@phdthesis{Kistenpfennig2012,
  author    = {Kistenpfennig, Christa},
  title     = {Rhodopsin 7 and Cryptochrome - circadian photoreception in Drosophila},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72209},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Many organisms evolved an endogenous clock to adapt to the daily environmental changes caused by the earth's rotation. Light is the primary time cue ("Zeitgeber") for entrainment of circadian clocks to the external 24-h day. In Drosophila, several visual pigments are known to mediate synchronization to light: The blue-light photopigment Cryptochrome (CRY) and six well-described rhodopsins (Rh1-Rh6). CRY is present in the majority of clock neurons as well as in the compound eyes, whereas the location of rhodopsins is restricted to the photoreceptive organs - the compound eyes, the ocelli and the HB-eyelets. CRY is thought to represent the key photoreceptor of Drosophila's circadian clock. Nevertheless, mutant flies lacking CRY (cry01) are able to synchronize their locomotor activity rhythms to light-dark (LD) cycles, but need significantly longer than wild-type flies. In this behavior, cry01 mutants strongly resemble mammalian species that do not possess any internal photoreceptors and perceive light information exclusively through their photoreceptive organs (eyes). Thus, a mammalian-like phase-shifting behavior would be expected in cry01 flies. We investigated this issue by monitoring a phase response curve (PRC) of cry01 and wild-type flies to 1-h light pulses of 1000 lux irradiance. Indeed, cry01 mutants produced a mammalian-similar so called type 1 PRC of comparatively low amplitude (< 25\% of wild-type) with phase delays to light pulses during the early subjective night and phase advances to light pulses during the late subjective night (~1 h each). Despite the predominant role of CRY, the visual system contributes to the light sensitivity of the fly's circadian clock, mainly around dawn and dusk. Furthermore, this phase shifting allows for the slow re-entrainment which we observed in cry01 mutants to 8-h phase delays of the LD 12 h:12 h cycle. However, cry01 also showed surprising differences in their shifting ability: First of all, their PRC was characterized by a second dead zone in the middle of the subjective night (ZT17-ZT19) in addition to the usual unresponsiveness during the subjective day. Second, in contrast to wild-type flies, cry01 mutants did not increase their shift of activity rhythms neither in response to longer stimuli nor to light pulses of higher irradiance. In contrast, both 6-h light pulses of 1000 lux and 1-h light pulses of 10,000 lux light intensity during the early subjective night even resulted in phase advances instead of the expected delays. Thus, CRY seems to be not only responsible for the high light sensitivity of the wild-type circadian clock, but is apparently also involved in integrating and processing light information. Rhodopsin 7 (Rh7) is a yet uncharacterized protein, but became a good photoreceptor candidate due to sequence similarities to the six known Drosophila Rhs. The second part of this thesis investigated the expression pattern of Rh7 and its possible functions, especially in circadian photoreception. Furthermore, we were interested in a potential interaction with CRY and thus, tested cry01 and rh70 cry01 mutants as well. Rh1 is the main visual pigment of the Drosophila compound eye and expressed in six out of eight photoreceptors cells (R1-R6) in each of the ~800 ommatidia. Motion vision depends exclusively on Rh1 function but, moreover, Rh1 plays an important structural role and assures proper photoreceptor cell development and maintenance. In order to investigate its possible photoreceptive function, we expressed Rh7 in place of Rh1. Rh7 was indeed able to overtake the role of Rh1 in both aspects: It prevented retinal degeneration and mediated the optomotor response (OR), a motion vision-dependent behavior. At the transcriptional level, rh7 is expressed at approximately equal amounts in adult fly brains and retinas. Due to a reduced specificity of anti-Rh7 antibodies, we could not verify this result at the protein level. However, analysis of rh7 null mutants (rh70) suggested different Rh7 functions in vivo. Previous experiments strongly indicated an increased sensitivity of the compound eyes in the absence of Rh7 and suggested impaired light adaptation. We aimed to test this hypothesis at the levels of circadian photoreception. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable output of the circadian clock. Rh70 mutant flies generally displayed a wild-type similar bimodal activity pattern comprising morning (M) and evening (E) activity bouts. Activity monitoring supported the proposed "shielding" function, since rh70 mutants behaved like wild-type flies experiencing high irradiances. Under all investigated conditions, their activity peaks lay further apart resulting in a prolonged midday break. The behavior of cry01 mutants was mainly characterized by an unexpectedly high flexibility in the timing of M and E activity bouts which allowed tracking of lights-on and lights-off even under extreme photoperiods. Activity profiles of the corresponding rh70 cry01 double mutants reflected neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects of Rh7 and CRY and were dominated by a broad E activity peak. In the future, the different circadian phenotypes will be further investigated on the molecular level by analysis of clock protein cycling in the underlying pacemaker neurons. The work of this thesis confirmed that Rh7 is indeed able to work as a photoreceptor and to initiate the classical phototransduction cascade. On the other hand, it provided further evidence at the levels of circadian photoreception that Rh7 might serve as a shielding pigment for Rh1 in vivo, thereby mediating proper light adaptation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kapustjansky2011,
  author    = {Kapustjansky, Alexander},
  title     = {In vivo imaging and optogenetic approach to study the formation of olfactory memory and locomotor behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69535},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Understanding of complex interactions and events in a nervous system, leading from the molecular level up to certain behavioural patterns calls for interdisciplinary interactions of various research areas. The goal of the presented work is to achieve such an interdisciplinary approach to study and manipulate animal behaviour and its underlying mechanisms. Optical in vivo imaging is a new constantly evolving method, allowing one to study not only the local but also wide reaching activity in the nervous system. Due to ease of its genetic accessibility Drosophila melanogaster represents an extraordinary experimental organism to utilize not only imaging but also various optogenetic techniques to study the neuronal underpinnings of behaviour. In this study four genetically encoded sensors were used to investigate the temporal dynamics of cAMP concentration changes in the horizontal lobes of the mushroom body, a brain area important for learning and memory, in response to various physiological and pharmacological stimuli. Several transgenic lines with various genomic insertion sites for the sensor constructs Epac1, Epac2, Epac2K390E and HCN2 were screened for the best signal quality, one line was selected for further experiments. The in vivo functionality of the sensor was assessed via pharmacological application of 8-bromo-cAMP as well as Forskolin, a substance stimulating cAMP producing adenylyl cyclases. This was followed by recording of the cAMP dynamics in response to the application of dopamine and octopamine, as well as to the presentation of electric shock, odorants or a simulated olfactory signal, induced by acetylcholine application to the observed brain area. In addition the interaction between the shock and the simulated olfactory signal by simultaneous presentation of both stimuli was studied. Preliminary results are supporting a coincidence detection mechanism at the level of the adenylyl cyclase as postulated by the present model for classical olfactory conditioning. In a second series of experiments an effort was made to selecticvely activate a subset of neurons via the optogenetic tool Channelrhodopsin (ChR2). This was achieved by recording the behaviour of the fly in a walking ball paradigm. A new method was developed to analyse the walking behaviour of the animal whose brain was made optically accessible via a dissection technique, as used for imaging, thus allowing one to target selected brain areas. Using the Gal4-UAS system the protocerebral bridge, a substructure of the central complex, was highlighted by expressing the ChR2 tagged by fluorescent protein EYFP. First behavioural recordings of such specially prepared animals were made. Lastly a new experimental paradigm for single animal conditioning was developed (Shock Box). Its design is based on the established Heat Box paradigm, however in addition to spatial and operant conditioning available in the Heat Box, the design of the new paradigm allows one to set up experiments to study classical and semioperant olfactory conditioning, as well as semioperant place learning and operant no idleness experiments. First experiments involving place learning were successfully performed in the new apparatus.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mishra2011,
  author    = {Mishra, Dushyant},
  title     = {The content of olfactory memory in larval Drosophila},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66316},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {An animal depends heavily on its sense of smell and its ability to form olfactory associations as this is crucial for its survival. This thesis studies in two parts about such associative olfactory learning in larval Drosophila. The first part deals with different aspects of odour processing while the second part is concerned with aspects related to memory and learning. Chapter I.1 highlights how odour intensities could be integrated into the olfactory percept of larval Drosophila. I first describe the dose-effect curves of learnability across odour intensities for different odours and then choose odour intensities from these curves such that larvae are trained at intermediate odour intensity, but are tested for retention with either that trained intermediate odour intensity, or with respectively HIGHer or LOWer intensities. I observe a specificity of retention for the trained intensity for all the odours used. Further I compare these findings with the case of adult Drosophila and propose a circuit level model of how such intensity coding comes about. Such intensity specificity of learning adds to appreciate the richness in 'content' of olfactory memory traces, and to define the demands on computational models of olfaction and olfactory learning. Chapter I.2 provides a behaviour-based estimate of odour similarity using four different types of experiments to yield a combined, task-independent estimate of perceived difference between odour-pairs. Further comparison of these perceived differences to published measures of physico- chemical difference reveals a weak correlation. Notable exceptions to this correlation are 3-octanol and benzaldehyde. Chapter I.3 shows for two odours (3-octanol and 1-octene-3-ol) that perceptual differences between these odours can either be ignored after non-discriminative training (generalization), or accentuated by odour-specific reinforcement (discrimination). Anosmic Or83b1 mutants have lost these faculties, indicating that this adaptive adjustment is taking place downstream of Or83b expressing sensory neurons. Chapter II.1 of this thesis deals with food supplementation with dried roots of Rhodiola rosea. This dose-dependently improves odour- reward associative function in larval Drosophila. Supplementing fly food with commercially available tablets or extracts, however, does not have a 'cognitive enhancing' effect, potentially enabling us to differentiate between the effective substances in the root versus these preparations. Thus Drosophila as a genetically tractable study case should now allow accelerated analyses of the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie this 'cognitive enhancement' conveyed by Rhodiola rosea. Chapter II.2 describes the role of Synapsin, an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein using a combined behavioural and genetic approach and asks where and how, this protein affects functions in associative plasticity of larval Drosophila. This study shows that a Synapsin-dependent memory trace can be pinpointed to the mushroom bodies, a 'cortical' brain region of the insects. On the molecular level, data in this study assign Synapsin as a behaviourally- relevant effector of the AC-cAMP-PKA cascade.},
  subject      = {Drosophila},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Aso2010,
  author    = {Aso, Yoshinori},
  title     = {Dissecting the neuronal circuit for olfactory learning in Drosophila},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55483},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This thesis consists of three major chapters, each of which has been separately published or under the process for publication. The first chapter is about anatomical characterization of the mushroom body of adult Drosophila melanogaster. The mushroom body is the center for olfactory learning and many other functions in the insect brains. The functions of the mushroom body have been studied by utilizing the GAL4/UAS gene expression system. The present study characterized the expression patterns of the commonly used GAL4 drivers for the mushroom body intrinsic neurons, Kenyon cells. Thereby, we revealed the numerical composition of the different types of Kenyon cells and found one subtype of the Kenyon cells that have not been described. The second and third chapters together demonstrate that the multiple types of dopaminergic neurons mediate the aversive reinforcement signals to the mushroom body. They induce the parallel memory traces that constitute the different temporal domains of the aversive odor memory. In prior to these chapters, "General introduction and discussion" section reviews and discuss about the current understanding of neuronal circuit for olfactory learning in Drosophila.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jauch2010,
  author    = {Jauch, Mandy},
  title     = {Die Serin/Arginin Proteinkinase 79D (SRPK79D) von Drosophila melanogaster und ihre Rolle bei der Bildung Aktiver Zonen von Synapsen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53974},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Synapsen als Stellen der Kommunikation zwischen Neuronen besitzen spezialisierte Bereiche - Aktive Zonen (AZs) genannt -, die aus einem hoch komplexen Netzwerk von Proteinen aufgebaut sind und die Maschinerie f{\"u}r den Prozess der Neurotransmitter-Aussch{\"u}ttung und das Vesikel-Recycling beinhalten. In Drosophila ist das Protein Bruchpilot (BRP) ein wichtiger Baustein f{\"u}r die T-f{\"o}rmigen B{\"a}nder („T-Bars") der pr{\"a}synaptischen Aktiven Zonen. BRP ist notwendig f{\"u}r eine intakte Struktur der Aktiven Zone und eine normale Exocytose von Neurotransmitter-Vesikeln. Auf der Suche nach Mutationen, welche die Verteilung von Bruchpilot im Gewebe beeintr{\"a}chtigen, wurde eine P-Element-Insertion im Gen CG11489 an der Position 79D identifiziert, welches eine Kinase kodiert, die einen hohen Grad an Homologie zur Familie der SR Proteinkinasen (SRPKs) von S{\"a}ugern aufweist. Die Mitglieder dieser Familie zeichnen sich durch eine evolution{\"a}r hoch konservierte zweigeteilte Kinasedom{\"a}ne aus, die durch eine nicht konservierte Spacer-Sequenz unterbrochen ist. SRPKs phosphorylieren SR-Proteine, die zu einer evolution{\"a}r hoch konservierten Familie Serin/Arginin-reicher Spleißfaktoren geh{\"o}ren und konstitutive sowie alternative Spleißprozesse steuern und damit auf post-transkriptioneller Ebene die Genexpression regulieren. Mutation des Srpk79D-Gens durch die P-Element-Insertion (Srpk79DP1) oder eine Deletion im Gen (Srpk79DVN Nullmutante) f{\"u}hrt zu auff{\"a}lligen BRP-Akkumulationen in larvalen und adulten Nerven. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass diese BRP-Akkumulationen auf Ultrastruktur-Ebene ausgedehnten axonalen Agglomeraten elektronendichter B{\"a}nder entsprechen und von klaren Vesikeln umgeben sind. Charakterisierung durch Immuno-Elektronenmikroskopie ergab, dass diese Strukturen BRP-immunoreaktiv sind. Um die Bildung BRP-enthaltender Agglomerate in Axonen zu verhindern und damit eine intakte Gehirnfunktion zu gew{\"a}hrleisten, scheint die SRPK79D nur auf niedrigem Niveau exprimiert zu werden, da die endogene Kinase mit verschiedenen Antik{\"o}rpern nicht nachweisbar war. Wie in anderen Arbeiten gezeigt werden konnte, ist die Expression der PB-, PC- oder PF-Isoform der vier m{\"o}glichen SRPK79D-Varianten, die durch alternativen Transkriptionsstart in Exon eins beziehungsweise drei und alternatives Spleißen von Exon sieben zustande kommen, zur Rettung des Ph{\"a}notyps der BRP-Akkumulation im Srpk79DVN Nullmutanten-Hintergrund ausreichend. Zur Charakterisierung der Rescue-Eigenschaften der SRPK79D-PE-Isoform wurde mit der Klonierung der cDNA in einen UAS-Vektor begonnen. Offenbar beruht die Bildung der axonalen BRP-Agglomerate nicht auf einer {\"U}berexpression von BRP in den betroffenen Neuronen, denn auch bei reduzierter Expression des BRP-Proteins im Srpk79DVN Nullmutanten-Hintergrund entstehen die BRP-Agglomerate. In K{\"o}pfen der Srpk79DVN Nullmutante ist die Gesamtmenge an Bruchpilot-Protein im Vergleich zum Wildtyp nicht deutlich ver{\"a}ndert. Auch die auf Protein-Ebene untersuchte Expression der verschiedenen Isoformen der pr{\"a}synaptischen Proteine Synapsin, Sap47 und CSP weicht in der Srpk79DVN Nullmutante nicht wesentlich von der Wildtyp-Situation ab, sodass sich keine Hinweise auf ver{\"a}ndertes Spleißen der entsprechenden pr{\"a}-mRNAs ergeben. Jedes der sieben bekannten SR-Proteine von Drosophila ist ein potentielles Zielprotein der SRPK79D. Knock-down-Experimente f{\"u}r die drei hier untersuchten SR-Proteine SC35, X16/9G8 und B52/SRp55 im gesamten Nervensystem durch RNA-Interferenz zeigten allerdings keinen Effekt auf die Verteilung von BRP im Gewebe. Hinsichtlich der Flugf{\"a}higkeit der Tiere hat die Srpk79DVN Nullmutation keinen additiven Effekt zum Knock-down des BRP-Proteins, denn die Doppelmutanten zeigten bei der Bestimmung des Anteils an flugunf{\"a}higen Tieren vergleichbare Werte wie die Einzelmutanten, die entweder die Nullmutation im Srpk79D-Gen trugen, oder BRP reduziert exprimierten. Vermutlich sind Bruchpilot und die SR Proteinkinase 79D somit Teil desselben Signalwegs. Durch Doppelf{\"a}rbungen mit Antik{\"o}rpern gegen BRP und CAPA-Peptide wurde abschließend entdeckt, dass Bruchpilot auch im Median- und Transvers-Nervensystem (MeN/TVN) von Drosophila zu finden ist, welche die Neuroh{\"a}mal-Organe beherbergen. Aufgabe dieser Organe ist die Speicherung und Aussch{\"u}ttung von Neuropeptid-Hormonen. Daher ist zu vermuten, dass das BRP-Protein neben Funktionen bei der Neurotransmitter-Exocytose m{\"o}glicherweise eine Rolle bei der Aussch{\"u}ttung von Neuropeptiden spielt. Anders als in den Axonen der larvalen Segmental- und Intersegmentalnerven der Srpk79DVN Nullmutante, die charakteristische BRP-Agglomerate aufweisen, hat die Mutation des Srpk79D-Gens in den Axonen der Va-Neurone, die das MeN/TVN-System bilden, keinen sichtbaren Effekt auf die Verteilung von Brp, denn das Muster bei F{\"a}rbung gegen BRP weist keine deutlichen Ver{\"a}nderungen zum Wildtyp auf.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schmid2010,
  author    = {Schmid, Benjamin},
  title     = {Computational tools for the segmentation and registration of confocal brain images of Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51490},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Neuroanatomical data in fly brain research are mostly available as spatial gene expression patterns of genetically distinct fly strains. The Drosophila standard brain, which was developed in the past to provide a reference coordinate system, can be used to integrate these data. Working with the standard brain requires advanced image processing methods, including visualisation, segmentation and registration. The previously published VIB Protocol addressed the problem of image registration. Unfortunately, its usage was severely limited by the necessity of manually labelling a predefined set of neuropils in the brain images at hand. In this work I present novel tools to facilitate the work with the Drosophila standard brain. These tools are integrated in a well-known open-source image processing framework which can potentially serve as a common platform for image analysis in the neuroanatomical research community: ImageJ. In particular, a hardware-accelerated 3D visualisation framework was developed for ImageJ which extends its limited 3D visualisation capabilities. It is used for the development of a novel semi-automatic segmentation method, which implements automatic surface growing based on user-provided seed points. Template surfaces, incorporated with a modified variant of an active surface model, complement the segmentation. An automatic nonrigid warping algorithm is applied, based on point correspondences established through the extracted surfaces. Finally, I show how the individual steps can be fully automated, and demonstrate its application for the successful registration of fly brain images. The new tools are freely available as ImageJ plugins. I compare the results obtained by the introduced methods with the output of the VIB Protocol and conclude that our methods reduce the required effort five to ten fold. Furthermore, reproducibility and accuracy are enhanced using the proposed tools.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Triphan2009,
  author    = {Triphan, Tilman},
  title     = {The Central Control of Gap Climbing Behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43666},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In this work, a behavioural analysis of different mutants of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been carried out. Primarily, the gap climbing behaviour (Pick \& Strauss, 2005) has been assayed as it lends itself for the investigation of decision making processes and the neuronal basis of adaptive behaviour. Furthermore it shows how basic motor actions can be combined into a complex motor behaviour. Thanks to the neurogenetic methods, Drosophila melanogaster has become an ideal study object for neurobiological questions. Two different modules of climbing control have been examined in detail. For the decision making, the mutant climbing sisyphus was analysed. While wild-type flies adapt the initiation of climbing behaviour to the width of the gap and the probability for a successful transition. climbing sisyphus flies initiate climbing behaviour even at clearly insurmountable gap widths. The climbing success itself is not improved in comparison to the wild-type siblings. The mutant climbing sisyphus is a rare example of a hyperactive mutant besides many mutants that show a reduced activity. Basic capabilities in vision have been tested in an optomotor and a distance-estimation paradigm. Since they are not affected, a defect in decision making is most probably the cause of this behavioural aberration. A second module of climbing control is keeping up orientation towards the opposite side of the gap during the execution of climbing behaviour. Mutants with a structural defect in the protocerebral bridge show abnormal climbing behaviour. During the climbing attempt, the longitudinal body axis does not necessarily point into the direction of the opposite side. Instead, many climbing events are initiated at the side edge of the walking block into the void and have no chance to ever succeed. The analysed mutants are not blind. In one of the mutants, tay bridge1 (tay1) a partial rescue attempt used to map the function in the brain succeeded such that the state of the bridge was restored. That way, a visual targeting mechanism has been activated, allowing the flies to target the opposite side. When the visibility of the opposing side was reduced, the rescued flies went back to a tay1 level of directional scatter. The results are in accord with the idea that the bridge is a central constituent of the visual targeting mechanism. The tay1 mutant was also analysed in other behavioural paradigms. A reduction in walking speed and walking activity in this mutant could be rescued by the expression of UAS-tay under the control of the 007Y-GAL4 driver line, which concomitantly restores the structure of the protocerebral bridge. The separation of bridge functions from functions of other parts of the brain of tay1 was accomplished by rescuing the reduced optomotor compensation in tay1 by the mb247-GAL4>UAS-tay driver. While still having a tay1-like protocerebral bridge, mb247-GAL4 rescue flies are able to compensate at wild-type levels. An intact compensation is not depended on the tay expression in the mushroom bodies, as mushroom body ablated flies with a tay1 background and expression of UAS-tay under the control of mb247-GAL4 show wild-type behaviour as well. The most likely substrate for the function are currently unidentified neurons in the fan-shaped body, that can be stained with 007Y-GAL4 and mb247-GAL4 as well.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bertolucci2008,
  author    = {Bertolucci, Franco},
  title     = {Operant and classical learning in Drosophila melanogaster: the ignorant gene (ign)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33984},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {One of the major challenges in neuroscience is to understand the neuronal processes that underlie learning and memory. For example, what biochemical pathways underlie the coincidence detection between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between an action and its consequences during operant conditioning? In which neural substructures is this information stored? How similar are the pathways mediating these two types of associative learning and at which level do they diverge? The fly Drosophila melanogaster is an appropriate model organism to address these questions due to the availability of suitable learning paradigms and neurogenetic tools. It permits an extensive study of the functional role of the gene S6KII which in Drosophila had been found to be differentially involved in classical and operant conditioning (Bertolucci, 2002; Putz et al., 2004). Genomic rescue experiments showed that olfactory conditioning in the Tully machine, a paradigm for Pavlovian olfactory conditioning, depends on the presence of an intact S6KII gene. This rescue was successfully performed on both the null mutant and a partial deletion, suggesting that the removal of the phosphorylating unit of the kinase was the main cause of the functional defect. The GAL4/UAS system was used to achieve temporal and spatial control of S6KII expression. It was shown that expression of the kinase during the adult stage was essential for the rescue. This finding ruled out a developmental origin of the mutant learning phenotype. Furthermore, targeted spatial rescue of S6KII revealed a requirement in the mushroom bodies and excluded other brain structures like the median bundle, the antennal lobes and the central complex. This pattern is very similar to the one previously identified with the rutabaga mutant (Zars et al., 2000). Experiments with the double mutant rut, ign58-1 suggest that both rutabaga and S6KII operate in the same signalling pathway. Previous studies had already shown that deviating results from operant and classical conditioning point to different roles for S6KII in the two types of learning (Bertolucci, 2002; Putz, 2002). This conclusion was further strengthened by the defective performance of the transgenic lines in place learning and their normal behavior in olfactory conditioning. A novel type of learning experiment, called "idle experiment", was designed. It is based on the conditioning of the walking activity and represents a purely operant task, overcoming some of the limitations of the "standard" heat-box experiment, a place learning paradigm. The novel nature of the idle experiment allowed exploring "learned helplessness" in flies, unveiling astonishing similarities to more complex organisms such as rats, mice and humans. Learned helplessness in Drosophila is found only in females and is sensitive to antidepressants.},
  subject      = {Klassische Konditionierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Busch2009,
  author    = {Busch, Sebastian},
  title     = {Morphologie und Organisation individueller oktopaminerger Neurone im Gehirn von Drosophila m.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36203},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Das biogene Amin Oktopamin moduliert verschiedene Verhaltensweisen in Invertebraten. In verschiedenen Insektenspezies, wie Heuschrecken, Grillen oder Schaben, ist die Funktion und die Architektur des peripheren oktopaminergen Systems auf Einzelzellebene bekannt. Um die zellul{\"a}re Grundlage f{\"u}r die verschiedenen Funktionen von Oktopamin im Zentralnervensystem zu verstehen, ist eine detaillierte Analyse der Architektur des zentralen oktopaminergen Systems notwendig. Innerhalb meiner Doktorarbeit fertigte eine anatomische Karte individueller oktopaminerger Neurone des adulten Hirns von Drosophila an. Ich nutzte die Flp-out Technik, um einzelne oktopaminerge Neurone anzuf{\"a}rben. Anhand ihrer Projektionsmuster konnte ich 28 verschiedene Zelltypen in vier Oktopamin-immunoreaktiven Zellclustern identifizieren. Ihre Morphologie sowie die Verteilung genetischer Marker zeigte, dass die meisten Zelltypen mehrere Neuropile innervieren und dabei eine klare Trennung von Pr{\"a}- und Postsynaptischen Regionen aufweisen. Die Mehrheit der Zelltypen bildet dendritische Verzweigungen in einer bestimmten Region, der posterioren Slope. Jedoch innerviert jeder Zelltyp stereotyp eine bestimmte Kombination von Zielregionen im Gehirn. Das deutet stark darauf hin, dass oktopaminerge Neurone kombinatorisch organisiert sind: Jedes individuelle Neuron scheint Komponente eines spezifischen neuronalen Schaltkreises zu sein. Dabei k{\"o}nnte jeder Zelltyp eine Art "Modul" darstellen, das selektiv bestimmte Funktionen in den jeweiligen Zielregionen moduliert. Das oktopaminerge Mittelliniencluster des Sub{\"o}sophagealen Ganglions zeigt eine besondere zellul{\"a}re Organisation. Es besteht aus gepaarten und ungepaarten Neuronen, die des Zentralgehirn mit extensiven Verzweigungen versorgen. Um die Ordnung hinter dieser komplexen Organisation zu verstehen, wurden die segmentale Organistion der Mittellinienneurone auf Einzelzellebene analysiert und ihre embryonalen Anlagen verglichen. Letzteres erm{\"o}glichte die morphologische Analyse von einzelnen oktopaminergen Mittellinienklonen. OA-VPM und OA-VUM Neurone bilden zusammen drei Subcluster im Sub{\"o}sophagealen Ganglion, die wahrscheinlich die drei gnathalen Neuromere repr{\"a}sentieren. Alle OA-VUM Neurone stammen von der embryonalen Mittellinie ab. In den mandibularen und maxillaren Neuromeren formen sie morphologisch identische Zelltypen, mit stereotypen Innervationsmustern. OA-VPM Neurone gehen nicht aus der embryonalen Mittellinie hervor und sind nicht segmental dupliziert. Diese Arbeit vermittelt nicht nur einen Eindruck {\"u}ber die Architektur individueller oktopaminerger Neurone, sondern auch {\"u}ber die Organisation des oktopaminergen Systems auf Einzelzellebene.},
  subject      = {Drosophila},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Voeller2009,
  author    = {V{\"o}ller, Thomas},
  title     = {Visualisierung und Manipulation neuronaler Aktivit{\"a}ten im Gehirn von Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35589},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Techniken zur Analyse der Funktion diverser Neuronen in Drosophila melanogaster angewendet. Im ersten Teil wurde mittels in-vivo Calcium Imaging Technik unter Verwendung des Calciumsensors Cameleon neuronale Aktivit{\"a}t entlang des olfaktorischen Signalweges registriert. Hierbei wurde die neuronale Repr{\"a}sentation der Duftidentit{\"a}t und der Duftintensit{\"a}t untersucht. In Bezug auf diese Fragestellung wurde die Datenverarbeitung und Datenanalyse weiterentwickelt und standardisiert. Die Experimente f{\"u}hrten zu dem Ergebnis, dass duftspezifische Aktivit{\"a}tsmuster auf der Ebene des Antennallobus sehr gut unterscheidbar sind. Manche Aktivit{\"a}tsmuster der pr{\"a}sentierten D{\"u}fte zeigten interessanterweise einen hohen {\"A}hnlichkeitsgrad, wohingegen andere un{\"a}hnlich waren. In h{\"o}heren Gehirnzentren wie den Orten der terminalen Aborisationen der Projektionsneurone oder den Pilzk{\"o}rper Kenyonzellen liegt eine starke Variabilit{\"a}t der duftevozierten Aktivit{\"a}tsmuster vor, was generelle Interpretationen unm{\"o}glich macht und h{\"o}chstens Vergleiche innerhalb eines Individuums zul{\"a}sst. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Calciumsignale in den Rezeptorneuronen sowie pr{\"a}- und postsynaptisch in den Projektionsneuronen bei Erh{\"o}hung der Konzentration der verschiedenen pr{\"a}sentierten D{\"u}fte {\"u}ber einen Bereich von mindestens drei Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen ansteigen. In den Kenyonzellen des Pilzk{\"o}rper-Calyx und der Pilzk{\"o}rper-Loben ist diese Konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngigkeit weniger deutlich ausgepr{\"a}gt und im Falle der Loben nur f{\"u}r bestimmte D{\"u}fte detektierbar. Eine Best{\"a}tigung des postulierten „sparsed code" der Duftpr{\"a}sentation in den Pilzk{\"o}rpern konnte in dieser Arbeit nicht erbracht werden, was m{\"o}glicherweise daran liegt, dass eine Einzelzellaufl{\"o}sung mit der verwendeten Technik nicht erreicht werden kann. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit sollte durch die Nutzung des lichtabh{\"a}ngigen Kationenkanals Channelrhodopsin-2 der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob bestimmte modulatorische Neurone die verst{\"a}rkenden Eigenschaften eines bestrafenden oder belohnenden Stimulus vermitteln. Die lichtinduzierte Aktivierung von Channelrhodopsin-2 exprimierenden dopaminergen Neuronen als Ersatz f{\"u}r einen aversiven Reiz f{\"u}hrte bei einer olfaktorischen Konditionierung bei Larven zur Bildung eines aversiven assoziativen Ged{\"a}chtnisses. Im Gegensatz dazu induzierte die Aktivierung von Channelrhodopsin-2 in oktopaminergen/tyraminergen Neuronen als Ersatz f{\"u}r einen appetitiven Reiz ein appetitives assoziatives Ged{\"a}chtnis. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dopaminerge Neurone bei Larven aversives Duftlernen, oktopaminerge/tyraminerge Neurone dagegen appetitives Duftlernen induzieren.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {de}
}