowledge gaps and to deepen our understanding of extinction dynamics.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrebinykPrylutskaBuchelnikovetal.2019,
  author    = {Grebinyk, Anna and Prylutska, Svitlana and Buchelnikov, Anatoliy and Tverdokhleb, Nina and Grebinyk, Sergii and Evstigneev, Maxim and Matyshevska, Olga and Cherepanov, Vsevolod and Prylutskyy, Yuriy and Yashchuk, Valeriy and Naumovets, Anton and Ritter, Uwe and Dandekar, Thomas and Frohme, Marcus},
  title     = {C60 fullerene as an effective nanoplatform of alkaloid Berberine delivery into leukemic cells},
  series = {Pharmaceutics},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Pharmaceutics},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {1999-4923},
  doi       = {10.3390/pharmaceutics11110586},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193216},
  pages     = {586},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {A herbal alkaloid Berberine (Ber), used for centuries in Ayurvedic, Chinese, Middle-Eastern, and native American folk medicines, is nowadays proved to function as a safe anticancer agent. Yet, its poor water solubility, stability, and bioavailability hinder clinical application. In this study, we have explored a nanosized carbon nanoparticle—C60 fullerene (C60)—for optimized Ber delivery into leukemic cells. Water dispersions of noncovalent C60-Ber nanocomplexes in the 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 molar ratios were prepared. UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) evidenced a complexation of the Ber cation with the negatively charged C60 molecule. The computer simulation showed that π-stacking dominates in Ber and C\(_{60}\) binding in an aqueous solution. Complexation with C\(_{60}\) was found to promote Ber intracellular uptake. By increasing C\(_{60}\) concentration, the C\(_{60}\)-Ber nanocomplexes exhibited higher antiproliferative potential towards CCRF-CEM cells, in accordance with the following order: free Ber < 1:2 < 1:1 < 2:1 (the most toxic). The activation of caspase 3/7 and accumulation in the sub-G1 phase of CCRF-CEM cells treated with C\(_{60}\)-Ber nanocomplexes evidenced apoptosis induction. Thus, this study indicates that the fast and easy noncovalent complexation of alkaloid Ber with C\(_{60}\) improved its in vitro efficiency against cancer cells.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sauer2019,
  author    = {Sauer, Mark},
  title     = {Die microRNA-26 Familie kontrolliert {\"u}ber den REST-Komplex ein f{\"u}r die Neurogenese essentielles regulatorisches RNA Netzwerk},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18400},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184008},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In einem sich entwickelnden multizellul{\"a}ren Organismus ist die r{\"a}umlich-zeitliche Regulation der Genexpression von entscheidender Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Bildung, Identit{\"a}t und Funktion von Zellen. Der REST (repressor element silencing transcription factor) Komplex spielt bei der neuronalen Differenzierung und bei der Aufrechterhaltung des neuronalen Status eine essentielle Rolle, indem er in nicht neuronalen Zellen und neuralen Vorl{\"a}ufern die Expression neuronaler Gene unterdr{\"u}ckt, in deren Promotorregion eine RE1 (repressor element 1) Erkennungssequenz vorhanden ist. W{\"a}hrend der neuronalen Differenzierung wird der REST-Komplex schrittweise inaktiviert, was zur Einleitung eines neuronalen Genexpression-Programms f{\"u}hrt. Es wird daher angenommen, dass die Inhibierung des REST-Komplexes ein essentieller Vorgang der Neurogenese ist. Wichtige Bestandteile f{\"u}r die transkriptionell repressive Funktion des REST-Komplexes sind kleine Phosphatasen (CTDSP = C-terminal domain small phosphatases), welche die Polymerase-II-Aktivit{\"a}t an Zielgenen inhibieren. Im Zebrafisch wurde gezeigt, dass ctdsp2 durch die miR-26b negativ reguliert wird. Alle miR-26 Familienmitglieder sind in Vertebraten evolution{\"a}r konserviert und in Introns von Ctdsp Genen kodiert. Sie sind in der Lage, die Expression ihres eigenen Wirtsgens mittels einer autoregulatorischen R{\"u}ckkopplungsschleife zu regulieren. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde als Modellsystem f{\"u}r die Neurogenese ein neurales Differenzierungssystem, welches auf murinen, embryonalen Stammzellen (ESCs) aufbaut, eingesetzt. Zur funktionellen Analyse der miR-26 Familie wurden mit Hilfe der CRISPR/Cas9-Methode verschiedene miR-26 Knockout (KO) ESC-Linien hergestellt. Hierbei wurden die Sequenzen der einzelnen Familienmitglieder und der gesamten miR-26 Familie im Genom von Wildtyp (Wt) ESCs deletiert. Diese miR-26-defizienten ESCLinien behielten ihre Pluripotenz und zeigten keinen Ph{\"a}notyp hinsichtlich Proliferation, Morphologie und Identit{\"a}t der Zellen w{\"a}hrend der Differenzierung bis zum neuralen Vorl{\"a}uferzellstadium (NPCs, engl.: neural progenitor cells). Jedoch f{\"u}hrte die Deletion sowohl der gesamten miR-26 Familie als auch einzelner Mitglieder bei der terminalen Differenzierung zu einem spezifischen Entwicklungsstillstand im NPC Stadium und infolgedessen zu einer starken Reduktion der Anzahl von Neuronen und Astroglia. Die Transkriptom-Analyse der differenzierten miR-26-KO ESCs mittels RNA-Seq zeigte, dass die Expression von Genen die mit der Neurogenese und der neuronalen Differenzierung, aber auch der Gliogenese assoziert sind, herunterreguliert war. Die Abwesenheit der miR-26 Familie f{\"u}hrte außerdem zu einer selektiven Reduzierung bestimmter miRNAs (REST-miRs), die einerseits die Expression von REST-Komplex Komponenten unterdr{\"u}cken k{\"o}nnen, und andererseits selbst unter dessen transkriptioneller Kontrolle stehen. Zu diesem REST-miR Netzwerk geh{\"o}ren einige miRNAs (miR-9, miR-124, miR-132 und miR-218), die wichtige Funktionen bei verschiedenen Prozessen der neuronalen Entwicklung haben. Weiterhin f{\"u}hrte der miR-26-KO zu einer Derepression der Proteinlevel von REST und CTDSP2 w{\"a}hrend der terminalen Differenzierung. Funktionelle Analysen mit miRNA mimics zeigten, dass erh{\"o}hte miR-26 Level zu einer Hochregulation von REST-miRs f{\"u}hren. Weitere Experimente, die darauf zielten, die Hierarchie des REST-miR Netwerks aufzukl{\"a}ren zeigten, dass die miR-26 Familie stromaufw{\"a}rts die REST-miR Expression reguliert. Zusammengefasst weisen die in dieser Arbeit gezeigten Daten darauf hin, dass die miR-26 Familie als Initiator der schrittweisen Inaktivierung des REST-Komplexes eine zentrale Rolle bei der Differenzierung von neuralen Vorl{\"a}uferzellen zu postmitotischen Neuronen spielt.},
  language  = {de}
}
@unpublished{Dandekar2019,
  author    = {Dandekar, Thomas},
  title     = {Biological heuristics applied to cosmology suggests a condensation nucleus as start of our universe and inflation cosmology replaced by a period of rapid Weiss domain-like crystal growth},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-183945},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Cosmology often uses intricate formulas and mathematics to derive new theories and concepts. We do something different in this paper: We look at biological processes and derive from these heuristics so that the revised cosmology agrees with astronomical observations but does also agree with standard biological observations. We show that we then have to replace any type of singularity at the start of the universe by a condensation nucleus and that the very early period of the universe usually assumed to be inflation has to be replaced by a period of rapid crystal growth as in Weiss magnetization domains. Impressively, these minor modifications agree well with astronomical observations including removing the strong inflation perturbations which were never observed in the recent BICEP2 experiments. Furthermore, looking at biological principles suggests that such a new theory with a condensation nucleus at start and a first rapid phase of magnetization-like growth of the ordered, physical laws obeying lattice we live in is in fact the only convincing theory of the early phases of our universe that also is compatible with current observations. We show in detail in the following that such a process of crystal creation, breaking of new crystal seeds and ultimate evaporation of the present crystal readily leads over several generations to an evolution and selection of better, more stable and more self-organizing crystals. Moreover, this explains the "fine-tuning" question why our universe is fine-tuned to favor life: Our Universe is so self-organizing to have enough offspring and the detailed physics involved is at the same time highly favorable for all self-organizing processes including life. This biological theory contrasts with current standard inflation cosmologies. The latter do not perform well in explaining any phenomena of sophisticated structure creation or self-organization. As proteins can only thermodynamically fold by increasing the entropy in the solution around them we suggest for cosmology a condensation nucleus for a universe can form only in a "chaotic ocean" of string-soup or quantum foam if the entropy outside of the nucleus rapidly increases. We derive an interaction potential for 1 to n-dimensional strings or quantum-foams and show that they allow only 1D, 2D, 4D or octonion interactions. The latter is the richest structure and agrees to the E8 symmetry fundamental to particle physics and also compatible with the ten dimensional string theory E8 which is part of the M-theory. Interestingly, any other interactions of other dimensionality can be ruled out using Hurwitz compositional theorem. Crystallization explains also extremely well why we have only one macroscopic reality and where the worldlines of alternative trajectories exist: They are in other planes of the crystal and for energy reasons they crystallize mostly at the same time, yielding a beautiful and stable crystal. This explains decoherence and allows to determine the size of Planck´s quantum h (very small as separation of crystal layers by energy is extremely strong). Ultimate dissolution of real crystals suggests an explanation for dark energy agreeing with estimates for the "big rip". The halo distribution of dark matter favoring galaxy formation is readily explained by a crystal seed starting with unit cells made of normal and dark matter. That we have only matter and not antimatter can be explained as there may be right handed mattercrystals and left-handed antimatter crystals. Similarly, real crystals are never perfect and we argue that exactly such irregularities allow formation of galaxies, clusters and superclusters. Finally, heuristics from genetics suggest to look for a systems perspective to derive correct vacuum and Higgs Boson energies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BeerSchenkHelfrichFoersteretal.2019,
  author    = {Beer, Katharina and Schenk, Mariela and Helfrich-F{\"o}rster, Charlotte and Holzschuh, Andrea},
  title     = {The circadian clock uses different environmental time cues to synchronize emergence and locomotion of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-019-54111-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202721},
  pages     = {17748},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Life on earth adapted to the daily reoccurring changes in environment by evolving an endogenous circadian clock. Although the circadian clock has a crucial impact on survival and behavior of solitary bees, many aspects of solitary bee clock mechanisms remain unknown. Our study is the first to show that the circadian clock governs emergence in Osmia bicornis, a bee species which overwinters as adult inside its cocoon. Therefore, its eclosion from the pupal case is separated by an interjacent diapause from its emergence in spring. We show that this bee species synchronizes its emergence to the morning. The daily rhythms of emergence are triggered by temperature cycles but not by light cycles. In contrast to this, the bee's daily rhythms in locomotion are synchronized by light cycles. Thus, we show that the circadian clock of O. bicornis is set by either temperature or light, depending on what activity is timed. Light is a valuable cue for setting the circadian clock when bees have left the nest. However, for pre-emerged bees, temperature is the most important cue, which may represent an evolutionary adaptation of the circadian system to the cavity-nesting life style of O. bicornis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaierhoferFlunkertOshimaetal.2019,
  author    = {Maierhofer, Anna and Flunkert, Julia and Oshima, Junko and Martin, George M. and Poot, Martin and Nanda, Indrajit and Dittrich, Marcus and M{\"u}ller, Tobias and Haaf, Thomas},
  title     = {Epigenetic signatures of Werner syndrome occur early in life and are distinct from normal epigenetic aging processes},
  series = {Aging Cell},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Aging Cell},
  doi       = {10.1111/acel.12995},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202733},
  pages     = {e12995},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Werner Syndrome (WS) is an adult-onset segmental progeroid syndrome. Bisulfite pyrosequencing of repetitive DNA families revealed comparable blood DNA methylation levels between classical (18 WRN-mutant) or atypical WS (3 LMNA-mutant and 3 POLD1-mutant) patients and age- and sex-matched controls. WS was not associated with either age-related accelerated global losses of ALU, LINE1, and α-satellite DNA methylations or gains of rDNA methylation. Single CpG methylation was analyzed with Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays. In a correspondence analysis, atypical WS samples clustered together with the controls and were clearly separated from classical WS, consistent with distinct epigenetic pathologies. In classical WS, we identified 659 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) comprising 3,656 CpG sites and 613 RefSeq genes. The top DMR was located in the HOXA4 promoter. Additional DMR genes included LMNA, POLD1, and 132 genes which have been reported to be differentially expressed in WRN-mutant/depleted cells. DMRs were enriched in genes with molecular functions linked to transcription factor activity and sequence-specific DNA binding to promoters transcribed by RNA polymerase II. We propose that transcriptional misregulation of downstream genes by the absence of WRN protein contributes to the variable premature aging phenotypes of WS. There were no CpG sites showing significant differences in DNA methylation changes with age between WS patients and controls. Genes with both WS- and age-related methylation changes exhibited a constant offset of methylation between WRN-mutant patients and controls across the entire analyzed age range. WS-specific epigenetic signatures occur early in life and do not simply reflect an acceleration of normal epigenetic aging processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Franke2019,
  author    = {Franke, Christian},
  title     = {Advancing Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy: Quantitative Analyses and Photometric Three-Dimensional Imaging},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-15635},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156355},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Since its first experimental implementation in 2005, single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) emerged as a versatile and powerful imaging tool for biological structures with nanometer resolution. By now, SMLM has compiled an extensive track-record of novel insights in sub- and inter- cellular organization.\\ Moreover, since all SMLM techniques rely on the analysis of emission patterns from isolated fluorophores, they inherently allocate molecular information \$per\$ \$definitionem\$.\\ Consequently, SMLM transitioned from its origin as pure high-resolution imaging instrument towards quantitative microscopy, where the key information medium is no longer the highly resolved image itself, but the raw localization data set.\\ The work presented in this thesis is part of the ongoing effort to translate those \$per\$ \$se\$ molecular information gained by SMLM imaging to insights into the structural organization of the targeted protein or even beyond. Although largely consistent in their objectives, the general distinction between global or segmentation clustering approaches on one side and particle averaging or meta-analyses techniques on the other is usually made.\\ During the course of my thesis, I designed, implemented and employed numerous quantitative approaches with varying degrees of complexity and fields of application.\\ \\ In my first major project, I analyzed the localization distribution of the integral protein gp210 of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) with an iterative \textit{k}-means algorithm. Relating the distinct localization statistics of separated gp210 domains to isolated fluorescent signals led, among others, to the conclusion that the anchoring ring of the NPC consists of 8 homo-dimers of gp210.\\ This is of particular significance, both because it answered a decades long standing question about the nature of the gp210 ring and it showcased the possibility to gain structural information well beyond the resolution capabilities of SMLM by crafty quantification approaches.\\ \\ The second major project reported comprises an extensive study of the synaptonemal complex (SNC) and linked cohesin complexes. Here, I employed a multi-level meta-analysis of the localization sets of various SNC proteins to facilitate the compilation of a novel model of the molecular organization of the major SNC components with so far unmatched extend and detail with isotropic three-dimensional resolution.\\ In a second venture, the two murine cohesin components SMC3 and STAG3 connected to the SNC were analyzed. Applying an adapted algorithm, considering the disperse nature of cohesins, led to the realization that there is an apparent polarization of those cohesin complexes in the SNC, as well as a possible sub-structure of STAG3 beyond the resolution capabilities of SMLM.\\ \\ Other minor projects connected to localization quantification included the study of plasma membrane glycans regarding their overall localization distribution and particular homogeneity as well as the investigation of two flotillin proteins in the membrane of bacteria, forming clusters of distinct shapes and sizes.\\ \\ Finally, a novel approach to three-dimensional SMLM is presented, employing the precise quantification of single molecule emitter intensities. This method, named TRABI, relies on the principles of aperture photometry which were improved for SMLM.\\ With TRABI it was shown, that widely used Gaussian fitting based localization software underestimates photon counts significantly. This mismatch was utilized as a \$z\$-dependent parameter, enabling the conversion of 2D SMLM data to a virtual 3D space. Furthermore it was demonstrated, that TRABI can be combined beneficially with a multi-plane detection scheme, resulting in superior performance regarding axial localization precision and resolution.\\ Additionally, TRABI has been subsequently employed to photometrically characterize a novel dye for SMLM, revealing superior photo-physical properties at the single-molecule level.\\ Following the conclusion of this thesis, the TRABI method and its applications remains subject of diverse ongoing research.},
  subject      = {Einzelmolek{\"u}lmikroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pahlavan2019,
  author    = {Pahlavan, Pirasteh},
  title     = {Integrated Systems Biology Analysis; Exemplified on Potyvirus and Geminivirus interaction with \(Nicotiana\) \(benthamiana\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-15341},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153412},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Viral infections induce a significant impact on various functional categories of biological processes in the host. The understanding of this complex modification of the infected host immune system requires a global and detailed overview on the infection process. Therefore it is essential to apply a powerful approach which identifies the involved components conferring the capacity to recognize and respond to specific pathogens, which in general are defeated in so-called compatible virus-plant infections. Comparative and integrated systems biology of plant-virus interaction progression may open a novel framework for a systemic picture on the modulation of plant immunity during different infections and understanding pathogenesis mechanisms. In this thesis these approaches were applied to study plant-virus infections during two main viral pathogens of cassava: Cassava brown streak virus and African cassava mosaic virus. Here, the infection process was reconstructed by a combination of omics data-based analyses and metabolic network modelling, to understand the major metabolic pathways and elements underlying viral infection responses in different time series, as well as the flux activity distribution to gain more insights into the metabolic flow and mechanism of regulation; this resulted in simultaneous investigations on a broad spectrum of changes in several levels including the gene expression, primary metabolites, and enzymatic flux associated with the characteristic disease development process induced in Nicotiana benthamiana plants due to infection with CBSV or ACMV. Firstly, the transcriptome dynamics of the infected plant was analysed by using mRNA-sequencing, in order to investigate the differential expression profile according the symptom developmental stage. The spreading pattern and different levels of biological functions of these genes were analysed associated with the infection stage and virus entity. A next step was the Real-Time expression modification of selected key pathway genes followed by their linear regression model. Subsequently, the functional loss of regulatory genes which trigger R-mediated resistance was observed. Substantial differences were observed between infected mutants/transgenic lines and wild-types and characterized in detail. In addition, we detected a massive localized accumulation of ROS and quantified the scavenging genes expression in the infected wild-type plants relative to mock infected controls. Moreover, we found coordinated regulated metabolites in response to viral infection measured by using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV-MS. This includes the profile of the phytohormones, carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenolics at different time points of infection with the RNA and DNA viruses. This was influenced by differentially regulated enzymatic activities along the salicylate, jasmonate, and chorismate biosynthesis, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pentose phosphate pathways, as well as photosynthesis, photorespiration, transporting, amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. We calculated the flux redistribution considering a gradient of modulation for enzymes along different infection stages, ranging from pre-symptoms towards infection stability. Collectively, our reverse-engineering study consisting of the generation of experimental data and modelling supports the general insight with comparative and integrated systems biology into a model plant-virus interaction system. We refine the cross talk between transcriptome modification, metabolites modulation and enzymatic flux redistribution during compatible infection progression. The results highlight the global alteration in a susceptible host, correlation between symptoms severity and the alteration level. In addition we identify the detailed corresponding general and specific responses to RNA and DNA viruses at different stages of infection. To sum up, all the findings in this study strengthen the necessity of considering the timing of treatment, which greatly affects plant defence against viral infection, and might result in more efficient or combined targeting of a wider range of plant pathogens.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Simon2019,
  author    = {Simon, Katja},
  title     = {Identifying the role of Myb-MuvB in gene expression and proliferation of lung cancer cells},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-16181},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161814},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The evolutionary conserved Myb-MuvB (MMB) multiprotein complex is a transcriptional master regulator of mitotic gene expression. The MMB subunits B-MYB, FOXM1 as well as target genes of MMB are often overexpressed in different cancer types. Elevated expression of these genes correlates with an advanced tumor state and a poor prognosis for patients. Furthermore, it has been reported that pathways, which are involved in regulating the mitotic machinery are attractive for a potential treatment of cancers harbouring Ras mutations (Luo et al., 2009). This suggest that the MMB complex could be required for tumorigenesis by mediating overactivity of mitotic genes and that the MMB could be a useful target for lung cancer treatment. However, although MMB has been characterized biochemically, the contribution of MMB to tumorigenesis is largely unknown in particular in vivo. In this thesis, it was demonstrated that the MMB complex is required for lung tumorigenesis in vivo in a mouse model of non small cell lung cancer. Elevated levels of B-MYB, NUSAP1 or CENPF in advanced tumors as opposed to low levels of these proteins levels in grade 1 or 2 tumors support the possible contribution of MMB to lung tumorigenesis and the oncogenic potential of B-MYB.The tumor growth promoting function of B-MYB was illustrated by a lower fraction of KI-67 positive cells in vivo and a significantly high impairment in proliferation after loss of B-Myb in vitro. Defects in cytokinesis and an abnormal cell cycle profile after loss of B-Myb underscore the impact of B-MYB on proliferation of lung cancer cell lines. The incomplete recombination of B-Myb in murine lung tumors and in the tumor derived primary cell lines illustrates the selection pressure against the complete loss of B-Myb and further demonstrats that B-Myb is a tumor-essential gene. In the last part of this thesis, the contribution of MMB to the proliferation of human lung cancer cells was demonstrated by the RNAi-mediated depletion of B-Myb. Detection of elevated B-MYB levels in human adenocarcinoma and a reduced proliferation, cytokinesis defects and abnormal cell cycle profile after loss of B-MYB in human lung cancer cell lines underlines the potential of B-MYB to serve as a clinical marker.},
  subject      = {Lungenkrebs},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Beck2019,
  author    = {Beck, Katharina},
  title     = {Die nitrerge Neurotransmission im Gastrointestinaltrakt der Maus},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-15989},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159896},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Die NO-sensitive Guanylyl-Cyclase (NO-GC) ist ein zentrales Enzym der NO/cGMP-Signalkaskade, das {\"u}ber die Aktivierung von NO zur Bildung des second messangers cGMP f{\"u}hrt. Die NO-GC setzt sich aus zwei Untereinheiten zusammen, sodass zwei Isoformen des Enzyms gebildet werden k{\"o}nnen (α1β1 und α2β1). Da die genaue Verteilung der beiden Isoformen im Colon nicht bekannt ist, wurde diese im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit charakterisiert. Immunhistochemie und In-situ-Hybridisierung zeigten die Expression beider Isoformen sowohl in der glatten Muskelschicht als auch in der Submukosa und Lamina propria. Dabei war die α1β1-Isoform ubiquit{\"a}r, die α2β1-Isoform dagegen haupts{\"a}chlich im Bereich des myenterischen Plexus vorzufinden. In der glatten Muskelschicht des Colons ist die NO-GC in glatten Muskelzellen (SMC), interstitiellen Zellen von Cajal (ICC) sowie Fibroblasten-{\"a}hnliche Zellen (FLC) exprimiert und haupts{\"a}chlich in die Modulation der gastrointestinalen Motilit{\"a}t involviert. Zur spezifischen Charakterisierung der Funktion der NO-GC in den einzelnen Zelltypen wurden Knockout-M{\"a}use generiert, denen die NO-GC global (GCKO) oder spezifisch in SMC (SMC-GCKO), ICC (ICC-GCKO) oder beiden Zelltypen (SMC/ICC-GCKO) fehlt. Anhand dieser Mausmodelle sollten im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit die modulatorischen Effekte der NO-GC auf die spontanen Kontraktionen des Colons bestimmt werden. Zur Charakterisierung der spontanen Kontraktionen der zirkul{\"a}ren Muskelschicht wurden Myographiestudien mit 2,5 mm langen Colonringen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Hierbei konnten drei verschiedene Kontraktionen gemessen werden: Kleine, hochfrequente Ripples, mittlere Kontraktionen und große Kontraktionen. Die detaillierte Analyse der einzelnen Kontraktionen zeigte einerseits eine NO-unabh{\"a}ngige Regulation der Ripples, andererseits eine NO-abh{\"a}ngige Modulation der mittleren und großen Kontraktionen {\"u}ber die NO-GC in SMC und ICC. Die NO-GC in SMC beeinflusst die Kontraktionen vermutlich vor allem {\"u}ber die Regulation des Muskeltonus der zirkul{\"a}ren Muskelschicht. Die NO-GC in ICC dagegen modifiziert die spontanen Kontraktionen m{\"o}glicherweise {\"u}ber eine Ver{\"a}nderung der Schrittmacheraktivit{\"a}t. Allerdings f{\"u}hrt erst ein Funktionsverlust des NO/cGMP-Signalweges in beiden Zelltypen zu einem sichtbar ver{\"a}nderten Kontraktionsmuster, das dem von globalen Knockout-Tieren glich. Dies weist auf eine kompensatorische Wirkung der NO-GC im jeweils anderen Zelltyp hin. Zur Analyse der propulsiven Kontraktionen entlang des gesamten Colons wurden Videoaufnahmen der Darmbewegungen in Kontraktionsmusterkarten transformiert. Zudem wurde der Darm durchsp{\"u}lt und die Ausflusstropfen aufgezeichnet, um die Effektivit{\"a}t der Kontraktionen beurteilen zu k{\"o}nnen. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass eine Beeintr{\"a}chtigung des NO/cGMP-Signalweges eine verminderte Effektivit{\"a}t der Kontraktionen zur Folge hat und vermutlich durch eine beeintr{\"a}chtige Synchronisation der Kontraktionen erkl{\"a}rt werden kann. In diesem Regulationsmechanismus konnte vor allem der NO-GC in SMC eine {\"u}bergeordnete Rolle zugewiesen werden. Der dritte Teil der Arbeit thematisierte den Befund, dass SMC-GCKO-Tiere ca. 5 Monate nach Tamoxifen-Behandlung Entartungen der Mukosa entwickelten. Diese Entartung war lediglich in Tamoxifen-induzierten Knockout-Tieren vorzufinden. Histologische Analysen identifizierten die Entartungen als tubulovill{\"o}ses Adenom. Die Genexpressionsanalyse von Mukosafalten von SMC-GCKO- und heterozygoten Kontrolltieren zeigte eine Vielzahl von Genen, welche spezifisch bei colorectalem Karzinom differenziell exprimiert sind. Einer dieser Faktoren war der BMP-Antagonist Gremlin1. Dieser Faktor erschien von besonderem Interesse, da er in Zellen der Lamina muscularis mucosae und kryptennahen Myofibroblasten exprimiert wird. Immunhistochemische Analysen ließen vermuten, dass diese Zellen sowohl die NO-GC als auch die Cre-Rekombinase unter dem SMMHC-Promotor exprimieren. Diese Arbeit liefert demnach Hinweise darauf, dass die NO-GC einen wichtigen Regulator innerhalb der Stammzellnische bildet. Die Deletion der NO-GC f{\"u}hrt vermutlich zu einer verst{\"a}rkten Bildung bzw. Sekretion von Gremlin1, was die Hom{\"o}ostase der mukosalen Erneuerung st{\"o}rt und somit zur Entwicklung von Adenomen f{\"u}hrt.},
  subject      = {Gastrointestinaltrakt},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Horn2019,
  author    = {Horn, Jessica},
  title     = {Molecular and functional characterization of the long non-coding RNA SSR42 in \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175778},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes the skin and anterior nares of 20-30\% of the healthy human population. As an opportunistic human pathogen it elicits a variety of infections ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to highly severe manifestations such as pneumonia, endocarditis and osteomyelitis. Due to the emergence of multi resistant strains, treatment of staphylococcal infections becomes more and more challenging and the WHO therefore classified S. aureus as a "superbug". The variety of diseases triggered by S. aureus is the result of a versatile expression of a large set of virulence factors. The most prominent virulence factor is the cytotoxic and haemolytic pore-forming α-toxin whose expression is mediated by a complex regulatory network involving two-component systems such as the agr quorum-sensing system, accessory transcriptional regulators and alternative sigma-factors. However, the intricate regulatory network is not yet understood in its entirety. Recently, a transposon mutation screen identified the AraC-family transcriptional regulator 'Repressor of surface proteins' (Rsp) to regulate haemolysis, cytotoxicity and the expression of various virulence associated factors. Deletion of rsp was accompanied by a complete loss of transcription of a 1232 nt long non-coding RNA, SSR42. This doctoral thesis focuses on the molecular and functional characterization of SSR42. By analysing the transcriptome and proteome of mutants in either SSR42 or both SSR42 and rsp, as well as by complementation of SSR42 in trans, the ncRNA was identified as the main effector of Rsp-mediated virulence. Mutants in SSR42 exhibited strong effects on transcriptional and translational level when compared to wild-type bacteria. These changes resulted in phenotypic alterations such as strongly reduced haemolytic activity and cytotoxicity towards epithelial cells as well as reduced virulence in a murine infection model. Deletion of SSR42 further promoted the formation of small colony variants (SCV) during long term infection of endothelial cells and demonstrated the importance of this molecule for intracellular bacteria. The impact of this ncRNA on staphylococcal haemolysis was revealed to be executed by modulation of sae mRNA stability and by applying mutational studies functional domains within SSR42 were identified. Moreover, various stressors modulated the transcription of SSR42 and antibiotic challenge resulted in SSR42-dependently increased haemolysis and cytotoxicity. Transcription of SSR42 itself was found under control of various important global regulators including AgrA, SaeS, CodY and σB, thereby illustrating a central position in S. aureus virulence gene regulation. The present study thus demonstrates SSR42 as a global virulence regulatory RNA which is important for haemolysis, disease progression and adaption of S. aureus to intracellular conditions via formation of SCVs.},
  subject      = {Staphylococcus aureus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Neubert2019,
  author    = {Neubert, Franziska},
  title     = {Markierung postsynaptischer Proteine f{\"u}r die hochaufl{\"o}sende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19239},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192394},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Das menschliche Gehirn ist ein Organ, das aufgrund seiner Komplexit{\"a}t und zellul{\"a}ren Diversit{\"a}t noch am wenigsten verstanden ist. Eine der Ursachen daf{\"u}r sind zahlreiche Herausforderungen in diversen neurobiologischen Bild-gebungsverfahren. Erst seit der Erfindung der hochaufl{\"o}senden Fluoreszenz-mikroskopie ist es m{\"o}glich, Strukturen unterhalb der Beugungsgrenze zu visua-lisieren und somit eine maximale Aufl{\"o}sung von bis zu 20 nm zu erreichen. Zus{\"a}tzlich h{\"a}ngt die F{\"a}higkeit, biologische Strukturen aufzul{\"o}sen, von der Markierungs-gr{\"o}ße und -dichte ab. Derzeit ist die h{\"a}ufigste Methode zur Proteinf{\"a}rbung die indirekte Antik{\"o}rperf{\"a}rbung, bei der ein Fluorophor-markierter Sekund{\"a}rantik{\"o}rper an einen Epitop-spezifischen Prim{\"a}rantik{\"o}rper bindet. Dabei kann der Abstand von Zielstruktur und Fluorophor bis zu 30 nm betragen, was eine Aufl{\"o}sungs-verminderung zur Folge haben kann. Aufgrund dessen wurden in dieser Arbeit alternative Markierungsmethoden getestet, um postsynaptische Proteine sicht-bar zu machen. Zun{\"a}chst wurde der postsynaptische N-Methyl-D-Aspartat (NMDA)-Rezeptor mit Hilfe konventioneller indirekter Antik{\"o}rperf{\"a}rbung markiert. Hier war die NR1-Untereinheit des NMDA-Rezeptors von besonderem Interesse, da diese in der Autoimmunerkrankung Anti-NMDA-Rezeptor-Enzephalitis invol-viert ist. Patienten dieser seltenen Krankheit bilden Autoantik{\"o}rper gegen die NR1-Untereinheit, wodurch ein schneller reversibler Verlust der NMDA-Rezeptoren auf der Postsynapse induziert wird. Wichtige Informationen k{\"o}nnen nicht mehr ausreichend weitergegeben werden, was psychiatrische und neurologi-sche St{\"o}rungen zur Folge hat. In dieser Arbeit wurden sowohl kommerzielle NR1-Antik{\"o}rper, als auch rekombinante monoklonale NR1-Antik{\"o}rper von Patien-ten mit Anti-NMDA-Rezeptor-Enzephalitis getestet. In konfokalen und in hochaufgel{\"o}sten SIM- (engl. structured illumination microscopy) und dSTORM- (engl. direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) Messun-gen konnten kommerzielle NR1-Antik{\"o}rper keine erfolgreichen F{\"a}rbungen erzielen. Dagegen erwiesen sich die rekombinanten monoklonalen NR1-Patientenantik{\"o}rper als sehr spezifisch, sowohl in prim{\"a}ren Neuronen als auch im Hippocampus von murinen Gehirnschnitten und lieferten gute Kolokalisati-onen mit dem postsynaptischen Markerprotein Homer. Um die optische Aufl{\"o}sung zu verbessern, wurde eine neue Markierungs-methode mit sog. „Super-Binde-Peptiden" (SBPs) getestet. SBPs sind modifi-zierte Peptide, die erh{\"o}hte Affinit{\"a}ten und Spezifit{\"a}ten aufweisen und mit ei-ner Gr{\"o}ße von ~ 2,5 nm wesentlich kleiner als Antik{\"o}rper sind. In dieser Arbeit best{\"a}tigte sich ein kleines hochspezifisches SPB, das an den Fluoreszenzfarb-stoff Tetra- methylrhodamin (TMR) gekoppelt ist, als effektiver Marker f{\"u}r das Ankerpro-tein Gephyrin. Gephyrin ist f{\"u}r die Lokalisation und Verankerung einiger post-synaptischer Rezeptoren zust{\"a}ndig, indem es sie mit dem Cytoskelett der Zelle verbindet. SIM-Messungen in prim{\"a}ren Neuronen zeigten eine bessere Clus-terrepr{\"a}sentation bei der F{\"a}rbung von Gephyrin mit SBPs, als mit Antik{\"o}rper-f{\"a}rbung. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden Kolokalisationsanalysen von Gephyrin zusammen mit dem inhibito-rischen pr{\"a}synaptischen vesikul{\"a}ren GABA-Transporter VGAT durchgef{\"u}hrt. Eine weitere F{\"a}rbemethode stellte die bioorthogonale Click-F{\"a}rbung durch die Erweiterung des eukaryotischen genetischen Codes (engl. genetic code ex-pansion, GCE) dar. Dabei wurde eine unnat{\"u}rliche, nicht-kanonische Amino-s{\"a}ure (engl. non-canonical amino acid, ncAA) ins Zielprotein eingebaut und in Kombination mit der Click-Chemie ortsspezifisch mit organischen Tetrazin-Farbstoff-Konjugaten angef{\"a}rbt. Organische Fluorophore haben den Vorteil, dass sie mit einer Gr{\"o}ße von 0,5 - 2 nm sehr klein sind und damit die nat{\"u}rli-chen Funktionen der Proteine in der Zelle kaum beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit wurde zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass der tetramere postsynaptische NMDA-Rezeptor durch die Amber-Supres-sionsmethode bioorthogonal angef{\"a}rbt werden konnte. Aus sieben verschiede-nen Amber-Mutanten der NR1-Untereinheit stellte sich die Y392TAG-NR1-Mutante als diejenige mit der besten Proteinexpression, F{\"a}rbeeffizienz und rezeptorfunktionalit{\"a}t heraus. Dies konnte durch Fluoreszenzmikroskopie- und Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp-Experimenten gezeigt werden. Die bioorthogo-nale Click-F{\"a}rbung durch GCE eignete sich f{\"u}r die F{\"a}rbung des NMDA-Rezeptors in verschiedenen Zelllinien, mit unterschiedlichen Tetrazin-Farbstoff-Konjugaten und f{\"u}r Lebendzellexperimente. In dSTORM-Messungen erwies sich das Tetrazin-Cy5-Farbstoff-Konjugat als ideal aufgrund seiner Gr{\"o}-ße, Photostabilit{\"a}t, Helligkeit und seines geeigneten Blinkverhaltens, sodass eine homogene NMDA-Rezeptorverteilung auf der Zellmembran gezeigt wer-den konnte. NR1-Antik{\"o}rperf{\"a}rbungen wiesen dagegen starke Clusterbildun-gen auf. Die Ergebnisse konnten belegen, dass kleinere Farbstoffe eine deut-lich bessere Zug{\"a}nglichkeit zu ihrem Zielprotein haben und somit besser f{\"u}r die hochaufl{\"o}sende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie geeignet sind.},
  subject      = {hochaufl{\"o}sende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Grimm2019,
  author    = {Grimm, Johannes},
  title     = {Autocrine and paracrine effects of BRAF inhibitor induced senescence in melanoma},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18116},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181161},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The FDA approval of targeted therapy with BRAFV600E inhibitors like vemurafenib and dabrafenib in 2011 has been the first major breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic melanoma since almost three decades. Despite increased progression free survival and elevated overall survival rates, complete responses are scarce due to resistance development approximately six months after the initial drug treatment. It was previously shown in our group that melanoma cells under vemurafenib pressure in vitro and in vivo exhibit features of drug-induced senescence. It is known that some cell types, which undergo this cell cycle arrest, develop a so-called senescence associated secretome and it has been reported that melanoma cell lines also upregulate the expression of different factors after senescence induction. This work describes the effect of the vemurafenib-induced secretome on cells. Conditioned supernatants of vemurafenib-treated cells increased the viability of naive fibroblast and melanoma cell lines. RNA analysis of donor melanoma cells revealed elevated transcriptional levels of FGF1, MMP2 and CCL2 in the majority of tested cell lines under vemurafenib pressure, and I could confirm the secretion of functional proteins. Similar observations were also done after MEK inhibition as well as in a combined BRAF and MEK inhibitor treatment situation. Interestingly, the transcription of other FGF ligands (FGF7, FGF17) was also elevated after MEK/ERK1/2 inhibition. As FGF receptors are therapeutically relevant, I focused on the analysis of FGFR-dependent processes in response to BRAF inhibition. Recombinant FGF1 increased the survival rate of melanoma cells under vemurafenib pressure, while inhibition of the FGFR pathway diminished the viability of melanoma cells in combination with vemurafenib and blocked the stimulatory effect of vemurafenib conditioned medium. The BRAF inhibitor induced secretome is regulated by active PI3K/AKT signaling, and the joint inhibition of mTor and BRAFV600E led to decreased senescence induction and to a diminished induction of the secretome-associated genes. In parallel, combined inhibition of MEK and PI3K also drastically decreased mRNA levels of the relevant secretome components back to basal levels. In summary, I could demonstrate that BRAF inhibitor treated melanoma cell lines acquire a specific PI3K/AKT dependent secretome, which is characterized by FGF1, CCL2 and MMP2. This secretome is able to stimulate other cells such as naive melanoma cells and fibroblasts and contributes to a better survival under drug pressure. These data are therapeutically highly relevant, as they imply the usage of novel drug combinations, especially specific FGFR inhibitors, with BRAF inhibitors in the clinic.},
  subject      = {Inhibitor},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dirks2019,
  author    = {Dirks, Johannes},
  title     = {Charakterisierung der Wechselwirkung zwischen N-Myc und Aurora-A im MYCN-amplifizierten Neuroblastom},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18660},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186600},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Im Neuroblastom ist die Amplifikation des MYCN-Gens, eines Mitglieds der MYC-Onkogenfamilie, mit einer ung{\"u}nstigen Prognose assoziiert. Der von dem Gen kodierte Transkriptionsfaktor N-Myc ist f{\"u}r die Proliferation der MYCN-amplifizierten Neuroblastomzelllinien notwendig und seine Depletion oder Destabilisierung f{\"u}hren zum Proliferationsarrest (Otto et al., 2009). Da N-Myc auf Proteinebene durch die Interaktion mit der mitotischen Kinase Aurora-A stabilisiert wird, bewirkt deren Depletion oder die Hemmung der Interaktion der beiden Proteine mittels spezieller Aurora- A-Inhibitoren (z.B. MLN8054 und MLN8237) ebenso eine Hemmung der Proliferation - in vitro und in vivo (Brockmann et al., 2013). Bisher ist jedoch unklar, {\"u}ber welchen Mechanismus Aurora-A die Stabilisierung von N-Myc erreicht, die Kinaseaktivit{\"a}t spielt hierbei jedoch keine Rolle (Otto et al., 2009). Eine M{\"o}glichkeit stellt die Rekrutierung von Usps dar, die das angeh{\"a}ngte Ubiquitinsignal so modifizieren, dass die Erkennung und der Abbau des Proteins durch das Proteasom verringert werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Wirkung von Usp7 und Usp11 auf die Stabilit{\"a}t von N-Myc untersucht. F{\"u}r beide konnte in Immunpr{\"a}zipitationen die Interaktion mit N-Myc gezeigt werden. Ebenso erh{\"o}hten beide Proteasen in {\"U}berexpressionsexperimenten die vorhandene Menge an NMyc. Die Depletion von Usp7 mittels shRNAs f{\"u}hrte in IMR-32 zu einem Arrest in der G1-Phase und zur Differenzierung der Zellen. Gleichzeitig wurden stark erniedrigte mRNA- und Proteinmengen von N-Myc und Aurora-A nachgewiesen. Es konnte jedoch nicht eindeutig gezeigt werden, ob die beobachteten zellul{\"a}ren Effekte durch eine vermehrte proteasomale Degradation von N-Myc begr{\"u}ndet sind oder ob dabei die ver{\"a}nderte Regulation weiterer Zielproteine von Usp7 eine Rolle spielt. Die Depletion von Usp11 mit shRNAs bewirkte eine Abnahme der N-Myc-Mengen auf posttranslationaler Ebene. Somit stellen beide Usps vielversprechende Angriffspunkte einer gezielten Therapie in MYCN-amplifizierten Neuroblastomen dar und sollten deshalb Gegenstand weiterf{\"u}hrender Untersuchungen sein. {\"U}ber welche Proteindom{\"a}ne in N-Myc die Interaktion mit Aurora-A stattfindet ist nicht bekannt. Eine m{\"o}gliche Pseudosubstratbindungssequenz in Myc-Box I (Idee Richard Bayliss, University of Leicester) wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht. Durch Mutation dieser Sequenz sollte die Bindung von Aurora-A unm{\"o}glich gemacht werden. Allerdings wurde die erwartete Abnahme der St{\"a}rke der Interaktion von Aurora-A und N-Myc durch die Mutation ebensowenig beobachtet wie eine verringerte Stabilit{\"a}t. Die Regulation der Phosphorylierung von N-Myc im Verlauf des Zellzyklus wurde durch die Mutation beeintr{\"a}chtigt. Wie diese Ver{\"a}nderung exakt zu begr{\"u}nden ist bedarf weiterer Experimente},
  subject      = {Neuroblastom},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Mekala2019,
  author    = {Mekala, SubbaRao},
  title     = {Generation of cardiomyocytes from vessel wall-resident stem cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146046},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of health problems and is among the leading deadly ending diseases. Accordingly, regenerating functional myocardial tissue and/or cardiac repair by stem cells is one of the most desired aims worldwide. Indeed, the human heart serves as an ideal target for regenerative intervention, because the capacity of the adult myocardium to restore itself after injury or infarct is limited. Thus, identifying new sources of tissue resident adult stem or progenitor cells with cardiovascular potential would help to establish more sophisticated therapies in order to either prevent cardiac failure or to achieve a functional repair. Ongoing research worldwide in this field is focusing on a) induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, b) embryonic stem (ES) cells and c) adult stem cells (e. g. mesenchymal stem cells) as well as cardiac fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. However, thus far, these efforts did not result in therapeutic strategies that were transferable into the clinical management of MI and heart failure. Hence, identifying endogenous and more cardiac-related sources of stem cells capable of differentiating into mature cardiomyocytes would open promising new therapeutic opportunities. The working hypothesis of this thesis is that the vascular wall serves as a niche for cardiogenic stem cells. In recent years, various groups have identified different types of progenitors or mesenchymal stem cell-like cells in the adventitia and sub-endothelial zone of the adult vessel wall, the so called vessel wall-resident stem cells (VW-SCs). Considering the fact that heart muscle tissue contains blood vessels in very high density, the physiological relevance of VW-SCs for the myocardium can as yet only be assumed. The aim of the present work is to study whether a subset of VW-SCs might have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocyte-like cells. This assumption was challenged using adult mouse aorta-derived cells cultivated in different media and treated with selected factors. The presented results reveal the generation of spontaneously beating cardiomyocyte-like cells using specific media conditions without any genetic manipulation. The cells reproducibly started beating at culture days 8-10. Further analyses revealed that in contrast to several publications reporting the Sca-1+ cells as cardiac progenitors the Sca-1- fraction of aortic wall-derived VW-SCs reproducibly delivered beating cells in culture. Similar to mature cardiomyocytes the beating cells developed sarcomeric structures indicated by the typical cross striated staining pattern upon immunofluorescence analysis detecting α-sarcomeric actinin (α-SRA) and electron microscopic analysis. These analyses also showed the formation of sarcoplasmic reticulum which serves as calcium store. Correspondingly, the aortic wall-derived beating cardiomyocyte-like cells (Ao-bCMs) exhibited calcium oscillations. This differentiation seems to be dependent on an inflammatory microenvironment since depletion of VW-SC-derived macrophages by treatment with clodronate liposomes in vitro stopped the generation of Ao bCMs. These locally generated F4/80+ macrophages exhibit high levels of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). To a great majority, VW-SCs were found to be positive for VEGFR-2 and blocking this receptor also stopped the generation VW-SC-derived beating cells in vitro. Furthermore, the treatment of aortic wall-derived cells with the ß-receptor agonist isoproterenol or the antagonist propranolol resulted in a significant increase or decrease of beating frequency. Finally, fluorescently labeled aortic wall-derived cells were implanted into the developing chick embryo heart field where they became positive for α-SRA two days after implantation. The current data strongly suggest that VW-SCs resident in the vascular adventitia deliver both progenitors for an inflammatory microenvironment and beating cells. The present study identifies that the Sca-1- rather than Sca-1+ fraction of mouse aortic wall-derived cells harbors VW-SCs differentiating into cardiomyocyte-like cells and reveals an essential role of VW-SCs-derived inflammatory macrophages and VEGF-signaling in this process. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the cardiogenic capacity of aortic VW-SCs in vivo using a chimeric chick embryonic model.},
  subject      = {Herzmuskelzelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Njovu2019,
  author    = {Njovu, Henry Kenneth},
  title     = {Patterns and drivers of herbivore diversity and invertebrate herbivory along elevational and land use gradients at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17254},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172544},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {This thesis elucidates patterns and drivers of invertebrate herbivory, herbivore diversity, and community-level biomass along elevational and land use gradients at Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Chapter I provides background information on the response and predictor variables, study system, and the study design. First, I give an overview of the elevational patterns of species diversity/richness and herbivory published in the literature. The overview illuminates existing debates on elevational patterns of species diversity/richness and herbivory. In connection to these patterns, I also introduce several hypotheses and mechanisms put forward to explain macroecological patterns of species richness. Furthermore, I explain the main variables used to test hypotheses. Finally, I describe the study system and the study design used. Chapter II explores the patterns of invertebrate herbivory and their underlying drivers along extensive elevational and land use gradients on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. I recorded standing leaf herbivory from leaf chewers, leaf miners and gall-inducing insects on 55 study sites located in natural and anthropogenic habitats distributed from 866 to 3060 meters above sea level (m asl) on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Standing leaf herbivory was related to climatic variables [mean annual temperature - (MAT) and mean annual precipitation - (MAP)], net primary productivity (NPP) and plant functional traits (leaf traits) [specific leaf area (SLA), carbon to nitrogen ratio (CN), and nitrogen to phosphorous ratio (NP)]. Results revealed an unimodal pattern of total leaf herbivory along the elevation gradient in natural habitats. Findings also revealed differences in the levels and patterns of herbivory among feeding guilds and between anthropogenic and natural habitats. Changes in NP and CN ratios which were closely linked to NPP were the strongest predictors of leaf herbivory. Our study uncovers the role of leaf nutrient stoichiometry and its linkages to climate in explaining the variation in leaf herbivory along climatic gradients. Chapter III presents patterns and unravels direct and indirect effects of resource (food) abundance (NPP), resource (food) diversity [Functional Dispersion (FDis)], resource quality (SLA, NP, and CN rations), and climate variables (MAT and MAP) on species diversity of phytophagous beetles. Data were collected from 65 study sites located in natural and anthropogenic habitats distributed from 866 to 4550 m asl on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Sweep net and beating methods were used to collect a total of 3,186 phytophagous beetles representing 21 families and 304 morphospecies. Two groups, weevils (Curculionidae) and leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) were the largest and most diverse families represented with 898 and 1566 individuals, respectively. Results revealed complex (bimodal) and dissimilar patterns of Chao1-estimated species richness (hereafter referred to as species diversity) along elevation and land use gradients. Results from path analysis showed that temperature and climate-mediated changes in NPP had a significant positive direct and indirect effect on species diversity of phytophagous beetles, respectively. The results also revealed that the effect of NPP (via beetles abundance and diversity of food resources) on species diversity is stronger than that of temperature. Since we found that factors affecting species diversity were intimately linked to climate, I concluded that predicted climatic changes over the coming decades will likely alter the species diversity patterns which we observe today. Chapter IV presents patterns and unravels the direct and indirect effects of climate, NPP and anthropogenic disturbances on species richness and community-level biomass of wild large mammals which represent endothermic organisms and the most important group of vertebrate herbivores. Data were collected from 66 study sites located in natural and anthropogenic habitats distributed from 870 to 4550 m asl on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Mammals were collected using camera traps and used path analysis to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of climatic variables, NPP, land use, land area, levels of habitat protection and occurrence of domesticated mammals on the patterns of richness and community-level biomass of wild mammals, respectively. Results showed unimodal patterns for species richness and community-level biomass of wild mammals along elevation gradients and that the patterns differed depending on the type of feeding guild. Findings from path analysis showed that net primary productivity and levels of habitat protection had a strong direct effect on species richness and community-level biomass of wild mammals whereas temperature had an insignificant direct effect. Findings show the importance of climate-mediated food resources in determining patterns of species richness of large mammals. While temperature is among key predictors of species richness in several ectotherms, its direct influence in determining species richness of wild mammals was insignificant. Findings show the sensitivity of wild mammals to anthropogenic influences and underscore the importance of protected areas in conserving biodiversity. In conclusion, despite a multitude of data sets on species diversity and ecosystem functions along broad climatic gradients, there is little mechanistic understanding of the underlying causes. Findings obtained in the three studies illustrate their contribution to the scientific debates on the mechanisms underlying patterns of herbivory and diversity along elevation gradients. Results present strong evidence that plant functional traits play a key role in determining invertebrate herbivory and species diversity along elevation gradients and that, their strong interdependence with climate and anthropogenic activities will shape these patterns in future. Additionally, findings from path analysis demonstrated that herbivore diversity, community-level biomass, and herbivory are strongly influenced by climate (either directly or indirectly). Therefore, the predicted climatic changes are expected to dictate ecological patterns, biotic interactions, and energy and nutrient fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems in the coming decades with stronger impacts probably occurring in natural ecosystems. Furthermore, findings demonstrated the significance of land use effects in shaping ecological patterns. As anthropogenic pressure is advancing towards more pristine higher elevations, I advocate conservation measures which are responsive to and incorporate human dimensions to curb the situation. Although our findings emanate from observational studies which have to take several confounding factors into account, we have managed to demonstrate global change responses in real ecosystems and fully established organisms with a wide range of interactions which are unlikely to be captured in artificial experiments. Nonetheless, I recommend additional experimental studies addressing the effect of top-down control by natural enemies on herbivore diversity and invertebrate herbivory in order to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms driving macroecological patterns along elevation gradients.  },
  subject      = {Species richness},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Letschert2019,
  author    = {Letschert, Sebastian},
  title     = {Quantitative Analysis of Membrane Components using Super-Resolution Microscopy},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-16213},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162139},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The plasma membrane is one of the most thoroughly studied and at the same time most complex, diverse, and least understood cellular structures. Its function is determined by the molecular composition as well as the spatial arrangement of its components. Even after decades of extensive membrane research and the proposal of dozens of models and theories, the structural organization of plasma membranes remains largely unknown. Modern imaging tools such as super-resolution fluorescence microscopy are one of the most efficient techniques in life sciences and are widely used to study the spatial arrangement and quantitative behavior of biomolecules in fixed and living cells. In this work, direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) was used to investigate the structural distribution of mem-brane components with virtually molecular resolution. Key issues are different preparation and staining strategies for membrane imaging as well as localization-based quantitative analyses of membrane molecules. An essential precondition for the spatial and quantitative analysis of membrane components is the prevention of photoswitching artifacts in reconstructed localization microscopy images. Therefore, the impact of irradiation intensity, label density and photoswitching behavior on the distribution of plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane proteins in dSTORM images was investigated. It is demonstrated that the combination of densely labeled plasma membranes and inappropriate photoswitching rates induces artificial membrane clusters. Moreover, inhomogeneous localization distributions induced by projections of three-dimensional membrane structures such as microvilli and vesicles are prone to generate artifacts in images of biological membranes. Alternative imaging techniques and ways to prevent artifacts in single-molecule localization microscopy are presented and extensively discussed. Another central topic addresses the spatial organization of glycosylated components covering the cell membrane. It is shown that a bioorthogonal chemical reporter system consisting of modified monosaccharide precursors and organic fluorophores can be used for specific labeling of membrane-associated glycoproteins and -lipids. The distribution of glycans was visualized by dSTORM showing a homogeneous molecule distribution on different mammalian cell lines without the presence of clusters. An absolute number of around five million glycans per cell was estimated and the results show that the combination of metabolic labeling, click chemistry, and single-molecule localization microscopy can be efficiently used to study cell surface glycoconjugates. In a third project, dSTORM was performed to investigate low-expressing receptors on cancer cells which can act as targets in personalized immunotherapy. Primary multiple myeloma cells derived from the bone marrow of several patients were analyzed for CD19 expression as potential target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells. Depending on the patient, 60-1,600 CD19 molecules per cell were quantified and functional in vitro tests demonstrate that the threshold for CD19 CAR T recognition is below 100 CD19 molecules per target cell. Results are compared with flow cytometry data, and the important roles of efficient labeling and appropriate control experiments are discussed.},
  subject      = {Fluoreszenzmikroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Griffoni2019,
  author    = {Griffoni, Chiara},
  title     = {Towards advanced immunocompetent skin wound models for in vitro drug evaluation},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19212},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192125},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Current preclinical models used to evaluate novel therapies for improved healing include both in vitro and in vivo methods. However, ethical concerns related to the use of animals as well as the poor physiological translation between animal and human skin wound healing designate in vitro models as a highly relevant and promising platforms for healing investigation. While current in vitro 3D skin models recapitulate a mature tissue with healing properties, they still represent a simplification of the in vivo conditions, where for example the inflammatory response originating after wound formation involves the contribution of immune cells. Macrophages are among the main contributors to the inflammatory response and regulate its course thanks to their plasticity. Therefore, their implementation into in vitro skin could greatly increase the physiological relevance of the models. As no full-thickness immunocompetent skin model containing macrophages has been reported so far, the parameters necessary for a successful triple co-culture of fibroblasts, keratinocytes and macrophages were here investigated. At first, cell source and culture timed but also an implementation strategy for macrophages were deter-mined. The implementation of macrophages into the skin model focused on the minimization of the culture time to preserve immune cell viability and phenotype, as the environment has a major influence on cell polarization and cytokine production. To this end, incorporation of macrophages in 3D gels prior to the combination with skin models was selected to better mimic the in vivo environment. Em-bedded in collagen hydrogels, macrophages displayed a homogeneous cell distribution within the gel, preserving cell viability, their ability to respond to stimuli and their capability to migrate through the matrix, which are all needed during the involvement of macrophages in the inflammatory response. Once established how to introduce macrophages into skin models, different culture media were evaluated for their effects on primary fibroblasts, keratinocytes and macrophages, to identify a suitable medium composition for the culture of immunocompetent skin. The present work confirmed that each cell type requires a different supplement combination for maintaining functional features and showed for the first time that media that promote and maintain a mature skin structure have negative effects on primary macrophages. Skin differentiation media negatively affected macrophages in terms of viability, morphology, ability to respond to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli and to migrate through a collagen gel. The combination of wounded skin equivalents and macrophage-containing gels con-firmed that culture medium inhibits macrophage participation in the inflammatory response that oc-curs after wounding. The described macrophage inclusion method for immunocompetent skin creation is a promising approach for generating more relevant skin models. Further optimization of the co-cul-ture medium will potentially allow mimicking a physiological inflammatory response, enabling to eval-uate the effects novel drugs designed for improved healing on improved in vitro models.},
  subject      = {Haut},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ThoelkenThammErbacheretal.2019,
  author    = {Th{\"o}lken, Clemens and Thamm, Markus and Erbacher, Christoph and Lechner, Marcus},
  title     = {Sequence and structural properties of circular RNAs in the brain of nurse and forager honeybees (Apis mellifera)},
  series = {BMC Genomics},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {BMC Genomics},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12864-018-5402-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241302},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Background The honeybee (Apis mellifera) represents a model organism for social insects displaying behavioral plasticity. This is reflected by an age-dependent task allocation. The most protruding tasks are performed by young nurse bees and older forager bees that take care of the brood inside the hive and collect food from outside the hive, respectively. The molecular mechanism leading to the transition from nurse bees to foragers is currently under intense research. Circular RNAs, however, were not considered in this context so far. As of today, this group of non-coding RNAs was only known to exist in two other insects, Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori. Here we complement the state of circular RNA research with the first characterization in a social insect. Results We identified numerous circular RNAs in the brain of A. mellifera nurse bees and forager bees using RNA-Seq with exonuclease enrichment. Presence and circularity were verified for the most abundant representatives. Back-splicing in honeybee occurs further towards the end of transcripts and in transcripts with a high number of exons. The occurrence of circularized exons is correlated with length and CpG-content of their flanking introns. The latter coincides with increased DNA-methylation in the respective loci. For two prominent circular RNAs the abundance in worker bee brains was quantified in TaqMan assays. In line with previous findings of circular RNAs in Drosophila, circAmrsmep2 accumulates with increasing age of the insect. In contrast, the levels of circAmrad appear age-independent and correlate with the bee's task. Its parental gene is related to amnesia-resistant memory. Conclusions We provide the first characterization of circRNAs in a social insect. Many of the RNAs identified here show homologies to circular RNAs found in Drosophila and Bombyx, indicating that circular RNAs are a common feature among insects. We find that exon circularization is correlated to DNA-methylation at the flanking introns. The levels of circAmrad suggest a task-dependent abundance that is decoupled from age. Moreover, a GO term analysis shows an enrichment of task-related functions. We conclude that circular RNAs could be relevant for task allocation in honeybee and should be investigated further in this context.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{DiegmanngebWeissbach2019,
  author    = {Diegmann [geb. Weißbach], Susann},
  title     = {Identifizierung des Mutationsspektrums und Charakterisierung relevanter Mutationen im Multiplen Myelom},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-11480},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114800},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Das Multiple Myelom (MM) ist eine maligne B-Zell-Erkrankung, welche von einer großen Heterogenit{\"a}t auf der biologischen und klinischen Ebene sowie in der Therapieantwort gepr{\"a}gt ist. Durch die biologische Interpretation von whole exome sequencing (WES)-Daten der Tumor- und Normalproben von f{\"u}nf MM-Patienten und sechs MM-Zelllinien (ZL) sowie dem Einbezug von publizierten next generation sequencing (NGS)-Daten von 38 MM-Patienten konnten in dieser Dissertation sowohl somatische tumorrelevante Mutationen identifiziert als auch ein MM-spezifisches Signaltransduktionsnetzwerk definiert werden. Interessanterweise wurde in fast 100 \% der MM-Patienten mindestens eine Mutation und in ~50 \% der MM-Patienten sogar mehr als eine Mutation innerhalb dieses Netzwerkes beobachtet, was auf eine inter- und intra-individuelle Signalweg-Redundanz hinweist, die f{\"u}r die individuelle Therapieentscheidung m{\"o}glicherweise von Bedeutung sein k{\"o}nnte. Außerdem konnte best{\"a}tigt werden, dass identische, positionsspezifische und genspezifische Mutationen im MM selten wiederholt auftreten. Als h{\"a}ufig mutierte Gene im MM konnten KRAS, NRAS, LRP1B, FAM46C, WHSC1, ALOX12B, DIS3 und PKHD1 identifiziert werden. Interessanterweise wurde die DIS3-Mutation in der MM-ZL OPM2 gemeinsam mit einer copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CNLOH) im DIS3-Lokus detektiert, und in der MM-ZL AMO1 wurde eine noch nicht n{\"a}her charakterisierte KRAS-Mutation in Exon 4 in Verbindung mit einem copy number (CN)-Zugewinn und einer erh{\"o}hten KRAS-Genexpression gefunden. DIS3 ist ein enzymatisch aktiver Teil des humanen RNA-Exosom-Komplexes und KRAS ein zentrales Protein im RTK-Signalweg, wodurch genetische Aberrationen in diesen Genen m{\"o}glicherweise in der Entstehung oder Progression des MMs eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Daher wurde die gesamte coding sequence (CDS) der Gene DIS3 und KRAS an Tumorproben eines einheitlich behandelten Patientensets der DSMM-XI-Studie mit einem Amplikon-Tiefen-Sequenzierungsansatz untersucht. Das Patientenset bestand aus 81 MM-Patienten mit verf{\"u}gbaren zytogenetischen und klinischen Daten. Dies ergab Aufschluss {\"u}ber die Verteilung der Mutationen innerhalb der Gene und dem Vorkommen der Mutationen in Haupt- und Nebenklonen des Tumors. Des Weiteren wurde die Assoziation der Mutationen mit weiteren klassischen zytogenetischen Alterationen (z.B. Deletion von Chr 13q14, t(4;14)-Translokation) untersucht und der Einfluss der Mutationen in Haupt- und Nebenklonen auf den klinischen Verlauf und die Therapieantwort bestimmt. Besonders hervorzuheben war dabei die Entdeckung von sieben neuen Mutationen sowie drei zuvor unbeschriebenen hot spot-Mutationen an den Aminos{\"a}ure (AS)-Positionen p.D488, p.E665 und p.R780 in DIS3. Es wurde des Weiteren die Assoziation von DIS3-Mutationen mit einer Chr 13q14-Deletion und mit IGH-Translokationen best{\"a}tigt. Interessanterweise wurde ein niedrigeres medianes overall survival (OS) f{\"u}r MM-Patienten mit einer DIS3-Mutation sowie auch eine schlechtere Therapieantwort f{\"u}r MM-Patienten mit einer DIS3-Mutation im Nebenklon im Vergleich zum Hauptklon beobachtet. In KRAS konnten die bereits publizierten Mutationen best{\"a}tigt und keine Auswirkungen der KRAS-Mutationen in Haupt- oder Nebenklon auf den klinischen Verlauf oder die Therapieantwort erkannt werden. Erste siRNA vermittelte knockdown-Experimente von KRAS und {\"U}berexpressionsexperimente von KRAS-Wildtyp (WT) und der KRAS-Mutationen p.G12A, p.A146T und p.A146V mittels lentiviraler Transfektion zeigten eine Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Phosphorylierung von MEK1/2 und ERK1/2 von dem KRAS-Mutationsstatus. Zusammenfassend liefert die vorliegende Dissertation einen detaillierten Einblick in die molekularen Strukturen des MMs, vor allem im Hinblick auf die Rolle von DIS3 und KRAS bei der Tumorentwicklung und dem klinischen Verlauf.},
  subject      = {Plasmozytom},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MayerLoefflerLozaValdesetal.2019,
  author    = {Mayer, Alexander E. and L{\"o}ffler, Mona C. and Loza Vald{\´e}s, Angel E. and Schmitz, Werner and El-Merahbi, Rabih and Trujillo-Viera, Jonathan and Erk, Manuela and Zhang, Thianzhou and Braun, Ursula and Heikenwalder, Mathias and Leitges, Michael and Schulze, Almut and Sumara, Grzegorz},
  title     = {The kinase PKD3 provides negative feedback on cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis by suppressing insulin signaling},
  series = {Science Signaling},
  journal   = {Science Signaling},
  edition   = {accepted manuscript},
  doi       = {10.1126/scisignal.aav9150},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250025},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Hepatic activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms by diacylglycerol (DAG) promotes insulin resistance and contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The closely related protein kinase D (PKD) isoforms act as effectors for DAG and PKC. Here, we showed that PKD3 was the predominant PKD isoform expressed in hepatocytes and was activated by lipid overload. PKD3 suppressed the activity of downstream insulin effectors including the kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2). Hepatic deletion of PKD3 in mice improved insulin-induced glucose tolerance. However, increased insulin signaling in the absence of PKD3 promoted lipogenesis mediated by SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) and consequently increased triglyceride and cholesterol content in the livers of PKD3-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. Conversely, hepatic-specific overexpression of a constitutively active PKD3 mutant suppressed insulin-induced signaling and caused insulin resistance. Our results indicate that PKD3 provides feedback on hepatic lipid production and suppresses insulin signaling. Therefore, manipulation of PKD3 activity could be used to decrease hepatic lipid content or improve hepatic insulin sensitivity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hieke2019,
  author    = {Hieke, Marie},
  title     = {Synaptic arrangements and potential communication partners of \(Drosophila's\) PDF-containing clock neurons within the accessory medulla},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17598},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175988},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Endogenous clocks regulate physiological as well as behavioral rhythms within all organisms. They are well investigated in D. melanogaster on a molecular as well as anatomical level. The neuronal clock network within the brain represents the center for rhythmic activity control. One neuronal clock subgroup, the pigment dispersing factor (PDF) neurons, stands out for its importance in regulating rhythmic behavior. These neurons express the neuropeptide PDF (pigment dispersing factor). A small neuropil at the medulla's edge, the accessory medulla (AME), is of special interest, as it has been determined as the main center for clock control. It is not only highly innervated by the PDF neurons but also by terminals of all other clock neuron subgroups. Furthermore, terminals of the photoreceptors provide light information to the AME. Many different types of neurons converge within the AME and afterward spread to their next target. Thereby the AME is supplied with information from a variety of brain regions. Among these neurons are the aminergic ones whose receptors' are expressed in the PDF neurons. The present study sheds light onto putative synaptic partners and anatomical arrangements within the neuronal clock network, especially within the AME, as such knowledge is a prerequisite to understand circadian behavior. The aminergic neurons' conspicuous vicinity to the PDF neurons suggests synaptic communication among them. Thus, based on former anatomical studies regarding this issue detailed light microscopic studies have been performed. Double immunolabellings, analyses of the spatial relation of pre- and postsynaptic sites of the individual neuron populations with respect to each other and the identification of putative synaptic partners using GRASP reenforce the hypothesis of synaptic interactions within the AME between dopaminergic/ serotonergic neurons and the PDF neurons. To shed light on the synaptic partners I performed first steps in array tomography, as it allows terrific informative analyses of fluorescent signals on an ultrastructural level. Therefore, I tested different ways of sample preparation in order to achieve and optimize fluorescent signals on 100 nm thin tissue sections and I made overlays with electron microscopic images. Furthermore, I made assumptions about synaptic modulations within the neuronal clock network via glial cells. I detected their cell bodies in close vicinity to the AME and PDFcontaining clock neurons. It has already been shown that glial cells modulate the release of PDF from s-LNvs' terminals within the dorsal brain. On an anatomical level this modulation appears to exist also within the AME, as synaptic contacts that involve PDF-positive dendritic terminals are embedded into glial fibers. Intriguingly, these postsynaptic PDF fibers are often VIIAbstract part of dyadic or even multiple-contact sites in opposite to prolonged presynaptic active zonesimplicating complex neuronal interactions within the AME. To unravel possible mechanisms of such synaptic arrangements, I tried to localize the ABC transporter White. Its presence within glial cells would indicate a recycling mechanism of transmitted amines which allows their fast re-provision. Taken together, synapses accompanied by glial cells appear to be a common arrangement within the AME to regulate circadian behavior. The complexity of mechanisms that contribute in modulation of circadian information is reflected by the complex diversity of synaptic arrangements that involves obviously several types of neuron populations},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DopplerSchusterAppeltshauseretal.2019,
  author    = {Doppler, Kathrin and Schuster, Yasmin and Appeltshauser, Luise and Biko, Lydia and Villmann, Carmen and Weishaupt, Andreas and Werner, Christian and Sommer, Claudia},
  title     = {Anti-CNTN1 IgG3 induces acute conduction block and motor deficits in a passive transfer rat model},
  series = {Journal of Neuroinflammation},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Journal of Neuroinflammation},
  number    = {73},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12974-019-1462-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200476},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Background: Autoantibodies against the paranodal protein contactin-1 have recently been described in patients with severe acute-onset autoimmune neuropathies and mainly belong to the IgG4 subclass that does not activate complement. IgG3 anti-contactin-1 autoantibodies are rare, but have been detected during the acute onset of disease in some cases. There is evidence that anti-contactin-1 prevents adhesive interaction, and chronic exposure to anti-contactin-1 IgG4 leads to structural changes at the nodes accompanied by neuropathic symptoms. However, the pathomechanism of acute onset of disease and the pathogenic role of IgG3 anti-contactin-1 is largely unknown. Methods: In the present study, we aimed to model acute autoantibody exposure by intraneural injection of IgG of patients with anti-contacin-1 autoantibodies to Lewis rats. Patient IgG obtained during acute onset of disease (IgG3 predominant) and IgG from the chronic phase of disease (IgG4 predominant) were studied in comparison. Results: Conduction blocks were measured in rats injected with the "acute" IgG more often than after injection of "chronic" IgG (83.3\% versus 35\%) and proved to be reversible within a week after injection. Impaired nerve conduction was accompanied by motor deficits in rats after injection of the "acute" IgG but only minor structural changes of the nodes. Paranodal complement deposition was detected after injection of the "acute IgG". We did not detect any inflammatory infiltrates, arguing against an inflammatory cascade as cause of damage to the nerve. We also did not observe dispersion of paranodal proteins or sodium channels to the juxtaparanodes as seen in patients after chronic exposure to anti-contactin-1. Conclusions: Our data suggest that anti-contactin-1 IgG3 induces an acute conduction block that is most probably mediated by autoantibody binding and subsequent complement deposition and may account for acute onset of disease in these patients. This supports the notion of anti-contactin-1-associated neuropathy as a paranodopathy with the nodes of Ranvier as the site of pathogenesis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Voulgari‐KokotaAnkenbrandGrimmeretal.2019,
  author    = {Voulgari-Kokota, Anna and Ankenbrand, Markus J. and Grimmer, Gudrun and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Keller, Alexander},
  title     = {Linking pollen foraging of megachilid bees to their nest bacterial microbiota},
  series = {Ecology and Evolution},
  volume    = {2019},
  journal   = {Ecology and Evolution},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {00},
  doi       = {10.1002/ece3.5599},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201749},
  pages     = {10788-10800},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Solitary bees build their nests by modifying the interior of natural cavities, and they provision them with food by importing collected pollen. As a result, the microbiota of the solitary bee nests may be highly dependent on introduced materials. In order to investigate how the collected pollen is associated with the nest microbiota, we used metabarcoding of the ITS2 rDNA and the 16S rDNA to simultaneously characterize the pollen composition and the bacterial communities of 100 solitary bee nest chambers belonging to seven megachilid species. We found a weak correlation between bacterial and pollen alpha diversity and significant associations between the composition of pollen and that of the nest microbiota, contributing to the understanding of the link between foraging and bacteria acquisition for solitary bees. Since solitary bees cannot establish bacterial transmission routes through eusociality, this link could be essential for obtaining bacterial symbionts for this group of valuable pollinators.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BreitenbachLorenzDandekar2019,
  author    = {Breitenbach, Tim and Lorenz, Kristina and Dandekar, Thomas},
  title     = {How to steer and control ERK and the ERK signaling cascade exemplified by looking at cardiac insufficiency},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms20092179},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285164},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Mathematical optimization framework allows the identification of certain nodes within a signaling network. In this work, we analyzed the complex extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) cascade in cardiomyocytes using the framework to find efficient adjustment screws for this cascade that is important for cardiomyocyte survival and maladaptive heart muscle growth. We modeled optimal pharmacological intervention points that are beneficial for the heart, but avoid the occurrence of a maladaptive ERK1/2 modification, the autophosphorylation of ERK at threonine 188 (ERK\(^{Thr188}\) phosphorylation), which causes cardiac hypertrophy. For this purpose, a network of a cardiomyocyte that was fitted to experimental data was equipped with external stimuli that model the pharmacological intervention points. Specifically, two situations were considered. In the first one, the cardiomyocyte was driven to a desired expression level with different treatment strategies. These strategies were quantified with respect to beneficial effects and maleficent side effects and then which one is the best treatment strategy was evaluated. In the second situation, it was shown how to model constitutively activated pathways and how to identify drug targets to obtain a desired activity level that is associated with a healthy state and in contrast to the maleficent expression pattern caused by the constitutively activated pathway. An implementation of the algorithms used for the calculations is also presented in this paper, which simplifies the application of the presented framework for drug targeting, optimal drug combinations and the systematic and automatic search for pharmacological intervention points. The codes were designed such that they can be combined with any mathematical model given by ordinary differential equations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fleischmann2019,
  author    = {Fleischmann, Pauline Nikola},
  title     = {Starting foraging life: Early calibration and daily use of the navigational system in \(Cataglyphis\) ants},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-15995},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159951},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Cataglyphis ants are famous for their navigational abilities. They live in hostile habitats where they forage as solitary scavengers covering distances of more than hundred thousand times their body lengths. To return to their nest with a prey item - mainly other dead insects that did not survive the heat - Cataglyphis ants constantly keep track of their directions and distances travelled. The navigational strategy is called path integration, and it enables an ant to return to the nest in a straight line using its home vector. Cataglyphis ants mainly rely on celestial compass cues, like the position of the sun or the UV polarization pattern, to determine directions, and they use an idiothetic step counter and optic flow to measure distances. In addition, they acquire information about visual, olfactory and tactile landmarks, and the wind direction to increase their chances of returning to the nest safe and sound. Cataglyphis' navigational performance becomes even more impressive if one considers their life style. Most time of their lives, the ants stay underground and perform tasks within the colony. When they start their foraging careers outside the nest, they have to calibrate their compass systems and acquire all information necessary for navigation during subsequent foraging. This navigational toolkit is not instantaneously available, but has to be filled with experience. For that reason, Cataglyphis ants perform a striking behavior for up to three days before actually foraging. These so-called learning walks are crucial for the success as foragers later on. In the present thesis, both the ontogeny and the fine-structure of learning walks has been investigated. Here I show with displacement experiments that Cataglyphis ants need enough space and enough time to perform learning walks. Spatially restricted novices, i. e. na{\"i}ve ants, could not find back to the nest when tested as foragers later on. Furthermore, ants have to perform several learning walks over 1-3 days to gain landmark information for successful homing as foragers. An increasing number of feeder visits also increases the importance of landmark information, whereas in the beginning ants fully rely on their path-integration vector. Learning walks are well-structured. High-speed video analysis revealed that Cataglyphis ants include species-specific rotational elements in their learning walks. Greek Cataglyphis ants (C. noda and C. aenescens) inhabiting a cluttered pine forest perform voltes, small walked circles, and pirouettes, tight turns about the body axis with frequent stopping phases. During the longest stopping phases, the ants gaze back to their nest entrance. The Tunisian Cataglyphis fortis ants inhabiting featureless saltpans only perform voltes without directed gazes. The function of voltes has not yet been revealed. In contrast, the fine structure of pirouettes suggests that the ants take snapshots of the panorama towards their homing direction to memorize the nest's surroundings. The most likely hypothesis was that Cataglyphis ants align the gaze directions using their path integrator, which gets directional input from celestial cues during foraging. To test this hypothesis, a manipulation experiment was performed changing the celestial cues above the nest entrance (no sun, no natural polarization pattern, no UV light). The accurately directed gazes to the nest entrance offer an easily quantifiable readout suitable to ask the ants where they expect their nest entrance. Unexpectedly, all novices performing learning walks under artificial sky conditions looked back to the nest entrance. This was especially surprising, because neuronal changes in the mushroom bodies and the central complex receiving visual input could only be induced with the natural sky when comparing test animals with interior workers. The behavioral findings indicated that Cataglyphis ants use another directional reference system to align their gaze directions during the longest stopping phases of learning walk pirouettes. One possibility was the earth's magnetic field. Indeed, already disarraying the geomagnetic field at the nest entrance with an electromagnetic flat coil indicated that the ants use magnetic information to align their looks back to the nest entrance. To investigate this finding further, ants were confronted with a controlled magnetic field using a Helmholtz coil. Elimination of the horizontal field component led to undirected gaze directions like the disarray did. Rotating the magnetic field about 90°, 180° or -90° shifted the ants' gaze directions in a predictable manner. Therefore, the earth's magnetic field is a necessary and sufficient reference system for aligning nest-centered gazes during learning-walk pirouettes. Whether it is additionally used for other navigational purposes, e. g. for calibrating the solar ephemeris, remains to be tested. Maybe the voltes performed by all Cataglyphis ant species investigated so far can help to answer this question..},
  subject      = {Cataglyphis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schubert2019,
  author    = {Schubert, Frank Klaus},
  title     = {The circadian clock network of \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157136},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {All living organisms need timekeeping mechanisms to track and anticipate cyclic changes in their environment. The ability to prepare for and respond to daily and seasonal changes is endowed by circadian clocks. The systemic features and molecular mechanisms that drive circadian rhythmicity are highly conserved across kingdoms. Therefore, Drosophila melanogaster with its relatively small brain (ca. 135.000 neurons) and the outstanding genetic tools that are available, is a perfect model to investigate the properties and relevance of the circadian system in a complex, but yet comprehensible organism. The last 50 years of chronobiological research in the fruit fly resulted in a deep understanding of the molecular machinery that drives circadian rhythmicity, and various histological studies revealed the neural substrate of the circadian system. However, a detailed neuroanatomical and physiological description on the single-cell level has still to be acquired. Thus, I employed a multicolor labeling approach to characterize the clock network of Drosophila melanogaster with single-cell resolution and additionally investigated the putative in- and output sites of selected neurons. To further study the functional hierarchy within the clock network and to monitor the "ticking clock" over the course of several circadian cycles, I established a method, which allows us to follow the accumulation and degradation of the core clock genes in living brain explants by the means of bioluminescence imaging of single-cells.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchlegelPetersDooseetal.2019,
  author    = {Schlegel, Jan and Peters, Simon and Doose, S{\"o}ren and Schubert-Unkmeir, Alexandra and Sauer, Markus},
  title     = {Super-resolution microscopy reveals local accumulation of plasma membrane gangliosides at Neisseria meningitidis Invasion Sites},
  series = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology},
  number    = {194},
  doi       = {10.3389/fcell.2019.00194},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201639},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for epidemic meningitis and sepsis worldwide. A critical step in the development of meningitis is the interaction of bacteria with cells forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which requires tight adhesion of the pathogen to highly specialized brain endothelial cells. Two endothelial receptors, CD147 and the β2-adrenergic receptor, have been found to be sequentially recruited by meningococci involving the interaction with type IV pilus. Despite the identification of cellular key players in bacterial adhesion the detailed mechanism of invasion is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated cellular dynamics and mobility of the type IV pilus receptor CD147 upon treatment with pili enriched fractions and specific antibodies directed against two extracellular Ig-like domains in living human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Modulation of CD147 mobility after ligand binding revealed by single-molecule tracking experiments demonstrates receptor activation and indicates plasma membrane rearrangements. Exploiting the binding of Shiga (STxB) and Cholera toxin B (CTxB) subunits to the two native plasma membrane sphingolipids globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and raft-associated monosialotetrahexosylganglioside GM1, respectively, we investigated their involvement in bacterial invasion by super-resolution microscopy. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) unraveled accumulation and coating of meningococci with GM1 upon cellular uptake. Blocking of CTxB binding sites did not impair bacterial adhesion but dramatically reduced bacterial invasion efficiency. In addition, cell cycle arrest in G1 phase induced by serum starvation led to an overall increase of GM1 molecules in the plasma membrane and consequently also in bacterial invasion efficiency. Our results will help to understand downstream signaling events after initial type IV pilus-host cell interactions and thus have general impact on the development of new therapeutics targeting key molecules involved in infection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BartelPeinPopperetal.2019,
  author    = {Bartel, Karin and Pein, Helmut and Popper, Bastian and Schmitt, Sabine and Janaki-Raman, Sudha and Schulze, Almut and Lengauer, Florian and Koeberle, Andreas and Werz, Oliver and Zischka, Hans and M{\"u}ller, Rolf and Vollmar, Angelika M. and Schwarzenberg, Karin von},
  title     = {Connecting lysosomes and mitochondria - a novel role for lipid metabolism in cancer cell death},
  series = {Cell Communication and Signaling},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Cell Communication and Signaling},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12964-019-0399-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221524},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Background The understanding of lysosomes has been expanded in recent research way beyond their view as cellular trash can. Lysosomes are pivotal in regulating metabolism, endocytosis and autophagy and are implicated in cancer. Recently it was discovered that the lysosomal V-ATPase, which is known to induce apoptosis, interferes with lipid metabolism in cancer, yet the interplay between these organelles is poorly understood. Methods LC-MS/MS analysis was performed to investigate lipid distribution in cells. Cell survival and signaling pathways were analyzed by means of cell biological methods (qPCR, Western Blot, flow cytometry, CellTiter-Blue). Mitochondrial structure was analyzed by confocal imaging and electron microscopy, their function was determined by flow cytometry and seahorse measurements. Results Our data reveal that interfering with lysosomal function changes composition and subcellular localization of triacylglycerids accompanied by an upregulation of PGC1α and PPARα expression, master regulators of energy and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, cardiolipin content is reduced driving mitochondria into fission, accompanied by a loss of membrane potential and reduction in oxidative capacity, which leads to a deregulation in cellular ROS and induction of mitochondria-driven apoptosis. Additionally, cells undergo a metabolic shift to glutamine dependency, correlated with the fission phenotype and sensitivity to lysosomal inhibition, most prominent in Ras mutated cells. Conclusion This study sheds mechanistic light on a largely uninvestigated triangle between lysosomes, lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Insight into this organelle crosstalk increases our understanding of mitochondria-driven cell death. Our findings furthermore provide a first hint on a connection of Ras pathway mutations and sensitivity towards lysosomal inhibitors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrebinykPrylutskaGrebinyketal.2019,
  author    = {Grebinyk, Anna and Prylutska, Svitlana and Grebinyk, Sergii and Prylutskyy, Yuriy and Ritter, Uwe and Matyshevska, Olga and Dandekar, Thomas and Frohme, Marcus},
  title     = {Complexation with C\(_{60}\) fullerene increases doxorubicin efficiency against leukemic cells in vitro},
  series = {Nanoscale Research Letters},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Nanoscale Research Letters},
  number    = {61},
  doi       = {10.1186/s11671-019-2894-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228257},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Conventional anticancer chemotherapy is limited because of severe side effects as well as a quickly evolving multidrug resistance of the tumor cells. To address this problem, we have explored a C\(_{60}\) fullerene-based nanosized system as a carrier for anticancer drugs for an optimized drug delivery to leukemic cells.Here, we studied the physicochemical properties and anticancer activity of C\(_{60}\) fullerene noncovalent complexes with the commonly used anticancer drug doxorubicin. C\(_{60}\)-Doxorubicin complexes in a ratio 1:1 and 2:1 were characterized with UV/Vis spectrometry, dynamic light scattering, and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The obtained analytical data indicated that the 140-nm complexes were stable and could be used for biological applications. In leukemic cell lines (CCRF-CEM, Jurkat, THP1 and Molt-16), the nanocomplexes revealed 3.5 higher cytotoxic potential in comparison with the free drug in a range of nanomolar concentrations. Also, the intracellular drug's level evidenced C\(_{60}\) fullerene considerable nanocarrier function.The results of this study indicated that C\(_{60}\) fullerene-based delivery nanocomplexes had a potential value for optimization of doxorubicin efficiency against leukemic cells.},
  language  = {en}
}