@article{AmichKrappmann2012, author = {Amich, Jorge and Krappmann, Sven}, title = {Deciphering metabolic traits of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus: redundancy vs. essentiality}, series = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, volume = {3}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2012.00414}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123669}, pages = {414}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Incidence rates of infections caused by environmental opportunistic fungi have risen over recent decades. Aspergillus species have emerged as serious threat for the immunecompromised, and detailed knowledge about virulence-determining traits is crucial for drug target identification. As a prime saprobe, A. fumigatus has evolved to efficiently adapt to various stresses and to sustain nutritional supply by osmotrophy, which is characterized by extracellular substrate digestion followed by efficient uptake of breakdown products that are then fed into the fungal primary metabolism. These intrinsic metabolic features are believed to be related with its virulence ability. The plethora of genes that encode underlying effectors has hampered their in-depth analysis with respect to pathogenesis. Recent developments in Aspergillus molecular biology allow conditional gene expression or comprehensive targeting of gene families to cope with redundancy. Furthermore, identification of essential genes that are intrinsically connected to virulence opens accurate perspectives for novel targets in antifungal therapy.}, language = {en} } @article{HickeySridharWestermannetal.2012, author = {Hickey, Scott F. and Sridhar, Malathy and Westermann, Alexander J. and Qin, Qian and Vijayendra, Pooja and Liou, Geoffrey and Hammond, Ming C.}, title = {Transgene regulation in plants by alternative splicing of a suicide exon}, series = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {40}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, number = {10}, doi = {10.1093/nar/gks032}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134724}, pages = {4701-4710}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Compared to transcriptional activation, other mechanisms of gene regulation have not been widely exploited for the control of transgenes. One barrier to the general use and application of alternative splicing is that splicing-regulated transgenes have not been shown to be reliably and simply designed. Here, we demonstrate that a cassette bearing a suicide exon can be inserted into a variety of open reading frames (ORFs), generating transgenes whose expression is activated by exon skipping in response to a specific protein inducer. The surprisingly minimal sequence requirements for the maintenance of splicing fidelity and regulation indicate that this splicing cassette can be used to regulate any ORF containing one of the amino acids Glu, Gln or Lys. Furthermore, a single copy of the splicing cassette was optimized by rational design to confer robust gene activation with no background expression in plants. Thus, conditional splicing has the potential to be generally useful for transgene regulation.}, language = {en} } @article{RaketteDonatOhlsenetal.2012, author = {Rakette, Sonja and Donat, Stefanie and Ohlsen, Knut and Stehle, Thilo}, title = {Structural Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Serine/Threonine Kinase PknB}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {6}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0039136}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135369}, pages = {e39136}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Effective treatment of infections caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus remains a worldwide challenge, in part due to the constant emergence of new strains that are resistant to antibiotics. The serine/threonine kinase PknB is of particular relevance to the life cycle of S. aureus as it is involved in the regulation of purine biosynthesis, autolysis, and other central metabolic processes of the bacterium. We have determined the crystal structure of the kinase domain of PknB in complex with a non-hydrolyzable analog of the substrate ATP at 3.0 angstrom resolution. Although the purified PknB kinase is active in solution, it crystallized in an inactive, autoinhibited state. Comparison with other bacterial kinases provides insights into the determinants of catalysis, interactions of PknB with ligands, and the pathway of activation.}, language = {en} } @article{MakoahNigelArndtPradel2012, author = {Makoah Nigel, Animake and Arndt, Hans-Dieter and Pradel, Gabriele}, title = {The proteasome of malaria parasites: A multi-stage drug target for chemotherapeutic intervention?}, series = {International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance}, volume = {2}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpddr.2011.12.001}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137777}, pages = {1-10}, year = {2012}, abstract = {The ubiquitin/proteasome system serves as a regulated protein degradation pathway in eukaryotes, and is involved in many cellular processes featuring high protein turnover rates, such as cell cycle control, stress response and signal transduction. In malaria parasites, protein quality control is potentially important because of the high replication rate and the rapid transformations of the parasite during life cycle progression. The proteasome is the core of the degradation pathway, and is a major proteolytic complex responsible for the degradation and recycling of non-functional ubiquitinated proteins. Annotation of the genome for Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria tropica, revealed proteins with similarity to human 26S proteasome subunits. In addition, a bacterial ClpQ/hslV threonine peptidase-like protein was identified. In recent years several independent studies indicated an essential function of the parasite proteasome for the liver, blood and transmission stages. In this review, we compile evidence for protein recycling in Plasmodium parasites and discuss the role of the 26S proteasome as a prospective multi-stage target for antimalarial drug discovery programs.}, language = {en} } @article{FroehlichPapenfortBergeretal.2012, author = {Fr{\"o}hlich, Kathrin S. and Papenfort, Kai and Berger, Allison A. and Vogel, J{\"o}rg}, title = {A conserved RpoS-dependent small RNA controls the synthesis of major porin OmpD}, series = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {40}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, number = {8}, doi = {10.1093/nar/gkr1156}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134230}, pages = {3623-3640}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A remarkable feature of many small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) of Escherichia coli and Salmonella is their accumulation in the stationary phase of bacterial growth. Several stress response regulators and sigma factors have been reported to direct the transcription of stationary phase-specific sRNAs, but a widely conserved sRNA gene that is controlled by the major stationary phase and stress sigma factor, Sigma(S) (RpoS), has remained elusive. We have studied in Salmonella the conserved SdsR sRNA, previously known as RyeB, one of the most abundant stationary phase-specific sRNAs in E. coli. Alignments of the sdsR promoter region and genetic analysis strongly suggest that this sRNA gene is selectively transcribed by Sigma(S). We show that SdsR down-regulates the synthesis of the major Salmonella porin OmpD by Hfq-dependent base pairing; SdsR thus represents the fourth sRNA to regulate this major outer membrane porin. Similar to the InvR, MicC and RybB sRNAs, SdsR recognizes the ompD mRNA in the coding sequence, suggesting that this mRNA may be primarily targeted downstream of the start codon. The SdsR-binding site in ompD was localized by 3'-RACE, an experimental approach that promises to be of use in predicting other sRNA-target interactions in bacteria.}, language = {en} } @article{PilsKoppPetersonetal.2012, author = {Pils, Stefan and Kopp, Kathrin and Peterson, Lisa and Tascon, Julia Delgado and Nyffenegger-Jann, Naja J. and Hauck, Christof R.}, title = {The Adaptor Molecule Nck Localizes the WAVE Complex to Promote Actin Polymerization during CEACAM3-Mediated Phagocytosis of Bacteria}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0032808}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131747}, pages = {e32808}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Background: CEACAM3 is a granulocyte receptor mediating the opsonin-independent recognition and phagocytosis of human-restricted CEACAM-binding bacteria. CEACAM3 function depends on an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-like sequence that is tyrosine phosphorylated by Src family kinases upon receptor engagement. The phosphorylated ITAM-like sequence triggers GTP-loading of Rac by directly associating with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav. Rac stimulation in turn is critical for actin cytoskeleton rearrangements that generate lamellipodial protrusions and lead to bacterial uptake. Principal Findings: In our present study we provide biochemical and microscopic evidence that the adaptor proteins Nck1 and Nck2, but not CrkL, Grb2 or SLP-76, bind to tyrosine phosphorylated CEACAM3. The association is phosphorylation-dependent and requires the Nck SH2 domain. Overexpression of the isolated Nck1 SH2 domain, RNAi-mediated knock-down of Nck1, or genetic deletion of Nck1 and Nck2 interfere with CEACAM3-mediated bacterial internalization and with the formation of lamellipodial protrusions. Nck is constitutively associated with WAVE2 and directs the actin nucleation promoting WAVE complex to tyrosine phosphorylated CEACAM3. In turn, dominant-negative WAVE2 as well as shRNA-mediated knock-down of WAVE2 or the WAVE-complex component Nap1 reduce internalization of bacteria. Conclusions: Our results provide novel mechanistic insight into CEACAM3-initiated phagocytosis. We suggest that the CEACAM3 ITAM-like sequence is optimized to co-ordinate a minimal set of cellular factors needed to efficiently trigger actin-based lamellipodial protrusions and rapid pathogen engulfment.}, language = {en} } @article{JaegerPernitzschRichteretal.2012, author = {J{\"a}ger, Dominik and Pernitzsch, Sandy R. and Richter, Andreas S. and Backofen, Rolf and Sharma, Cynthia M. and Schmitz, Ruth A.}, title = {An archaeal sRNA targeting cis- and trans-encoded mRNAs via two distinct domains}, series = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {40}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, number = {21}, doi = {10.1093/nar/gks847}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134972}, pages = {10964-10979}, year = {2012}, abstract = {We report on the characterization and target analysis of the small (s) RNA\(_{162}\) in the methanoarchaeon Methanosarcina mazei. Using a combination of genetic approaches, transcriptome analysis and computational predictions, the bicistronic MM2441-MM2440 mRNA encoding the transcription factor MM2441 and a protein of unknown function was identified as a potential target of this sRNA, which due to processing accumulates as three stabile 5' fragments in late exponential growth. Mobility shift assays using various mutants verified that the non-structured single-stranded linker region of sRNA\(_{162}\) (SLR) base-pairs with the MM2440-MM2441 mRNA internally, thereby masking the predicted ribosome binding site of MM2441. This most likely leads to translational repression of the second cistron resulting in dis-coordinated operon expression. Analysis of mutant RNAs in vivo confirmed that the SLR of sRNA\(_{162}\) is crucial for target interactions. Furthermore, our results indicate that sRNA\(_{162}\)-controlled MM2441 is involved in regulating the metabolic switch between the carbon sources methanol and methylamine. Moreover, biochemical studies demonstrated that the 50 end of sRNA\(_{162}\) targets the 5'-untranslated region of the cis-encoded MM2442 mRNA. Overall, this first study of archaeal sRNA/mRNA-target interactions unraveled that sRNA\(_{162}\) acts as an antisense (as) RNA on cis- and trans-encoded mRNAs via two distinct domains, indicating that cis-encoded asRNAs can have larger target regulons than previously anticipated.}, language = {en} } @article{MasicHurdayalNieuwenhuizenetal.2012, author = {Masic, Anita and Hurdayal, Ramona and Nieuwenhuizen, Natalie E. and Brombacher, Frank and Moll, Heidrun}, title = {Dendritic Cell-Mediated Vaccination Relies on Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling to Avoid Tissue Damage after Leishmania major Infection of BALB/c Mice}, series = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0001721}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133869}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Prevention of tissue damages at the site of Leishmania major inoculation can be achieved if the BALB/c mice are systemically given L. major antigen (LmAg)-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) that had been exposed to CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN). As previous studies allowed establishing that interleukin-4 (IL-4) is involved in the redirection of the immune response towards a type 1 profile, we were interested in further exploring the role of IL-4. Thus, wild-type (wt) BALB/c mice or DC-specific IL-4 receptor \(\alpha\) (IL-4R \(\alpha\))-deficient (CD11c\(^{cre}\)IL-4R \(\alpha^{-/lox}\) BALB/c mice were given either wt or IL-4R \(\alpha\)-deficient LmAg-loaded bone marrow-derived DC exposed or not to CpG ODN prior to inoculation of 2x10\(^5\) stationary-phase L. major promastigotes into the BALB/c footpad. The results provide evidence that IL4/IL-4R alpha-mediated signaling in the vaccinating DC is required to prevent tissue damage at the site of L. major inoculation, as properly conditioned wt DC but not IL-4R alpha-deficient DC were able to confer resistance. Furthermore, uncontrolled L. major population size expansion was observed in the footpad and the footpad draining lymph nodes of CD11c\(^{cre}\)IL-4R \(\alpha^{-/lox}\) mice immunized with CpG ODN-exposed LmAg-loaded IL-4R \(\alpha\)-deficient DC, indicating the influence of IL-4R \(\alpha\)-mediated signaling in host DC to control parasite replication. In addition, no footpad damage occurred in BALB/c mice that were systemically immunized with LmAg-loaded wt DC doubly exposed to CpG ODN and recombinant IL-4. We discuss these findings and suggest that the IL4/IL4R \(\alpha\) signaling pathway could be a key pathway to trigger when designing vaccines aimed to prevent damaging processes in tissues hosting intracellular microorganisms.}, language = {en} } @article{RamachandranShearerJacobetal.2012, author = {Ramachandran, Vinoy K. and Shearer, Neil and Jacob, Jobin J. and Sharma, Cynthia M. and Thompson, Arthur}, title = {The architecture and ppGpp-dependent expression of the primary transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium during invasion gene expression}, series = {BMC Genomics}, volume = {13}, journal = {BMC Genomics}, number = {25}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2164-13-25}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130625}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Background: Invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) requires expression of the extracellular virulence gene expression programme (STEX), activation of which is dependent on the signalling molecule guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). Recently, next-generation transcriptomics (RNA-seq) has revealed the unexpected complexity of bacterial transcriptomes and in this report we use differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) to define the high-resolution transcriptomic architecture of wildtype S. Typhimurium and a ppGpp null strain under growth conditions which model STEX. In doing so we show that ppGpp plays a much wider role in regulating the S. Typhimurium STEX primary transcriptome than previously recognised. Results: Here we report the precise mapping of transcriptional start sites (TSSs) for 78\% of the S. Typhimurium open reading frames (ORFs). The TSS mapping enabled a genome-wide promoter analysis resulting in the prediction of 169 alternative sigma factor binding sites, and the prediction of the structure of 625 operons. We also report the discovery of 55 new candidate small RNAs (sRNAs) and 302 candidate antisense RNAs (asRNAs). We discovered 32 ppGpp-dependent alternative TSSs and determined the extent and level of ppGpp-dependent coding and non-coding transcription. We found that 34\% and 20\% of coding and non-coding RNA transcription respectively was ppGpp-dependent under these growth conditions, adding a further dimension to the role of this remarkable small regulatory molecule in enabling rapid adaptation to the infective environment. Conclusions: The transcriptional architecture of S. Typhimurium and finer definition of the key role ppGpp plays in regulating Salmonella coding and non-coding transcription should promote the understanding of gene regulation in this important food borne pathogen and act as a resource for future research.}, language = {en} } @article{WangChenMinevetal.2012, author = {Wang, Huiqiang and Chen, Nanhai G. and Minev, Boris R. and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Oncolytic vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 strain shows enhanced replication in human breast cancer stem-like cells in comparison to breast cancer cells}, series = {Journal of Translational Medicine}, volume = {10}, journal = {Journal of Translational Medicine}, number = {167}, doi = {10.1186/1479-5876-10-167}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130019}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Background: Recent data suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer, as these cells possess enhanced tumor-forming capabilities and are responsible for relapses after apparently curative therapies have been undertaken. Hence, novel cancer therapies will be needed to test for both tumor regression and CSC targeting. The use of oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) represents an attractive anti-tumor approach and is currently under evaluation in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether VACV does kill CSCs that are resistant to irradiation and chemotherapy. Methods: Cancer stem-like cells were identified and separated from the human breast cancer cell line GI-101A by virtue of increased aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity as assessed by the ALDEFLUOR assay and cancer stem cell-like features such as chemo-resistance, irradiation-resistance and tumor-initiating were confirmed in cell culture and in animal models. VACV treatments were applied to both ALDEFLUOR-positive cells in cell culture and in xenograft tumors derived from these cells. Moreover, we identified and isolated CD44\(^+\)CD24\(^+\)ESA\(^+\) cells from GI-101A upon an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These cells were similarly characterized both in cell culture and in animal models. Results: We demonstrated for the first time that the oncolytic VACV GLV-1h68 strain replicated more efficiently in cells with higher ALDH1 activity that possessed stem cell-like features than in cells with lower ALDH1 activity. GLV-1h68 selectively colonized and eventually eradicated xenograft tumors originating from cells with higher ALDH1 activity. Furthermore, GLV-1h68 also showed preferential replication in CD44\(^+\)CD24\(^+\)ESA\(^+\) cells derived from GI-101A upon an EMT induction as well as in xenograft tumors originating from these cells that were more tumorigenic than CD44\(^+\)CD24\(^-\)ESA\(^+\) cells. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings indicate that GLV-1h68 efficiently replicates and kills cancer stem-like cells. Thus, GLV-1h68 may become a promising agent for eradicating both primary and metastatic tumors, especially tumors harboring cancer stem-like cells that are resistant to chemo and/or radiotherapy and may be responsible for recurrence of tumors.}, language = {en} } @article{GentschevAdelfingerJosupeitetal.2012, author = {Gentschev, Ivaylo and Adelfinger, Marion and Josupeit, Rafael and Rudolph, Stephan and Ehrig, Klaas and Donat, Ulrike and Weibel, Stephanie and Chen, Nanhai G. and Yu, Yong A. and Zhang, Qian and Heisig, Martin and Thamm, Douglas and Stritzker, Jochen and MacNeill, Amy and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Preclinical Evaluation of Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus for Therapy of Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma}, series = {PLoS One}, volume = {7}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {5}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0037239}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-129998}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Virotherapy using oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) strains is one promising new strategy for canine cancer therapy. In this study we describe the establishment of an in vivo model of canine soft tissue sarcoma (CSTS) using the new isolated cell line STSA-1 and the analysis of the virus-mediated oncolytic and immunological effects of two different Lister VACV LIVP1.1.1 and GLV-1h68 strains against CSTS. Cell culture data demonstrated that both tested VACV strains efficiently infected and destroyed cells of the canine soft tissue sarcoma line STSA-1. In addition, in our new canine sarcoma tumor xenograft mouse model, systemic administration of LIVP1.1.1 or GLV-1h68 viruses led to significant inhibition of tumor growth compared to control mice. Furthermore, LIVP1.1.1 mediated therapy resulted in almost complete tumor regression and resulted in long-term survival of sarcoma-bearing mice. The replication of the tested VACV strains in tumor tissues led to strong oncolytic effects accompanied by an intense intratumoral infiltration of host immune cells, mainly neutrophils. These findings suggest that the direct viral oncolysis of tumor cells and the virus-dependent activation of tumor-associated host immune cells could be crucial parts of anti-tumor mechanism in STSA-1 xenografts. In summary, the data showed that both tested vaccinia virus strains and especially LIVP1.1.1 have great potential for effective treatment of CSTS.}, language = {en} } @article{SchulteWestermannVogel2012, author = {Schulte, Leon N. and Westermann, Alexander J. and Vogel, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Differential activation and functional specialization of miR-146 and miR-155 in innate immune sensing}, edition = {Advance Access}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76365}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are co-regulated during the same physiological process but the underlying cellular logic is often little understood. The conserved, immunomodulatory miRNAs miR-146 and miR-155, for instance, are co-induced in many cell types in response to microbial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to feedback-repress LPS signalling through Toll-like receptor TLR4. Here, we report that these seemingly co-induced regulatory RNAs dramatically differ in their induction behaviour under various stimuli strengths and act non-redundantly through functional specialization; although miR-146 expression saturates at sub-inflammatory doses of LPS that do not trigger the messengers of inflammation markers, miR-155 remains tightly associated with the pro-inflammatory transcriptional programmes. Consequently, we found that both miRNAs control distinct mRNA target profiles; although miR-146 targets the messengers of LPS signal transduction components and thus downregulates cellular LPS sensitivity, miR-155 targets the mRNAs of genes pervasively involved in pro-inflammatory transcriptional programmes. Thus, miR-155 acts as a broad limiter of pro-inflammatory gene expression once the miR-146 dependent barrier to LPS triggered inflammation has been breached. Importantly, we also report alternative miR-155 activation by the sensing of bacterial peptidoglycan through cytoplasmic NOD-like receptor, NOD2. We predict that dosedependent responses to environmental stimuli may involve functional specialization of seemingly coinduced miRNAs in other cellular circuitries as well.}, subject = {Medizin}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Froehlich2012, author = {Fr{\"o}hlich, Kathrin}, title = {Assigning functions to Hfq-dependent small RNAs in the model pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85488}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Non-coding RNAs constitute a major class of regulators involved in bacterial gene expression. A group of riboregulators of heterogeneous size and shape referred to as small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) control trans- or cis-encoded genes through direct base-pairing with their mRNAs. Although mostly inhibiting their target mRNAs, several sRNAs also induce gene expression. An important co-factor for sRNA activity is the RNA chaperone, Hfq, which is able to rearrange intramolecular secondary structures and to promote annealing of complementary RNA sequences. In addition, Hfq protects unpaired RNA from degradation by ribonucleases and thus increases sRNA stability. Co-immunoprecipitation of RNA with the Hfq protein, and further experimental as well as bioinformatical studies performed over the last decade suggested the presence of more than 150 different sRNAs in various Enterobacteria including Escherichia coli and Salmonellae. So-called core sRNAs are considered to fulfill central cellular activities as deduced from their high degree of conservation among different species. Approximately 25 core sRNAs have been implicated in gene regulation under a variety of environmental responses. However, for the majority of sRNAs, both the riboregulators' individual biological roles as well as modes of action remain to be elucidated. The current study aimed to define the cellular functions of the two highly conserved, Hfq-dependent sRNAs, SdsR and RydC, in the model pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium. SdsR had been known as one of the most abundant sRNAs during stationary growth phase in E. coli. Examination of the conservation patterns in the sdsR promoter region in combination with classic genetic analyses revealed SdsR as the first sRNA under direct transcriptional control of the alternative σ factor σS. In Salmonella, over-expression of SdsR down-regulates the synthesis of the major porin OmpD, and the interaction site in the ompD mRNA coding sequence was mapped by a 3'RACE-based approach. At the post-transcriptional level, expression of ompD is controlled by three additional sRNAs, but SdsR plays a specific role in porin regulation during the stringent response. Similarly, RydC, the second sRNA adressed in this study, was initially discovered in E. coli but appeared to be conserved in many related γ-proteobacteria. An interesting aspect of this Hfq-dependent sRNAs is its secondary structure involving a pseudo-knot configuration, while the 5' end remains single stranded. A transcriptomic approach combining RydC pulse-expression and scoring of global mRNA changes on microarrays was employed to identify the targets of this sRNA. RydC specifically activated expression of the longer of two versions of the cfa mRNA encoding for the phospholipid-modifying enzyme cyclopropane fatty acid synthase. Employing its conserved single-stranded 5' end, RydC acts as a positive regulator and masks a recognition site of the endoribonuclease, RNase E, in the cfa leader.}, subject = {Small RNA}, language = {en} } @article{BergmillerPenaMillerBoehmetal.2011, author = {Bergmiller, Tobias and Pena-Miller, Rafael and Boehm, Alexander and Ackermann, Martin}, title = {Single-cell time-lapse analysis of depletion of the universally conserved essential protein YgjD}, series = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {11}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, number = {118}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2180-11-118}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142324}, pages = {1-12}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: The essential Escherichia coli gene ygjD belongs to a universally conserved group of genes whose function has been the focus of a number of recent studies. Here, we put ygjD under control of an inducible promoter, and used time-lapse microscopy and single cell analysis to investigate the phenotypic consequences of the depletion of YgjD protein from growing cells. Results: We show that loss of YgjD leads to a marked decrease in cell size and termination of cell division. The transition towards smaller size occurs in a controlled manner: cell elongation and cell division remain coupled, but cell size at division decreases. We also find evidence that depletion of YgjD leads to the synthesis of the intracellular signaling molecule (p) ppGpp, inducing a cellular reaction resembling the stringent response. Concomitant deletion of the relA and spoT genes - leading to a strain that is uncapable of synthesizing (p) ppGpp abrogates the decrease in cell size, but does not prevent termination of cell division upon YgjD depletion. Conclusions: Depletion of YgjD protein from growing cells leads to a decrease in cell size that is contingent on (p) ppGpp, and to a termination of cell division. The combination of single-cell time-lapse microscopy and statistical analysis can give detailed insights into the phenotypic consequences of the loss of essential genes, and can thus serve as a new tool to study the function of essential genes.}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderDobrindtMiddendorfetal.2011, author = {Schneider, Gy{\"o}rgy and Dobrindt, Ulrich and Middendorf, Barbara and Hochhut, Bianca and Szij{\´a}rt{\´o}, Valeria and Em{\´o}dy, Levente and Hacker, J{\"o}rg}, title = {Mobilisation and remobilisation of a large archetypal pathogenicity island of uropathogenic \(Escherichia\) \(coli\) \(in\) \(vitro\) support the role of conjugation for horizontal transfer of genomic islands}, series = {BMC Microbiology}, volume = {11}, journal = {BMC Microbiology}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2180-11-210}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140975}, pages = {210}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: A substantial amount of data has been accumulated supporting the important role of genomic islands (GEIs) - including pathogenicity islands (PAIs) - in bacterial genome plasticity and the evolution of bacterial pathogens. Their instability and the high level sequence similarity of different (partial) islands suggest an exchange of PAIs between strains of the same or even different bacterial species by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Transfer events of archetypal large genomic islands of enterobacteria which often lack genes required for mobilisation or transfer have been rarely investigated so far. Results: To study mobilisation of such large genomic regions in prototypic uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain 536, PAI II(536) was supplemented with the mob(RP4) region, an origin of replication (oriV(R6K)), an origin of transfer (oriT(RP4)) and a chloramphenicol resistance selection marker. In the presence of helper plasmid RP4, conjugative transfer of the 107-kb PAI II(536) construct occured from strain 536 into an E. coli K-12 recipient. In transconjugants, PAI II(536) existed either as a cytoplasmic circular intermediate (CI) or integrated site-specifically into the recipient's chromosome at the leuX tRNA gene. This locus is the chromosomal integration site of PAI II(536) in UPEC strain 536. From the E. coli K-12 recipient, the chromosomal PAI II(536) construct as well as the CIs could be successfully remobilised and inserted into leuX in a PAI II(536) deletion mutant of E. coli 536. Conclusions: Our results corroborate that mobilisation and conjugal transfer may contribute to evolution of bacterial pathogens through horizontal transfer of large chromosomal regions such as PAIs. Stabilisation of these mobile genetic elements in the bacterial chromosome result from selective loss of mobilisation and transfer functions of genomic islands.}, language = {en} } @article{ChenYuZhangetal.2011, author = {Chen, Nanhai G. and Yu, Yong A. and Zhang, Qian and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Replication efficiency of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cell cultures prognosticates the virulence and antitumor efficacy in mice}, series = {Journal of Translational Medicine}, volume = {9}, journal = {Journal of Translational Medicine}, number = {164}, doi = {10.1186/1479-5876-9-164}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142268}, pages = {1-11}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: We have shown that insertion of the three vaccinia virus (VACV) promoter-driven foreign gene expression cassettes encoding Renilla luciferase-Aequorea GFP fusion protein, beta-galactosidase, and beta-glucuronidase into the F14.5L, J2R, and A56R loci of the VACV LIVP genome, respectively, results in a highly attenuated mutant strain GLV 1h68. This strain shows tumor specific replication and is capable of eradicating tumors with little or no virulence in mice. This study aimed to distinguish the contribution of added VACV promoter-driven transcriptional units as inserts from the effects of insertional inactivation of three viral genes, and to determine the correlation between replication efficiency of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cell cultures and the virulence and antitumor efficacy in mice Methods: A series of recombinant VACV strains was generated by replacing one, two, or all three of the expression cassettes in GLV 1h68 with short non coding DNA sequences. The replication efficiency and tumor cell killing capacity of these newly generated VACV strains were compared with those of the parent virus GLV-1h68 in cell cultures. The virus replication efficiency in tumors and antitumor efficacy as well as the virulence were evaluated in nu/nu (nude) mice bearing human breast tumor xenografts. Results: we found that virus replication efficiency increased with removal of each of the expression cassettes. The increase in virus replication efficiency was proportionate to the strength of removed VACV promoters linked to foreign genes. The replication efficiency of the new VACV strains paralleled their cytotoxicity in cell cultures. The increased replication efficiency in tumor xenografts resulted in enhanced antitumor efficacy in nude mice. Similarly, the enhanced virus replication efficiency was indicative of increased virulence in nude mice. Conclusions: These data demonstrated that insertion of VACV promoter-driven transcriptional units into the viral genome for the purpose of insertional mutagenesis did modulate the efficiency of virus replication together with antitumor efficacy as well as virulence. Replication efficiency of oncolytic VACV in cell cultures can predict the virulence and therapeutic efficacy in nude mice. These findings may be essential for rational design of safe and potent VACV strains for vaccination and virotherapy of cancer in humans and animals.}, language = {en} } @article{HillStritzkerScadengetal.2011, author = {Hill, Philip J. and Stritzker, Jochen and Scadeng, Miriam and Geissinger, Ulrike and Haddad, Daniel and Basse-L{\"u}sebrink, Thomas C. and Gbureck, Uwe and Jakob, Peter and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors Colonized with Bacterial Ferritin-Expressing \(Escherichia\) \(coli\)}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {10}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0025409}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140920}, pages = {e25409}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: Recent studies have shown that human ferritin can be used as a reporter of gene expression for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bacteria also encode three classes of ferritin-type molecules with iron accumulation properties. Methods and Findings: Here, we investigated whether these bacterial ferritins can also be used as MRI reporter genes and which of the bacterial ferritins is the most suitable reporter. Bacterial ferritins were overexpressed in probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. Cultures of these bacteria were analyzed and those generating highest MRI contrast were further investigated in tumor bearing mice. Among members of three classes of bacterial ferritin tested, bacterioferritin showed the most promise as a reporter gene. Although all three proteins accumulated similar amounts of iron when overexpressed individually, bacterioferritin showed the highest contrast change. By site-directed mutagenesis we also show that the heme iron, a unique part of the bacterioferritin molecule, is not critical for MRI contrast change. Tumor-specific induction of bacterioferritin-expression in colonized tumors resulted in contrast changes within the bacteria-colonized tumors. Conclusions: Our data suggest that colonization and gene expression by live vectors expressing bacterioferritin can be monitored by MRI due to contrast changes.}, language = {en} } @article{HertleinSturmKircheretal.2011, author = {Hertlein, Tobias and Sturm, Volker and Kircher, Stefan and Basse-L{\"u}sebrink, Thomas and Haddad, Daniel and Ohlsen, Knut and Jakob, Peter}, title = {Visualization of Abscess Formation in a Murine Thigh Infection Model of \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\) by (19)F-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018246}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142846}, pages = {e18246}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: During the last years, (19)F-MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC) emerged as a powerful contrast agent methodology to track cells and to visualize inflammation. We applied this new modality to visualize deep tissue abscesses during acute and chronic phase of inflammation caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Methodology and Principal Findings: In this study, a murine thigh infection model was used to induce abscess formation and PFC or CLIO (cross linked ironoxides) was administered during acute or chronic phase of inflammation. 24 h after inoculation, the contrast agent accumulation was imaged at the site of infection by MRI. Measurements revealed a strong accumulation of PFC at the abscess rim at acute and chronic phase of infection. The pattern was similar to CLIO accumulation at chronic phase and formed a hollow sphere around the edema area. Histology revealed strong influx of neutrophils at the site of infection and to a smaller extend macrophages during acute phase and strong influx of macrophages at chronic phase of inflammation. Conclusion and Significance: We introduce (19)F-MRI in combination with PFC nanoemulsions as a new platform to visualize abscess formation in a murine thigh infection model of S. aureus. The possibility to track immune cells in vivo by this modality offers new opportunities to investigate host immune response, the efficacy of antibacterial therapies and the influence of virulence factors for pathogenesis.}, language = {en} } @article{BelairBaudChabasetal.2011, author = {Belair, C{\´e}dric and Baud, Jessica and Chabas, Sandrine and Sharma, Cynthia M and Vogel, J{\"o}rg and Staedel, Cathy and Darfeuille, Fabien}, title = {Helicobacter pylori interferes with an embryonic stem cell micro RNA cluster to block cell cycle progression}, series = {Silence : a Journal of RNA regulation}, volume = {2}, journal = {Silence : a Journal of RNA regulation}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1186/1758-907X-2-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140438}, pages = {1-16}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background MicroRNAs, post-transcriptional regulators of eukaryotic gene expression, are implicated in host defense against pathogens. Viruses and bacteria have evolved strategies that suppress microRNA functions, resulting in a sustainable infection. In this work we report that Helicobacter pylori, a human stomach-colonizing bacterium responsible for severe gastric inflammatory diseases and gastric cancers, downregulates an embryonic stem cell microRNA cluster in proliferating gastric epithelial cells to achieve cell cycle arrest. Results Using a deep sequencing approach in the AGS cell line, a widely used cell culture model to recapitulate early events of H. pylori infection of gastric mucosa, we reveal that hsa-miR-372 is the most abundant microRNA expressed in this cell line, where, together with hsa-miR-373, it promotes cell proliferation by silencing large tumor suppressor homolog 2 (LATS2) gene expression. Shortly after H. pylori infection, miR-372 and miR-373 synthesis is highly inhibited, leading to the post-transcriptional release of LATS2 expression and thus, to a cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition. This downregulation of a specific cell-cycle-regulating microRNA is dependent on the translocation of the bacterial effector CagA into the host cells, a mechanism highly associated with the development of severe atrophic gastritis and intestinal-type gastric carcinoma. Conclusions These data constitute a novel example of host-pathogen interplay involving microRNAs, and unveil the couple LATS2/miR-372 and miR-373 as an unexpected mechanism in infection-induced cell cycle arrest in proliferating gastric cells, which may be relevant in inhibition of gastric epithelium renewal, a major host defense mechanism against bacterial infections.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schubert2011, author = {Schubert, Sabrina}, title = {Funktionelle Analyse des „Multidrug-Resistance"-Regulators MRR1 im humanpathogenen Hefepilz Candida albicans}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70916}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Der Hefepilz Candida albicans geh{\"o}rt zu den fakultativ pathogenen Infektionserregern und ist Teil der nat{\"u}rlichen Mikroflora der Schleimh{\"a}ute des Verdauungs- und Urogenitaltraktes der meisten gesunden Menschen. Ist das Gleichgewicht der Flora gest{\"o}rt, kann es zu oberfl{\"a}chlichen Mykosen kommen, wie z.B. der oropharyngealen Candidiasis (Mundsoor), die in der Regel durch die Gabe eines Antimykotikums in wenigen Tagen zu behandeln sind. In seltenen F{\"a}llen kann es auch zu schwerwiegenden Infektionsverl{\"a}ufen bis hin zu lebensbedrohlichen systemischen Mykosen kommen. Haupts{\"a}chlich immunsupprimierte Patienten, wie z.B. AIDS-Patienten oder Personen, die k{\"u}rzlich einer Organ- oder Knochenmarkstransplantation unterzogen wurden, leiden h{\"a}ufig an oberfl{\"a}chlichen C. albicans-Infektionen. Insbesondere bei wiederkehrenden Infektionen ist der Pilz in der Lage, gegen das h{\"a}ufig verabreichte Medikament Fluconazol eine Resistenz zu entwickeln. Ein wichtiger Mechanismus dieser Resistenzentwicklung ist die {\"U}berexpression von Effluxpumpen, die das Medikament aus der Zelle heraustransportieren. Zwei Arten von Effluxpumpen, die eine Rolle in der Resistenzentwicklung in C. albicans spielen, konnten bisher identifiziert werden, die ABC (ATP binding cassette)-Transporter Cdr1 und Cdr2 sowie der MFS (major facilitator superfamily)-Transporter Mdr1. Der Zinc-Cluster Transkriptionsfaktor Mrr1 spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der Regulation der MDR1-E¬ffluxpumpe. Er kontrolliert die MDR1-Expression in Anwesenheit induzierender Substanzen und sogenannte "gain-of-function" Mutationen in MRR1 konnten als die Ursache der konstitutiven MDR1-Hochregulierung und der "Multidrug-Resistance" in C. albicans identifiziert werden. In dieser Arbeit konnte ein Ortholog zu MRR1 aus C. albicans in Candida dubliniensis, einer zu C. albicans nahe verwandten Hefe, identifiziert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in den untersuchten klinischen und in vitro generierten Fluconazol-resistenten C. dubliniensis-St{\"a}mmen ebenfalls gain-of-funcion Mutationen in MRR1 die MDR1-{\"U}berexpression und eine Resistenz bewirken. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass der Transkriptionsfaktor Mrr1 eine wichtige Rolle in der Entwicklung der Resistenz in diesen humanpathogenen Pilzen spielt. Bisher ist nicht bekannt, wie der Zinc-Cluster Transkriptionsfaktor MRR1 durch induzierende Substanzen oder gain-of-function Mutationen aktiviert wird. Um zu verstehen, wie die Mrr1- Aktivit{\"a}t reguliert wird, wurden in dieser Arbeit durch Deletionsstudien funktionelle Dom{\"a}nen des Transkriptionsfaktors identifiziert. Um einen besseren Einblick in die Regulation der MDR1-vermittelten Resistenz in C. albicans zu bekommen, wurde in dieser Arbeit die gegenseitige Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Mrr1 und Cap1 bzw. Upc2 in Bezug auf die MDR1-Expression untersucht. Es wurden ChIP-on-chip Analysen und Transkriptionsprofile mit aktiviertem Mrr1 durchgef{\"u}hrt, um direkte Targets von Mrr1 zu identifizieren. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein wichtiger Beitrag zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der Entwicklung der Multidrug-Resistenz in C. albicans geleistet. E¬ffluxpumpen und deren Regulatoren stellen in der Bek{\"a}mpfung von C. albicans-Infektionen ein interessantes Angriffsziel f{\"u}r die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente und die Weiterentwicklung bereits vorhandender Antimykotika dar.}, subject = {Candida albicans}, language = {de} } @article{SasseSchilligDierolfetal.2011, author = {Sasse, Christoph and Schillig, Rebecca and Dierolf, Franziska and Weyler, Michael and Schneider, Sabrina and Mogavero, Selene and Rogers, David P. and Morschh{\"a}user, Joachim}, title = {The Transcription Factor Ndt80 Does Not Contribute to Mrr1-, Tac1-, and Upc2-Mediated Fluconazole Resistance in Candida albicans}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69201}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans can develop resistance to the widely used antifungal agent fluconazole, which inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis, by the overexpression of genes encoding multidrug efflux pumps or ergosterol biosynthesis enzymes. Zinc cluster transcription factors play a central role in the transcriptional regulation of drug resistance. Mrr1 regulates the expression of the major facilitator MDR1, Tac1 controls the expression of the ABC transporters CDR1 and CDR2, and Upc2 regulates ergosterol biosynthesis (ERG) genes. Gain-of-function mutations in these transcription factors result in constitutive overexpression of their target genes and are responsible for fluconazole resistance in many clinical C. albicans isolates. The transcription factor Ndt80 contributes to the drug-induced upregulation of CDR1 and ERG genes and also binds to the MDR1 and CDR2 promoters, suggesting that it is an important component of all major transcriptional mechanisms of fluconazole resistance. However, we found that Ndt80 is not required for the induction of MDR1 and CDR2 expression by inducing chemicals. CDR2 was even partially derepressed in ndt80D mutants, indicating that Ndt80 is a repressor of CDR2 expression. Hyperactive forms of Mrr1, Tac1, and Upc2 promoted overexpression of MDR1, CDR1/CDR2, and ERG11, respectively, with the same efficiency in the presence and absence of Ndt80. Mrr1- and Tac1-mediated fluconazole resistance was even slightly enhanced in ndt80D mutants compared to wild-type cells. These results demonstrate that Ndt80 is dispensable for the constitutive overexpression of Mrr1, Tac1, and Upc2 target genes and the increased fluconazole resistance of strains that have acquired activating mutations in these transcription factors.}, subject = {Candida albicans}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bergmann2011, author = {Bergmann, Anna}, title = {Untersuchungen zur Verwertung proteinhaltiger Substrate als m{\"o}gliche Virulenzdeterminante des humanpathogenen Schimmelpilzes Aspergillus fumigatus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67333}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Die asexuellen Sporen von Aspergillus fumigatus sind ubiquit{\"a}r verbreitete Luftkeime. Als Saprophyt ist dieser opportunistisch humanpathogene Pilz darauf spezialisiert, polymere Substanzen aus dem umgebenden Milieu zu zersetzen, um daraus die von ihm ben{\"o}tigten N{\"a}hrstoffe zu generieren und aufzunehmen. Die F{\"a}higkeit, verschiedene Stickstoff- und Kohlenstoffquellen zu verwerten, tr{\"a}gt dabei zu seiner Virulenz bei und hierbei scheint die extrazellul{\"a}re Proteolyse eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Sekretierte Proteasen, die das umgebende Gewebe w{\"a}hrend einer Infektion mit A. fumigatus erschließen, k{\"o}nnten somit zu dessen Pathogenit{\"a}t beitragen. Dementsprechend sollte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Bedeutung einer Regulation der extrazellul{\"a}ren proteolytischen Aktivit{\"a}t von A. fumigatus f{\"u}r dessen Virulenz untersucht werden. Dies geschah durch Untersuchungen eines konservierten Transkriptionsfaktors, PrtT. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass PrtT die Expression der drei Hauptproteasen von A. fumigatus, Alp, Mep und Pep stark beeinflusst, in einem murinen Tiermodell der pulmonaren Aspergillose scheint dieser Regulator jedoch keine Rolle f{\"u}r die Pathogenit{\"a}t von A. fumigatus zu spielen. Um einen weiteren Aspekt des pilzlichen Aminos{\"a}urestoffwechsels zu beleuchten, wurde die Biosynthese der aromatischen Aminos{\"a}uren als m{\"o}gliche Virulenzdeterminate untersucht. F{\"u}r den Menschen sind diese Aminos{\"a}uren essentiell, weshalb dieser Syntheseweg ein m{\"o}gliches Ziel f{\"u}r antimykotische Substanzen darstellen k{\"o}nnte. Es konnten mehrere f{\"u}r A. fumigatus essentielle Komponenten des Shikimatweges identifiziert werden, des Weiteren wurden Deletionsmutanten in den Genen aroC und trpA, die f{\"u}r die Chorismatmutase bzw. Anthranilatsynthase der Biosynthese von Phenylalanin und Tyrosin bzw. Tryptophan kodieren, erzeugt und ph{\"a}notypisch charakterisiert. Deren Untersuchung in einem alternativen Tiermodell der Aspergillose zeigte eine deutlich attenuierte Virulenz. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, wie wichtig die Biosynthese der aromatischen Aminos{\"a}uren f{\"u}r das Wachstum von A. fumigatus ist, und dass ein Eingriff in diesen Syntheseweg eine lohnende Strategie zur Entwicklung neuer Antimykotika sein k{\"o}nnte. Die hier pr{\"a}sentierten Ergebnisse unterstreichen die f{\"u}r den Schimmelpilz A. fumigatus typische Redundanz bez{\"u}glich extrazellul{\"a}rer proteolytischer Enzyme und dass diese nur bedingt hinsichtlich ihres Virulenzbeitrags untersucht werden k{\"o}nnen. Im Gegensatz hierzu lassen sich bestimmte Stoffwechselwege, die oftmals durch einzigartige Genprodukte katalysiert werden, unter Umst{\"a}nden besser als unspezifische aber vielversprechende Virulenzdeterminanten identifizieren.}, subject = {Aspergillus fumigatus}, language = {de} } @article{HessStritzkerHaertletal.2011, author = {Hess, Michael and Stritzker, Jochen and H{\"a}rtl, Barbara and Sturm, Julia and Gentschev, Ivaylo and Szalay, Aladar}, title = {Bacterial glucuronidase as general marker for oncolytic virotherapy or other biological therapies}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69163}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: Oncolytic viral tumor therapy is an emerging field in the fight against cancer with rising numbers of clinical trials and the first clinically approved product (Adenovirus for the treatment of Head and Neck Cancer in China) in this field. Yet, until recently no general (bio)marker or reporter gene was described that could be used to evaluate successful tumor colonization and/or transgene expression in other biological therapies. Methods: Here, a bacterial glucuronidase (GusA) encoded by biological therapeutics (e.g. oncolytic viruses) was used as reporter system. Results: Using fluorogenic probes that were specifically activated by glucuronidase we could show 1) preferential activation in tumors, 2) rena l excretion of the activated fluorescent compounds and 3) reproducible detection of GusA in the serum of oncolytic vaccinia virus treated, tumor bearing mice in several tumor models. Time course studies revealed that reliable differentiation between tumor bearing and healthy mice can be done as early as 9 days post injection of the virus. Regarding the sensitivity of the newly developed assay system, we could show that a single infected tumor cell could be reliably detected in this assay. Conclusion: GusA therefore has the potential to be used as a general marker in the preclinical and clinical evaluation of (novel) biological therapies as well as being useful for the detection of rare cells such as circulating tumor cells}, subject = {Virologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Angermeier2011, author = {Angermeier, Hilde Gabriele}, title = {Molecular and ecological investigations of Caribbean sponge diseases}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56855}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {W{\"a}hrend gewinnbringende Assoziationen von Schw{\"a}mmen mit Mikroorganismen in den letzten Jahren viel Aufmerksamkeit erhalten haben, wurde weit weniger in die Interaktion von Schw{\"a}mmen mit m{\"o}glicherweise pathogenen Mikroben investiert. Somit war es das Ziel dieser Studie zwei ausgew{\"a}hlte Karibische Schwammkrankheiten namens „Sponge Orange Band" und „Sponge White Patch" mittels {\"o}kologischer und molekularer Methoden zu untersuchen. Die Sponge Orange Band (SOB) Erkrankung bef{\"a}llt den bedeutenden karibischen Fass-Schwamm Xestospongia muta, der zu den bakterienhaltigen (HMA) Schw{\"a}mmen gez{\"a}hlt wird, w{\"a}hrend die Sponge White Patch (SWP) Erkrankung den h{\"a}ufig vorkommenden Seil-Schwamm Amphimedon compressa betrifft, der zu den bakterienarmen (LMA) Schw{\"a}mmen geh{\"o}rt. F{\"u}r beide Karibischen Schwammkrankheiten konnte ich einen Krankheitsverlauf beschreiben, der mit massiver Gewebszerst{\"o}rung und dem Verlust charakteristischer mikrobieller Signaturen einhergeht. Obwohl ich zeigen konnte, dass zus{\"a}tzliche Bakterienarten die gebleichten Schwammbereiche kolonisieren, lieferten meine Infektionsversuche in beiden F{\"a}llen keinen Beweis f{\"u}r die Beteiligung eines mikrobiellen Pathogens als Krankheitserreger. Somit liegen die eigentlichen Ausl{\"o}ser der Erkrankungen Sponge Orange Band als auch Sponge White Patch noch immer im Dunkeln.}, subject = {Meeresschw{\"a}mme}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Menzel2011, author = {Menzel, Thomas Michael}, title = {Studien zum Wirkungsmechanismus neuer antiinfektiver Bisnaphthalimide gegen Staphylococcus aureus und Transkriptomanalysen zur Auswirkung von Antibiotika auf S. epidermidis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56362}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Die Therapie von bakteriellen Infektionen beruht heutzutage zum Großteil auf dem Einsatz von Antibiotika. Die schnelle Entwicklung und rasche Verbreitung von resistenten St{\"a}mmen mancher Erreger gegen diese Antibiotika stellt ein enormes Problem f{\"u}r das Gesundheitswesen dar. Da momentan zur Antibiotikatherapie keine Alternativen bestehen, kommt der Erforschung neuer potenzieller Wirkstoffe eine sehr große Bedeutung zu. In einem Screening-Verfahren lagen die minimalen Hemmkonzentrationen einiger bisquart{\"a}rer Bisnaphthalimide gegen Staphylococcus aureus und S. epidermidis im Bereich von 0,6 bis 2,5 µg/ml. Die Substanz mit den geringsten minimalen Hemmkonzentrationen war MT02. Daraufhin wurde das Wirkungsspektrum von MT02 gegen Bakterien detaillierter untersucht und gefunden, dass die Substanz vorwiegend gegen Gram-positive Erreger und nicht gegen Gram-negative Bakterien wirksam ist. Zytotoxizit{\"a}tstests ergaben eine geringe bis nicht nachweisbare Toxizit{\"a}t gegen verschiedene Zelllinien im Bereich von 73 bis mehr als 150 µg/ml. Um die Wirkungsweise von MT02 genauer zu untersuchen wurden zun{\"a}chst DNA-Microarray-Untersuchungen an S. aureus durchgef{\"u}hrt. Deren Ergebnisse ließen einen Einfluss der Substanz auf viele Gene des DNA-Metabolismus erkennen. Inkorporationsstudien mittels radioaktiver Ganzzellmarkierung best{\"a}tigten die Auswirkung von MT02 auf den DNA-Stoffwechsel. Durch kompetitive Inkubation wurde festgestellt, dass MT02 in der Lage ist Ethidiumbromid von DNA zu verdr{\"a}ngen bzw. dessen Bindung zu verhindern. Genauere Untersuchungen mittels Oberfl{\"a}chen-Plasmon-Resonanz ergaben, dass MT02 konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngig, reversibel und sequenzunspezifisch an DNA bindet. Die thermodynamischen Dissoziationskonstanten lagen im Mittel bei ca. 4 x 10-8 mol/l und beschrieben somit eine relativ starke Bindung von MT02 an DNA. Neben diesem prim{\"a}ren Wirkungsmechanismus der DNA-Bindung gaben mehrere Befunde Hinweise auf einen sekund{\"a}ren Wirkmechanismus, der die Zellwand-Struktur bzw. Zellwand-Biosynthese beinhaltet. Eine MT02-resistente Mutante von S. aureus HG001 konnte durch vielfaches Passagieren in MT02-haltigem Medium generiert werden. Diese erzeugte bei Wachstum mit hohen Konzentrationen an MT02 einen roten Ph{\"a}notyp. Die Natur dieses roten Farbstoffes konnte bislang nicht aufgekl{\"a}rt werden, jedoch gibt es Hinweise, dass dieser auf Abbauprodukte von MT02 zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. In einem weiteren Projekt wurde mittels Transkriptionsstudien die Auswirkung von verschiedenen bekannten Antibiotika sowie von neuen Wirkstoffen auf das Transkriptom von S. epidermidis untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien k{\"o}nnen durch vergleichende Analysen als Grundlage f{\"u}r die Einordnung des Wirkmechanismus neuer Substanzen dienen.}, subject = {MRSA}, language = {de} } @article{WeibelRaabYuetal.2011, author = {Weibel, Stephanie and Raab, Viktoria and Yu, Yong A. and Worschech, Andrea and Wang, Ena and Marincola, Francesco M. and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Viral-mediated oncolysis is the most critical factor in the late-phase of the tumor regression process upon vaccinia virus infection}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68691}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: In principle, the elimination of malignancies by oncolytic virotherapy could proceed by different mechanisms - e.g. tumor cell specific oncolysis, destruction of the tumor vasculature or an anti-tumoral immunological response. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of these factors to elucidate the responsible mechanism for regression of human breast tumor xenografts upon colonization with an attenuated vaccinia virus (VACV). Methods: Breast tumor xenografts were analyzed 6 weeks post VACV infection (p.i.; regression phase) by immunohistochemistry and mouse-specific expression arrays. Viral-mediated oncolysis was determined by tumor growth analysis combined with microscopic studies of intratumoral virus distribution. The tumor vasculature was morphologically characterized by diameter and density measurements and vessel functionality was analyzed by lectin perfusion and extravasation studies. Immunological aspects of viral-mediated tumor regression were studied in either immune-deficient mouse strains (T-, B-, NK-cell-deficient) or upon cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression (MHCII+-cell depletion) in nude mice. Results: Late stage VACV-infected breast tumors showed extensive necrosis, which was highly specific to cancer cells. The tumor vasculature in infected tumor areas remained functional and the endothelial cells were not infected. However, viral colonization triggers hyperpermeability and dilatation of the tumor vessels, which resembled the activated endothelium in wounded tissue. Moreover, we demonstrated an increased expression of genes involved in leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in VACV-infected tumors, which orchestrate perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration. The immunohistochemical analysis of infected tumors displayed intense infiltration of MHCII-positive cells and colocalization of tumor vessels with MHCII+/CD31+ vascular leukocytes. However, GI-101A tumor growth analysis upon VACV-infection in either immunosuppressed nude mice (MHCII+-cell depleted) or in immune-deficient mouse strains (T-, B-, NK-cell-deficient) revealed that neither MHCII-positive immune cells nor T-, B-, or NK cells contributed significantly to VACV-mediated tumor regression. In contrast, tumors of immunosuppressed mice showed enhanced viral spreading and tumor necrosis. Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that VACV-mediated oncolysis is the primary mechanism of tumor shrinkage in the late regression phase. Neither the destruction of the tumor vasculature nor the massive VACV-mediated intratumoral inflammation was a prerequisite for tumor regression. We propose that approaches to enhance viral replication and spread within the tumor microenvironment should improve therapeutical outcome.}, subject = {Virusinfektion}, language = {en} } @article{EulalioFroehlichManoetal.2011, author = {Eulalio, Ana and Fr{\"o}hlich, Kathrin S. and Mano, Miguel and Giacca, Mauro and Vogel, J{\"o}rg}, title = {A Candidate Approach Implicates the Secreted Salmonella Effector Protein SpvB in P-Body Disassembly}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68928}, year = {2011}, abstract = {P-bodies are dynamic aggregates of RNA and proteins involved in several post-transcriptional regulation processes. Pbodies have been shown to play important roles in regulating viral infection, whereas their interplay with bacterial pathogens, specifically intracellular bacteria that extensively manipulate host cell pathways, remains unknown. Here, we report that Salmonella infection induces P-body disassembly in a cell type-specific manner, and independently of previously characterized pathways such as inhibition of host cell RNA synthesis or microRNA-mediated gene silencing. We show that the Salmonella-induced P-body disassembly depends on the activation of the SPI-2 encoded type 3 secretion system, and that the secreted effector protein SpvB plays a major role in this process. P-body disruption is also induced by the related pathogen, Shigella flexneri, arguing that this might be a new mechanism by which intracellular bacterial pathogens subvert host cell function.}, subject = {Salmonella}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidtkeFindeissSharmaetal.2011, author = {Schmidtke, Cornelius and Findeiß, Sven and Sharma, Cynthia M. and Kuhfuss, Juliane and Hoffmann, Steve and Vogel, J{\"o}rg and Stadler, Peter F. and Bonas, Ulla}, title = {Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions}, series = {Nucleic Acids Research}, volume = {40}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Research}, number = {5}, doi = {10.1093/nar/gkr904}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131781}, pages = {2020 -- 2031}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is an important model to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the interaction with the host. To gain insight into the transcriptome of the Xcv strain 85-10, we took a differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) approach. Using a novel method to automatically generate comprehensive transcription start site (TSS) maps we report 1421 putative TSSs in the Xcv genome. Genes in Xcv exhibit a poorly conserved -10 promoter element and no consensus Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Moreover, 14\% of all mRNAs are leaderless and 13\% of them have unusually long 5'-UTRs. Northern blot analyses confirmed 16 intergenic small RNAs and seven cis-encoded antisense RNAs in Xcv. Expression of eight intergenic transcripts was controlled by HrpG and HrpX, key regulators of the Xcv type III secretion system. More detailed characterization identified sX12 as a small RNA that controls virulence of Xcv by affecting the interaction of the pathogen and its host plants. The transcriptional landscape of Xcv is unexpectedly complex, featuring abundant antisense transcripts, alternative TSSs and clade-specific small RNAs.}, language = {en} } @article{SchierackKletaTedinetal.2011, author = {Schierack, Peter and Kleta, Sylvia and Tedin, Karsten and Babila, Julius Tachu and Oswald, Sibylle and Oelschlaeger, Tobias A. and Hiemann, Rico and Paetzold, Susanne and Wieler, Lothar H.}, title = {E. coli Nissle 1917 Affects Salmonella Adhesion to Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells}, series = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0014712}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135298}, pages = {e14712}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: The probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) has been shown to interfere in a human in vitro model with the invasion of several bacterial pathogens into epithelial cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not known. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of EcN on Salmonella Typhimurium invasion of porcine intestinal epithelial cells, focusing on EcN effects on the various stages of Salmonella infection including intracellular and extracellular Salmonella growth rates, virulence gene regulation, and adhesion. We show that EcN affects the initial Salmonella invasion steps by modulating Salmonella virulence gene regulation and Salmonella SiiE-mediated adhesion, but not extra-and intracellular Salmonella growth. However, the inhibitory activity of EcN against Salmonella invasion always correlated with EcN adhesion capacities. EcN mutants defective in the expression of F1C fimbriae and flagellae were less adherent and less inhibitory toward Salmonella invasion. Another E. coli strain expressing F1C fimbriae was also adherent to IPEC-J2 cells, and was similarly inhibitory against Salmonella invasion like EcN. Conclusions: We propose that EcN affects Salmonella adhesion through secretory components. This mechanism appears to be common to many E. coli strains, with strong adherence being a prerequisite for an effective reduction of SiiE-mediated Salmonella adhesion.}, language = {en} } @article{GentschevMuellerAdelfingeretal.2011, author = {Gentschev, Ivaylo and M{\"u}ller, Meike and Adelfinger, Marion and Weibel, Stephanie and Grummt, Friedrich and Zimmermann, Martina and Bitzer, Michael and Heisig, Martin and Zhang, Qian and Yu, Yong A. and Chen, Nanhai G. and Stritzker, Jochen and Lauer, Ulrich M. and Szalay, Aladar A.}, title = {Efficient Colonization and Therapy of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Using the Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Strain GLV-1h68}, series = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {6}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0022069}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135319}, pages = {e22069}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Virotherapy using oncolytic vaccinia virus strains is one of the most promising new strategies for cancer therapy. In this study, we analyzed for the first time the therapeutic efficacy of the oncolytic vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 in two human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HuH7 and PLC/PRF/5 (PLC) in cell culture and in tumor xenograft models. By viral proliferation assays and cell survival tests, we demonstrated that GLV-1h68 efficiently colonized, replicated in, and did lyse these cancer cells in culture. Experiments with HuH7 and PLC xenografts have revealed that a single intravenous injection (i.v.) of mice with GLV-1h68 resulted in a significant reduction of primary tumor sizes compared to uninjected controls. In addition, replication of GLV-1h68 in tumor cells led to strong inflammatory and oncolytic effects resulting in intense infiltration of MHC class II-positive cells like neutrophils, macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells and in up-regulation of 13 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, GLV-1h68 infection of PLC tumors inhibited the formation of hemorrhagic structures which occur naturally in PLC tumors. Interestingly, we found a strongly reduced vascular density in infected PLC tumors only, but not in the non-hemorrhagic HuH7 tumor model. These data demonstrate that the GLV-1h68 vaccinia virus may have an enormous potential for treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma in man.}, language = {en} } @article{MietchenHagedornFoerstneretal.2011, author = {Mietchen, Daniel and Hagedorn, Gregor and F{\"o}rstner, Konrad U. and Kubke, M Fabiana and Koltzenburg, Claudia and Hahnel, Mark J. and Penev, Lyubomir}, title = {Wikis in scholarly publishing}, doi = {10.3233/ISU-2011-0621}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87770}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Scientific research is a process concerned with the creation, collective accumulation, contextualization, updating and maintenance of knowledge. Wikis provide an environment that allows to collectively accumulate, contextualize, update and maintain knowledge in a coherent and transparent fashion. Here, we examine the potential of wikis as platforms for scholarly publishing. In the hope to stimulate further discussion, the article itself was drafted on Species-ID - a wiki that hosts a prototype for wiki-based scholarly publishing - where it can be updated, expanded or otherwise improved.}, subject = {Elektronisches Publizieren}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bourdet2011, author = {Bourdet, Patric}, title = {Entwicklung einer auf Antik{\"o}rpern basierten Therapie von chirurgischen Infektionen verursacht durch methicillinresistente und -sensible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA und MSSA)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56199}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus ist einer der h{\"a}ufigsten Erreger von nosokomialen Infektionen. Diese grampositiven Bakterien verursachen neben harmlosen oberfl{\"a}chlichen Hautinfektionen auch lebensbedrohliche Systeminfektionen. Ein großes Problem in der Therapie von S. aureus-Infektionen stellen die zunehmenden Multiresistenzen dar. Die Entwicklung neuer Antibiotika wird zuk{\"u}nftig wahrscheinlich nicht ausreichen, da immer wieder neue Resistenzen der Bakterien zu erwarten sind. Es besteht daher dringender Bedarf an der Entwicklung alternativer Therapieformen im Kampf gegen multiresistente Problemkeime wie S. aureus. Eine M{\"o}glichkeit besteht in der Immuntherapie, zum Beispiel durch Gewinnung von monoklonalen Antik{\"o}rpern gegen geeignete Targetstrukturen von S. aureus. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zun{\"a}chst zwei Proteine IsaA und IsaB herzustellen, um diese Proteine f{\"u}r Immunisierungsstudien zu nutzen. Zun{\"a}chst wurde das gereinigte IsaA-Protein verwendet, um ein Kaninchen zu immunisieren. Mit den daraus gewonnenen Antik{\"o}rpern wurden dann erste Tierversuche begonnen, um die Bedingungen f{\"u}r den therapeutischen Einatz von gegen IsaA-gerichteten Antik{\"o}rpern zu ermitteln und die Wirksamkeit einer Antik{\"o}rper-Behandlung zu evaluieren. F{\"u}r die Herstellung der gew{\"u}nschten Proteine wurden die Gensequenzen zun{\"a}chst aus verschiedenen S. aureus-St{\"a}mmen mittels PCR amplifiziert und in den kommerziellen Expressionsvektor pQE30 kloniert. Die amplifizierte Gensequenz stammt aus den klinischen St{\"a}mmen 418 (IsaA) bzw. 134 (IsaB). Nach der Klonierung wurden geeignete Expressions- und Reinigungsstrategien entwickelt. Dabei wurden folgende Bedingungen als optimal f{\"u}r Wachstum und {\"U}berexpression herausgearbeitet: IsaA: Induktion der {\"U}berexpression mit 100 µM IPTG, 3 h Wachstum bei 37°C. IsaB: Induktion der {\"U}berexpression mit 100 µM IPTG, 4 h Wachstum bei 37°C. Es stellte sich auch heraus, dass IsaA zun{\"a}chst in nur unzureichender Quantit{\"a}t vorhanden bzw. exprimiert worden war. Die Vermutung, dass IsaA {\"u}berwiegend im Pellet in sogenannten Einschlussk{\"o}rpern (inclusion bodies) eingeschlossen war, erkl{\"a}rte dieses Ph{\"a}nomen. Das Protein konnte erfolgreich aus dem Pellet isoliert werden. Die Produktion und Aufreinigung beider Proteine IsaA und IsaB unter optimierten Bedingungen ergab, dass beide Proteine nun in ausreichender Menge und Konzentration f{\"u}r die folgende Immunisierung und die weiteren Arbeiten vorlagen. Aus Kaninchen, die mit IsaA immunisiert wurden, konnten polyklonale Antik{\"o}rper gewonnen werden, die die Grundlage f{\"u}r einen ersten Tierversuch mit 24 Ratten bildeten. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Tiere, die mit 1.000.000.000 Bakterien infiziert worden waren deutlich st{\"a}rkere Infektionszeichen aufwiesen als diejenigen, die mit 100.000.000 Bakterien infiziert worden waren. Weiterhin wurde deutlich, dass die Tiere, die Serum (mit Antik{\"o}rper gegen IsaA) erhalten hatten, gegen{\"u}ber den Vergleichstieren mit Placebo einen deutlichen Vorteil hinsichtlich Infektionszeichen und Immunantwort hatten. Somit belegen die tierexperimentiellen Ergebnisse in dieser Arbeit erstmalig den therapeutischen Nutzen von Antik{\"o}rpern gegen IsaA. IsaA ist demnach ein geeignetes Target f{\"u}r eine Immuntherapie gegen S. aureus.}, subject = {MRSA}, language = {de} } @inproceedings{FoerstnerHagedornKoltzenburgetal.2011, author = {F{\"o}rstner, Konrad and Hagedorn, Gregor and Koltzenburg, Claudia and Kubke, Fabiana and Mietchen, Daniel}, title = {Collaborative platforms for streamlining workflows in Open Science}, series = {Proceedings of the 6th Open Knowledge Conference}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Open Knowledge Conference}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101678}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Despite the internet's dynamic and collaborative nature, scientists continue to produce grant proposals, lab notebooks, data files, conclusions etc. that stay in static formats or are not published online and therefore not always easily accessible to the interested public. Because of limited adoption of tools that seamlessly integrate all aspects of a research project (conception, data generation, data evaluation, peerreviewing and publishing of conclusions), much effort is later spent on reproducing or reformatting individual entities before they can be repurposed independently or as parts of articles. We propose that workflows - performed both individually and collaboratively - could potentially become more efficient if all steps of the research cycle were coherently represented online and the underlying data were formatted, annotated and licensed for reuse. Such a system would accelerate the process of taking projects from conception to publication stages and allow for continuous updating of the data sets and their interpretation as well as their integration into other independent projects. A major advantage of such work ows is the increased transparency, both with respect to the scientific process as to the contribution of each participant. The latter point is important from a perspective of motivation, as it enables the allocation of reputation, which creates incentives for scientists to contribute to projects. Such work ow platforms offering possibilities to fine-tune the accessibility of their content could gradually pave the path from the current static mode of research presentation into a more coherent practice of open science.}, language = {en} } @article{ZdziarskiBrzuszkiewiczWulltetal.2010, author = {Zdziarski, Jaroslaw and Brzuszkiewicz, Elzbieta and Wullt, Bjorn and Liesegang, Heiko and Biran, Dvora and Voigt, Birgit and Gronberg-Hernandez, Jenny and Ragnarsdottir, Bryndis and Hecker, Michael and Ron, Eliora Z. and Daniel, Rolf and Gottschalk, Gerhard and Hacker, Joerg and Svanborg, Catharina and Dobrindt, Ulrich}, title = {Host Imprints on Bacterial Genomes-Rapid, Divergent Evolution in Individual Patients}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68594}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Bacteria lose or gain genetic material and through selection, new variants become fixed in the population. Here we provide the first, genome-wide example of a single bacterial strain's evolution in different deliberately colonized patients and the surprising insight that hosts appear to personalize their microflora. By first obtaining the complete genome sequence of the prototype asymptomatic bacteriuria strain E. coli 83972 and then resequencing its descendants after therapeutic bladder colonization of different patients, we identified 34 mutations, which affected metabolic and virulence-related genes. Further transcriptome and proteome analysis proved that these genome changes altered bacterial gene expression resulting in unique adaptation patterns in each patient. Our results provide evidence that, in addition to stochastic events, adaptive bacterial evolution is driven by individual host environments. Ongoing loss of gene function supports the hypothesis that evolution towards commensalism rather than virulence is favored during asymptomatic bladder colonization.}, subject = {Proteomanalyse}, language = {en} } @article{KuehnPradel2010, author = {Kuehn, Andrea and Pradel, Gabriele}, title = {The Coming-Out of Malaria Gametocytes [Review Article]}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68196}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The tropical disease malaria, which results in more than one million deaths annually, is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by blood-feeding Anopheline mosquitoes. Parasite transition from the human host to the mosquito vector is mediated by gametocytes, sexual stages that are formed in human erythrocytes, which therefore play a crucial part in the spread of the tropical disease. The uptake by the blood-feeding mosquito triggers important molecular and cellular changes in the gametocytes, thus mediating the rapid adjustment of the parasite from the warm-blooded host to the insect host and subsequently initiating reproduction. The contact with midgut factors triggers gametocyte activation and results in their egress from the enveloping erythrocyte, which then leads to gamete formation and fertilization. This review summarizes recent findings on the role of gametocytes during transmission to themosquito and particularly focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying gametocyte activation and emergence from the host erythrocyte during gametogenesis.}, subject = {Malaria}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Frank2010, author = {Frank, Astrid Christina}, title = {Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Pathogenit{\"a}tsinseln unter pathogenen Escherichia coli}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54111}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen erstmals die weite Verbreitung des IS100 innerhalb der Spezies E. coli und große {\"A}hnlichkeiten bez{\"u}glich der chromosomalen Lokalisationen einzelner Kopien in einem heterogenen Kollektiv von E. coli-St{\"a}mmen.}, subject = {Escherichia coli}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Agarwal2010, author = {Agarwal, Shruti}, title = {Functional characterization of four CDK-like kinases and one Calmodulin-dependent kinase of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48522}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Malaria still persists as one of the deadliest infectious disease in addition to AIDS and tuberculosis. lt is a leading cause of high mortality and morbidity rates in the developing world despite of groundbreaking research on global eradication of the disease initiated by WHO, about half a century ago. Lack of a commercially available vaccine and rapid spread of drug resistance have hampered the attempts of extinguishing malaria, which still leads to an annual death toll of about one million people. Resistance to anti-malarial compounds thus renders search for new target proteins imperative. The kinome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum comprises representatives of most eukaryotic protein kinase groups, including kinases which regulate proliferation and differentiation processes. Several reports till date have suggested involvement of parasite kinases in the human host and as well as in the mosquito vector. Kinases essential for life cycle stages of the parasite represent promising targets for anti-malarial compounds thus, provoking characterization of additional malarial kinases. Despite extensive research on most plasmodial enzymes, very little information is available regarding the four identified members of the cyclin dependent kinase like kinase (CLK) family. Thus, the present thesis dealt with the functional characterization of four members of the PfCLK kinase family of the parasite denoted as PfCLK-1/Lammer, PfCLK-2, PfCLK-3 and PfCLK-4 with a special focus on the first two kinases. Additionally, one Ca2+/Calmodulin dependent putative kinase-related protein, PfPKRP, presumed to be involved in sexual stage development of the parasite, was investigated for its expression in the life cycle of the parasite. In other eukaryotes, CLK kinases regulate mRNA splicing through phosphorylation of Serine/Arginine-rich proteins. Transcription analysis revealed abundance of PfCLK kinase genes throughout the asexual blood stages and in gametocytes. By reverse genetics approach it was demonstrated that all four kinases are essential for completion of the asexual replication cycle of P. falciparum. PfCLK 1/Lammer possesses two nuclear localization signals and PfCLK-2 possesses one of these signals upstream of the C-terminal catalytic domains. Protein level expression and sub-cellular localization of the two kinases was determined by generation of antiserum directed against the kinase domains of the respective kinase. Indirect immunofluorescence, Western blot and electron microscopy data confirm that the kinases are primarily localized in the parasite nucleus, and in vitro assays show that both enzymes are associated with phosphorylation activity. Finally, mass spectrometric analysis of co immunoprecipitated proteins shows interactions of the two PfCLK kinases with proteins, which have putative nuclease, phosphatase or helicase functions. PfPKRP on the other hand is predominantly expressed during gametocyte differentiation as identified from transcriptional analysis. Antiserum directed against the catalytic domain of PfPKRP detected the protein expression profile in both asexual and gametocyte parasite lysates. Via immunofluorescence assay, the kinase was localized in the parasite cytoplasm in a punctuated manner, mostly in the gametocyte stages. Reverse genetics resulted in the generation of PfPKRP gene-disruptant parasites, thus demonstrating that unlike CLK kinases, PfPKRP is dispensable for asexual parasite survival and hence might have crucial role in sexual development of the parasite. On one hand, characterization of PfCLK kinases exemplified the kinases involved in parasite replication cycle. Successful gene-disruption and protein expression of PfPKRP kinase on the other hand, demonstrated a role of the kinase in sexual stage development of the parasite. Both kinase families therefore, represent potential candidates for anti-plasmodial compounds.}, subject = {Plasmodium falciparum}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hartmann2010, author = {Hartmann, Thomas}, title = {Nitrogen metabolism in Aspergillus fumigatus with emphasis on the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) gene family}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54027}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The saprophytic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been gaining importance as an opportunistic human pathogen over the past decades. Advances in modern medicine have created a growing group of patients susceptible to infection with A. fumigatus, often contracting potentially deadly invasive aspergillosis. The virulence of this pathogen appears to be a multifactorial trait, a combination of physiological characteristics that enables the fungus to infect immunocompromised humans. This work concentrates on the nitrogen metabolism of A. fumigatus, which is essential for meeting the nutritional needs inside the human host. Using DNA microarrays, the transcriptional response during growth on three different secondary nitrogen sources was examined, which revealed the metabolic versatility of A. fumigatus, especially when challenged with proteins as the sole source of nitrogen. In-depth transcriptional profiling of the eight-member oligopeptide transporter (OPT) gene family underlined the importance of oligopeptide transport for growth on complex nitrogen sources like BSA or collagen. Heterologous expression of the opt genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed their functionality as oligopeptide transporters, and characterized their substrate specificity. Using a Cre/loxP based genetic tool, a complete deletion of all opt genes in A. fumigatus was achieved. The resultant strain exhibited diminished growth on medium where the oligopeptide GPGG was the sole nitrogen source, but did not show any other in vitro phenotype. The opt deletion strain was not attenuated in virulence in a murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis, suggesting that the OPT gene family is not necessary for successful infection. The connection of oligopeptide transport and extracellular proteolytic activity was investigated by deleting the genes encoding Dpp4 and Dpp5, two dipeptidyl peptidases, or PrtT, the transcriptional regulator of major secreted proteases, in the complete opt deletion background. In contrast to the deletion of dpp4 and dpp5, which did not result in any additional phenotype, the absence of prtT led to a drastic growth defect on porcine lung agar. This suggests a synergistic action of extracellular proteolytic digest of proteins and transport of oligopeptide degradation products into the cell. Finally, this work established the bacterial β-Rec/six site-specific recombination system as a novel genetic tool for targeted gene deletion in A. fumigatus.}, subject = {Aspergillus fumigatus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Reichardt2010, author = {Reichardt, Elisabeth}, title = {Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Virulenzfaktoren extraintestinal pathogener Escherichia coli-St{\"a}mme bei Isolaten boviner Mastitiden}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53884}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der molekular-epidemiologischen Analyse von Virulenzgenen im Genom von insgesamt 222 Escherichia coli (E. coli)-Isolaten dargestellt, die von Mastitis-F{\"a}llen bei Rindern isoliert wurden. Mit Hilfe der Multiplex-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion wurde die Verbreitung von 42 potentiellen Virulenzfaktor-Genen extraintestinal pathogener E. coli (ExPEC) analysiert. Neben der quantitativen Bestimmung des Vorkommens jedes Einzelgens wurde in dieser Arbeit eine differenzierte Auswertung von Genkombinationen bei E. coli Mastitis-Isolaten vorgenommen. Diese ermittelten genetischen Muster werden zur 1. Pr{\"a}valenz der in der Gesamtheit der Isolate, 2. Pr{\"a}valenz in den phylogenetischen ECOR-Gruppen, 3. akut klinischen und chronischen Mastitis-Episoden und 4. dem Vorkommen spezifisch tierpathogener Adh{\"a}sine korreliert. Die Mastitis-Isolate konnten aufgrund der Virulenzmarkerverteilung und Phylogenie keinem bestimmten charakteristischen Pathotyp zugeordnet werden. Die {\"u}berwiegende Mehrzahl der Mastitis-Isolate zeigte aufgrund einer geringen Pr{\"a}valenz Virulenz-assoziierter Gene sowie der Zugeh{\"o}rigkeit zu den phylogenetischen Entwicklungslinien A und B1 ein geringes Virulenzpotential extraintestinal pathogener E. coli. Die Mehrzahl der St{\"a}mme enthielt eine singul{\"a}re Virulenzdeterminante (83 St{\"a}mme; 37,4 \%), eine Zweierkombination (69 St{\"a}mme; 31,1 \%) oder eine Dreierkombination von Virulenzgenen (34 St{\"a}mme; 15,3 \%). Vier Gene f{\"u}r Virulenzfaktoren in Kombination zeigten sich lediglich in sieben St{\"a}mmen (3,1 \%). Insbesondere die Anwesenheit von 5 bis 18 differenten Virulenzgenen pro Genom traten nur mit einer geringen Frequenz in zusammen 16 Isolaten (7,2 \%) auf. Das absolut h{\"a}ufigste Virulenz-assoziierte Gen, das nachgewiesen wurde, war fimH, das f{\"u}r die mannosespezifische Adh{\"a}sinuntereinheit der Typ1-Fimbrien kodiert. Insgesamt gaben 88,7 \% aller 222 untersuchten St{\"a}mme ein positives Signal in der Multiplex-PCR, und zwar 89,9 \% der 199 klinischen Isolate sowie 85,7 \% der Isolate chronischer Mastitiden. In etwa der H{\"a}lfte aller untersuchten St{\"a}mme trat auch das Gen traT auf, das Serumresistenz vermittelt (43,7 \%). Die Genkombination fimH-traT wurde in wechselnden Konstellationen in insgesamt 83 St{\"a}mmen (37,3 \%) gefunden. Sie ist damit die h{\"a}ufigste Virulenzgenkombination in den untersuchten E. coli-Genomen mit multiplen Virulenzdeterminanten. Da bei Rinder-Mastitis besonders in den schweren F{\"a}llen systemische Verl{\"a}ufe f{\"o}rdernde Faktoren wie Serumresistenz eine bedeutende Rolle spielen, k{\"o}nnte hier eine Selektion auf genetische Kopplung von traT mit fimH vorliegen. Deutlich geringere Pr{\"a}valenzen wiesen die Virulenzgene f{\"u}r α-H{\"a}molysin (hlyA, 10,8 \%), den Yersiniabactinrezeptor (fyuA, 12,2 \%) sowie das ebenfalls an der Serumresistenz beteiligte Gen iss (8,5 \%) auf. Nur 13 (5,8 \%) der 222 E. coli-Isolate besaßen keines der untersuchten Virulenzgene. Das Fehlen bekannter Virulenzgene in diesen St{\"a}mmen deutet darauf hin, dass weitere unber{\"u}cksichtigte Faktoren eine Rolle bei der Virulenz von Mastitisisolaten spielen k{\"o}nnten oder der Status des Wirtsorganismus in diesen F{\"a}llen ausschlaggebend f{\"u}r eine erfolgreiche Infektion des Euters sein k{\"o}nnte. Offensichtlich sind die meisten der untersuchten E. coli- Virulenzfaktoren f{\"u}r die Pathogenese der Rindermastitis von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Von den 222 Isolaten z{\"a}hlten insgesamt 137 St{\"a}mme zur phylogenetischen Linie (ECOR-Gruppe) A, 62 zur ECOR-Gruppe B1, 20 zur ECOR-Gruppe B2 und 14 zur Gruppe D. Die St{\"a}mme, die zu den phylogenetischen Entwicklungslinien A, B1 und D geh{\"o}ren, unterschieden sich hinsichtlich der Pr{\"a}valenz der Virulenzfaktormuster nicht vom Gesamtbild. Lediglich Isolate der ECOR-Gruppe B2 wiesen eine f{\"u}r sie typische H{\"a}ufung von Virulenzgenclustern auf. Das relativ geringe Vorkommen bzw. weitgehende Fehlen (5 von 8) von Adh{\"a}singenen spezifisch tierpathogener E. coli l{\"a}sst darauf schließen, dass bislang beschriebenen Rinder-pathogenen E. coli keine Bedeutung als Verursacher einer Rindermastitis zukommt. F{\"u}r die Analyse der chronischen Verlaufsform der Mastitis standen nur 21 Isolate zur Verf{\"u}gung, die keinen hinreichend gesicherten Vergleich zu den F{\"a}llen mit akuter klinischer Mastitis (199 St{\"a}mme insgesamt) erlauben. Die auff{\"a}llige Zunahme des H{\"a}molysingens hlyA (23,8 \%) gegen{\"u}ber 9,5 \% in den klinischen Isolaten (und 10,8 \% in allen St{\"a}mmen) m{\"u}sste in k{\"u}nftigen Untersuchungen invasiven Verhaltens der ExPEC beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit legen nahe, dass eine bovine Mastitis durch verschiedene E. coli-Varianten hervorgerufen werden kann und ein großes Potential extraintestinaler Virulenzfaktoren dazu nicht erforderlich ist. Entscheidend ist eine durch das fimH-Gen vermittelte Adh{\"a}sion, in der H{\"a}lfte der untersuchten F{\"a}lle unterst{\"u}tzt durch das Serumresistenz vermittelnde Gen traT.}, subject = {Escherichia coli}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Krumbholz2010, author = {Krumbholz, Grit}, title = {Untersuchungen zur Struktur, Regulation und Funktion des nichtribosomalen Peptid-Polyketids Colibactin aus E. coli}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-64789}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Polyketide (PK) und nichtribosomale Peptide (NRP) sind zwei grosse Klassen von Naturstoffen, die eine grosse Vielfalt hinsichtlich ihrer Struktur und Funktion aufweisen. Sie werden von einer Reihe von Bakterien, Pilzen und Pflanzen als Sekund{\"a}rmetabolite produziert und besitzen eine Vielzahl pharmakologisch wichtiger Aktivit{\"a}ten, wie z.B. antimikrobielle, antimykotische, antitumorale oder antiparasitische Wirkungen. Ein Grossteil der bakteriellen Produzenten findet sich im Phylum Firmicutes, innerhalb der Gattungen Bacillus, Streptomyces und Mycobacterium. In E. coli sind Polyketide und nichtribosomale Proteine von eher geringer Bedeutung, mit Ausnahme der Siderophore Enterobactin und Yersiniabactin. Unerwartet war daher die Identifizierung eines neuen PKS/ NRPS-Gencluster in verschiedenen E. coli-St{\"a}mmen. Das 2006 durch NOUGAYR{\`E}DE et al. zuerst beschriebene Colibactin-Gencluster kodiert f{\"u}r ein hybrides System aus modularen Polyketidsynthasen und nichtribosomalen Peptidsynthetasen sowie f{\"u}r zus{\"a}tzliche editierende Enzyme und einen m{\"o}glichen transkriptionellen Regulator (ClbR). Das Produkt der PKS/NRPS-Synthasen, Colibactin, {\"u}bt in vitro einen zytopathischen Effekt (CPE) auf S{\"a}ugerzelllinien aus. Die zytopathische Aktivit{\"a}t Colibactins zeichnet sich u.a. durch die Induktion von Doppelstrangbr{\"u}chen in der DNA der eukaryotischen Zellen aus. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus kommt es zu einer Unterbrechung des Zellzyklus in der G2-Phase nach einer transienten in vitro Infektion mit Colibactin-positiven Bakterienst{\"a}mmen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit war besonders die weitere Aufkl{\"a}rung der Struktur des Colibactinclusters sowie die regulatorischen Mechanismen, die die Exression des hybriden nichtribosomalen Peptid-Polyketids von Interesse. Eine Transkriptionsanalyse f{\"u}hrte zur Identifizierung der Transkriptionsstartpunkte der meisten relevanten Gene des Colibactinclusters. Basierend auf diesen neugewonnenen Informationen war eine Sequenzanalyse der upstream-Bereiche der Gene m{\"o}glich, in deren Ergebnis neben den Elementen eines Sigma70-abh{\"a}ngigen Promotors, putative Bindestellen f{\"u}r mehrere Transkriptionsfaktoren identifiziert wurden. Untersuchungen zur Regulation der Colibactinsynthese zeigten, dass die Expression der Colibactin-Gene sowohl unter Kontrolle des Transkriptionsfaktors H-NS als auch des Colibactin-spezifischen Regulators ClbR stehen. Neben der Aufkl{\"a}rung der Struktur und Regulation der Colibactin-Gene bestand das Ziel dieser Arbeit in der Optimierung der Synthese des nichtribosomalen Peptid-Polyketids. Hierf{\"u}r durchgef{\"u}hrte Expressionstudien zeigten einen Einfluss von Fetts{\"a}uren und Indol sowie von der Sauerstoffverf{\"u}gbarkeit auf die Promotoraktivit{\"a}t einzelner Gene des Colibactin-Genclusters. Dar{\"u}berhinaus konnte das pks-Genclusters erfolgreich in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 transferiert werden sowie der Nachweis der Funktionsf{\"a}higkeit Colibactins in diesem Wirtsorganismus nachgewiesen werden. Wenngleich die Stabilit{\"a}t des f{\"u}r diesen Zweck konstruierten Shuttle-Vektors nicht von Dauer ist, konnte gezeigt werden dass Pseudomonas putida prinzipiell als Wirtssystem f{\"u}r die Realisierbarkeit der heterologen Expression von Colibactin, geeignet ist. Zus{\"a}tzlich zur Strukturanalyse des pks-Clusters und den Studien zur Expression der Colibactin-Gene befasste sich die hier vorliegende Arbeit mit der Fragestellung nach der biologischen Funktion Colibactins. Ph{\"a}notypische Untersuchungen zeigen sowohl eine Beeinflussung der Eisenaufnahme als auch der Biofilmbildung durch das nichtribosomale Peptid-Polyketid. Dies sind die ersten Hinweise die zur Aufkl{\"a}rung der Funktion Colibactins beitragen k{\"o}nnten.}, subject = {Polyketid-Synthasen}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Bauchart2010, author = {Bauchart, Philippe Michel Paul}, title = {Evaluation of the Zoonotic Risk of Escherichia coli Strains involved in Extraintestinal Infections of Humans and Animals. Characterization of New Virulences Factors in ExPEC}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48848}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) represent a subset of the so-called extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) pathotype that can cause various extraintestinal infections in humans and animals. APEC are the causative agent of localized colibacillosis or systemic infection in poultry. In this latter case, the syndrome starts as an infection of the upper respiratory tract and develops into a systemic infection. Generally, ExPEC are characterized by a broad variety of virulence-associated factors that may contribute to pathogenesis. Major virulence factors, however, that clearly define this pathotype, have not been identified. Instead, virulence-associated genes of ExPEC and thus also of APEC could be used in a mix-and-match-fashion. Both pathotypes could not be clearly distinguished by molecular epidemiology, and this suggested a hypothetical zoonotic risk caused by APEC. Accordingly, the main scientific question of this study was to characterize common traits as well as differences of APEC and human ExPEC variants that could either support the possible zoonotic risk posed by these pathogenic E. coli strains or indicate factors involved in host specificity. Comparative genomic analysis of selected APEC and human ExPEC isolates of the same serotype indicated that these variants could not be clearly distinguished on the basis of (i) general phenotypes, (ii) phylogeny, (iii) the presence of typical ExPEC virulence genes, and (iv) the presence of pathoadaptive mutations. Allelic variations in genes coding for adhesins such as MatB and CsgA or their regulators MatA and CsgD have been observed, but further studies are required to analyze their impact on pathogenicity. On this background, the second part of this thesis focused on the analysis of differences between human ExPEC and APEC isolates at the gene expression level. The analysis of gene expression of APEC and human ExPEC under growth conditions that mimick their hosts should answer the question whether these bacterial variants may express factors required for their host-specificity. The transcriptomes of APEC strain BEN374 and human ExPEC isolate IHE3034 were compared to decipher whether there was a specific or common behavior of APEC and human ExPEC, in response to the different body temperatures of man (37°C) or poultry (41°C). Only a few genes were induced at 41 °C in each strain relative to growth at 37 °C. The group of down-regulated genes in both strains was markedly bigger and mainly included motility and chemotaxis genes. The results obtained from the transcriptome, genomic as well as phenotypic comparison of human ExPEC and APEC, supports the idea of a potential zoonotic risk of APEC and certain human ExPEC variants. In the third part of the thesis, the focus was set on the characterization of Mat fimbriae, and their potential role during ExPEC infection. Comparison of the mat gene cluster in K-12 strain MG1655 and O18:K1 isolate IHE3034 led to the discovery of differences in (i) DNA sequence, (ii) the presence of transcriptional start and transcription factor binding sites as well as (iii) the structure of the matA upstream region that account for the different regulation of Mat fimbriae expression in these strains. A negative role of the H-NS protein on Mat fimbriae expression was also proven at 20 °C and 37 °C by real-time PCR. A major role of this fimbrial adhesin was demonstrated for biofilm formation, but a significant role of Mat fimbriae for APEC in vivo virulence could not yet be determined. Interestingly, the absence of either a functional matA gene or that of the structural genes matBCDEF independently resulted in upregulation of motility in E. coli strains MG1655 and IHE3034 by a so far unknown mechanism. In conclusion, the results of this thesis indicate a considerable overlap between human and animal ExPEC strains in terms of genome content and phenotypes. It becomes more and more apparent that the presence of a common set of virulence-associated genes among ExPEC strains as well as similar virulence gene expression patterns and phylogenetic backgrounds indicate a significant zoonotic risk of avian-derived E. coli isolates. In addition, new virulence factors identified in human ExPEC may also play a role in the pathogenesis of avian ExPEC.}, subject = {Escherichia coli}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Konradt2010, author = {Konradt, Christoph}, title = {Cross-talk between Shigella and cells of the adaptive immunity: The TTS effector IpgD inhibits T cell migration}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55397}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Shigellosis, or bacillary dysentery, is a rectocolitis caused by the gram-negative, enteroinvasive bacteria of the genus Shigella. Shigellosis still remains a major public health burden with an estimated 80 million cases of bloody diarrhoea and 700.000 deaths per year, primarily in children under the age of 5. Shigella disrupts, invades, and causes inflammatory destruction of the colonic epithelium in humans through virulence effectors secreted by the type III secretion apparatus (TTSA). In contrast to the Shigella-induced manipulation of the host innate immune response, the impact of Shigella on the adaptive immunity has been poorly studied thus far. In order to understand why the naturally induced protective humoral response requires several infections to be primed and is of short duration, the work presented here investigates if Shigella is able to directly interact with T cells. Indeed, it has been shown that Shigella was able to invade and proliferate inside T cells. Furthermore, Shigella was able to inhibit T cell migration through a TTSA effector. Moreover, the Shigella effector IpgD, a phosphoinositide 4-phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) into phosphatidylinositol-(5)-monophosphate (PI(5)P), was identified as the effector responsible for the observed inhibition. It could be demonstrated that IpgD was responsible for a reduction of intracellular PIP2 levels in T cells. Further experiments showed a reduced level of phosphorylated ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) proteins in infected, as well as with IpgD transfected, T cells. The ERM protein family plays an imported role in signal transduction and motility and their activity is closely related to the binding of PIP2. Therefore, the low level of PIP2 leads to a dephosphorylation of the ERM proteins which inhibits T cells response to chemokine stimulation. Indeed, IpgD transfected T cells show a reduced ability to re-localise the ERM proteins upon chemokine stimulation. Targeting T cell motility, via TTSA effectors, could explain the low level of specific T cell priming during Shigella infection. This is the first report of Shigella induced manipulation of T cell function and on the inhibition of T cell migration by a bacterial effector.}, subject = {Medizinische Mikrobiologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Siegl2009, author = {Siegl, Alexander}, title = {Einzelzell-basierte Methoden zur Charakterisierung Schwamm-assoziierter Bakterien}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37443}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Schw{\"a}mme (Phylum Porifera) sind der {\"a}lteste rezente Tierstamm der Erde. Insbesondere marine Vertreter dieser sessilen Invertebraten sind oftmals mit einem mikrobiellen Konsortium assoziiert, welches hochgradig wirtsspezifisch und phylogenetisch divers ist. Die Biomasse dieser Mikroflora kann dabei rund die H{\"a}lfte der Masse eines Schwamms ausmachen. Die Komplexit{\"a}t des Konsortiums sowie der Mangel an kultivierbaren Vertretern der Schwamm-spezifischen Kladen erschwert dabei eine gezielte funktionelle Charakterisierung. Von besonderem Interesse hierbei ist das exklusiv in marinen Schw{\"a}mmen vorzufindende Candidatus Phylum Poribacteria, f{\"u}r das bislang kein kultivierter Vertreter vorliegt. Die metabolisch aktiven und hochabundanten Poribakterien liegen in der extrazellul{\"a}ren Matrix des Schwammes vor und zeichnen sich durch das Vorhandensein einer Nukleoid-{\"a}hnlichen intrazellul{\"a}ren Struktur aus. Ziel dieser Promotionsarbeit war es, neue Einzelzell-basierte Methoden auf das Gebiet der funktionellen Charakterisierung von Bakterien anzuwenden, welche spezifisch mit dem mediterranen Schwamm Aplysina aerophoba assoziiert sind. Dabei wurden sowohl kultivierungs-abh{\"a}ngige, als auch kultivierungs-unabh{\"a}ngige Versuchsans{\"a}tze verfolgt. Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Studien lag dabei auf dem Candidatus Phylum Poribacteria. W{\"a}hrend auf dem ‚dilution-to-extinction'-Prinzip beruhende Hochdurchsatz-Kultivierungen nicht zum Erhalt einer Schwammsymbionten-Reinkultur f{\"u}hrten, konnten durch eine Kombination aus FACS-Vereinzelung von Schwamm-assoziierten Bakterien und anschließenden Einzel-Genom-Amplifizierungen (‚whole genome amplifications') umfassende Einblicke in die metabolischen Kapazit{\"a}ten von Schwammsymbionten gewonnen werden. Ferner gelang durch die Anwendung dieser neuen kultivierungs-unabh{\"a}ngigen Methode eine spezifische Verkn{\"u}pfung von Phylogenie und Funktion Schwamm-assoziierter, nicht-kultivierbarer Bakterien. So konnte im Rahmen dieser Dissertation eine neue nicht-ribosomale Peptidsynthetase (NRPS) einem Vertreter einer Schwamm-spezifischen Chloroflexi-Klade zugewiesen werden. Ferner gelang die Zuordnung einer exklusiv in marinen Schw{\"a}mmen vorgefundenen Polyketidsynthase (Sup-PKS) zu den Poribacteria. Die Klonierung von hochmolekularer, Einzel-Genom-amplifizierter DNA in Cosmide gew{\"a}hrte zudem Einblicke in den genomischen Kontext dieser, mit dem bakteriellen Sekund{\"a}rmetabolismus assoziierten Gene. Die Pyrosequenzierung eines amplifizierten, von einem einzelnen Poribakterium abstammenden Genoms f{\"u}hrte zudem zum Erhalt von rund zwei Megabasen an genetischer Information {\"u}ber diese Schwammsymbionten. Dadurch wurden detaillierte Informationen {\"u}ber den poribakteriellen Prim{\"a}r- und Sekund{\"a}rstoffwechsel gewonnen. Die Auswertung der automatisch annotierten 454-Daten erlaubte die Rekonstruktion von Stoffwechselwegen, so z.B. der Glykolyse oder des Citratzyklus und best{\"a}tigte das Vorhandensein eines Sup-PKS-Gens im poribakteriellen Genom. Ferner konnten Gemeinsamkeiten mit den Schwesterphyla Planctomycetes, Chlamydiae und Verrucomicrobia gefunden werden. Zudem zeigte die vergleichende Analyse mit einem poribakteriellen Referenzklon aus einer bestehenden Metagenombank die genomische Mikroheterogenit{\"a}t innerhalb dieses Phylums. Nicht zuletzt konnte die Auswertung der poribakteriellen 454-Sequenzierung eine Reihe von m{\"o}glichen Symbiose-Determinanten aufdecken, die beispielsweise am Austausch von Metaboliten zwischen den Interaktionspartnern beteiligt sind. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertationsarbeit stellen die Basis f{\"u}r eine gezielte und detaillierte funktionelle Beschreibung einzelner Bakterien innerhalb komplexer mikrobieller Konsortien dar, wie sie in marinen Schw{\"a}mmen vorzufinden sind. Dieser Studie gew{\"a}hrte erstmalig umfassende Einblicke in das genomische Potential der nicht-kultivierten, Schwamm-assoziierten Poribacteria. Weiterf{\"u}hrende Einzelzell-basierte Experimente werden in Zukunft dazu beitragen, das Bild von der Interaktion zwischen Bakterien und eukaryontischen Wirten zu komplettieren.}, subject = {Genomik}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Donat2009, author = {Donat, Stefanie}, title = {Molekulare und funktionelle Charakterisierung der Serin/Threonin-Proteinkinase PknB und -Phosphatase Stp in Staphylococcus aureus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41893}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Um {\"A}nderungen in seiner Umwelt wahrnehmen zu k{\"o}nnen, ben{\"o}tigt S. aureus unterschiedliche Signaltransduktionssysteme. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals die Eukaryoten-{\"a}hnliche Serin/Threonin-Proteinkinase (STPK) PknB umfassend charakterisiert. Die posttranslationale Proteinmodifikation mittels Phosphorylierung spielt sowohl in Eukaryoten als auch in Prokaryoten eine wichtige Rolle. Man glaubte lange, dass die Phosphorylierung von Serin-, Threonin- und Tyrosinresten ein nur auf Eukaryoten beschr{\"a}nkter Regulationsmechanismus ist. Dagegen wurde die Phosphorylierung an Histidin- und Aspartatresten durch die Zweikomponenten-Systeme allein den Prokaryoten zugeordnet. Die Genomanalysen der letzten Jahre identifizierten jedoch STPKs und Serin/Threonin-Proteinphosphatasen (STPP) in nahezu allen prokaryotischen Genomen. Auch S. aureus codiert f{\"u}r eine STPK, die eine hohe Homologie zu den beschriebenen STPKs aufweist. In dieser Arbeit wurden mittels Microarray-Analyse einer \&\#916;pknB-Mutante im Stamm 8325 erste Hinweise zur Funktion von PknB als Regulator der Zellwandsynthese sowie zentraler Stoffwechselwege gewonnen. Es wurden mittels Phosphopreoteom-Analysen in vivo-Substrate identifiziert und weiterhin die Kinase biochemisch charakterisiert.}, subject = {Staphylococcus aureus}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Putze2009, author = {Putze, Johannes}, title = {Studien zur Verbreitung und genetischen Struktur des Colibactin-Genclusters in Enterobacteriaceae}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47259}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Horizontaler Gentransfer zwischen Bakterien - sogar zwischen verschiedenen Spezies - ist ein wichtiger Mechanismus f{\"u}r den Austausch genetischer Information. Dies kann dem Rezipienten einen selektiven Vorteil verleihen, z. B. durch die schnelle Aneignung von Genclustern, die f{\"u}r Pathogenit{\"a}ts- oder Fitnessfaktoren kodieren. Die Variabilit{\"a}t bakterieller Genome durch Aneignung und Inkorporation genetischen Materials in das Genom tr{\"a}gt somit erheblich zur Evolution von Bakterien bei. Bakterielle Genome neigen allerdings dazu, nutzlose genetische Information zu verlieren und daher kann horizontal erworbener DNA h{\"a}ufig eine distinkte biologische Funktion zugeordnet werden. Das Colibactin-Gencluster, welches zuerst in Escherichia coli gefunden wurde, weist mehrere Charakteristika einer horizontal erworbenen genomischen Insel auf. Die Gr{\"o}ße dieser genomischen Insel betr{\"a}gt 54 kb und sie umfasst 20 offene Leseraster (ORFs), von denen acht f{\"u}r putative Polyketidsynthasen (PKS), nichtribosomale Peptidsynthasen (NRPS) und Hybride dieser kodieren. Colibactin {\"u}bt einen zytopathischen Effekt (CPE) auf eukaryotische Zellen in vitro aus. Nach Kokultivierung Colibactin-Gencluster-positiven Bakterien mit eukaryotischen Zellen kommt es zu DNA Doppelstrang Br{\"u}chen, Zellzyklus-Arrest in der G2-Phase, Megalozytose und schließlich zum Zelltod. Diese Effekte sind mit denen des Zyklomodulins „Cytolethal Distending Toxin" (CDT) vergleichbar, allerdings konnte die biologische Funktion des Colibactins in vivo bisher nicht aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Das Colibactin-Gencluster wurde bisher nur in Escherichia coli St{\"a}mmen der phylogenetischen Gruppe B2 als individuelle genomische Insel, integriert im tRNA-asnW-Gen, vorgefunden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte das Colibactin-Gencluster auch in E. coli der phylogenetischen Gruppe B1 und in Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter aerogenes und Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae nachgewiesen werden. In diesen Bakterienst{\"a}mmen ist das Colibactin-Gencluster Teil eines genetischen Elements, das {\"A}hnlichkeit zu integrativen und konjugativen Elementen (ICE) aus E. coli und K. pneumoniae aufweist. Im Gegensatz zur hochkonservierten Integrationsstelle des Colibactin-Genclusters in tRNA-asnW in E. coli der phylogenetischen Gruppe B2 konnte die Integrationsstelle dieses ICE in E. coli der Gruppe B1 in tRNA-asnU bestimmt werden. In Bakterienst{\"a}mmen der Spezies K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae wurden vier verschiedene Integrationsstellen in f{\"u}nf analysierten St{\"a}mmen identifiziert. Neben der Studien zur Verbreitung und chromosomalen Integration des Colibactin-Genclusters wurden Kolonisierungsstudien im murinen streptomycinbehandelten Intestinaltrakt mit E. coli Stamm Nissle 1917 durchgef{\"u}hrt, um eine m{\"o}gliche Funktion des Colibactins im Darmtrakt n{\"a}her zu untersuchen. Weder in nicht-kompetitiven noch in kompetitiven Versuchsdurchf{\"u}hrungen konnte dabei ein Kolonisierungsvorteil durch Colibactin nachgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit haben gezeigt, dass das Colibactin-Gencluster in verschiedenen Spezies der Enterobacteriaceae vorhanden und funktional ist. Das Auftreten dieses sowohl als individuelle genomische Insel als auch als Teil eines ICE veranschaulicht die genetische Plastizit{\"a}t dieses Elements und die Bedeutung des horizontalen Transfers genetischen Materials. Die biologische Funktion des Colibactins in vivo bleibt weiterhin unklar und k{\"o}nnte sowohl die bakterielle Fitness als auch die Virulenz beeinflussen.}, subject = {Enterobacteriaceae}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Dude2009, author = {Dude, Marie-Adrienne}, title = {Die Expression der Multiadh{\"a}sionsdom{\"a}nenproteine PfCCp5 und PfFNPA in Plasmodium falciparum und Cysteinprotease-Inhibitoren als potentielle Wirkstoffe gegen Malaria}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45863}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Der Erreger der Malaria tropica, Plasmodium falciparum, ist f{\"u}r eine j{\"a}hrliche Todesrate von {\"u}ber einer Million Menschen verantwortlich. Rasch zunehmende Erregerresistenzen gegen g{\"a}ngige Antimalariamedikamente und das Fehlen eines Impfstoffes machen die Suche nach neuen therapeutischen Ans{\"a}tzen und Medikamenten unerl{\"a}sslich. Sexualstadienspezifische Oberfl{\"a}chenproteine des Parasiten sind attraktive Zielstrukturen f{\"u}r die Entwicklung von TBV, welche eine Entwicklung von P. falciparum in der M{\"u}cke unterbrechen. Die Suche nach multiplen tier- oder bakterien{\"a}hnlichen, extrazellul{\"a}ren Adh{\"a}sionsdom{\"a}nen im Genom von P. falciparum f{\"u}hrte zur Identifizierung einer Familie von sechs Proteinen mit hochkonservierten Adh{\"a}sionsmodulen, die vermutlich an Parasit-Parasit- oder Parasit-Wirtsinteraktionen beteiligt sind, was sie zu potentiellen Kandidaten f{\"u}r Komponenten von TBV macht. Aufgrund ihrer gemeinsamen LCCL-Dom{\"a}ne wurden diese Proteine PfCCp1 bis PfCCp5 sowie PfFNPA benannt. PfFNPA besitzt keine LCCL-Dom{\"a}ne, es ist jedoch {\"a}hnlich aufgebaut wie PfCCp5 und wurde daher mit in die PfCCp-Familie integriert. Die in der parasitophoren Vakuole reifer Gametozyten lokalisierenden PfCCp1- bis PfCCp3-Proteine werden w{\"a}hrend der Gametogenese teilweise freigesetzt und umgeben matrix{\"a}hnlich entstehende Exflagellationszentren. In PfCCp2- und PfCCp3-defizienten Parasiten ist die Wanderung der Sporozoiten aus den Mitteldarmoozysten in die Speicheldr{\"u}sen der M{\"u}cke blockiert. Sexualstadien-spezifische Expression und eine wichtige Funktion bei der Entwicklung des Erregers in der M{\"u}cke sind die Hauptkriterien f{\"u}r potentielle TBV-Kandidaten. Diese viel versprechenden Daten waren Anlass, in der vorliegenden Arbeit, die bisher nur hypothetischen PfCCp5- und PfFNPA-Proteine genauer zu untersuchen. Expressionsstudien von PfCCp5 und PfFNPA mittels RT-PCR, Western-Blot-, Immunfluoreszenz- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopischen-Analysen zeigten, dass sie sowohl plasmamembranassoziiert in der parasitophoren Vakuole als auch intrazellul{\"a}r in reifen Gametozyten exprimiert werden. Beide Proteine sind in Gameto-zyten ab dem Stadium II detektierbar und weisen in unreifen Gametozyten ein punktiertes Expressionsmuster auf. In reifen Gametozyten konzentriert sich ihre Expression dagegen v. a. auf die Zellpole. Ferner werden PfCCp5 und PfFNPA auf der Oberfl{\"a}che von Makrogameten, jedoch nicht in Mikrogameten und Ookineten exprimiert. Zus{\"a}tzlich wird PfCCp5 in einem Teil reifer Schizonten eines gametozyten-bildenden Parasiten-Stammes exprimiert. Durch Integration eines Komplementations-Konstukts in die 3-untranslatierte Region von PfCCp5 bzw. PfFNPA konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide Gene genetisch manipulierbar sind. Mit PfCCp5- bzw. PfFNPA-KO-Konstrukten transfizierte WT-Parasiten wachsen nach erfolgter positiver Selektion jedoch nicht mehr. Diese Daten lassen vermuten, dass PfCCp5 und PfFNPA eine essentielle Funktion in den Blutstadien bzw. bei Gametozytenbildung haben. Zur weiteren Analyse von PfFNPA wurde ein verk{\"u}rztes Protein durch Integration eines weiteren PfFNPA-KO-Konstrukts in den Locus von WT-Parasiten generiert. Erste Analysen des PfFNPA-KO-Ph{\"a}notyps deuten darauf hin, dass durch die Ausschaltung der 3'-Region des Gens das Protein nicht mehr korrekt exprimiert wird, obwohl keine morphologischen Ver{\"a}nderungen der Blutstadien des Parasiten feststellbar sind. Außerdem werden PfCCp5 und PfFNPA ko-abh{\"a}ngig in PfCCp1-, PfCCp2- und PfCCp3-KO-Gametozyten exprimiert. Ko-Immunpr{\"a}zipitationsstudien zeigten, dass beide Proteine mit den anderen PfCCp-Mitgliedern interagieren. Affinit{\"a}tschromato-graphiestudien deckten dann direkte Interaktionen einzelner PfCCp-Dom{\"a}nen auf. Hierbei sind v. a. die LCCL-, die SR- und die NEC- Dom{\"a}ne an Proteininteraktionen beteiligt, was die Hypothese einer Komplexbildung der PfCCp-Familie w{\"a}hrend der Gametogenese des Erregers st{\"u}tzt. Transmissionsblockierungsstudien sollen nun die Eignung ausgew{\"a}hlter PfCCp-Proteine als TBV-Komponenten n{\"a}her beleuchten. Zunehmende Resistenzen gegen gebr{\"a}uchliche Malariamedikamente veranlassen zur Suche nach neuen Angriffspunkten zur Behandlung der Erkrankung. Die maßgeblich an der H{\"a}moglobinhydrolyse beteiligten plasmodialen Cysteinproteasen Falcipain-2 und Falcipain-3 sind m{\"o}gliche Ziele f{\"u}r die Entwicklung neuer Antimalariawirkstoffe. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden peptidomimetische 1,4-Benzodiazepin- und nicht-peptidische Etacryns{\"a}urederivate in vitro auf ihre antiplasmodiale Wirkung an P. falciparum-Blutstadien getestet. Ein erstes Screening hatte gezeigt, dass die eine Vinylsulfonkopfgruppe tragenden 1,4 Benzodiazepinderivate rekombinant exprimiertes Falcipain-2 irreversibel hemmen. In vitro konnte dann auch eine antiplasmodiale Aktivit{\"a}t f{\"u}r diese Verbindungen festgestellt werden. Dockingstudien und HPLC-Assays mit den Etacryns{\"a}urederivaten deckten eine Hemmung der Cysteinprotease Papain und der SARS-Mpro-Hauptprotease der Coronaviren auf. Weiterhin konnte in einem Screening an rekombinant exprimiertem Falcipain-2 und Falcipain-3 eine inhibitorische Wirkung f{\"u}r einen Teil dieser Etacryns{\"a}urederivate festgestellt werden. Der In-vitro-Test an P. falciparum-Blutstadien deckte dann eine schwache antiplasmodiale Aktivit{\"a}t von fluorsubstituierten Etacryns{\"a}urederivaten und von Derivaten mit einer modifizierten Etacryns{\"a}urepartialstruktur auf. Der viel versprechendste Inhibitor dieser Studie wurde nun zur Identifizierung potentieller Bindungspartner mittels Affinit{\"a}tsbindungsstudien biotyniliert. Zusammenfassend besitzen beide getesteten Wirkstoffklassen eine inhibierende Aktivit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber Cysteinproteasen womit sie die Grundlage f{\"u}r die Entwicklung neuer, effektiverer plasmodialer Cysteinproteaseinhibitoren bieten.}, subject = {Plasmodium falciparum}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{AlbertWeissenberger2009, author = {Albert-Weißenberger, Christiane}, title = {Regulation of the Flagellar Biogenesis in Legionella pneumophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34335}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {The bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila replicates intracellularly in protozoa, but can also cause severe pneumonia, called Legionnaires' disease. The bacteria invade and proliferate in the alveolar macrophages of the human lung. L. pneumophila bacteria exhibit a biphasic life cycle: replicative bacteria are avirulent; in contrast, transmissive bacteria express virulence traits and flagella. Primarily aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of the regulatory proteins FleQ, FleR, and RpoN in flagellar gene regulation. Phenotypic analysis, Western blot and electron microscopy of regulatory mutants in the genes coding for FleQ, RpoN and FleR demonstrated that flagellin expression is strongly repressed and that these mutants are non-flagellated in transmissive phase. Transcriptomic studies of these putative flagellar gene expression regulators demonstrated that fleQ controls the expression of numerous flagellar biosynthetic genes. Together with RpoN, FleQ controls transcription of 14 out of 31 flagellar class II genes, coding for the basal body, hook, and regulatory proteins. Unexpectedly, 7 out of 15 late flagellar genes class III and IV) are expressed dependent on FleQ but independent of RpoN. Thus, in contrast to the commonly accepted view that enhancer binding proteins as FleQ always interact with RpoN to initiate transcription, our results strongly indicate that FleQ of L. pneumophila regulates gene expression RpoN-dependent as well as RpoN-independent. Moreover, transcriptome analysis of a fleR mutant strain elucidated that FleR does not regulate the flagellar class III genes as previously suggested. Instead FleR regulates together with RpoN numerous protein biosynthesis and metabolic genes. Based on these experimental results our modified model for the transcriptional regulation of flagellar genes in L. pneumophila is that flagellar class II genes are controlled by FleQ and RpoN, while flagellar class III and IV genes are controlled in a fleQ-dependent but rpoN-independent manner. Although all L. pneumophila strains share the same complex life style, various pathotypes have evolved. This is reflected by the genomes, which contain e.g. genomic islands. The genomic island Trb-1 of L. pneumophila Corby, carries all genes necessary for a type-IV conjugation system, an integrase gene and a putative oriT site. The second aim of this thesis was to investigate the implication of this genomic island in conjugative DNA transfer. Using conjugation assays we showed that the oriT site located on Trb-1 is functional and contributes to conjugation between different L. pneumophila strains. As this is the first oriT site of L. pneumophila known to be functional our results provide evidence that conjugation is a major mechanism for the evolution of new pathotypes in L. pneumophila.}, subject = {Legionella pneumophila}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Reidl2009, author = {Reidl, Sebastian}, title = {Funktionale Charakterisierung an der Biofilmbildung beteiligter Faktoren pathogener und kommensaler Escherichia coli}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35684}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Multizellul{\"a}re Gemeinschaften in Form bakterieller Biofilme stellen aus medizinischer Sicht ein großes klinisches Problem dar. H{\"a}ufig lassen sich chronische oder rezidivierende Erkrankungen aber auch nosokomiale Infektionen auf die multizellul{\"a}re Lebensweise von humanpathogenen Erregern zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren. Sowohl fakultativ als auch obligat pathogene Escherichia coli-St{\"a}mme besitzen eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Faktoren, die die Biofilmbildung beeinflussen. Daran beteiligt sind unter anderem Flagellen, extrazellul{\"a}re polymere Substanzen, Adh{\"a}sine oder Oberfl{\"a}chen-assoziierte Proteine wie Autotransporter. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die funktionale Charakterisierung des Proteins Antigen 43 (Ag43). Aufgrund seiner Autoaggregation-vermittelnden Eigenschaft tr{\"a}gt Ag43 ebenfalls zur Mikrokoloniebildung und Biofilmreifung bei. Antigen 43 ist ein Autotransporterprotein, welches innerhalb der Bakterienspezies Escherichia coli weit verbreitet ist. Interessanterweise besitzen viele E. coli-Isolate gleich mehrere identische oder {\"a}hnliche Kopien von agn43, die in der Regel von variablen Genombereichen (genomische Inseln, Plasmide) kodiert werden. Am Beispiel der Antigen 43-Varianten des uropathogenen Escherichia coli (UPEC)-Stammes 536 (O6:K15:H31), des kommensalen E. coli Isolats Nissle 1917 (O6:K5:H1) sowie des E. coli K-12-Laborstammes MG1655 (OR:H48:K-) ist die Bedeutung des Autotransporterproteins im Rahmen dieser Arbeit n{\"a}her untersucht worden. Hierf{\"u}r wurden die verschiedenen agn43-Allele in ein geeignetes Vektorsystem kloniert und im Adh{\"a}sin-freien Escherichia coli K-12-Stamm MG1655 \&\#916;fim\&\#916;flu exprimiert. Da Antigen 43 in Wildtypst{\"a}mmen posttranslational glykosyliert vorliegt, sind die Experimente zus{\"a}tzlich unter Einfluß der heterologen, AIDA I-spezifischen Heptosyltransferase Aah ('Autotransporter Adhesin Heptosyltransferase') durchgef{\"u}hrt worden. Anhand von Bindungsstudien (intermolekulare Autoaggregation, Zelladh{\"a}sionstests) wurde gezeigt, daß sich einzelne Ag43-Varianten teilweise in ihren Eigenschaften unterscheiden. Im direkten Vergleich mit AIDA-I ('Adhesin Involved in Diffuse Adherence') enteropathogener Escherichia coli (EPEC) konnte f{\"u}r Ag43 nur eine Funktion als schwaches Adh{\"a}sin nachgewiesen werden. Die heterologe O-Glykosylierung beeinflußte die Funktionalit{\"a}t des Antigen 43 in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Je nach Autotransporter-Variante f{\"u}hrte die Heptosylierung entweder zu signifikant reduzierten Affinit{\"a}ten, oder sie hatte keinen Effekt auf die Bindungskapazit{\"a}t des Ag43. Antigen 43 weist zudem strukturelle Homologien zu vergleichbaren Dom{\"a}nen anderer Autotransporter auf. F{\"u}r viele dieser Proteine konnte bereits eine adh{\"a}sive oder invasive Funktion nachgewiesen werden. Eine m{\"o}gliche Interaktion von Ag43 mit eukaryontischen Rezeptoren ist hingegen noch nicht bzw. nur unvollst{\"a}ndig untersucht worden. In Overlay assays und ELISAs wurde f{\"u}r Antigen 43 hier erstmals die spezifische Bindung an die extrazellul{\"a}ren Matrixkomponenten Kollagen und Laminin gezeigt. Zusammenfassend deuten die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit darauf hin, daß das Escherichia coli spezifische Autotransporterprotein Antigen 43 nicht nur an der bakteriellen Biofilmbildung, sondern auch an der Besiedlung epithelialer Gewebe beteiligt sein kann. Seine Expression verschafft Bakterien einen Kolonisationsvorteil, der mit erh{\"o}hter Fitneß einhergeht. Die Aah-vermittelte O-Glykosylierung scheint f{\"u}r die Funktionalit{\"a}t von Ag43 nicht zwingend erforderlich zu sein. Des weiteren ist im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Testsystem entwickelt worden, das auf der Basis von Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierungen (FISH) die Differenzierung von verschiedenen (uro-)pathogenen Mikroorganismen erm{\"o}glicht. Das etablierte Protokoll eignet sich nicht nur f{\"u}r die diagnostische Erregeridentifizierung, sondern auch in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit des Probenmaterials zur Untersuchung von (Multispezies-)Biofilmen.}, subject = {Escherichia coli}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Rupp2009, author = {Rupp, Ingrid}, title = {Die Gametogenese des humanpathogenen Malariaerregers Plasmodium falciparum - eine Charakterisierung von daran beteiligten Proteasen sowie die Beschreibung und Funktionsanalyse von dabei auftretenden interzellul{\"a}ren Gametenfilamenten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47830}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Malaria stellt mit einer Mortalit{\"a}t von {\"u}ber einer Million Menschen pro Jahr die bedeutsamste Tropenkrankheit f{\"u}r den Menschen dar. Wachsende Resistenzen der Malariaerreger gegen{\"u}ber den verf{\"u}gbaren Medikamenten erh{\"o}hen mehr denn je den Druck, neue Therapiem{\"o}glichkeiten sowie einen Impfstoff gegen diese Krankheit zu entwickeln. Eine Unterbrechung des sexuellen Fortpflanzungszyklus im Laufe der Transmission von Mensch zu Stechm{\"u}cke w{\"u}rde zu einem Verbreitungsstopp des Erregers f{\"u}hren. Sowohl die Identifizierung von molekularen Wechselwirkungen als auch die Erforschung von an Fertilisationsereignissen beteiligten Prozessen sind wichtige Schritte, um die Sexualphase des Erregers aufzukl{\"a}ren und neue Angriffspunkte f{\"u}r Medikamente oder Vakzine zu entwickeln. Dem Genom von P. falciparum konnten 92 putative Proteasen zugeordnet werden, von denen nur ein geringer Bruchteil charakterisiert worden ist. Unter Anwendung von Protease-Inhibitoren konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die Exflagellation der m{\"a}nnlichen Gameten die Beteiligung von Proteasen verschiedener Kategorien ben{\"o}tigt. Die Ergebnisse belegten, dass die Aktivit{\"a}t von zwei oder mehr Serinproteasen, von Falcipain-{\"a}hnlichen Cysteinproteasen, von nicht-Thermolysin-{\"a}hnlichen Zink-Metalloproteasen und von Aspartatproteasen f{\"u}r den erfolgreichen Abschluss der m{\"a}nnlichen Gametogenese eine wichtige Voraussetzung ist. Die Lokalisation des Cysteinproteasen- und Falcipain-hemmenden Inhibitors bADA konnte erstmals im Zytosol von Sexualstadien nachgewiesen werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden zus{\"a}tzlich die Proteasen Calpain, DPAP2, GPI8, Metacaspase 2, Plasmepsin 6 und PfSub3 n{\"a}her untersucht. RT-PCR-Analysen konnten die Transkription der sechs ausgesuchten Proteasen in gemischten asexuellen Parasiten sowie zum Großteil in Gametozyten, Gameten und Zygoten belegen. Die Transformation von asexuellen Parasiten mit entsprechenden knockout-Konstrukten deckte f{\"u}r Metacaspase 2 und PfSub3 auf, dass sie im asexuellen Vermehrungszyklus nicht essentiell und die entsprechenden Genloci f{\"u}r Rekombinationsereignisse zug{\"a}nglich sind. Die Ergebnisse der {\"u}brigen Transformationen deuteten darauf hin, dass Calpain essentiell im asexuellen Vermehrungszyklus und dass der Genlocus von Plasmepsin 6 f{\"u}r Rekombinationsereignisse unzug{\"a}nglich ist. Proteinexpressionsstudien anhand von Western-Blot-Analysen und Immunfluoreszenzstudien f{\"u}r PfSub3 konnten Hinweise darauf liefern, dass diese Serinprotease in asexuellen Parasiten, nicht-aktivierten sowie aktivierten Sexualstadien exprimiert wird. Aufgrund der in dieser Arbeit generierten Ergebnisse konnten im Laufe der Gametogenese auftretende Gametenfilamente morphologisch beschrieben sowie Hinweise auf ihre m{\"o}gliche Funktion erlangt werden. Durch die Anwendung von Immunfluoreszenzstudien, rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen sowie die Analyse lebender Gameten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die bis zu 180 µm langen Filamente am Ende geschlossen sind und einen Durchmesser von ca. 200 nm aufweisen. Die tubul{\"a}ren Zellausl{\"a}ufer konnten weiterhin als verzweigte sowie nicht-verzweigte Ausl{\"a}ufer der parasit{\"a}ren Plasmamembran dargestellt werden, die mit Zytoplasma gef{\"u}llt sind. Es konnte belegt werden, dass die Aktin-assoziierten Filamente in periodischen Abst{\"a}nden von beulenartigen Ausw{\"o}lbungen unterbrochen werden und dass sie in rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Analysen ein perlschnurartiges Erscheinungsbild aufweisen. Weiterhin wurde dokumentiert, dass die Zellausl{\"a}ufer mit typischen sexualstadienspezifischen Proteinen wie Pfs25, Pfs230, Pfs48/45 und PfCCp4 assoziiert vorliegen, wobei das Fehlen einzelner dieser Proteine jedoch nicht das Ausbilden der Gametenfilamente verhinderte. Als typisches Charakteristikum der Filamente konnte ihre Eigenschaft beschrieben werden, mehrere Makrogameten und zum Teil Gametozyten in einem Zellkluster miteinander netzartig zu verbinden, wobei bis zu neun Filamente von einem Makrogameten ausgehend beobachtet werden konnten. Die Gametenfilamente zeigten ebenfalls die F{\"a}higkeit, an umliegende nicht-infizierte Erythrozyten sowie mit asexuellen Parasiten infizierte Erythrozyten zu adh{\"a}rieren. Die Filamente waren bereits f{\"u}nf Minuten nach der Aktivierung der Gametozyten und im Laufe der Gametogenese bei 33 bis 73 \% der Zellen nachweisbar. Die Gametenfilamente blieben bis zu 12 Stunden nach Aktivierung der Gametozyten mit der Zelloberfl{\"a}che verbunden. Der aktive Einzug eines Zellfilaments sowie die Bildung der Gametenfilamente im Mitteldarm der Stechm{\"u}cke konnte ebenfalls demonstriert werden. Die in dieser Arbeit dargestellten Ergebnisse lieferten unter anderem den Grundbaustein einer formulierten Funktionshypothese f{\"u}r diese Gametenfilamente. Es wird angenommen, dass die Filamente aufgrund ihrer adh{\"a}siven Eigenschaften im Laufe der Befruchtung von Plasmodium im Mitteldarm der Stechm{\"u}cke auftreten. M{\"o}glicherweise bedienen sich vitale Gameten dieser Strukturen, um andere Sexualstadien zu finden und sie zu verbinden.}, subject = {Plasmodium falciparum}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Friedrich2009, author = {Friedrich, Torben}, title = {New statistical Methods of Genome-Scale Data Analysis in Life Science - Applications to enterobacterial Diagnostics, Meta-Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Gene Expression and functional Sequence Annotation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39858}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Recent progresses and developments in molecular biology provide a wealth of new but insufficiently characterised data. This fund comprises amongst others biological data of genomic DNA, protein sequences, 3-dimensional protein structures as well as profiles of gene expression. In the present work, this information is used to develop new methods for the characterisation and classification of organisms and whole groups of organisms as well as to enhance the automated gain and transfer of information. The first two presented approaches (chapters 4 und 5) focus on the medically and scientifically important enterobacteria. Its impact in medicine and molecular biology is founded in versatile mechanisms of infection, their fundamental function as a commensal inhabitant of the intestinal tract and their use as model organisms as they are easy to cultivate. Despite many studies on single pathogroups with clinical distinguishable pathologies, the genotypic factors that contribute to their diversity are still partially unknown. The comprehensive genome comparison described in Chapter 4 was conducted with numerous enterobacterial strains, which cover nearly the whole range of clinically relevant diversity. The genome comparison constitutes the basis of a characterisation of the enterobacterial gene pool, of a reconstruction of evolutionary processes and of comprehensive analysis of specific protein families in enterobacterial subgroups. Correspondence analysis, which is applied for the first time in this context, yields qualitative statements to bacterial subgroups and the respective, exclusively present protein families. Specific protein families were identified for the three major subgroups of enterobacteria namely the genera Yersinia and Salmonella as well as to the group of Shigella and E. coli by applying statistical tests. In conclusion, the genome comparison-based methods provide new starting points to infer specific genotypic traits of bacterial groups from the transfer of functional annotation. Due to the high medical importance of enterobacterial isolates their classification according to pathogenicity has been in focus of many studies. The microarray technology offers a fast, reproducible and standardisable means of bacterial typing and has been proved in bacterial diagnostics, risk assessment and surveillance. The design of the diagnostic microarray of enterobacteria described in chapter 5 is based on the availability of numerous enterobacterial genome sequences. A novel probe selection strategy based on the highly efficient algorithm of string search, which considers both coding and non-coding regions of genomic DNA, enhances pathogroup detection. This principle reduces the risk of incorrect typing due to restrictions to virulence-associated capture probes. Additional capture probes extend the spectrum of applications of the microarray to simultaneous diagnostic or surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Comprehensive test hybridisations largely confirm the reliability of the selected capture probes and its ability to robustly classify enterobacterial strains according to pathogenicity. Moreover, the tests constitute the basis of the training of a regression model for the classification of pathogroups and hybridised amounts of DNA. The regression model features a continuous learning capacity leading to an enhancement of the prediction accuracy in the process of its application. A fraction of the capture probes represents intergenic DNA and hence confirms the relevance of the underlying strategy. Interestingly, a large part of the capture probes represents poorly annotated genes suggesting the existence of yet unconsidered factors with importance to the formation of respective virulence phenotypes. Another major field of microarray applications is gene expression analysis. The size of gene expression databases rapidly increased in recent years. Although they provide a wealth of expression data, it remains challenging to integrate results from different studies. In chapter 6 the methodology of an unsupervised meta-analysis of genome-wide A. thaliana gene expression data sets is presented, which yields novel insights in function and regulation of genes. The application of kernel-based principal component analysis in combination with hierarchical clustering identified three major groups of contrasts each sharing overlapping expression profiles. Genes associated with two groups are known to play important roles in Indol-3 acetic acid (IAA) mediated plant growth and development as well as in pathogen defence. Yet uncharacterised serine-threonine kinases could be assigned to novel functions in pathogen defence by meta-analysis. In general, hidden interrelation between genes regulated under different conditions could be unravelled by the described approach. HMMs are applied to the functional characterisation of proteins or the detection of genes in genome sequences. Although HMMs are technically mature and widely applied in computational biology, I demonstrate the methodical optimisation with respect to the modelling accuracy on biological data with various distributions of sequence lengths. The subunits of these models, the states, are associated with a certain holding time being the link to length distributions of represented sequences. An adaptation of simple HMM topologies to bell-shaped length distributions described in chapter 7 was achieved by serial chain-linking of single states, while residing in the class of conventional HMMs. The impact of an optimisation of HMM topologies was underlined by performance evaluations with differently adjusted HMM topologies. In summary, a general methodology was introduced to improve the modelling behaviour of HMMs by topological optimisation with maximum likelihood and a fast and easily implementable moment estimator. Chapter 8 describes the application of HMMs to the prediction of interaction sites in protein domains. As previously demonstrated, these sites are not trivial to predict because of varying degree in conservation of their location and type within the domain family. The prediction of interaction sites in protein domains is achieved by a newly defined HMM topology, which incorporates both sequence and structure information. Posterior decoding is applied to the prediction of interaction sites providing additional information of the probability of an interaction for all sequence positions. The implementation of interaction profile HMMs (ipHMMs) is based on the well established profile HMMs and inherits its known efficiency and sensitivity. The large-scale prediction of interaction sites by ipHMMs explained protein dysfunctions caused by mutations that are associated to inheritable diseases like different types of cancer or muscular dystrophy. As already demonstrated by profile HMMs, the ipHMMs are suitable for large-scale applications. Overall, the HMM-based method enhances the prediction quality of interaction sites and improves the understanding of the molecular background of inheritable diseases. With respect to current and future requirements I provide large-scale solutions for the characterisation of biological data in this work. All described methods feature a highly portable character, which allows for the transfer to related topics or organisms, respectively. Special emphasis was put on the knowledge transfer facilitated by a steadily increasing wealth of biological information. The applied and developed statistical methods largely provide learning capacities and hence benefit from the gain of knowledge resulting in increased prediction accuracies and reliability.}, subject = {Genomik}, language = {en} }