@phdthesis{KronerMilsch2008, author = {Kroner-Milsch, Antje}, title = {Role of immune cells in hereditary myelinopathies}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28976}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Myelin mutations in the central and peripheral nervous system lead to severely disabling, currently untreatable diseases. In this study, we used transgenic PLP overexpressing mice (PLPtg) as a model for central inherited myelinopathies, such as leukodystrophies, and heterozygously P0 deficient (P0+/-) mice as models for peripheral hereditary polyneuropathies. Both models are characterized by low grade nervous tissue inflammation. Macrophages and CD8+ T- lymphocytes contribute to the myelin pathology as shown by crossbreeding experiments with immunodeficient mice. Having shown the relevance of CD8+ T- lymphocytes in PLPtg mice, we investigated the influence of one major cytotoxic molecule (granzyme B) on neural damage. By generation of granzyme B deficient PLPtg bone marrow chimeras, we could demonstrate a reduction of myelin pathology and oligodendrocyte death. Taken together, granzyme B is at least partly responsible for the cytotoxicity induced neural damage in PLPtg mice. To further explore the role of immune modulation, we focussed on the influence of the coinhibitory molecule PD-1, a CD28-related receptor expressed on activated T- and B-lymphocytes. By investigating myelin mutants of the CNS and PNS (PLPtg and P0+/-) with an additional PD-1 deficiency, induced by crossbreeding or bone marrow chimerization, we found a significant increase of CD8+ T- lymphocytes and massive increase of the myelin pathology in both the CNS and PNS model. In PLPtg mice, absence of PD-1 increased oligodendrocyte apoptosis, clonal expansions and a higher propensity of CNS but not peripheral CD8+ T- cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines. In P0+/- mice, absence of PD-1 lead to moderate motor and sensory disturbances, confirming the important role of PD-1 in immune homeostasis. Taken together, we identified granzyme B as an important effector agent of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in PLPtg mice and PD-1 as a crucial player in regulating the effector cells in our models of central and peripheral myelinopathy. Alterations of this regulatory pathway lead to overt neuroinflammation of high pathogenetic impact. These results might help to understand mechanisms responsible for high clinical variability of polygenic or even monogenic disorders of the nervous system.}, subject = {Myelinopathie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schmitt2015, author = {Schmitt, Alexandra}, title = {Role of Peroxiredoxin 6 in human melanoma}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111465}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is a bifunctional enzyme comprising a peroxidase and a Ca2+-independent phospholipase (iPLA2) activity. This renders the enzyme capable of detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of catalyzing the liberation of arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular membranes. Released AA can be further metabolized to bioactive lipids including eicosanoids, which are involved in inflammation, cell growth, differentiation, invasion and proliferation. Human melanoma cells are often characterized by imbalances in both ROS and lipid levels, which can be generated by oncogenic signaling, altered metabolism or UV irradiation. In previous studies, a comparative proteome analysis of the Xiphophorus fish melanoma model revealed a strong upregulation of Prdx6 in benign and malignant lesions compared to healthy skin. As the Xiphophorus melanoma model displays in many respects molecular characteristics that are similar to human melanoma, I investigated the functional role of PRDX6 in human melanoma cells. The first part of the study deals with the regulation of PRDX6 in melanocytes and human melanoma cells. I could demonstrate that the protein level of PRDX6 was strongly enhanced by the induction of the EGFR orthologue Xmrk from the Xiphophorus fish as well as the human EGFR. The upregulation of PRDX6 was further shown to be mediated in a PI3K-dependent and ROS-independent manner. The main part of the thesis comprises the investigation of the functional role of PRDX6 in human melanoma cells as well as the analysis of the underlying mechanism. I could show that knockdown of PRDX6 enhanced the oxidative stress response and led to decreased proliferation of melanoma cells. This cell growth effect was mainly mediated by the iPLA2 activity of PRDX6. Under conditions of strongly enhanced oxidative stress, the peroxidase activity became also important for cellular proliferation. Furthermore, the anti-proliferative effect in cells with lowered PRDX6 levels was the result of reduced cellular AA content and the decrease in the activation of SRC family proteins. Similarly, supplementation with AA led to regeneration of SRC family kinase activity and to an improvement in the reduced proliferation after knockdown of PRDX6. Since AA can be further processed into the prostaglandin PGE2, which has a pro-tumorigenic function in some cancer types, I further examined whether this eicosanoid is involved in the proliferative function of PRDX6. In contrast to AA, PGE2 was not consistently required for melanoma proliferation. In summary, I could demonstrate that PRDX6 plays a major role in AA-dependent lipid signaling in melanoma cells and thereby regulates proliferation. Interestingly, the proliferation relevant iPLA2 activity can be pharmacologically targeted, and melanoma cell growth was clearly blocked by the inhibitor BEL. Thus, I could identify the phospholipase activity of PRDX6 as a new therapeutically interesting target for melanoma treatment.}, subject = {Melanom}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Tyagi2012, author = {Tyagi, Anu}, title = {Role of SWI/SNF in regulating pre-mRNA processing in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72253}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are multifactorial complexes that utilize the energy of ATP to rearrange the chromatin structure. The changes in chromatin structure lead to either increased or decreased DNA accessibility. SWI/SNF is one of such complex. The SWI/SNF complex is involved in both transcription activation and transcription repression. The ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF is called SWI2/SNF2 in yeast and Brahma, Brm, in Drosophila melanogaster. In mammals there are two paralogs of the ATPase subunit, Brm and Brg1. Recent studies have shown that the human Brm is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Brm in pre-mRNA processing. The model systems used were Chironomus tentans, well suited for in situ studies and D. melanogaster, known for its full genome information. Immunofluorescent staining of the polytene chromosome indicated that Brm protein of C. tentans, ctBrm, is associated with several gene loci including the Balbiani ring (BR) puffs. Mapping the distribution of ctBrm along the BR genes by both immuno-electron microscopy and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that ctBrm is widely distributed along the BR genes. The results also show that a fraction of ctBrm is associated with the nascent BR pre-mRNP. Biochemical fractionation experiments confirmed the association of Brm with the RNP fractions, not only in C. tentans but also in D. melanogaster and in HeLa cells. Microarray hybridization experiments performed on S2 cells depleted of either dBrm or other SWI/SNF subunits show that Brm affects alternative splicing and 3´ end formation. These results indicated that BRM affects pre-mRNA processing as a component of SWI/SNF complexes. 1}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Esterlechner2013, author = {Esterlechner, Jasmina}, title = {Role of the DREAM complex in mouse embryonic stem cells and identification of ZO-2 as a new LIN9 interacting protein}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90440}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The DREAM complex plays an important role in regulation of gene expression during the cell cycle. It was previously shown that the DREAM subunits LIN9 and B-MYB are required for early embryonic development and for the maintenance of the inner cell mass in vitro. In this work the effect of LIN9 or B-MYB depletion on embryonic stem cells (ESC) was examined. It demonstrates that LIN9 and B-MYB knock down changes the cell cycle distribution of ESCs and results in an accumulation of cells in G2 and M and in an increase of polyploid cells. By using genome-wide expression studies it was revealed that the depletion of LIN9 leads to downregulation of mitotic genes and to upregulation of differentiation-specific genes. ChIP-on chip experiments determined that mitotic genes are direct targets of LIN9 while lineage specific markers are regulated indirectly. Importantly, depletion of LIN9 does not alter the expression of the pluripotency markers Sox2 and Oct4 and LIN9 depleted ESCs retain alkaline phosphatase activity. I conclude that LIN9 is essential for proliferation and genome stability of ESCs by activating genes with important functions in mitosis and cytokinesis. The exact molecular mechanisms behind this gene activation are still unclear as no DREAM subunit features a catalytically active domain. It is assumed that DREAM interacts with other proteins or co-factors for transcriptional activation. This study discovered potential binding proteins by combining in vivo isotope labeling of proteins with mass spectrometry (MS) and further analysed the identified interaction of the tight junction protein ZO-2 with DREAM which is cell cycle dependent and strongest in S-phase. ZO-2 depletion results in reduced cell proliferation and decreased G1 gene expression. As no G2/M genes, typical DREAM targets, are affected upon ZO-2 knock down, it is unlikely that ZO-2 binding is needed for a functional DREAM complex. However, this work demonstrates that with (MS)-based quantitative proteomics, DREAM interacting proteins can be identified which might help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying DREAM mediated gene activation.}, subject = {Zellzyklus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mannefeld2009, author = {Mannefeld, Mirijam}, title = {Role of the human LIN complex in DNA damage induced regulation of gene expression}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39261}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {In jeder menschlichen Zelle entstehen t{\"a}glich ca. 10.000 - 150.000 endogene DNA Sch{\"a}den. Eine Anh{\"a}ufung dieser L{\"a}sionen kann zu genetischer Instabilit{\"a}t f{\"u}hren und dadurch zur Krebsentwicklung beitragen. Daher ist eine schnelle DNA Schadensantwort n{\"o}tig, um schwerwiegende Folgen f{\"u}r die Zelle zu vermeiden. Da bekannt ist, dass der Multiproteinkomplex LINC (auch humaner dREAM-Komplex genannt) an der transkriptionellen Regulation mitotischer und G2-spezifischer Gene beteiligt ist, sollte in dieser Arbeit seine Beteiligung an der DNA Schadensantwort genauer untersucht werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass in normal wachsenden Zellen B-MYB an den LINC-Kernkomplex bindet, welcher sich aus 5 Proteinen zusammensetzt: LIN-9, LIN-54, LIN-52, LIN-37 und RbAp48. Treten DNA Sch{\"a}den auf, dissoziiert B-MYB vom LINC Kernkomplex wobei gleichzeitig die Bindung von p130 und E2F4 an LINC induziert wird. Zus{\"a}tzlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Signalweg, der die LINC Umlagerung vermittelt, sowohl p53- als auch p21-abh{\"a}ngig ist. p53 negative Zellen k{\"o}nnen nach Sch{\"a}digung der DNA weder einen G1 Block induzieren noch einen G2 Block langfristig aufrechterhalten. Eine Erkl{\"a}rung f{\"u}r diese Schw{\"a}chung des G2 Arrests liefern Daten dieser Arbeit: Da in DNA gesch{\"a}digten p53 -/- Zellen keine LINC Umlagerung beobachtet werden kann und zus{\"a}tzlich B-MYB verst{\"a}rkt an LINC und die Zielpromotoren bindet, kommt es zu einer erh{\"o}hten G2/M Genexpression. Dies resultiert h{\"a}ufig in einem verfr{\"u}hten Wiedereintritt in den Zellzyklus („checkpoint adaptation"). Eine Daten-Analyse prim{\"a}rer Brustkrebstumore zeigte außerdem, dass erh{\"o}hte B-MYB Genexpressionslevel mit einer erh{\"o}hte R{\"u}ckfallgefahr und einer schlechten Prognose korrelieren, was m{\"o}glicherweise auf die Funktion von B-MYB w{\"a}hrend der „checkpoint adaptation" zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Schlussendlich lassen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit vermuten, dass die Hemmung der B-MYB Funktion in solchen Tumoren, die p53 Mutationen tragen, die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Behandlungserfolges vergr{\"o}ßern und die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines R{\"u}ckfalls senken k{\"o}nnte.}, subject = {Zellzyklus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Vollmuth2021, author = {Vollmuth, Nadine}, title = {Role of the proto-oncogene c-Myc in the development of Chlamydia trachomatis}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20365}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203655}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, is the world's leading cause of infection related blindness and the most common, bacterial sexually transmitted disease. In order to establish an optimal replicative niche, the pathogen extensively interferes with the physiology of the host cell. Chlamydia switches in its complex developmental cycle between the infectious non-replicative elementary bodies (EBs) and the non-infectious replicative reticulate bodies (RBs). The transformation to RBs, shortly after entering a host cell, is a crucial process in infection to start chlamydial replication. Currently it is unknown how the transition from EBs to RBs is initiated. In this thesis, we could show that, in an axenic media approach, L glutamine uptake by the pathogen is crucial to initiate the EB to RB transition. L-glutamine is converted to amino acids which are used by the bacteria to synthesize peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan inturn is believed to function in separating dividing Chlamydia. The glutamine metabolism is reprogrammed in infected cells in a c-Myc-dependent manner, in order to accomplish the increased requirement for L-glutamine. Upon a chlamydial infection, the proto-oncogene c-Myc gets upregulated to promote host cell glutaminolysis via glutaminase GLS1 and the L-glutamine transporter SLC1A5/ASCT2. Interference with this metabolic reprogramming leads to limited growth of C. trachomatis. Besides the active infection, Chlamydia can persist over a long period of time within the host cell whereby chronic and recurrent infections establish. C. trachomatis acquire a persistent state during an immune attack in response to elevated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels. It has been shown that IFN-γ activates the catabolic depletion of L-tryptophan via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), resulting in the formation of non-infectious atypical chlamydial forms. In this thesis, we could show that IFN-γ depletes the key metabolic regulator c-Myc, which has been demonstrated to be a prerequisite for chlamydial development and growth, in a STAT1-dependent manner. Moreover, metabolic analyses revealed that the pathogen de routs the host cell TCA cycle to enrich pyrimidine biosynthesis. Supplementing pyrimidines or a-ketoglutarate helps the bacteria to partially overcome the persistent state. Together, the results indicate a central role of c-Myc induced host glutamine metabolism reprogramming and L-glutamine for the development of C. trachomatis, which may provide a basis for anti-infectious strategies. Furthermore, they challenge the longstanding hypothesis of L-tryptophan shortage as the sole reason for IFN-γ induced persistence and suggest a pivotal role of c-Myc in the control of the C. trachomatis dormancy.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schilder1999, author = {Schilder, Klaus}, title = {Safer without Sex?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1977}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1999}, abstract = {Highly eusocial insect societies, such as all known ants, are typically characterized by a reproductive division of labor between queens, who are inseminated and reproduce, and virgin workers, who engage in foraging, nest maintenance and brood care. In most species workers have little reproductive options left: They usually produce haploid males by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, both in the queenright and queenless condition. In the phylogenetically primitive subfamily Ponerinae reproductive caste dimorphism is much less pronounced: Ovarian morphology is rather similar in queens and workers, which additionally retain a spermatheca. In many ponerine species workers mate and may have completely replaced the queen caste. This similarity in reproductive potential provides for the evolution of diverse reproductive systems. In addition, it increases the opportunity for reproductive conflicts among nestmates substantially. Only in a handful of ant species, including Platythyrea punctata, workers are also able to rear diploid female offspring from unfertilized eggs by thelytokous parthenogenesis. The small ponerine ant P. punctata (Smith) is the only New World member of the genus reaching as far north as the southern USA, with its center of distribution in Central America and the West Indies. P. punctata occurs in a range of forest habitats including subtropical hardwood forests as well as tropical rain forests. In addition to queens, gamergates and thelytokous workers co-occur in the same species. This remarkable complexity of reproductive strategies makes P. punctata unique within ants and provides an ideal model system for the investigation of reproductive conflicts within the female caste. Colonies are usually found in rotten branches on the forest floor but may also be present in higher strata. Colonies contained on average 60 workers, with a maximum colony size of 148 workers. Queens were present in only ten percent of the colonies collected from Florida, but completely absent both from the populations studied in Barbados and Puerto Rico. Males were generally rare. In addition, morphological intermediates between workers and queens (so-called intercastes) were found in 16 colonies collected in Florida. Their thorax morphology varied from an almost worker-like to an almost queen-like thorax structure. Queen and intercaste size, however, did not differ from those of workers. Although workers taken from colonies directly after collection from the field engaged in aggressive interactions, nestmate discrimination ceased in the laboratory suggesting that recognition cues used are derived from the environment. Only one of six queens dissected was found to be inseminated but not fertile. Instead, in most queenless colonies, a single uninseminated worker monopolized reproduction by means of thelytokous parthenogenesis. A single mated, reproductive worker (gamergate) was found dominating reproduction in the presence of an inseminated alate queen only in one of the Florida colonies. The regulation of reproduction was closely examined in ten experimental groups of virgin laboratory-reared workers, in which one worker typically dominated reproduction by thelytoky despite the presence of several individuals with elongated, developing ovaries. In each group only one worker was observed to oviposit. Conflict over reproduction was intense consisting of ritualized physical aggression between some nestmates including antennal boxing, biting, dragging, leap and immobilization behaviors. The average frequency of interactions was low. Aggressive interactions allowed to construct non-linear matrices of social rank. On average, only five workers were responsible for 90 percent of total agonistic interactions. In 80 percent of the groups the rate of agonistic interactions increased after the experimental removal of the reproductive worker. While antennal boxing and biting were the most frequent forms of agonistic behaviors both before and after the removal, biting and dragging increased significantly after the removal indicating that agonistic interactions increased in intensity. Once a worker obtains a high social status it is maintained without the need for physical aggression. The replacement of reproductives by another worker did however not closely correlate with the new reproductive's prior social status. Age, however, had a profound influence on the individual rate of agonistic interactions that workers initiated. Especially younger adults (up to two month of age) and callows were responsible for the increase in observed aggression after the supersedure of the old reproductive. These individuals have a higher chance to become reproductive since older, foraging workers may not be able to develop their ovaries. Aggressions among older workers ceased with increasing age. Workers that already started to develop their ovaries should pose the greatest threat to any reproductive individual. Indeed, dissection of all experimental group revealed that aggression was significantly more often directed towards both individuals with undeveloped and developing ovaries as compared to workers that had degenerated ovaries. In all experimental groups reproductive dominance was achieved by callows or younger workers not older than four month. Age is a better predictor of reproductive dominance than social status as inferred from physical interactions. Since no overt conflict between genetical identical individuals is expected, in P. punctata the function of agonistic interactions in all-worker colonies, given the predominance of thelytokous parthenogenesis, remains unclear. Physical aggression could alternatively function to facilitate a smooth division of non-reproductive labor thereby increasing overall colony efficiency. Asexuality is often thought to constitute an evolutionary dead end as compared with sexual reproduction because genetic recombination is limited or nonexistent in parthenogenetic populations. Microsatellite markers were developed to investigate the consequences of thelytokous reproduction on the genetic structure of four natural populations of P. punctata. In the analysis of 314 workers taken from 51 colonies, low intraspecific levels of variation at all loci, expressed both as the number of alleles detected and heterozygosities observed, was detected. Surprisingly, there was almost no differentiation within populations. Populations rather had a clonal structure, with all individuals from all colonies usually sharing the same genotype. This low level of genotypic diversity reflects the predominance of thelytoky under natural conditions in four populations of P. punctata. In addition, the specificity of ten dinucleotide microsatellite loci developed for P. punctata was investigated in 29 ant species comprising four different subfamilies by cross-species amplification. Positive amplification was only obtained in a limited number of species indicating that sequences flanking the hypervariable region are often not sufficiently conserved to allow amplification, even within the same genus. The karyotype of P. punctata (2n = 84) is one of the highest chromosome numbers reported in ants so far. A first investigation did not show any indication of polyploidy, a phenomenon which has been reported to be associated with the occurrence of parthenogenesis. Thelytokous parthenogenesis does not appear to be a very common phenomenon in the Hymenoptera. It is patchily distributed and restricted to taxa at the distant tips of phylogenies. Within the Formicidae, thelytoky has been demonstrated only in four phylogenetically very distant species, including P. punctata. Despite its advantages, severe costs and constraints may have restricted its rapid evolution and persistence over time. The mechanisms of thelytokous parthenogenesis and its ecological correlates are reviewed for the known cases in the Hymenoptera. Investigating the occurrence of sexual reproduction in asexual lineages indicates that thelytokous parthenogenesis may not be irreversible. In P. punctata the occasional production of sexuals in some of the colonies may provide opportunity for outbreeding and genetic recombination. Thelytoky can thus function as a conditional reproductive strategy. Thelytoky in P. punctata possibly evolved as an adaptation to the risk of colony orphanage or the foundation of new colonies by fission. The current adaptive value of physical aggression and the production of sexuals in clonal populations, where relatedness asymmetries are virtually absent, however is less clear. Quite contrary, thelytoky could thereby serve as the stepping stone for the subsequent loss of the queen caste in P. punctata. Although P. punctata clearly fulfills all three conditions of eusociality, the evolution of thelytoky is interpreted as a first step in a secondary reverse social evolution towards a social system more primitive than eusociality.}, subject = {Ameisenstaat}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Junker2010, author = {Junker, Robert R.}, title = {Scents as Floral Defence : Impact on Species and Communities, Mechanisms and Ecological Consequences}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51827}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Floral scents are compositions of diverse volatile substances. Despite the chemical complexity, the interpretation of their ecological relevance was mostly confined to the attractive function facilitating interactions with pollinators. However, the negative impact on plants' reproduction by non-pollinating flower visitors is pronounced and demands floral adaptations that exclude antagonists. The aim of this dissertation was to explore the defensive properties of floral odours and to imbed them into ecological contexts. The thesis covered four scopes: the scents' impact on individual species and on flower-visitor communities, the mechanisms that explain the dual function of floral volatiles (attraction and defence), and the ecological consequences of missing defences for plants and pollinators. The most important floral antagonists that are known to reduce the reproductive fitness of plants were identified and their responses towards floral scents were examined. We found that representatives of non-pollinating florivores (bush crickets), predators that lure for pollinators (spiders), and microorganisms that potentially colonize petals were repelled, deterred or inhibited in their growth by floral secondary metabolites. An earlier study revealed the same effect on nectar thieving ants. These experimental studies clearly demonstrate that scents universally serve as floral defences that have the potential to reduce or even prevent the visitation and exploitation of flowers by these antagonists. Within diverse communities, we tested whether species-specific responses to odours reflect the structure of naturally occurring flower-visitor interactions in order to examine the ecological importance of defensive floral scents. On three Hawaiian Islands, ant-flower interactions involving co-occurring native and introduced plants were observed. Ants were historically absent from the geographically isolated Hawaiian archipelago. Thus, we hypothesized that native Hawaiian plants lack floral features that exclude ants and therefore would be heavily exploited by introduced, invasive ants. We quantified the residual interaction strength of each pair of ant/plant species as the deviation of the observed interaction frequency from a null-model prediction based on available nectar sugar in a local plant community and local ant activity at sugar baits. As predicted, flowers of plants that are endemic or indigenous to Hawaii were stronger exploited by ants than flowers of co- occurring introduced plants, which share an evolutionary history with ants. We showed experimentally that the absence of ants on flowers of most introduced and few native plants species was due to morphological barriers and/or repellent floral scents, examined in a mobile olfactometer. Analysis of floral volatiles, however, revealed no consistent ant- repellent "syndrome", probably due to the high chemical variability within the floral scent bouquets. On a fallow land in Germany, we linked the responses of receivers (flower visitors) towards signals (flower scent) with the structure of a highly diverse natural flower-insect network. For each interaction, we defined link temperature - a newly developed metric - as the deviation of the observed interaction strength from neutrality, assuming that animals randomly interact with flowers. Link temperature was positively correlated to the specific visitors' responses to floral scents. Thus, communication between plants and consumers via phytochemical signals reflects a significant part of the microstructure in a complex network. Negative as well as positive responses towards floral scents contributed to these results, where individual experience was important, apart from innate behaviour. The demonstration of the contrasting functions of floral scents that control the visitor spectrum of flowers represents the first evidence that floral scents act as filters allowing access to some flower visitors but simultaneously exclude others. These findings raise the central question of this thesis: what evolutionary mechanism explains the dual function of floral scents? The view of flower visitors as mutualistic and antagonistic agents considers primarily the interest of plants. A classification emphasizing the consumer's point of view, however, may be more useful when considering adaptations of animals to flower visits. Therefore, we introduced a novel classification that acknowledges the consumers' interest in the interaction: some animals evolved an obligate dependence on floral resources, others use nectar and pollen as supplement to their diet and are thus regarded as facultative flower visitors. In a meta-analysis covering 18 studies on the responses of animals to floral scents, we assigned the animals to the categories of obligate or facultative flower visitors. Their responses to floral scents were compared. On average, obligate flower visitors, often corresponding to pollinators, were attracted to floral scent compounds. In contrast, facultative and mainly antagonistic visitors were strongly repelled by flower odours. The findings confirm that floral scents have a dual function both as attractive and defensive cues. Whether an animal depends on floral resources determines its response to these signals, suggesting that obligate flower visitors evolved a tolerance against primarily defensive compounds. These findings were confirmed in an experimental study. We conclude that floral scents protect flowers against visitors that would otherwise reduce the reproductive success of plants. In Hawaii, where flowers do not have defensive means against ants, we studied the impact of ants on the pollination effectiveness of endemic and introduced bees and on the fruit set of an endemic tree Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae). Ants were dominant nectar-consumers that mostly depleted the nectar of visited inflorescences. Accordingly, the visitation frequency, duration, and consequently the pollinator effectiveness of nectar-foraging bees strongly decreased on ant-visited flowers, whereas pollen-collecting bees remained largely unaffected by ants. Overall, endemic bees (Hylaeus spp.) were much poorer pollinators than introduced honeybees (Apis mellifera). The average net effect of ants on pollination of M. polymorpha was neutral, corresponding to a similar fruit set of ant-visited and ant-free inflorescences. A second Hawaiian plant species, Vaccinium reticulatum (Ericaceae), was visited by the caterpillars of an introduced plume moth (Stenoptilodes littoralis) that destroyed buds and flowers of this species. The ants' presence on flowers strongly reduced flower parasitism by the caterpillars and consequently decreased the loss of flowers and buds. This is, to our knowledge, the first documented mutualism between invasive ants and an endemic plant species in Hawaii. Thus, ants that have been shown to be detrimental flower visitors elsewhere, had neutral (M. polymorpha) or even positive (V. reticulatum) effects on endemic Hawaiian plants. However, their overall negative effect on the Hawaiian flora and fauna should not be disregarded.}, subject = {Bl{\"u}te}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ritter2017, author = {Ritter, Cathrin}, title = {Scientific basics for new immunotherapeutic approaches towards Merkel cell carcinoma}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124162}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer that has been associated with the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Indeed, MCC is one of the cancers with the best-established viral carcinogenesis. Despite persistence of the virus in MCC cells and the subsequent expression of viral antigens, the majority of MCC tumors are able to escape the surveillance of the immune system. Therefore the aim of the here presented thesis was to scrutinize immune escape mechanisms operative in MCC. A better understanding of their underlying molecular processes should allow to improve immunotherapeutic treatment strategies for MCC patients. The manuscripts included in this thesis characterize three novel immune evasion strategies of MCC. I) the epigenetic silencing of the NKG2D ligands MICA and MICB via histone H3 hypoacetylation II) reduced HLA class I surface expression via epigenetic silencing of the antigen processing machinery (APM) III) the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway in a mutation independent manner as potential immune escape strategy MCC tumors and MCC cell lines were analyzed for their expression of MICA/B, HLA and components of the antigen processing machinery as well as for the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway in situ and in vitro. These analysis reviled MICA and MICB, as well as HLA class I were not expressed or at least markedly reduced in ~80\% of MCCs in situ. The PI3K-AKT pathway, that had only recently been demonstrated to play a significant role in tumor immune escape, was activated in almost 90\% of MCCs in situ. To determine the underlying molecular mechanisms of these aberrations well characterized MCC cell lines were further analyzed in vitro. The fact that the PI3K-AKT pathway activation was due to oncogenic mutations in the PIK3CA or AKT1 gene in only 10\% of MCCs, suggested an epigenetic regulation of this pathway in MCC. In line with this MICA/B as well as components of the APM were indeed silenced epigenetically via histone hypoacetylation in their respective promoter region. Notably MICA/B and HLA class I expression on the cell surface of MCC cells could be restored after treatment with HDAC inhibitors in combination with the Sp1 inhibitor Mithramycin A in all analyzed MCC cell lines in vitro and in a xenotransplantation mouse model in vivo. Moreover inhibition of HDACs increased immune recognition of MCC cell lines in a MICA/B and HLA class I dependent manner. Several studies have accumulated evidence that immunotherapy is a promising treatment option for MCC patients due to the exquisite immunogenicity of this malignancy. However, current immunotherapeutic interventions towards solid tumors like MCC have to account for the plentitude of tumor immune escape strategies, in order to increase response rates. The immune escape mechanisms of MCC described in this thesis can be reverted by HDAC inhibition, thus providing the rationale to combine 'epigenetic priming' with currently tested immunotherapeutic regimens.}, subject = {Merkel-Zellkarzinom}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Sandblad2007, author = {Sandblad, Linda}, title = {Seam Binding, a Novel Mechanism for Microtubule Stabilization}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-24714}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Microtubules are a fascinating component of the cellular scaffold protein network, the cytoskeleton. These hollow tubular structures are assembled of laterally associated proto-filaments containing ab-tubulin heterodimers in a head to tail arrangement. Accordingly microtubules have a defined polarity, which sets the base for the polarity of the cell. The microtubule lattice can be arranged in two conformations: In the more abundant B-lattice conformation, where the protofilaments interact laterally through a- to a- and b- to b-tubulin contacts and in the less stable A-lattice conformation, where a-tubulin interacts laterally with b-tubulin. In cells the microtubules generally contain 13 protofilaments of which usually one pair interacts in the A-lattice conformation, forming the so-called lattice seam. Microtubule dynamics and interactions are strongly regulated by micro-tubule associate proteins (MAPs). Structural investigations on MAPs and microtubule associated motor proteins in complex with microtubules have become possible in combination with modern electron microscopy (EM) and image processing. We have used biochemistry and different advanced EM techniques to study the interaction between microtubules and the MAP Mal3p in vitro. Mal3p is the sole member of the end-binding protein 1 (EB1) protein family in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Previous in vivo studies have shown that Mal3p promotes microtubule growth. Our studies with high-resolution unidirectional shadowing EM revealed that Mal3p interacts with the microtubule lattice in a novel way, using binding sites on the microtubule that are different from those reported for other MAPs or motor proteins. Full-length Mal3p preferentially binds between two protofilaments on the microtubule lattice, leaving the rest of the lattice free. A case where Mal3p was found in two adjacent protofilament, revealed an A-lattice conformation on the microtubules, surprisingly indicating specific binding of Mal3p to the microtubule seam. With a lattice enhancer, in form of a b-tubulin binding kinesin motor domain, it was demonstrated that Mal3p stabilizes the seam which is thought to be the weakest part of a microtubule. Further, the presence of Mal3p during microtubule polymerization enhances the closure of protofilament sheets into a tubular organization. Cryo-EM and 3-D helical reconstruction on a monomeric microtubule binding domain of Mal3p, confirm the localization in between the protofilament and result in an accurate localization on the microtubule lattice. The results also indicate Mal3p's capacity to influence the microtubule lattice conformation. Together, studies approached in vitro demonstrate that an EB1-family homolog not only interacts with the microtubule plus end, but also with the microtubule lattice. The structure of Mal3p interacting with microtubules reveals a new mechanism for microtubule stabilization and further insight on how plus end binding proteins are able promote microtubule growth. These findings further suggest that microtubules exhibit two distinct reaction platforms on their surface that can independently interact with selected MAPs or motors.}, subject = {Mikrotubulus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Reimer2017, author = {Reimer, Anastasija}, title = {Search for novel antimicrobials against \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\) and \(Chlamydia\) \(trachomatis\)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143168}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {The obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is responsible for the widespread sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea, which in rare cases also leads to the development of disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). DGI is mediated by PorBIA-expressing bacteria that invade host cells under low phosphate condition by interaction with the scavenger receptor-1 (SREC-I) expressed on the surface of endothelial cells. The interaction of PorBIA and SREC-I was analysed using different in vitro approaches, including surface plasmon resonance experiments that revealed a direct phosphate-independent high affinity interaction of SREC-I to PorBIA. However, the same binding affinity was also found for the other allele PorBIB, which indicates unspecific binding and suggests that the applied methods were unsuitable for this interaction analysis. Since N. gonorrhoeae was recently classified as a "super-bug" due to a rising number of antibiotic-resistant strains, this study aimed to discover inhibitors against the PorBIA-mediated invasion of N. gonorrhoeae. Additionally, inhibitors were searched against the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections as well as infections of the upper inner eyelid. 68 compounds, including plant-derived small molecules, extracts or pure compounds of marine sponges or sponge-associated bacteria and pipecolic acid derivatives, were screened using an automated microscopy based approach. No active substances against N. gonorrhoeae could be identified, while seven highly antichlamydial compounds were detected. The pipecolic acid derivatives were synthesized as potential inhibitors of the virulence-associated "macrophage infectivity potentiator" (MIP), which exhibits a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) enzyme activity. This study investigated the role of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae MIP during infection. The two inhibitors PipN3 and PipN4 decreased the PPIase activity of recombinant chlamydial and neisserial MIP in a dose-dependent manner. Both compounds affected the chlamydial growth and development in epithelial cells. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the contribution of MIP to a prolonged survival of N. gonorrhoeae in the presence of neutrophils, which was significantly reduced in the presence of PipN3 and PipN4. SF2446A2 was one of the compounds that had a severe effect on the growth and development of C. trachomatis. The analysis of the mode of action of SF2446A2 revealed an inhibitory effect of the compound on the mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATP production of the host cell. However, the chlamydial development was independent of proper functional mitochondria, which excluded the connection of the antichlamydial properties of SF2446A2 with its inhibition of the respiratory chain. Only the depletion of cellular ATP by blocking glycolysis and mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibited the chlamydial growth. A direct effect of SF2446A2 on C. trachomatis was assumed, since the growth of the bacteria N. gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus was also affected by the compound. In summary, this study identified the severe antichlamydial activity of plant-derived naphthoquinones and the compounds derived from marine sponges or sponge-associated bacteria SF2446A2, ageloline A and gelliusterol E. Furthermore, the work points out the importance of the MIP proteins during infection and presents pipecolic acid derivatives as novel antimicrobials against N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis.}, subject = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pfenning2008, author = {Pfenning, Brenda}, title = {Seasonal life-history adaptation in the water strider GERRIS LACUSTRIS}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27900}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Insects living in temperate latitudes need to adjust their life-history to a seasonally variable environment. Reproduction, growth, and development have to be completed within the limited period where environmental conditions are favourable while climatically adverse conditions have to be spent in a state of diapause. Consequently, questions how individuals adapt their life-history to seasonality and which mechanisms underlie the responses to seasonal cues, like photoperiod, are important issues in the study of life-history strategies. This thesis focuses on the life-history adaptation to seasonality in the wing-dimorphic common pond skater Gerris lacustris L. (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Using a combination of field and laboratory studies as well as mathematical modelling, it is adressed how variation in the availability of thermal energy impacts on various aspects of larval development such as accumulated thermal energy (i.e. physiological development time), developmental pathway (direct reproduction vs. diapause) and wing dimorphism.}, subject = {Wanzen}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Keller2010, author = {Keller, Alexander}, title = {Secondary (and tertiary) structure of the ITS2 and its application for phylogenetic tree reconstructions and species identification}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56151}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Biodiversity may be investigated and explored by the means of genetic sequence information and molecular phylogenetics. Yet, with ribosomal genes, information for phylogenetic studies may not only be retained from the primary sequence, but also from the secondary structure. Software that is able to cope with two dimensional data and designed to answer taxonomic questions has been recently developed and published as a new scientific pipeline. This thesis is concerned with expanding this pipeline by a tool that facialiates the annotation of a ribosomal region, namely the ITS2. We were also able to show that this states a crucial step for secondary structure phylogenetics and for data allocation of the ITS2-database. This resulting freely available tool determines high quality annotations. In a further study, the complete phylogenetic pipeline has been evaluated on a theoretical basis in a comprehensive simulation study. We were able to show that both, the accuracy and the robustness of phylogenetic trees are largely improved by the approach. The second major part of this thesis concentrates on case studies that applied this pipeline to resolve questions in taxonomy and ecology. We were able to determine several independent phylogenies within the green algae that further corroborate the idea that secondary structures improve the obtainable phylogenetic signal, but now from a biological perspective. This approach was applicable in studies on the species and genus level, but due to the conservation of the secondary structure also for investigations on the deeper level of taxonomy. An additional case study with blue butterflies indicates that this approach is not restricted to plants, but may also be used for metazoan phylogenies. The importance of high quality phylogenetic trees is indicated by two ecological studies that have been conducted. By integrating secondary structure phylogenetics, we were able to answer questions about the evolution of ant-plant interactions and of communities of bacteria residing on different plant tissues. Finally, we speculate how phylogenetic methods with RNA may be further enhanced by integration of the third dimension. This has been a speculative idea that was supplemented with a small phylogenetic example, however it shows that the great potential of structural phylogenetics has not been fully exploited yet. Altogether, this thesis comprises aspects of several different biological disciplines, which are evolutionary biology and biodiversity research, community and invasion ecology as well as molecular and structural biology. Further, it is complemented by statistical approaches and development of informatical software. All these different research areas are combined by the means of bioinformatics as the central connective link into one comprehensive thesis.}, subject = {Phylogenie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Pfrommer2009, author = {Pfrommer, Albrecht}, title = {Seed dispersal ecology of Leonia cymosa (Violaceae) in the rain forest of Eastern Ecuador}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37129}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Leonia cymosa (Violaceae) ist ein Baum der unteren Waldschicht im Amazonischen Regenwald. Meine Probenfl{\"a}chen befanden sich in der „Reserva Faunistica Cuyabeno" im nord-{\"o}stlichen Ecuador: Meine Untersuchung hatte das Ziel, die Variation von Baummerkmalen zu beschreiben und zu kl{\"a}ren, ob und wie die Fruchtentnahme aus den einzelnen B{\"a}umen durch Fruchtfresser mit den Baummerkmalen zusammenh{\"a}ngt. Die mittlere H{\"o}he einer fruchttragenden L. cymosa war 6,6 m (Min. 2 m, Max. 12,6 m). Der Median der Individuendichte lag bei 11,8 B{\"a}umen pro Hektar. Die B{\"a}ume wuchsen {\"u}berwiegend in Gruppen, die aus B{\"a}umen verschiedener H{\"o}he bestanden. L. cymosa bl{\"u}hte zwei Mal im Jahr, sowohl im sp{\"a}ten Februar bis M{\"a}rz, als auch im Oktober. Die daraus jeweils folgenden Fruchtsaisons erstreckten sich auf die Monate August/September und M{\"a}rz bis Mai. Das Fruchtfleisch von L. cymosa enthielt die Zucker Fruktose, Glucose und Saccharose, Proteine, aber keine Lipide. Es gab es signifikante Unterschiede zwischen B{\"a}umen bei allen untersuchten N{\"a}hrstoffbestandteilen. Die saisonale Produktivit{\"a}t der {\"u}berwachten B{\"a}ume lag im Median bei 45 (1999, n= 57) bzw. bei 36 (2000, n=92) reifen Fr{\"u}chten. Das maximale Fruchtangebot eines Baumes zum Zeitpunkt einer Fruchtz{\"a}hlung lag bei 324 reifen Fr{\"u}chten Schwarzr{\"u}ckentamarine (Saguinus nigricollis, Callitrichidae) und Totenkopf{\"a}ffchen (Saimiri sciureus, Cebidae), sowie m{\"o}glicherweise eine unidentifizierte nachtaktive Tierart, konsumierten die Fr{\"u}chte von L. cymosa in meinem Untersuchungsgebiet. Fr{\"u}chte, die von den B{\"a}umen auf den Boden herabgefallen waren, wurden von Gr{\"u}nen Zwergagutis (Myoprocta pratti, Dasyproctidae) gefressen. Schwarzr{\"u}ckentamarine und Totenkopf{\"a}ffchen unterschieden sich stark in ihrer Effektivit{\"a}t als Samenausbreiter. Schwarzr{\"u}ckentamarine waren zuverl{\"a}ssige Ausbreiter, Totenkopf{\"a}ffchen nicht. Jede meiner Studienfl{\"a}chen war Teil des Kern-Wohngebietes von jeweils einer Gruppe von Schwarzr{\"u}ckentamarinen, und fiel in das Streifgebiet einer Gruppe von Totenkopf{\"a}ffchen. In einer Stichprobe von 6 B{\"a}umen vergleichbarer und hoher saisonaler Fruchtproduktion war die Gesamtanzahl an reifen Fr{\"u}chten eines jeweiligen Baums, die durch den zuverl{\"a}ssigen Samenausbreiter S. nigricollis im Verlauf einer Fruchtsaison geerntet wurden, mit keinem der gemessenen N{\"a}hrstoffbestandteile des Fruchtfleischs signifikant korreliert. Der zuverl{\"a}ssige Samenausbreiter von L. cymosa scheint keinen Selektionsdruck auf den N{\"a}hrstoffgehalt der Fr{\"u}chte von L. cymosa auszu{\"u}ben. Die saisonale Fruchtproduktion eines L. cymosa -Baums war die haupts{\"a}chliche Vorhersagevariable f{\"u}r alle Aspekte der Fruchtentnahme durch den effektiven Samenausbreiter, Saguinus nigricollis, sowie auch durch den Nicht-Samenausbreiter, Saimiri sciureus. B{\"a}ume mit gr{\"o}ßerer saisonaler Fruchtproduktion hatten eine h{\"o}here Wahrscheinlichkeit der Fruchtentnahme durch den Samenausbreiter als B{\"a}ume mit kleinerer saisonaler Fruchtproduktion. Von B{\"a}umen mit gr{\"o}ßerer saisonaler Fruchtproduktion ernteten die Samenausbreiter ebenfalls mehr Fr{\"u}chte. Diese B{\"a}ume hatten also einen gr{\"o}ßeren Ausbreitungserfolg. Der prozentuale Anteil der vom Samenausbreiter entnommenen Fr{\"u}chte an der gesamten saisonalen Fruchtproduktion eines Baums sank jedoch mit wachsender Fruchtproduktion. Im Gegensatz dazu stieg der prozentuale Anteil der vom Nicht-Samenausbreiter abgeernteten Fr{\"u}chte an der gesamten saisonalen Fruchtproduktion mit gr{\"o}ßer werdender saisonaler Fruchtproduktion. Ebenso stieg die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Fruchtentnahme durch den Nicht-Samenausbreiter und die Anzahl der von ihm geernteten Fr{\"u}chte mit gr{\"o}ßer werdender saisonaler Fruchtproduktion. Die beobachteten Unterschiede zwischen Samenausbreiter und Nicht-Samenausbreiter sind auf Unterschiede in der jeweiligen Nahrungsaufnahmekapazit{\"a}t, der Gruppengr{\"o}ße und des Fouragierverhaltens zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Tamarine ernteten mit geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit L. cymosa B{\"a}ume, die nicht oder nur wenig von umgebender Vegetation gedeckt waren. Dies reflektiert wahrscheinlich ein Verhalten der Tamarine zur Vermeidung von Angriffen von Wald-Raubv{\"o}geln. Bei hoher Dichte von L. cymosa-Fr{\"u}chten in der Nachbarschaft einzelner B{\"a}ume verringerte sich der Anteil der Fr{\"u}chte an der saisonalen Fruchtproduktion, die von Tamarinen geerntet wurden. Dies spricht f{\"u}r Konkurrenz von B{\"a}umen um Samenausbreiter. Meine Studie hat Selektionsdr{\"u}cke der Samenausbreiter auf die saisonale Fruchtproduktion von L. cymosa aufgedeckt. Meine Ergebnisse best{\"a}tigen die Vorhersagen der „fruit crop size-Hypothese". Meine Ergebnisse zeigen ebenfalls, dass es auch Faktoren außerhalb der Kontrolle eine Baumindividuums gibt, die die Fruchtentnahme von L. cymosa B{\"a}umen beeinflussen. Selektion durch Samenausbreiter k{\"o}nnte durch Nachbarschaftsbedingungen begrenzt.}, subject = {Samenverbreitung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Wiese2015, author = {Wiese, Katrin Evelyn}, title = {Sensing supraphysiological levels of MYC : mechanisms of MIZ1-dependent MYC-induced Apoptosis in Mammary Epithelial Cells}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-132532}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Deregulated MYC expression contributes to cellular transformation as well as progression and maintenance of human tumours. Interestingly, in the absence of additional genetic alterations, potentially oncogenic levels of MYC sensitise cells to a variety of apoptotic stimuli. Hence, MYC-induced apoptosis has long been recognised as a major barrier against cancer development. However, it is largely unknown how cells discriminate physiological from supraphysiological levels of MYC in order to execute an appropriate biological response. The experiments described in this thesis demonstrate that induction of apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells depends on the repressive actions of MYC/MIZ1 complexes. Analysis of gene expression profiles and ChIP-sequencing experiments reveals that high levels of MYC are required to invade low-affinity binding sites and repress target genes of the serum response factor SRF. These genes are involved in cytoskeletal dynamics as well as cell adhesion processes and are likely needed to transmit survival signals to the AKT kinase. Restoration of SRF activity rescues MIZ1- dependent gene repression and increases AKT phosphorylation and downstream function. Collectively, these results indicate that association with MIZ1 leads to an expansion of MYC's transcriptional response that allows sensing of oncogenic levels, which points towards a tumour-suppressive role for the MYC/MIZ1 complex in epithelial cells.}, subject = {Myc}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ruchty2010, author = {Ruchty, Markus}, title = {Sensory basis of thermal orientation in leaf-cutting ants}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48906}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Leaf-cutting ants have a highly developed thermal sense which the insects use to regulate the own body temperature and also to optimize brood and fungus development. Apart from the already described temperature guided behaviors inside the nest it is unknown to what extent the ants may use their thermal sense outside the nest. As part of the present thesis, the question was addressed whether leaf-cutting ants (Atta vollenweideri) are able to learn the position of a warm object as landmark for orientation during foraging. Using absolute conditioning, it was shown that ten training trials are sufficient to elicit the association be-tween food reward and the temperature stimulus. In the test situation (without reward) a significantly higher amount of ants preferred the heated site compared to the unheated con-trol. Importantly, thermal radiation alone was sufficient to establish the learned association and served as orientation cue during the test situation (chapter IV). Based on the experi-mental design used in the previous chapter, the localization of thermosensitive neurons, which detect the underlying thermal stimuli, is restricted to the head or the antennae of the ants. The antennal sensillum coeloconicum is a potential candidate to detect the thermal stimuli during the orientation behavior. In chapter V the sensillum coeloconicum of Atta vollenweideri was investigated concerning its gross morphology, fine-structure and the phy-siology of the associated thermosensitive neuron. The sensillum is predominantly located on the apical antennal segment (antennal tip) where around 12 sensilla are clustered, and it has a peg-in-pit morphology with a double walled, multiporous peg. The sensory peg is deeply embedded in a cuticular pit, connected to the environment only by a tiny aperture. The sen-sillum houses three receptor neurons of which one is thermosensitive whereas the sensory modality of the other two neurons remains to be shown. Upon stimulation with a drop in temperature, the thermosensitve neuron responds with a phasic-tonic increase in neuronal activity (cold-sensitive neuron) and shows rapid adaptation to prolonged stimulation. In ad-dition, it is shown that thermal radiation is an effective stimulus for the thermosensitive neuron. This is the first evidence that sensilla coeloconica play an important role during the thermal orientation behavior described in chapter IV. During the test situation of the classic-al conditioning paradigm, the ants showed rapid antennal movements, indicating that they scan their environment in order to detect the heated object. Rapid antennal movements will result in rapid discontinuities of thermal radiation that re-quire thermosensitive neurons with outstanding sensitivity and high temporal resolution. In Chapter VI the question was addressed whether the thermosensitive neuron of the sensilla coeloconica fulfils these preconditions. Extracellular recordings revealed that the neuron is extremely sensitive to temperature transients and that, due to the response dynamics, an estimated stimulus frequency of up to 5 Hz can be resolved by the neuron. Already a tem-perature increase of only 0.005 °C leads to a pronounced response of the thermosensitive neuron. Through sensory adaptation, the sensitivity to temperature transients is maintained over a wide range of ambient temperatures. The discovered extreme sensitivity, the high temporal resolution and the pronounced adaptation abilities are further evidence support-ing the idea that sensilla coeloconica receive information of the thermal environment, which the ants may use for orientation. In order to understand how the ants use their thermal environment for orientation, it is ne-cessary to know where and how thermal information is processed in their central nervous system. In Chapter VII the question is addressed where in the brain the thermal information, specifically received by the thermosensitive neuron of sensilla coeloconica, is represented. By selectively staining single sensilla coeloconica, the axons of the receptor neurons could be tracked into the antennal lobe of Atta vollenweideri workers. Each of the three axons termi-nated in a single functional unit (glomerulus) of the antennal lobe. Two of the innervated glomeruli were adjacent to each other and are located lateral, while the third one was clear-ly separate and located medial in the antennal lobe. Using two-photon Ca2+ imaging of an-tennal lobe projection neurons, the general representation of thermal information in the antennal lobe was studied. In 11 investigated antennal lobes up to six different glomeruli responded to temperature stimulation in a single specimen. Both, warm- and cold-sensitive glomeruli could be identified. All thermosensitive glomeruli were located in the medial half of the antennal lobe. Based on the correlative evidence of the general representation of thermal information and the results from the single sensilla stainings, it is assumed that thermal information received by sensilla coeloconica is processed in the medial of the three target glomeruli. This part of the thesis shows the important role of the antennal lobe in temperature processing and links one specific thermosensitive neuron to its target region (a single glomerulus). In chapter V it was shown that the sensilla coeloconica are clustered at the antennal tip and have an extraordinary peg-in-pit morphology. In the last chapter of this thesis (Chapter VIII) the question is addressed whether the morphology of the sensilla coeloconica predicts the receptive field of the thermosensitive neuron during the detection of thermal radiation. The sensory pegs of all sensilla coeloconica in the apical cluster have a similar orientation, which was not constraint by the shape of the antennal tip where the cluster is located. This finding indicates that the sensilla coeloconica function as a single unit. Finally the hypothesis was tested whether a single sensillum could be direction sensitive to thermal radiation based on its eye-catching morphology. By stimulating the thermosensitive neuron from various angles around the sensillum this indeed could be shown. This is the last and most significant evi-dence that the sensilla coeloconica may be adapted to detect spatially distributed heated objects in the environment during the thermal landmark orientation of ants.}, subject = {Neurobiologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kleineidam1999, author = {Kleineidam, Christoph}, title = {Sensory Ecology of Carbon Dioxide Perception in Leaf-cutting Ants}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1562}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1999}, abstract = {The study examines the sensory ecology of CO2 perception in leaf-cutting ants. It begins with the ecological role of CO2 for leaf-cutting ants. Inside the subterranean nests of Atta vollenweideri large amounts of CO2 are produced by the ants and their symbiotic fungus. Measurements in field nest at different depths revealed that CO2 concentrations do not exceed 2 per cent in mature nests. These findings indicate effective ventilation even at depths of 2 m. Small colonies often face the situation of reduced ventilation when they close their nest openings as a measure against flooding. A simulation of this situation in the field as well as in the laboratory revealed increasing CO2 concentrations causing reduced colony respiration which ultimately might limit colony success. Wind-induced ventilation is the predominant ventilation mechanism of the nests of Atta vollenweideri, shown by an analysis of external wind and airflow in the channels. The mound architecture promotes nest ventilation. Outflow channels have their openings in the upper, central region and inflow channels had their openings in the lower, peripheral region of the nest mound. Air is sucked out through the central channels, followed by a delayed inflow of air through the peripheral channels. The findings support the idea that the nest ventilation mechanism used by Atta vollenweideri resembles the use of Bernoulli's principle in Venturi Tubes and Viscous Entrainment. CO2 is important in a second context besides microclimatic control. A laboratory experiment with Atta sexdens demonstrated that leaf-cutting ants are able to orientate in a CO2 gradient. Foragers chose places with higher CO2 concentration when returning to the nest. This effect was found in all homing foragers, but it was pronounced for workers carrying leaf fragments compared to workers without leaf fragments. The findings support the hypothesis that CO2 gradients are used as orientation cue inside the (dark) nest to find suited fungus chambers for unloading of the leaf fragments. After the importance of CO2 in the natural history of the ants has thus been demonstrated, the study identifies for the first time in Hymenoptera type and location of the sensory organ for CO2 perception. In Atta sexdens a single neuron associated with the sensilla ampullacea was found to respond to CO2. Since it is the only neuron of this sensillum, the sensillum characters can be assumed to be adapted for CO2 perception. A detailed description of the morphology and the ultrastructure allows a comparison with sensilla for CO2 perception found in other insects and provides more information about sensillum characters and their functional relevance. The CO2 receptor cells respond to increased CO2 with increased neural activity. The frequency of action potentials generated by the receptor cell shows a phasic-tonic time course during CO2 stimulation and a reduced activity after stimulation. Phasic response accomplished with a reduced activity after stimulation results in contrast enhancement and the ability to track fast fluctuations in CO2 concentration. The neurons have a working range of 0 to 10 per cent CO2 and thus are able to respond to the highest concentrations the ants might encounter in their natural environment. The most exciting finding concerning the receptor cells is that the CO2 neurons of the leaf-cutting ants do not adapt to continuous stimulation. This enables the ants to continuously monitor the actual CO2 concentration of their surroundings. Thus, the sensilla ampullacea provide the ants with the information necessary to orientate in a CO2 gradient (tracking of fluctuations) as well as with the necessary information for microclimatic control (measuring of absolute concentrations).}, subject = {Blattschneiderameisen}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Spaethe2001, author = {Spaethe, Johannes}, title = {Sensory Ecology of Foraging in Bumblebees}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-1179692}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Pollinating insects exhibit a complex behavior while foraging for nectar and pollen. Many studies have focused on ultimate mechanisms of this behavior, however, the sensory-perceptual processes that constrain such behavior have rarely been considered. In the present study I used bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), an important pollinating insect, to investigate possible sensory constraints on foraging behavior. Additionally, I survey inter-individual variation in the sensory capabilities and behavior of bumblebees caused by the pronounced size polymorphism among members of a single colony. In the first chapter I have focused on the sensory-perceptual processes that constrain the search for flowers. I measured search time for artificial flowers of various sizes and colors, a key variable defining the value of a prey type in optimal foraging theory. When flowers were large, search times correlate well with the color contrast of the targets with their green foliage-type background, as predicted by a model of color opponent coding using inputs from the bee's UV, blue, and green receptors. Targets which made poor color contrast with their backdrop, such as white, UV-reflecting ones, or red flowers, take longest to detect, even though brightness contrast with the background is pronounced. When searching for small targets, bumblebees change their strategy in several ways. They fly significantly slower and closer to the ground, so increasing the minimum detectable area subtended by an object on the ground. In addition they use a different neuronal channel for flower detection: instead of color contrast, they now employ only the green receptor signal for detection. I related these findings to temporal and spatial limitations of different neuronal channels involved in stimulus detection and recognition. Bumblebees do not only possess species-specific sensory capacities but they also exhibit inter-individual differences due to size. Therefore, in the next two chapters I have examined size-related effects on the visual and olfactory system of Bombus terrestris. Chapter two deals with the effect of scaling on eye architecture and spatial resolving power of workers. Foraging efficiency in bees is strongly affected by proficiency of detecting flowers. Both floral display size and bee spatial vision limit flower detection. In chapter one I have shown that search times for flowers strongly increases with decreasing floral display size. The second factor, bee spatial vision, is mainly limited by two properties of compound eyes: (a) the interommatidial angle {\c{C}}{\aa} and (b) the ommatidial acceptance angle {\c{C}}{\´a}. When a pollinator strives to increase the resolving power of its eyes, it is forced to increase both features simultaneously. Bumblebees show a large variation in body size. I found that larger workers with larger eyes possess more ommatidia and larger facet diameters. Large workers with twice the size of small workers (thorax width) have about 50 per cent more ommatidia, and a 1.5 fold enlarged facet diameter. In a behavioral test, large and small workers were trained to detect the presence of a colored stimulus in a Y-maze apparatus. The stimulus was associated with a sucrose reward and was presented in one arm, the other arm contained neither stimulus nor reward. The minimum visual angle a bee is able to detect was estimated by testing the bee at different stimuli sizes subtending angles between 30° and 3° on the bee's eye. Minimum visual detection angles range from 3.4° to 7.0° among tested workers. Larger bumblebees are able to detect objects subtending smaller visual angles, i.e. they are able to detect smaller objects than their small conspecifics. Thus morphological and behavioral findings indicate an improved visual system in larger bees. Beside vision, olfaction is the most important sensory modality while foraging in bees. Bumblebees utilize species-specific odors for detecting and identifying nectar and pollen rich flowers. In chapter three I have investigated the olfactory system of Bombus terrestris and the effect of scaling on antennal olfactory sensilla and the first olfactory neuropil in the bumblebee brain, the antennal lobes. I found that the pronounced size polymorphism exhibited by bumblebees also effects their olfactory system. Sensilla number (I measured the most common olfactory sensilla type, s. placodea), sensilla density, volume of antennal lobe neuropil and volume of single identified glomeruli correlate significantly with worker's size. The enlarged volume of the first olfactory neuropil in large individuals is caused by an increase in glomeruli volume and coarse neuropil volume. Additionally, beside an overall increase of brain volume with scaling I found that the olfactory neuropil increases disproportionately compared to a higher order neuropil, the central body. The data predict a higher odor sensitivity in larger bumblebee workers. In the last chapter I have addressed the question if scaling alters foraging behavior and rate in freely foraging bumblebees. I observed two freely foraging B. terrestris colonies and measured i) trip number, ii) trip time, iii) proportion of nectar trips, and iv) nectar foraging rate of different sized foragers. In all observation periods large foragers exhibit a significantly higher foraging rate than small foragers. None of the other three foraging parameters is affected by workers' size. Thus, large foragers contribute disproportionately more to the current nectar influx of their colony. To summarize, this study shows that understanding the mechanisms of visual information processing and additionally comprising inter-individual differences of sensory capabilities is crucial to interpret foraging behavior of bees.}, subject = {Hummeln}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{ContarAdolfi2017, author = {Contar Adolfi, Mateus}, title = {Sex determination and meiosis in medaka: The role of retinoic acid}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136335}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Sex determination (SD) is a complex and diverse developmental process that leads to the decision whether the bipotential gonad anlage will become a testis or an ovary. This mechanism is regulated by gene cascades, networks and/or chromosomal systems, and can be influenced by fluctuations of extrinsic factors like temperature, exposure to hormones and pollution. Within vertebrates, the group of fish show the widest variety of sex determination mechanism. This whole diversity of processes and mechanisms converges to the formation of two different gametes, the eggs and the sperm, the first bigger and static, and the second smaller and motile. Meiosis is crucial for the formation of both types of gametes, and the timing of meiosis entry is one of the first recognizable differences between male and female in vertebrates. The germ cells go into meiosis first in female than in male, and in mammals, this event has been shown to be regulated by retinoic acid (RA). This small polar molecule induces in the germ cells the expression of the pre-meiotic marker Stra8 (stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8), which is necessary for meiosis initiation. Interestingly, genome analyzes have shown that the majority of fish (including medaka) lack the stra8 gene, adding a question mark to the role of RA in meiosis induction in this group. Since a role of RA in entry of meiosis and sexual development of fish is still far from being understood, I investigated in medaka (Oryzias latipes) a possible signaling function of RA during the SD period in embryos and in reproductively active gonads of adults. I generated a transgenic medaka line that reports responsiveness to RA in vivo. With this tool, I compared RA responsiveness with the expression of the main gene involved in the synthesis of RA. My results show that there is a de-correlation between the action of RA with its source. In adults, expression of the RA metabolizing enzymes show sexually dimorphic RA levels, with aldh1a2 levels being higher in testis, and cyp26a1 stronger in female gonad. In ovary, the responsiveness is restricted to the early meiotic oocytes. In testis, RA is acting directly in the pre-meiotic cells, but also in Sertoli and Leydig cells. Treatment experiments on testis organ culture showed that RA pathway activation leads to a decrease in meiosis markers expression levels. During the development, RA responsiveness in the germ cells was observed in both sexes much earlier than the first female meiosis entry. Treatments with RA-synthesis inhibitor show a decrease in meiosis markers expression levels only after the sex differentiation period in female. Expression analyzes of embryos treated with exogenous RA showed induction of dmrt1a at the gonad levels and an increase of amh levels. Both genes are not only involved in male formation, but also in the regulation of germ cell proliferation and differentiation. RA is important in meiosis induction and gametogenesis in adult medaka. However, there is no evidence for a similar role of RA in initiating the first meiosis in female germ cells at the SD stage. Moreover, contrary to common expectation, RA seems to induce sex related genes that are involved indirectly in meiosis inhibition. In this thesis, I showed for the first time that RA can be involved in both induction and inhibition of meiosis entry, depending on the sex and the developmental stage in a stra8-independent model organism.}, subject = {Japank{\"a}rpfling}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ostner2002, author = {Ostner, Julia}, title = {Sex-specific reproductive strategies in redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus, Primates, Lemuridae)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5011}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2002}, abstract = {The number of males in animal groups is an essential determinant of male and female reproductive strategies. Females may benefit from living with several males, whereas males generally strive to monopolize a group of females. Due to male intrasexual competition, the sex ratio of groups of anthropoid primates is generally female-biased. Gregarious Malagasy lemurs deviate from theoretical expectations derived from sexual selection theory and from patterns found among anthropoids because they live in relatively small groups with an even or male-biased adult sex ratio and lack sexual dimorphism. The aim of this thesis was to investigate sex-specific reproductive strategies relating to the unusual group composition of redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) by combining behavioral, demographic and endocrinological data. In the first of a set of four studies I investigated the applicability of non-invasive endocrine measurements for monitoring ovarian function in wild redfronted lemur females in order to evaluate the degree of estrus synchrony. Further, I tested the prediction that males living in multi-male groups rely on indirect mechanisms of intrasexual competition, such as physiological suppression of testicular function. Several possible benefits gained from living with many males have been proposed and the hypothesis that additional males improve social thermoregulation was tested in the third study. Finally, I examined the proximate determinants of the unusual sex ratio within groups, the variation in the adult sex ratio as well as possible social benefits of the high number of males for both sexes. The study was conducted in Kirindy Forest, Madagascar, between April 1999 and July 2000. I recorded >3000 hours of focal animal data on social and sexual behavior of all adult members of five groups. Additionally, >2200 fecal samples of males and females were collected for subsequent hormone analysis using enzymeimmunoassay (EIA). Further, I analyzed demographic data from seven Eulemur fulvus rufus groups collected between 1996 and 2002. The analyses of fecal estrogen and progestogen excretion in wild and captive females revealed that monitoring ovarian function is principally possible in redfronted lemurs, as demonstrated by the analysis of samples from captive females. Characterization of ovarian cycles in wild females, however, was not possible, because of a high day-to-day variability in excreted hormones. Nevertheless, the study provided reliable information on gestation and cycle length as well as endocrine changes associated with gestation. Additionally, I established a method for prenatal sex determination using maternal fecal samples collected during late gestation. The excretion pattern of androgens in samples of males revealed no differences between dominant and subordinate males, indicating that dominant males did not suppress the endocrine function of subordinate rivals. High frequencies of matings in combination with large testes size suggest that male reproductive competition relies at least partly on sperm competition. Females did not benefit from the high number of males in their groups in terms of improved thermoregulation because surplus males did not participate frequently in huddling groups with females. Analysis of the demographic data revealed that birth and mortality rates were not sex-biased and that males migrated considerably more frequently than females, providing no proximate explanation for the unusual sex ratio. Females in this study may proximately regulate group composition by synchronizing their fertile periods, which were inferred indirectly from the temporal distribution of births within groups. Both males and females benefit from the high number of co-resident males because reduced male group size seemed to be the main predictor of take-over rate, and thus, infanticide risk. The results of these studies suggest that certain life history traits (fast maturation, short inter-birth intervals) may ultimately determine the high number of males and the lack of single-male groups seen in redfronted lemurs. An accelerated male life history may facilitate joint group transfers and take-overs of male coalitions without a transitional time outside bisexual groups. Because males and females both benefit from a high number of males the conflict of interests between the sexes is considerably defused.}, subject = {Rotstirnmaki}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Streinzer2013, author = {Streinzer, Martin}, title = {Sexual dimorphism of the sensory systems in bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) and the evolution of sex-specific adaptations in the context of mating behavior}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78689}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Bees have had an intimate relationship with humans for millennia, as pollinators of fruit, vegetable and other crops and suppliers of honey, wax and other products. This relationship has led to an extensive understanding of their ecology and behavior. One of the most comprehensively understood species is the Western honeybee, Apis mellifera. Our understanding of sex-specific investment in other bees, however, has remained superficial. Signals and cues employed in bee foraging and mating behavior are reasonably well understood in only a handful of species and functional adaptations are described in some species. I explored the variety of sensory adaptations in three model systems within the bees. Females share a similar ecology and similar functional morphologies are to be expected. Males, engage mainly in mating behavior. A variety of male mating strategies has been described which differ in their spatiotemporal features and in the signals and cues involved, and thus selection pressures. As a consequence, males' sensory systems are more diverse than those of females. In the first part I studied adaptations of the visual system in honeybees. I compared sex and caste-specific eye morphology among 5 species (Apis andreniformis, A. cerana, A. dorsata, A. florea, A. mellifera). I found a strong correlation between body size and eye size in both female castes. Queens have a relatively reduced visual system which is in line with the reduced role of visual perception in their life history. Workers differed in eye size and functional morphology, which corresponds to known foraging differences among species. In males, the eyes are conspicuously enlarged in all species, but a disproportionate enlargement was found in two species (A. dorsata, A. florea). I further demonstrate a correlation between male visual parameters and mating flight time, and propose that light intensities play an important role in the species-specific timing of mating flights. In the second study I investigated eye morphology differences among two phenotypes of drones in the Western honeybee. Besides normal-sized drones, smaller drones are reared in the colony, and suffer from reduced reproductive success. My results suggest that the smaller phenotype does not differ in spatial resolution of its visual system, but suffers from reduced light and contrast sensitivity which may exacerbate the reduction in reproductive success caused by other factors. In the third study I investigated the morphology of the visual system in bumblebees. I explored the association between male eye size and mating behavior and investigated the diversity of compound eye morphology among workers, queens and males in 11 species. I identified adaptations of workers that correlate with distinct foraging differences among species. Bumblebee queens must, in contrast to honeybees, fulfill similar tasks as workers in the first part of their life, and correspondingly visual parameters are similar among both female castes. Enlarged male eyes are found in several subgenera and have evolved several times independently within the genus, which I demonstrate using phylogenetic informed statistics. Males of these species engage in visually guided mating behavior. I find similarities in the functional eye morphology among large-eyed males in four subgenera, suggesting convergent evolution as adaptation to similar visual tasks. In the remaining species, males do not differ significantly from workers in their eye morphology. In the fourth study I investigated the sexual dimorphism of the visual system in a solitary bee species. Males of Eucera berlandi patrol nesting sites and compete for first access to virgin females. Males have enlarged eyes and better spatial resolution in their frontal eye region. In a behavioral study, I tested the effect of target size and speed on male mate catching success. 3-D reconstructions of the chasing flights revealed that angular target size is an important parameter in male chasing behavior. I discuss similarities to other insects that face similar problems in visual target detection. In the fifth study I examined the olfactory system of E. berlandi. Males have extremely long antennae. To investigate the anatomical grounds of this elongation I studied antennal morphology in detail in the periphery and follow the sexual dimorphism into the brain. Functional adaptations were found in males (e.g. longer antennae, a multiplication of olfactory sensilla and receptor neurons, hypertrophied macroglomeruli, a numerical reduction of glomeruli in males and sexually dimorphic investment in higher order processing regions in the brain), which were similar to those observed in honeybee drones. The similarities and differences are discussed in the context of solitary vs. eusocial lifestyle and the corresponding consequences for selection acting on males.}, subject = {Biene}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Feldmann2002, author = {Feldmann, Kristina}, title = {Signal transduction of transforming growth factor-Beta in cytotoxic T cells}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-4912}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Transforming-Growth-Factor-beta1 (TGF-b1) ist ein multifunktionelles Zytokin, welches insbesondere Zellwachstum und Zelldifferenzierung koordiniert. TGF-b ist vor allem daf{\"u}r bekannt, Zellen des Immunsystems zu beeinflussen. TGF-b steuert zum Beispiel die Differenzierung von T-Zellen und und deren Effektorfunktionen. Die Signaltransduktion von TGF-b wird vermittelt durch die Phosphorylierung von Rezeptor-assoziierten Smad-Proteinen (R-Smads). R-Smads werden vom Typ I Rezeptor aktiviert, der seinerseits vom hochaffinen Typ II Rezeptor phosphoryliert wird, sobald der Ligand bindet. Die phosphorylierten RSmads assoziieren darauf mit Co-Smads. Heterooligomere von R-Smads und Co-Smads wandern dann in den Zellkern, wo sie im Zusammenspiel mit Transkriptionsfaktoren wie CBP/p300 oder AP-1 die Transkription TGF-b-spezifischer Zielgene koordinieren. Neue Erkenntnisse lassen vermuten, daß die pleiotropen Effekte von TGF-b durch das Interagieren mit anderen Signalkaskaden entstehen, zum Beispiel mit dem MAP-Kinase-Weg oder der STAT-Kaskade. Wir beschreiben hier den Effekt von TGF-b auf die Effektorfunktionen unterschiedlich stimulierter prim{\"a}rer Maus-Milzzellen und aufgereinigten zytotoxischen CD8+ Maus-TZellen. Langzeitbehandlung mit TGF-b resultierte in der Unf{\"a}higkeit der Zellen, Smad2 ligandeninduziert zu phosphorylieren. Entweder wurde {\"u}berhaupt keine Phosphorylierung beobachtet, oder eine anhaltende Phosphorylierung von Smad2 unabh{\"a}ngig vom Vorhandensein des Liganden. Des weiteren stellten wir einen Zusammenhang zwischen anhaltender Smad2-Phosphorylierung und der Resistenz gegen{\"u}ber TGF-b induzierter Wachstumshemmung fest. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen Zellen, die sensitiv sind gegen{\"u}ber TGF-b vermittelter Wachstumshemmung, keine Smad2-Phosphorylierung mehr. Bez{\"u}glich ihrer zytotoxische Aktivt{\"a}t waren allerdings beide Ph{\"a}notypen nicht mehr lytisch wirksam, unabh{\"a}ngig von der jeweiligen Smad2-Phosphorylierung. In dieser Arbeit zeigen wir auch die Notwendigkeit eines funktionalen MEK-1-Signalweges auf, der unabdingbar ist, damit TZellen keine Wachstumsinhibierung durch TGF-b mehr erfahren. Das Blockieren dieses Signalweges f{\"u}hrt dar{\"u}berhinaus bei diesen Zellen ebenfalls zu einem ver{\"a}nderten Smad2- Phosphorylierungsmuster. Bez{\"u}glich des JNK-Signalweges konnten wir feststellen, daß ein funktional aktiver JNK-Signalweg mit der Resistenz gegen{\"u}ber TGF-b vermittelter Wachstumsinhibierung einhergeht. Allerdings f{\"u}hrt die Zugabe von IFNg und/oder aCD28- Antik{\"o}rper nicht zu einer ver{\"a}nderten Sensitivit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber TGF-b. Im Gegensatz zuprim{\"a}ren Zellen k{\"o}nnen die beschriebenen Zusammenh{\"a}nge in Zellkulturen vom humanen und murinen T Zellen nicht beobachtet werden, und sind somit spezifisch f{\"u}r primare TZellen. Wir beschreiben auch die Klonierung eines chim{\"a}ren dominant-negativen Typ II Rezeptors, der an eine Kinase gekoppelt ist, die bei Aktivierung Zelltod ausl{\"o}st. Damit soll es in Zukunft m{\"o}glich sein, T-Zellen gegen{\"u}ber TGF-b Resistenz zu verleihen. Die hier geschilderten Ergebnisse vertiefen die Kenntnisse {\"u}ber molekulare Mechanismen der Wirkung von TGF-b auf T-Zellen und k{\"o}nnen vielleicht dazu beitragen, negative Effekte von TGF-b, zum Beispiel in der Tumortherapie, gezielt abzuwenden.}, subject = {T-Lymphozyt}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hassel2005, author = {Haßel, Sylke}, title = {Signal transduction via multiple BMP receptor complexes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13353}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {BMPs influence a variety of cellular processes. They have been shown to regulate proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis and thus play central roles during developmental processes and tissue homeostasis. Ligand mediated signal transduction is transmitted via BMP type I and BMP type II receptors, both members of the serine/threonine kinase superfamily. The BMP receptor mediated signal transduction is not explored in detail. Therefore our aim was to address different aspects of BMP mediated signal transduction with main focus on BRII and its regulation. Due to the existence of two alternative splice variants, a long and a short form, the function of the two variants and the impact of the C-terminal extension are of general interest. Moreover, mutations in the BMPR2 gene were identified to be responsible for PPH, a autosomal dominant lung disease. In this thesis, BRII phosphorylation and signalling mediated by different receptor oligomers were investigated and multiple BRII associated proteins were identified. We could show that the oligomerization pattern of BMP receptors exhibits a higher degree of flexibility compared to other receptors of that superfamily. In the present work the BMP2 mediated signal transduction should be examined, depending on the receptor oligomerization pattern. Using kinase-deficient mutants, it could be demonstrated, that signalling via preformed BMP receptor complexes is mediated by the well characterized Smad1/5/8 pathway, whereas signalling initiated by BMP2 induced recruitment of the receptors activates the p38 pathway and leads to Alkaline Phosphatase production. To further study signalling events triggered directly from the BRII a proteomics-based screen for BRII associated proteins was performed. 53 associated proteins were found, the majority being signal transducing molecules, but in addition metabolic proteins, transcriptional regulators and others were identified. These proteins enable to gain a deeper insight in BMP mediated signalling. One of the interactors, the receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, was characterized in more detail. It could be demonstrated, that BRII and c-kit form a complex in vitro and in vivo, and the interaction is enhanced upon BMP2 stimulation. 2D phosphopeptid mapping showed that BRII is phosphorylated at S757 upon activation of c-kit by SCF. Moreover, c-kit and its ligand SCF are modulating BMP2 pathways, by enhancing Smad1/5 phosphorylation, Smad-transcriptional activity, Alkaline Phosphatase production and expression of Cbfa1. All these pathways hint towards modulation of the osteoblast development via c-kit. Thus, we were able to develop a novel paradigm for the BMP2 meditated signalling. One of the initial triggers for BRII is the auto-phosphorylation of BRII. Here we analyze ligand-independent as well as ligand-dependent phosphorylation of BRII. Some phosphorylation sites in BRII were identified. The general phosphorylation occurs mostly on serines. S815, S818 and Y825 are identified targets of phosphorylation whose function is still unclear. However phosphorylation of S336 is demonstrated to be essential for BRII activation. The elucidation of BMP receptor phosphorylation and oligomerization as well as the impact of a number of BRII associated proteins (such as c-kit), demonstrated in this thesis that BMP signalling has to be regulated precisely on multiple levels. This can be useful for the development of selective signalling inhibitors for basic research and therapeutic approaches of PPH and other diseases.}, subject = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Meiser2023, author = {Meiser, Elisabeth}, title = {Single-molecule dynamics at a bottleneck: a systematic study of the narrow escape problem in a disc}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31965}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319650}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Diffusion facilitates numerous reactions within the biological context of a cell. It is remarkable how the cost-efficient random process of Brownian motion promotes fast reactions. From the narrow escape theory, it is possible to determine the mean first passage time of such processes based on their reaction space and diffusion coefficient. The narrow escape theory of Brownian particles is characterized by a confining domain with reflective boundaries and a small reaction site. In this thesis, the mean first passage time was systematically tested in a disc as a function of the escape opening size in vitro and in silico. For the in vitro experiments, a model system of patterned supported-lipid bilayers (SLB) was established. Such a model is prepared by a combined colloid metalization approach, where a gold scaffold on glass facilitates assembly of SLB patches of distinct sizes through vesicle fusion. The model setup was evaluated and found to match all necessary requirements to test the nar- row escape problem in vitro. In particular, the reflectivity of the boundaries, the unhindered, free diffusion of the tracer lipids, and the distinct area were assessed. Observed results of the mean first passage time agreed with the theory of the narrow escape problem. There was excellent agreement in both absolute values and across a range of small escape opening sizes. Additionally, I developed a straightforward method, a correction factor, to calculate the mean first passage time from incomplete experimental traces. By re-scaling the mean first passage time to the fraction of particles that escaped, I was able to overcome the lifetime limitations of fluorescent probes. Previously inaccessible measurements of the mean first passage time relying on fluorescent probes will be made possible through this approach. The in vitro experiments were complemented with various in silico experiments. The latter were based on random walk simulations in discs, mimicking the in vitro situation with its uncertainties. The lifetime of single particles was either set sufficiently long to allow all particles to escape, or was adjusted to meet the lifetime limitations observed in the in vitro experiments. A comparison of the mean first passage time from lifetime-unlimited particles to the corrected, lifetime-limited particles did support the use of the correction factor. In agreement with the narrow escape theory, it was experimentally found that the mean first passage time is independent of the start point of the particle within the domain. This is when the particle adheres to a minimum distance to the escape site. In general, the presented random walk simulations do accurately represent the in vitro experiments in this study. The required hardware for the establishment of an astigmatism-based 3D system was installed in the existing microscope. The first attempts to analyze the obtained 3D imaging data gave insight into the potential of the method to investigate molecule dynamics in living trypanosome cells. The full functionality will be realized with the ongoing improvement of image analysis outside of this thesis.}, subject = {Freies Molek{\"u}l}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Glogger2018, author = {Glogger, Marius}, title = {Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy in live \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\) and model membranes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169222}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Der eukaryotische Parasit Trypanosoma brucei hat komplexe Strategien entwickelt um der Immunantwort eines Wirtes zu entkommen und eine persistente Infektion innerhalb dessen aufrechtzuerhalten. Ein zentrales Element seiner Verteidigungsstrategie st{\"u}tzt sich auf die Schutzfunktion seines Proteinmantels auf der Zelloberfl{\"a}che. Dieser Mantel besteht aus einer dichten Schicht aus identischen, Glykosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-verankerten variablen Oberfl{\"a}chenglykoproteinen (VSG). Der VSG Mantel verhindert die Erkennung der darunterliegenden, invarianten Epitope durch das Immunsystem. Obwohl es notwendig ist die Funktionsweise des VSG Mantels zu verstehen, vor allem um ihn als m{\"o}gliches Angriffsziel gegen den Parasiten zu verwenden, sind seine biophysikalischen Eigenschaften bisher nur unzureichend verstanden. Dies ist vor allem der Tatsache geschuldet, dass die hohe Motilit{\"a}t der Parasiten mikroskopische Studien in lebenden Zellen bisher weitestgehend verhinderten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nun hochmoderne Einzelmolek{\"u}l-Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (EMFM) als M{\"o}glichkeit f{\"u}r mikroskopische Untersuchungen im Forschungsbereich der Trypanosomen vorgestellt. Die Arbeit umfasst Untersuchungen der VSG Dynamik unter definierten Bedingungen k{\"u}nstlicher Membransysteme. Es wurde zuerst der Einfluss der lateralen Proteindichte auf die VSG Diffusion untersucht. Experimente mittels Fluoreszenz- Wiederkehr nach irreversiblem Photobleichen und komplement{\"a}re Einzelmolek{\"u}l- Verfolgungs Experimente offenbarten, dass ein molekularer Diffusionsschwellenwert existiert. {\"U}ber diesem Schwellenwert wurde eine dichteabh{\"a}nige Reduzierung des Diffusionskoeffizienten gemessen. Eine relative Quantifizierung der rekonstituierten VSGs verdeutlichte, dass der Oberfl{\"a}chenmantel der Trypanosomen sehr nahe an diesem Schwellenwert agiert. Der VSG Mantel ist optimiert um eine hohe Proteindichte bei gleichzeitiger hoher Mobilit{\"a}t der VSGs zu gew{\"a}hrleisten. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss der VSG N-Glykosylierung auf die Diffusion des Proteins quantitativ untersucht. Die Messungen ergaben, dass die N-Glykosylierung dazu beitr{\"a}gt eine hohe Mobilit{\"a}t bei hohen Proteindichten aufrechtzuerhalten. Eine detaillierte Analyse von VSG Trajektorien offenbarte, dass zwei unterschiedliche Populationen frei diffundierender VSGs in der k{\"u}nstlichen Membran vorlagen. K{\"u}rzlich wurde entdeckt, dass VSGs zwei strukturell unterschiedliche Konformationen annehmen k{\"o}nnen. Die Messungen in der Arbeit stimmen mit diesen Beschreibungen {\"u}berein. Die Ergebnisse der EMFM in k{\"u}nstlichen Membranen wurden durch VSG Einzelmolek{\"u}l- Verfolgungs Experimente auf lebenden Zellen erg{\"a}nzt. Es wurde eine hohe Mobilit{\"a}t und Dynamik einzelner VSGs gemessen, was die allgemein dynamische Natur des VSG Mantels verdeutlicht. Dies f{\"u}hrte zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass der VSG Mantel auf lebenden Trypanosomen ein dichter und dennoch dynamischer Schutzmantel ist. Die F{\"a}higkeit der VSGs ihre Konformation flexibel anzupassen, unterst{\"u}tzt das Erhalten der Fluidit{\"a}t bei variablen Dichten. Diese Eigenschaften des VSG Mantels sind elementar f{\"u}r die Aufrechterhaltung einer presistenden Infektion eines Wirtes. In dieser Arbeit werden des Weiteren verschiedene, auf Hydrogel basierende Einbettungsmethoden vorgestellt. Diese erm{\"o}glichten die Zellimmobilisierung und erlaubten EMFM in lebenden Trypanosomen. Die Hydrogele wiesen eine hohe Zytokompatibilit{\"a}t auf. Die Zellen {\"u}berlebten in den Gelen f{\"u}r eine Stunde nach Beginn der Immobilisierung. Die Hydrogele erf{\"u}llten die Anforderungen der Superresolution Mikroskopie (SRM) da sie eine geringe Autofluoreszenz im Spektralbereich der verwendeten Fluorophore besaßen. Mittels SRM konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Hydrogele die Zellen effizient immobilisierten. Als erstes Anwendungsbeispiel der Methode wurde die Organisation der Plasmamembran in lebenden Trypanosomen untersucht. Die Untersuchung eines fluoreszenten Tracers in der inneren Membranschicht ergab, dass dessen Verteilung nicht homogen war. Es wurden spezifische Membrandom{\"a}nen gefunden, in denen das Molek{\"u}l entweder vermehrt oder vermindert auftrat. Dies f{\"u}hrte zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass diese Verteilung durch eine Interaktion des Tracers mit Proteinen des zellul{\"a}ren Zytoskeletts zustande kam. Die in dieser Arbeit pr{\"a}sentierten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass EMFM erfolgreich f{\"u}r verschiedene biologische Untersuchungen im Forschungsfeld der Trypanosomen angewendet werden kann. Dies gilt zum Beispiel f{\"u}r die Untersuchung von der VSG Dynamik in k{\"u}nstlichen Membransystemen, aber auch f{\"u}r Studien in lebenden Zellen unter Verwendung der auf Hydrogelen basierenden Zelleinbettung.}, subject = {Trypanosoma brucei}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Wolter2014, author = {Wolter, Steve}, title = {Single-molecule localization algorithms in super-resolution microscopy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-109370}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {Lokalisationsmikroskopie ist eine Methodenklasse der superaufl{\"o}senden Fluoreszenzmikroskopie, deren Methoden sich durch stochastische zeitliche Isolation der Fluoreszenzemission auszeichnen. Das Blinkverhalten von Fluorophoren wird so ver{\"a}ndert, dass gleichzeitige Aktivierung von einander nahen Fluorophoren unwahrscheinlich ist. Bekannte okalisationsmikroskopische Methoden umfassen dSTORM, STORM, PALM, FPALM, oder GSDIM. Lokalisationsmikroskopie ist von hohem biologischem Interesse, weil sie die Aufl{\"o}sung des Fluoreszenzmikroskops bei minimalem technischem Aufwand um eine Gr{\"o}ßenordnung verbessert. Der verbundene Rechenaufwand ist allerdings erheblich, da Millionen von Fluoreszenzemissionen einzeln mit Nanometergenauigkeit lokalisiert werden m{\"u}ssen. Der Rechen- und Implementationsaufwand dieser Auswertung hat die Verbreitung der superaufl{\"o}senden Mikroskopie lange verz{\"o}gert. Diese Arbeit beschreibt meine algorithmische Grundstruktur f{\"u}r die Auswertung lokalisationsmikroskopischer Daten. Die Echtzeitf{\"a}higkeit, d.h. eine Auswertegeschwindigkeit oberhalb der Datenaufnahmegeschwindigkeit an normalen Messaufbauten, meines neuartigen und quelloffenen Programms wird demonstriert. Die Geschwindigkeit wird auf verbrauchermarktg{\"a}ngigen Prozessoren erreicht und dadurch spezialisierte Rechenzentren oder der Einsatz von Grafikkarten vermieden. Die Berechnung wird mit dem allgemein anerkannten Gaussschen Punktantwortmodell und einem Rauschmodell auf Basis der gr{\"o}ßten Poissonschen Wahrscheinlichkeit durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die algorithmische Grundstruktur wird erweitert, um robuste und optimale Zweifarbenauswertung zu realisieren und damit korrelative Mikroskopie zwischen verschiedenen Proteinen und Strukturen zu erm{\"o}glichen. Durch den Einsatz von kubischen Basissplines wird die Auswertung von dreidimensionalen Proben vereinfacht und stabilisiert, um pr{\"a}zisem Abbilden von mikrometerdicken Proben n{\"a}her zu kommen. Das Grenzverhalten von Lokalisationsalgorithmen bei hohen Emissionsdichten wird untersucht. Abschließend werden Algorithmen f{\"u}r die Anwendung der Lokalisationsmikroskopie auf verbreitete Probleme der Biologie aufgezeigt. Zellul{\"a}re Bewegung und Motilit{\"a}t werden anhand der in vitro Bewegung von Myosin-Aktin-Filamenten studiert. Lebendzellbildgebung mit hellen und stabilen organischen Fluorophoren wird mittels SNAP-tag-Fusionsproteinen realisiert. Die Analyse des Aufbaus von Proteinklumpen zeigt, wie Lokalisationsmikroskopie neue quantitative Ans{\"a}tze jenseits reiner Bildgebung bietet.}, subject = {Fluoreszenzmikroskopie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Klepsch2020, author = {Klepsch, Maximilian Andreas}, title = {Small RNA-binding complexes in Chlamydia trachomatis identified by Next-Generation Sequencing techniques}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-19974}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-199741}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Chlamydia infect millions worldwide and cause infertility and blinding trachoma. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is an obligate intracellular gram-negative pathogen with a significantly reduced genome. This bacterium shares a unique biphasic lifecycle in which it alternates between the infectious, metabolically inert elementary bodies (EB) and the non-infections, metabolically active replicative reticular bodies (RB). One of the challenges of working with Chlamydia is its difficult genetic accessibility. In the present work, the high-throughput method TagRNA-seq was used to differentially label transcriptional start sites (TSS) and processing sites (PSS) to gain new insights into the transcriptional landscape of C. trachomatis in a coverage that has never been achieved before. Altogether, 679 TSSs and 1067 PSSs were detected indicating its high transcriptional activity and the need for transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, the analysis of the data revealed potentially new non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNA) and a map of transcriptional processing events. Using the upstream sequences, the previously identified σ66 binding motif was detected. In addition, Grad-seq for C. trachomatis was established to obtain a global interactome of the RNAs and proteins of this intracellular organism. The Grad-Seq data suggest that many of the newly annotated RNAs from the TagRNA-seq approach are present in complexes. Although Chlamydia lack the known RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), e.g. Hfq and ProQ, observations in this work reveal the presence of a previously unknown RBP. Interestingly, in the gradient analysis it was found that the σ66 factor forms a complex with the RNA polymerase (RNAP). On the other hand, the σ28 factor is unbound. This is in line with results from previous studies showing that most of the genes are under control of σ66. The ncRNA IhtA is known to function via direct base pairing to its target RNA of HctB, and by doing so is influencing the chromatin condensation in Chlamydia. This study confirmed that lhtA is in no complex. On the other hand, the ncRNA ctrR0332 was found to interact with the SNF2 protein ctl0077, a putative helicase. Both molecules co-sedimented in the gradient and were intact after an aptamer-based RNA pull-down. The SWI2/SNF2 class of proteins are nucleosome remodeling complexes. The prokaryotic RapA from E. coli functions as transcription regulator by stimulating the RNAP recycling. This view might imply that the small ncRNA (sRNA) ctrR0332 is part of the global regulation network in C. trachomatis controlling the transition between EBs and RBs via interaction with the SNF2 protein ctl0077. The present work is the first study describing a global interactome of RNAs and proteins in C. trachomatis providing the basis for future interaction studies in the field of this pathogen.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Berghoff2002, author = {Berghoff, Stefanie M.}, title = {Sociobiology of the hypogaeic army ant Dorylus (Dichthadia) laevigatus Fr. Smith}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5005}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Originally renowned for their spectacular epigaeic raids, army ants have captured scientific attention for almost two centuries. They now belong to one of the best studied group of ants. However, most of our knowledge about army ants was derived from the study of the minority of specialized, epigaeicly active species. These species evolved probably rather recently from hypogaeic ancestors. The majority of army ant species still leads a hypogaeic life and is almost completely unknown in its entire sociobiology. It thus remained speculative, whether the assumed 'general' characteristics of army ants represent an adaptation to epigaeic activity or apply also to the majority of hypogaeic species. Based on the recent observation that the hypogaeic Asian army ant Dorylus (Dichthadia) laevigatus recruits predictably to palm oil baits, I developed and tested an oil-baiting method for the study of hypogaeic (army)ants. Prior to my study, nothing was known about the sociobiology of the assumed rare D. laevigatus. Throughout my work, I showed D. laevigatus to be very common and abundant in a wide range of habitats in West-Malaysia and on Borneo. Investigating its foraging behavior, I revealed D. laevigatus to differ from epigaeicly active species in several ways. Never demonstrated for any of the epigaeic species, D. laevigatus established stable trunk trail systems. Such a trail system contradicted the perception of army ant foraging, which was believed to be characterized by raids with constantly alternating trail directions. The trunk trail system further enabled a near omnipresence of D. laevigatus within its foraging area, which was also believed to be atypical for an army ant. Raids differed in structure and composition of participating workers from those of epigaeic species. Also, bulky food sources could be exploited over long periods of time. The foraging system of D. laevigatus resembled in several ways that of e.g. leaf-cutter and harvester ants. Likewise contrary to the assumptions, D. laevigatus had a wide food spectrum and showed only little effect on local arthropod communities, even falling itself prey to other ants. Strong aggressive behavior was observed only towards ant species with similar lifestyles, enabling me to provide the first detailed documentation of interspecific fights between two sympatric Dorylus species. Similar to foraging habits or ecological impact, nothing was known about colony size and composition, nesting habits, or worker polymorphism for D. laevigatus or any other hypogaeic Dorylus species prior to my work. By observing and eventually excavating a colony, I showed D. laevigatus to have a much smaller colony size and to lack the large sized workers of epigaeic Dorylus species. Similar to epigaeic Dorylinae, I showed D. laevigatus to have a non-phasic brood production, to emigrate rarely, and to alter its nest form along with habitat conditions. Detailed morphological and geographical descriptions give an impression of the Asian Dorylus species and are expected to aid other researchers in the difficult species identification. The genetic analysis of a male collected at a light trap demonstrated its relation to D. laevigatus. Confirming the male and queen associations, D. laevigatus is now one of five Dorylus species (out of a total of 61), for which all castes are known. In cooperation with D. Kistner, I provide a morphological and taxonomical description of nine Coleopteran beetles associated with D. laevigatus. Behavioral observations indicated the degree of their integration into the colony. The taxonomic position of the beetles further indicated that D. laevigatus emigrated from Africa to Asia, and was accompanied by the majority of associated beetles. The diversity of D. laevigatus guests, which included a number of unidentified mites, was rather low compared to that of epigaeic species. Overall, I demonstrated the developed baiting containers to effectively enable the study of hypogaeic ants. I showed several other hypogaeic ant species to be undersampled by other methods. Furthermore, the method enabled me to documented a second hypogaeic Dorylus species on Borneo. A detailed description of this species' morphology, ecology, and interactions with D. laevigatus is provided. My study indicated D. laevigatus to be an ecologically important species, able to influence soil structure and organisms of tropical regions in many ways. Relating the observed traits of D. laevigatus to epigaeicly active species, I conclude that our assumption of 'general' army ant behavior is erroneous in several aspects and needs to be changed. The oil-baiting method finally provides a tool enabling the location and study of hypogaeic (army)ant species. This opens a broad field for future studies on this cryptic but nonetheless important group of ants.}, subject = {Borneo}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Aydinli2021, author = {Aydinli, Muharrem}, title = {Software unterst{\"u}tzte Analyse von regulatorischen Elementen in Promotoren mittels AIModules}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24802}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248025}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Die Regulation der Genexpression steht am Anfang vieler zellbiologischer Prozesse wie beispielsweise dem Zellwachstum oder der Differenzierung. Gene werden an Promotoren transkribiert, wobei ein Promotor selbst aus vielen logischen Einheiten aufgebaut ist, den Transkriptionsfaktorbindestellen (TFBSs). Diese k{\"o}nnen sehr nah beieinander liegen, aber auch weit entfernt voneinander sein. Sie werden spezifisch von Transkriptionsfaktoren (TFs) gebunden, die die Transkritptionsrate z.B. verst{\"a}rken (Enhancer) oder schw{\"a}chen (Silencer) k{\"o}nnen. Zwei oder mehr dieser TFBSs mit bestimmtem Abstand werden als "Module" zusammengefasst, die {\"u}ber Spezies hinweg konserviert sein k{\"o}nnen. Typischerweise findet man Module in Zellen mit einem Zellkern. Spezies mit gemeinsamen Modulen k{\"o}nnen ein Hinweis auf die gemeinsame phylogenetische Abstammung darstellen, aber auch gemeinsame Funktionsmechanismen von TFs {\"u}ber Gene hinweg aufdecken. Heutzutage sind verschiedene Anwendungen verf{\"u}gbar, mit denen nach TFBSs in DNA gesucht werden kann. Zum Zeitpunkt des Verfassens dieser Arbeit sind aber nur zwei kommerzielle Produkte bekannt, die nicht nur TFBSs, sondern auch Module erkennen. Deshalb stellen wir hier die freie und quelloffene L{\"o}sung "AIModules" vor, die diese L{\"u}cke f{\"u}llt und einen Webservice zur Verf{\"u}gung stellt, der es erlaubt nach TFBSs sowie nach Modulen auf DNA- und auf RNA-Abschnitten zu suchen. F{\"u}r die Motivesuche werden entweder Matrizen aus der Jaspar Datenbank oder Matrizen vom Anwender verwendet. Dar{\"u}berhinaus zeigen wir, dass unser Tool f{\"u}r die TF Suche nur Sekunden ben{\"o}tigt, wohingegen conTraV3 mindestens eine Stunde f{\"u}r dieselbe Analyse braucht. Zus{\"a}tzlich kann der Anwender bei unserem Tool den Grad der Konserviertheit f{\"u}r TFs mit angeben und wir zeigen, dass wir mit unserer L{\"o}sung, die die Jaspar Datenbank heranzieht, mehr Module finden, als ein kommerziell verf{\"u}gbares Produkt. Weiterhin kann mit unserer L{\"o}sung auch auf RNA-Sequenzen nach regulatorischen Motiven gesucht werden, wenn der Anwender die daf{\"u}r n{\"o}tigen Matrizen liefert. Wir zeigen dies am Beispiel von Polyadenylierungsstellen. Zusammenfassend stellen wir ein Werkzeug vor, das erstens frei und quelloffen ist und zweitens entweder auf Servern ver{\"o}ffentlicht werden kann oder On-Site auf einem Notebook l{\"a}uft. Unser Tool erlaubt es Promotoren zu analysieren und nach konservierten Modulen sowie TFBSs in Genfamilien sowie nach regulatorischen Elementen in mRNA wie z.B. Polyadenylierungsstellen oder andere regulatorische Elemente wie beispielsweise Enhancern oder Silencern in genomischer DNA zu suchen.}, subject = {Genregulation}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Bruttel2015, author = {Bruttel, Valentin Stefan}, title = {Soluble HLA-G binds to dendritic cells which likely suppresses anti-tumour immune responses in regional lymph nodes in ovarian carcinoma}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127252}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Zusammenfassung Einleitung HLA-G, ein nicht-klassisches HLA bzw. MHC Klasse Ib Molek{\"u}l, kann sowohl als membrangebundenes als auch als l{\"o}sliches Molek{\"u}l verschiedenste Immunzellpopulationen effektiv inhibieren. Unter physiologischen Bedingungen wird HLA-G vor allem in der Plazenta exprimiert, wo es dazu beitr{\"a}gt den semiallogenen Embryo vor einer Abstoßung durch das m{\"u}tterliche Immunsystem zu besch{\"u}tzen. Außerdem wird HLA-G in einer Vielzahl von Tumoren wie zum Beispiel in Ovarialkarzinomen {\"u}berexprimiert. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es besonders die Rolle von l{\"o}slichem HLA-G im Ovarialkarzinom und die Expression von HLA-G in verschiedenen Subtypen des Ovarialkarzinoms genauer zu untersuchen. Ergebnisse Anhand eines Tissue Microarrays wurde best{\"a}tigt dass HLA-G unter physiologischen Bedingungen nur in sehr wenigen Geweben wie Plazenta oder Testes exprimiert wird. Außerdem wurden erstmals auch im Nebennierenmark hohe Expressionslevel detektiert. Im Gegensatz zur physiologischen Expression wurde HLA-G in ser{\"o}sen, muzin{\"o}sen, endometrioiden und Klarzellkarzinomen und somit in Tumoren aller untersuchten Subtypen des Ovarialkarzinoms detektiert. Am h{\"a}ufigsten war HLA-G in hochgradigen ser{\"o}sen Karzinomen {\"u}berexprimiert. Hier konnte gezeigt werden dass auf Genexpressionslevel in Ovarialkarzinomen die Expression des immunsuppressiven HLA-G mit der Expression von klassischen MHC Molek{\"u}len wie HLA-A, -B oder -C hochsignifikant korreliert. Außerdem konnte in Aszitesproben von Patientinnen mit Ovarialkarzinomen hohe Konzentrationen von l{\"o}slichem HLA-G nachgewiesen werden. Auch auf metastasierten Tumorzellen in regionalen Lymphknoten war HLA-G nachweisbar. {\"U}berraschenderweise wurde aber besonders viel HLA-G auf Dendritischen Zellen in Lymphknoten detektiert. Da in Monozyten und Dendritischen Zellen von gesunden Spendern durch IL-4 oder IL-10 im Gegensatz zu Literatur keine Expression von HLA-G induzierbar war, untersuchten wir ob Dendritische Zellen l{\"o}sliches HLA-G binden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass besonders Dendritische Zellen die in Gegenwart von IL-4, IL-10 und GM-CSF aus Monozyten generiert wurden (DC-10) effektiv l{\"o}sliches HLA-G {\"u}ber ILT Rezeptoren binden. In Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von ihrer Beladung mit HLA-G hemmen auch fixierte DC-10 Zellen noch die Proliferation von zytotoxischen CD8+ T Zellen. Zudem wurden regulatorische T Zellen induziert. Schlussfolgerungen Besonders in den am h{\"a}ufigsten diagnostizierten hochgradigen ser{\"o}sen Ovarialkarzinomen ist HLA-G in den meisten F{\"a}llen {\"u}berexprimiert. Durch die Expression immunsuppressiver MHC Klasse Ib Molek{\"u}le wie HLA-G k{\"o}nnen wahrscheinlich auch Tumore wachsen, die noch klassische MHC Molek{\"u}le exprimieren und aufgrund ihrer Mutationslast eigentlich vom Immunsystem erkannt und eliminiert werden m{\"u}ssten. L{\"o}sliches HLA-G k{\"o}nnte zudem lokal Immunantworten gegen Tumorantigene unterdr{\"u}cken indem es an Dendritische Zellen in regionalen Lymphknoten bindet. Diese Zellen pr{\"a}sentieren nomalerweise zytotoxischen T Zellen Tumorantigene und spielen daher eine entscheidende Rolle in der Entstehung von protektiven Immunantworten. Mit l{\"o}slichem HLA-G beladene Dendritische Zellen hemmen jedoch die Proliferation von CD8+ T Zellen und induzieren regulatorische T Zellen. Dadurch k{\"o}nnten Ovarialkarzinome "aus der Ferne" auch in metastasenfreien Lymphknoten die Entstehung von gegen den Tumor gerichteten Immunantworten unterdr{\"u}cken. Dieser erstmals beschriebene Mechanismus k{\"o}nnte auch in anderen malignen Erkrankungen eine Rolle spielen, da l{\"o}sliches HLA-G in einer Vielzahl von Tumorindikationen nachgewiesen wurde.}, subject = {HLA-G}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Koenig2016, author = {K{\"o}nig, Sebastian}, title = {Spatially selective visual attention in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134452}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Finding the right behavior at the right time is one of the major tasks of brains. In a natural scenery there is often an abundance of stimuli present and the brain has to separate the relevant from the irrelevant ones. Selective visual attention (SVA) is a property of higher visual systems that achieves this separation, as it allows to '[…] focus on one source of sensory input to the exclusion of others' (Luck and Mangun, 1996). There are probably several forms of SVA depending upon the criteria used for the separation, such as salience, color, location in space, novelty, or motion. Many studies have investigated SVA in humans and non-human primates. However, complex functions like attention were initially not expected to be already implemented in the brains of simple organisms like Drosophila. After a first demonstration of selective attention in the fly (Wolf and Heisenberg, 1980), it took some time until other studies included attentional mechanisms in their argumentation to explain certain behaviors of Drosophila. However, their definition and characterization of attention differed and often was ambiguous. Here, one particular form, spatially selective visual attention in the fly Drosophila is investigated. It has been shown earlier that the fly spontaneously may restrict its behavioral responses in stationary flight to the visual stimuli on one side of the visual field. On the basis of experiments of Sareen et al., (2011) it has been conjectured that the fly has a focus of attention (FoA) and that the fly responds to the visual stimuli within this area of the visual field. Whether the FoA is the adequate concept for this spatial property of SVA in the fly needs to be further discussed and is a subject also of the present study. At this stage, the concept will be used in the description of the new results expanding the characterization of SVA. This study continued the investigation of SVA during tethered flight with variable but controlled visual input and an automated primary data evaluation. This standardized paradigm allowed for analysis of wild-type behavior as well as for a comparison of several mutant and pharmacologically manipulated strains to the wild-type. Some properties of human SVA like the occurrence of externally as well as internally caused shifts of attention were found in Drosophila and it could be shown, that SVA in the fly can be externally guided and has an attention span. Additionally, a neurotransmitter and proteins, which play a significant role in SVA were discovered. Based on this, the genetic tools available for Drosophila provided the means to a first examination of cells and circuits involved in SVA. Finally, the free walk behavior of flies that had been shown to have compromised SVA was characterized. The results suggested that the observed phenotypes of SVA were not behavior specific. Covert shifts of the FoA were investigated. The FoA can be externally guided by visual cues to one or the other side of the visual field and even after the cue has disappeared it remains there for <4s. An intriguing finding of this study is the fact, that the quality of the cue determines whether it is attractive or repellent. For example a cue can be changed from being repellent (negative) to being attractive (positive) by changing its oscillation amplitude from 4° to 2°. Testing the effectiveness of cues in the upper and lower visual field separately, revealed that the perception of a cue by the fly is not exclusively based on a sum of its specifications. Because positive cueing did not have an after-effect in each of the two half-fields alone, but did so if the cue was shown in both, the fly seems to evaluate the cue for each combination of parameters specifically. Whether this evaluation of the cue changed on a trial-to-trial basis or if the cue in some cases failed to shift the FoA can at this point not be determined. Looking at the responses of the fly to the displacement of a black vertical stripe showed that they can be categorized as no responses, syn-directional responses (following the direction of motion of the stripe) and anti-directional responses (in the opposite direction of the motion of the stripe). The yaw-torque patterns of the latter bared similarities with spontaneous body saccades and they most likely represented escape attempts of the fly. Syn-directional responses, however, were genuine object responses, distinguishable by a longer latency until they were elicited and a larger amplitude. These properties as well as the distribution of response polarities were not influenced by the presence or absence of a cue. When two stripes were displaced simultaneously in opposite directions the rate of no responses increased in comparison to the displacement of a single stripe. If one of the stripes was cued, both, the responses towards and away from the side of cue resembled the syn-directional responses. Significant progress was made with the elucidation of the neuronal underpinnings of SVA. Ablation of the mushroom bodies (MB) demonstrated their requirement for SVA. Furthermore, it was shown that dopamine signaling has to be balanced between too much and too little. Either inhibiting the synthesis of dopamine or its re-uptake at the synapse via the dDAT impaired the flies' susceptibility to cueing. Using the Gal4/UAS system, cell specific expression or knockdown of the dDAT was used to scrutinize the role of MB sub-compartments in SVA. The αβ-lobes turned out to be necessary and sufficient to maintain SVA. The Gal4-line c708a labels only a subset of Kenyon cells (KC) within the αβ-lobes, αβposterior. These cells stand out, because of (A) the mesh-like arrangement of their fibers within the lobes and (B) the fact that unlike the other KCs they bypass the calyx and thereby the main source of olfactory input to the MBs, forming connections only in the posterior accessory calyx (Tanaka et al., 2008). This structure receives no or only marginal olfactory input, suggesting for it a role in tasks other than olfaction. This study shows their requirement in a visual task by demonstrating that they are necessary to uphold SVA. Restoring dDAT function in these approximately only 90 cells was probably insufficient to lower the dopamine concentration at the relevant synapses and hence a rescue failed. Alternatively, the processes mediating SVA at the αβ-lobes might require an interplay between all of their KCs. In conclusion, the results provide an initial point for future research to fully understand the localization of and circuitry required for SVA in the brain. In the experiments described so far, attention has been externally guided. However, flies are also able to internally shift their FoA without any cues from the outside world. In a set of 60 consecutive simultaneous displacements of two stripes, they were more likely to produce a response with the same polarity as the preceding one than a random polarity selection predicted. This suggested a dwelling of the FoA on one side of the visual field. Assuming that each response was influenced by the previous one in a way that the probability to repeat the response polarity was increased by a certain factor (dwelling factor, df), a random selection of response type including a df was computed. Implementation of the df removed the difference between observed probability of polarity repetition and the one suggested by random selection. When the interval between displacements was iteratively increased to 5s, no significant df could be detected anymore for pauses longer than 4s. In conclusion, Drosophila has an attention span of approximately 4s. Flies with a mutation in the radish gene expressed no after-effect of cueing and had a shortened attention span of about 1s. The dDAT inhibitor methylphenidate is able to rescue the first, but does not affect the latter phenotype. Probably, radish is differently involved in the two mechanisms. This study showed, that endogenous (covert) shifts of spatially selective visual attention in the fly Drosophila can be internally and externally guided. The variables determining the quality of a cue turned out to be multifaceted and a more systematic approach is needed for a better understanding of what property or feature of the cue changes the way it is evaluated by the fly. A first step has been made to demonstrate that SVA is a fundamental process and compromising it can influence the characteristics of other behaviors like walking. The existence of an attention span, the dependence of SVA on dopamine as well as the susceptibility to pharmacological manipulations, which in humans are used to treat respective diseases, point towards striking similarities between SVA in humans and Drosophila.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schul2013, author = {Schul, Daniela}, title = {Spatio-temporal investigation and quantitative analysis of the BMP signaling pathway}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-84224}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are key regulators for a lot of diverse cellular processes. During embryonic development these proteins act as morphogens and play a crucial role particularly in organogenesis. BMPs have a direct impact on distinct cellular fates by means of concentration-gradients in the developing embryos. Using the diverse signaling input information within the embryo due to the gradient, the cells transduce the varying extracellular information into distinct gene expression profiles and cell fate decisions. Furthermore, BMP proteins bear important functions in adult organisms like tissue homeostasis or regeneration. In contrast to TGF-ß signaling, currently only little is known about how cells decode and quantify incoming BMP signals. There is poor knowledge about the quantitative relationships between signal input, transducing molecules, their states and location, and finally their ability to incorporate graded systemic inputs and produce qualitative responses. A key requirement for efficient pathway modulation is the complete comprehension of this signaling network on a quantitative level as the BMP signaling pathway, just like many other signaling pathways, is a major target for medicative interference. I therefore at first studied the subcellular distribution of Smad1, which is the main signal transducing protein of the BMP signaling pathway, in a quantitative manner and in response to various types and levels of stimuli in murine c2c12 cells. Results indicate that the subcellular localization of Smad1 is not dependent on the initial BMP input. Surprisingly, only the phospho-Smad1 level is proportionally associated to ligand concentration. Furthermore, the activated transducer proteins were entirely located in the nucleus. Besides the subcellular localization of Smad1, I have analyzed the gene expression profile induced by BMP signaling. Therefore, I examined two endogenous immediate early BMP targets as well as the expression of the stably transgenic Gaussia Luciferase. Interestingly, the results of these independent experimental setups and read-outs suggest oscillating target gene expression. The amplitudes of the oscillations showed a precise concentration-dependence for continuous and transient stimulation. Additionally, even short-time stimulation of 15' activates oscillating gene-expression pulses that are detectable for at least 30h post-stimulation. Only treatment with a BMP type I receptor kinase inhibitor leads to the complete abolishment of the target gene expression. This indicated that target gene expression oscillations depend directly on BMP type I receptor kinase activity.}, subject = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Niehoerster2022, author = {Nieh{\"o}rster, Thomas}, title = {Spektral aufgel{\"o}ste Fluoreszenzlebensdauer-Mikroskopie mit vielen Farben}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-29657}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296573}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Die Fluoreszenzmikroskopie ist eine vielseitig einsetzbare Untersuchungsmethode f{\"u}r biologische Proben, bei der Biomolek{\"u}le selektiv mit Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen markiert werden, um sie dann mit sehr gutem Kontrast abzubilden. Dies ist auch mit mehreren verschiedenartigen Zielmolek{\"u}len gleichzeitig m{\"o}glich, wobei {\"u}blicherweise verschiedene Farbstoffe eingesetzt werden, die {\"u}ber ihre Spektren unterschieden werden k{\"o}nnen. Um die Anzahl gleichzeitig verwendbarer F{\"a}rbungen zu maximieren, wird in dieser Arbeit zus{\"a}tzlich zur spektralen Information auch das zeitliche Abklingverhalten der Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe mittels spektral aufgel{\"o}ster Fluoreszenzlebensdauer-Mikroskopie (spectrally resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, sFLIM) vermessen. Dazu wird die Probe in einem Konfokalmikroskop von drei abwechselnd gepulsten Lasern mit Wellenl{\"a}ngen von 485 nm, 532nm und 640nm angeregt. Die Detektion des Fluoreszenzlichtes erfolgt mit einer hohen spektralen Aufl{\"o}sung von 32 Kan{\"a}len und gleichzeitig mit sehr hoher zeitlicher Aufl{\"o}sung von einigen Picosekunden. Damit wird zu jedem detektierten Fluoreszenzphoton der Anregungslaser, der spektrale Kanal und die Ankunftszeit registriert. Diese detaillierte multidimensionale Information wird von einem Pattern-Matching-Algorithmus ausgewertet, der das Fluoreszenzsignal mit zuvor erstellten Referenzpattern der einzelnen Farbstoffe vergleicht. Der Algorithmus bestimmt so f{\"u}r jedes Pixel die Beitr{\"a}ge der einzelnen Farbstoffe. Mit dieser Technik konnten pro Anregungslaser f{\"u}nf verschiedene F{\"a}rbungen gleichzeitig dargestellt werden, also theoretisch insgesamt 15 F{\"a}rbungen. In der Praxis konnten mit allen drei Lasern zusammen insgesamt neun F{\"a}rbungen abgebildet werden, wobei die Anzahl der Farben vor allem durch die anspruchsvolle Probenvorbereitung limitiert war. In anderen Versuchen konnte die sehr hohe Sensitivit{\"a}t des sFLIM-Systems genutzt werden, um verschiedene Zielmolek{\"u}le voneinander zu unterscheiden, obwohl sie alle mit demselben Farbstoff markiert waren. Dies war m{\"o}glich, weil sich die Fluoreszenzeigenschaften eines Farbstoffmolek{\"u}ls geringf{\"u}gig in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von seiner Umgebung {\"a}ndern. Weiterhin konnte die sFLIM-Technik mit der hochaufl{\"o}senden STED-Mikroskopie (STED: stimulated emission depletion) kombiniert werden, um so hochaufgel{\"o}ste zweifarbige Bilder zu erzeugen, wobei nur ein einziger gemeinsamer STED-Laser ben{\"o}tigt wurde. Die gleichzeitige Erfassung von mehreren photophysikalischen Messgr{\"o}ßen sowie deren Auswertung durch den Pattern-Matching-Algorithmus erm{\"o}glichten somit die Entwicklung von neuen Methoden der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie f{\"u}r Mehrfachf{\"a}rbungen.}, subject = {Fluoreszenzmikroskopie}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Knaf2012, author = {Knaf, Tobias}, title = {Spezifische Bindung von Aluminium und Eisen an den kationenselektiven Kanal MppA von Microthrix parvicella}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77011}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Schwermetallsalze wie beispielsweise Aluminium- oder Eisensalze werden in der Abwasserbehandlung zur Pr{\"a}vention und Bek{\"a}mpfung von Bl{\"a}hschlamm, Schwimmschlamm und Schaumbildung verwendet. Dadurch kann eine Verbesserung der Schlammabsetzeigenschaften im Nachkl{\"a}rbecken erreicht werden. {\"U}berm{\"a}ßiges Wachstum des grampositiven Bakteriums Microthrix parvicella gilt dabei als Hauptursache von Schlammabsetzproblemen und kann ebenfalls durch die Dosierung von schwermetallhaltigen Flockungs- und F{\"a}llungsmitteln vermieden werden. Da diese Verbindungen in Wasser gel{\"o}st sind, m{\"u}ssen sie die Außenmembran bestimmter Bakterien passieren. Nur der Einbau von wassergef{\"u}llten Kan{\"a}len erlaubt den gel{\"o}sten Salzen das Passieren der durch hydrophobe Fetts{\"a}uren aufgebauten zus{\"a}tzlichen Permeabilit{\"a}tsbarriere. In dieser Arbeit wurden wassergef{\"u}llten Kan{\"a}le von Microthrix parvicella isoliert, aufgereinigt und mit Hilfe der Black-Lipid-Bilayer-Technik charakterisiert. Erg{\"a}nzend wurde der Einfluss und der Durchlass der Flockungs- und F{\"a}llungsmittel in Titrationsexperimenten untersucht. Dabei konnte ein wassergef{\"u}llter Kanal, der die Bezeichnung MppA erhielt, gefunden werden, welcher eine Leitf{\"a}higkeit von 600 pS in 1 M Kaliumchlorid und eine Bindestelle f{\"u}r mehrwertige Kationen wie Eisen oder Aluminium zeigte. Die Bindung dieser mehrwertigen Kationen f{\"u}hrte zu einer {\"A}nderung der Ionenselektivit{\"a}t. Ohne Bindung mehrwertiger Kationen zeigte der Kanal eine leichte Kationenselektivit{\"a}t. Nach der Bindung wechselte die Ionenselektivit{\"a}t zu einer Anionenselektivit{\"a}t, was auf eine spezifische Ladungsverteilung im Kanal hinweist. Der Kanal MppA zeigte gleichwertige Bindekonstanten f{\"u}r Aluminium und Eisen. Beide Metalle werden als F{\"a}llungs- und Flockungsmittel in Kl{\"a}ranlagen zum Verhindern von Schwimm- und Bl{\"a}hschlamm verwendet. Fr{\"u}here Arbeiten offenbarten bereits, dass haupts{\"a}chlich der Aluminiumanteil entscheidend f{\"u}r die Wirkung dieser Mittel ist. Diese Beobachtungen in Verbindung mit den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit f{\"u}hrten zu der Annahme, dass Eisen und Aluminium eine kompetitive Bindung an der Bindestelle im Kanalinneren zeigen k{\"o}nnten. So k{\"o}nnte in manchen F{\"a}llen Aluminium anstelle des sonst als Spurenelement ben{\"o}tigten Eisens durch den Kanal transportiert werden und in Enzym-Substrat-Komplexen eingebaut werden. Dadurch k{\"o}nnten toxische Effekte auftreten, die letztlich ein Absterben des Organismus zur Folge h{\"a}tten. F{\"u}r die Bindung der Metallsalze konnte zus{\"a}tzlich eine pH-Abh{\"a}ngigkeit beobachtet werden. Nur eine Zugabe von Metalll{\"o}sungen mit einem pH-Wert kleiner 6 f{\"u}hrte zu einer Bindung im Kanal. Die Zugabe von Metalll{\"o}sungen mit einem pH-Wert gr{\"o}ßer 6 zeigte keinen Effekt auf die Leitf{\"a}higkeit des Kanals. Diese Ergebnisse best{\"a}tigen die auf Kl{\"a}ranlagen und in vorherigen Arbeiten get{\"a}tigte Beobachtung, dass der pH-Wert f{\"u}r die Wirksamkeit der Verbindungen entscheidend ist. In dieser Arbeit konnte jedoch erstmals gezeigt werden, dass der pH-Wert direkt die Bindung der Metallsalze beeinflusst.}, subject = {Aluminium}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Stolzenberger2000, author = {Stolzenberger, Sascha}, title = {Spezifische Hemmung der allergieassoziierten Interleukin-4 Signaltransduktion}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2375}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2000}, abstract = {Das Cytokin Interleukin-4 (IL-4) ist ein essentieller Faktor bei der Entstehung von Sofort-Typ Allergien. Die Bindung von IL-4 an seinen Rezeptor und die anschließende Phosphorylierung des IL-4 aktivierten Transkriptionsfaktors Stat6 ist ein Schl{\"u}sselereignis bei der allergischen Immunantwort. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Ergebnisse zur Hemmung der Stat6 vermittelten Signaltransduktion des IL-4 Rezeptors vorgestellt. Dazu wurde ein Vektorsystem etabliert, bei dem ein von dem Drosophila-Transkriptionsfaktor Antennapedia abgeleitetes 16 AS langes Peptid benutzt wird. Dieses Antennapediapeptid kann Plasmamembranen lebender Zellen energie- und rezeptorunabh{\"a}ngig durchqueren und dabei andere hydrophile Molek{\"u}le mittransportieren. Stat6 bindet {\"u}ber eine SH2 Dom{\"a}ne an phosphorylierte Reste von IL4Ra und bildet, nachdem es selbst phosphoryliert ist, mit anderen Stat6-Molek{\"u}len aktive Dimere. Ein aus der Stat6-Bindestelle des IL-4Ra abgeleitetes phosphoryliertes Peptid (Stat6BP) wurde mit Hilfe des Antennapediapeptids in verschiedene humane und murine Zellinien transportiert. F{\"u}r Stat6BP konnte mit Hilfe von spezifischer Immunpr{\"a}zipitation und Western-Blot gezeigt werden, dass es IL-4 induzierte Phosphorylierung und Aktivierung von Stat6 transient hemmen kann. Durch zus{\"a}tzliche Applikation des Tyrosinphosphataseinhibitors Natriumpervanadat gelang es, die hemmende Wirkung von Stat6BP zu verl{\"a}ngern. Unter gleichen Bedingungen konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass Stat6BP spezifisch die Aktivierung von Stat6 hemmt, da die durch IL-4 oder IL-3 induzierte Phosphorylierung des eng verwandten Stat5 v{\"o}llig unbeeintr{\"a}chtigt bleibt. Ferner wurde durch das Peptid die Expression eines Stat6 kontrollierten Reportergens gehemmt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde außerdem die Rolle der Src-Typ Kinasen p56lck und p59fyn in der IL-4 Signaltransduktion in unterschiedlichen T-Zellinien untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass die Aktivierung der beide Kinasen stark von der getesteten Zellinie abh{\"a}ngt. In einigen T-Zellinien aktiviert IL-4 eher p56lck, in anderen eher p59fyn.}, subject = {Interleukin 4}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Hagen2017, author = {Hagen, Franziska}, title = {Sphingolipids in gonococcal infection}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153852}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea, has the potential to spread in the human host and cause a severe complication called disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). The expression of the major outer membrane porin PorBIA is a characteristic of most gonococci associated with DGI. PorBIA binds to the scavenger receptor expressed on endothelial cells (SREC-I), which mediates the so-called low phosphate-dependent invasion (LPDI). This uptake mechanism enables N. gonorrhoeae to rapidly invade epithelial and endothelial cells in a phosphate-sensitive manner. We recently demonstrated that the neutral sphingomyelinase, which catalyses the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine, is required for the LPDI of gonococci in non-phagocytic cells. Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (NSM2) plays a key role in the early PorBIA signaling by recruiting the PI3 kinase to caveolin. The following activation of the PI3 kinase-dependent downstream signaling leads to the engulfment of the bacteria. As a part of this work, I could confirm the involvement of the NSM2. The role of the enzyme was further elucidated by the generation of antibodies directed against NSM2 and the construction of an epithelium-based NSM2 knockout cell line using CRISPR/Cas9. The knockout of the NSM2 strongly inhibits the LPDI. The invasion could be, however, restored by the complementation of the knockout using an NSM2-GFP construct. However, the results could not be reproduced. In this work, I could show the involvement of further members of the sphingolipid pathway in the PorBIA-mediated invasion. Lipidome analysis revealed an increase of the bioactive molecules ceramide and sphingosine due to gonococcal infection. Both molecules do not only affect the host cell, but seem to influence the bacteria as well: while ceramide seems to be incorporated by the gonococci, sphingosine is toxic for the bacteria. Furthermore, the sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2) plays an important role in invasion, since the inhibition and knockdown of the enzyme revealed a negative effect on gonococcal invasion. To elucidate the role of the sphingosine kinases in invasion in more detail, an activity assay was established in this study. Additionally, the impact of the sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (S1PL) on invasion was investigated. Inhibitor studies and infection experiments conducted with a CRISPR/Cas9 HeLa S1PL knockout cell line revealed a role of the enzyme not only in the PorBIA-mediated invasion, but also in the Opa50/HSPG-mediated gonococcal invasion. The signaling experiments allowed the categorization of the SPHK and S1PL activation in the context of infection. Like the NSM2, both enzymes play a role in the early PorBIA signaling events leading to the uptake of the bacteria. All those findings indicate an important role of sphingolipids in the invasion and survival of N. gonorrhoeae. In the last part of this work, the role of the NSM2 in the inhibition of apoptosis in neutrophils due to gonococcal infection was investigated. It could be demonstrated that the delayed onset of apoptosis is independent of neisserial porin and Opa proteins. Furthermore, the influence of neisserial peptidoglycan on PMN apoptosis was analysed using mutant strains, but no connection could be determined. Since the NSM2 is the most prominent sphingomyelinase in PMNs, fulfils manifold cell physiological functions and has already been connected to apoptosis, the impact of the enzyme on apoptosis inhibition due to gonococcal infection was investigated using inhibitors, with no positive results.}, subject = {gonococcal}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Panzer2022, author = {Panzer, Sabine}, title = {Spotlight on Fungal Rhodopsins: A Microscopic and Electrophysiological Study}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-27185}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-271859}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Microbial rhodopsins are abundant membrane proteins often capable of ion transport and are found in all three domains of life. Thus, many fungi, especially phyto-associated or phyto-pathogenic ones, contain these green-light-sensing photoreceptors. Proteins that perceive other wavelengths are often well characterized in terms of their impact on fungal biology whereas little is known about the function of fungal rhodopsins. In this work, five fungal rhodopsins, UmOps1 and UmOps2 from the corn smut Ustilago maydis as well as ApOps1, ApOps2 and ApOps3 from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans, were characterized electrophysiologically using mammalian expression systems and the patch-clamp technique to explore their ion transport properties. The latter three were modified using a membrane trafficking cassette, termed "2.0" that consists of the lucy rho motif, two Kir2.1 Golgi apparatus trafficking signals and a Kir2.1 endoplasmic reticulum export signal, what resulted in better plasma membrane localization. Rhodopsin mutants were created to identify amino acid residues that are key players in the ion transport process. Current enhancement in the presence of weak organic acids, that was already described before for the fungal rhodopsin CarO from Fusarium fujikuroi (Garc{\´i}a-Mart{\´i}nez et al., 2015; Adam et al., 2018), was investigated for the U. maydis rhodopsins as well as for ApOps2 by supplementing acetate in the patch-clamp electrolyte solutions. All five rhodopsins were found to be proton pumps unidirectionally transporting protons out of the cytosol upon green-light exposure with every rhodopsin exhibiting special features or unique characteristics in terms of the photocurrents. To name just a few, UmOps1, for example, showed a striking pH-dependency with massive enhancement of pump currents in the presence of extracellular acidic pH. Moreover, especially ApOps2 and ApOps3 showed very high current densities, however, the ones of ApOps3 were impaired when exchanging intracellular sodium to cesium. Concerning the mutations, it was found, that the electron releasing group in UmOps1 seems to be involved in the striking pH effect and that the mutation of the proton donor site resulted in almost unfunctional proteins. Moreover, a conserved arginine inside ApOps2 was mutated to turn the proton pump into a channel. Regarding the effect of weak organic acids, acetate was able to induce enhanced pump currents in UmOps1 and ApOps2, but not in UmOps2. Due to the capability of current production upon light illumination, microbial rhodopsins are used in the research field of optogenetics that aims to control neuronal activity by light. ApOps2 was used to test its functionality in differentiated NG108-15 cells addressing the question whether it is a promising candidate that can be used as an optogenetic tool. Indeed, this rhodopsin could be functionally expressed in this experimental system. Furthermore, microscopic studies were done to elucidate the localization of selected rhodopsins in fungal cells. Therefore, conventional (confocal laser scanning or structured illumination microscopy) as well as novel super-resolution techniques (expansion or correlated light and electron microscopy) were used. This was done on U. maydis sporidia, the yeast-like form of this fungus, via eGFP-tagged UmOps1 or UmOps2 expressing strains. Moreover, CarO-eYFP expressing F. fujikuroi was imaged microscopically to confirm the plasma membrane and tonoplast localization (Garc{\´i}a-Mart{\´i}nez et al., 2015) with the help of counterstaining experiments. UmOps1 was found to reside in the plasma membrane, UmOps2 localized to the tonoplast and CarO was indeed found in both of these localizations. This work gains further insight into rhodopsin functions and paves the way for further research in terms of the biological role of rhodopsins in fungal life cycles.}, subject = {Opsin}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ankenbrand2018, author = {Ankenbrand, Markus Johannes}, title = {Squeezing more information out of biological data - development and application of bioinformatic tools for ecology, evolution and genomics}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156344}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {New experimental methods have drastically accelerated the pace and quantity at which biological data is generated. High-throughput DNA sequencing is one of the pivotal new technologies. It offers a number of novel applications in various fields of biology, including ecology, evolution, and genomics. However, together with those opportunities many new challenges arise. Specialized algorithms and software are required to cope with the amount of data, often requiring substantial training in bioinformatic methods. Another way to make those data accessible to non-bioinformaticians is the development of programs with intuitive user interfaces. In my thesis I developed analyses and programs to tackle current problems with high-throughput data in biology. In the field of ecology this covers the establishment of the bioinformatic workflow for pollen DNA meta-barcoding. Furthermore, I developed an application that facilitates the analysis of ecological communities in the context of their traits. Information from multiple public databases have been aggregated and can now be mapped automatically to existing community tables for interactive inspection. In evolution the new data are used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees from multiple genes. I developed the tool bcgTree to automate this process for bacteria. Many plant genomes have been sequenced in current years. Sequencing reads of those projects also contain data from the chloroplasts. The tool chloroExtractor supports the targeted extraction and analysis of the chloroplast genome. To compare the structure of multiple genomes specialized software is required for calculation and visualization of the relationships. I developed AliTV to address this. In contrast to existing programs for this task it allows interactive adjustments of produced graphics. Thus, facilitating the discovery of biologically relevant information. Another application I developed helps to analyze transcriptomes even if no reference genome is present. This is achieved by aggregating the different pieces of information, like functional annotation and expression level, for each transcript in a web platform. Scientists can then search, filter, subset, and visualize the transcriptome. Together the methods and tools expedite insights into biological systems that were not possible before.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{RamosTirado2015, author = {Ramos Tirado, Mario}, title = {Stammzellbasierte Behandlungsstrategien zur Stimmlippenaugmentation und laryngealen Defektrekonstruktion}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117528}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2015}, abstract = {Der Kehlkopf ist ein stimmerzeugendes knorpelhaltiges Organ und spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der Atemfunktion und beim aspirationsfreien Schluckakt. Funktionsst{\"o}rungen des Kehlkopfs wie Stimmbandl{\"a}hmungen werden durch Sch{\"a}digungen des Kehlkopfnervs nach operativen Eingriffen und Halsverletzungen hervorgerufen. Des Weiteren f{\"u}hren durch Traumen, Teil- und komplette Resektionen verursachte Substanzdefekte des Kehlkopfs zu Funktionsverlusten. Die hierf{\"u}r notwendigen und komplexen Rekonstruktionen werden durch das schlechte Regenerationspotential von Knorpelgewebe eingeschr{\"a}nkt und k{\"o}nnen nur bedingt durch synthetische Ersatzmaterialen oder k{\"o}rpereigenes Ersatzgewebe bewerkstelligt werden. Ist es m{\"o}glich, mit Hilfe des Tissue Engineerings aus k{\"o}rpereigenen Stammzellen und biokompatiblen Tr{\"a}germaterialien implantierbares Knorpelersatzgewebe herzustellen, welches zur dauerhaften Wiederherstellung der Kehlkopffunktionen eingesetzt werden kann? Die zus{\"a}tzliche Markierung von Stammzellen mit superparamagnetischen Eisenoxidnanopartikeln (VSOP) als Zellmarker bietet die M{\"o}glichkeit der Detektion und der Verfolgung der Zellen mittels nicht-invasiver Nachweismethoden nach deren Implantation. Ist die Verwendung dieser Nanopartikel ohne negative Folgen f{\"u}r die Stammzellen m{\"o}glich und sind diese f{\"u}r den Einsatz in der Laryngologie geeignet? Fettgewebsstammzellen (ASC) wurden aus humanem Liposuktionsmaterial und Kaninchen-Nackenfett isoliert und expandiert. Die Zellen wurden in Hydrogelkombinationen aus Kollagen Typ-I, Agarose, Fibrin und Hyalurons{\"a}ure eingebettet und mit den chondrogenen Wachstumsfaktoren TGF-β3, BMP-6 und IGF-I {\"u}ber 14 Tage differenziert. Anschließend wurden diese Zell-Hydrogelkonstrukte bez{\"u}glich Morphologie, extrazellul{\"a}rer Matrixanreicherung und knorpelspezifischer Genexpression histologisch, immunhistochemisch und molekularbiologisch analysiert. In einem weiteren Schritt wurden die Integration der Zell-Hydrogelkonstrukte in natives Knorpelgewebe sowie die Defektdeckung in einem in vitro- und einem in vivo-Knorpeldefektmodell mit vor- und nicht-vordifferenzierten Zell-Hydrogelkonstrukten untersucht. Die Analyse m{\"o}glicher zyto- und genotoxischer Effekte von VSOP sowie des Einflusses der Markierung von ASC mit VSOP auf die Proliferation, Migration und das Multidifferenzierungspotential erfolgte nach der Markierung der Zellen mit unterschiedlichen VSOP-Konzentrationen. Außerdem wurden VSOP-markierte ASC in Kaninchenstimmlippen injiziert und die Nachweisbarkeit dieser Zellen im Injektionsareal histologisch und mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) untersucht. Nach 14-t{\"a}giger chondrogener Differenzierung wurde in den Zell-Hydrogelkonstrukten eine knorpel{\"a}hnliche Morphologie, die Anreicherung knorpelspezifischer Matrixproteine und die Expression chondrogener Markergene nachgewiesen. Die Kombination der chondrogenen Wachstumsfaktoren zeigte keinen verst{\"a}rkenden Einfluss auf die Chondrogenese von ASC. Hydrogele aus Kollagen Typ I und Hyalurons{\"a}ure wiesen die st{\"a}rkste extrazellul{\"a}re Matrixanreicherung auf. Bei den agarosefreien Hydrogelen war eine ausgepr{\"a}gte Gelschrumpfung auff{\"a}llig. In den beiden Knorpeldefektmodellen konnte weder eine Integration der Zell-Hydrogelkonstrukte in den Nativknorpel noch eine vollst{\"a}ndige Defektdeckung nachgewiesen werden. Nach der Markierung von ASC mit VSOP zeigte sich bei der h{\"o}chsten Konzentration von 1,5 mM eine genotoxische Wirkung. Zytotoxische Effekte sowie Einfl{\"u}sse der Markierung auf die Proliferation, Migration und das Multidifferenzierungspotential von ASC waren nicht nachweisbar. VSOP-markierte ASC konnten nach deren Injektion in Kaninchenstimmlippen im Injektionsareal nur vereinzelt mittels MRT und histologisch nachgewiesen werden. Es ist m{\"o}glich, mit Hilfe des Tissue Engineerings aus k{\"o}rpereigenen Stammzellen und biokompatiblen Tr{\"a}germaterialien implantierbares knorpel{\"a}hnliches Gewebe herzustellen. Dabei beg{\"u}nstigen agarosefreie Tr{\"a}germaterialien die chondrogene Differenzierung von ASC. Diese k{\"o}nnte durch die jeweilige Erh{\"o}hung der Zelldichte und Wachstumsfaktorkonzentrationen sowie die Verl{\"a}ngerung der Induktionszeit verst{\"a}rkt werden. Eine m{\"o}gliche klinische Anwendung dieser knorpel{\"a}hnlichen Gewebe in der Laryngologie ist jedoch durch deren Schrumpfung wie auch mangelnde Integration und Defektdeckung noch weit entfernt. Aufgrund ihrer genotoxischen Wirkung kann eine Verwendung von VSOP als Zellmarker auch unterhalb von 1,5 mM ohne negative Folgen f{\"u}r den Organismus nicht sicher ausgeschlossen werden. Der inhomogene Gewebekontrast im Kehlkopf, die schlechte Aufl{\"o}sung im MRT und die geringe Gr{\"o}ße von VSOP erschweren die Nachweisbarkeit und Verfolgung markierter Zellen mittels MRT. Daher sind andere nicht-invasive Nachweismethoden f{\"u}r die Verwendung von VSOP im Kehlkopf zu evaluieren. Der m{\"o}glichen Anwendung dieser knorpel{\"a}hnlichen Gewebe und VSOP in der rekonstruktiven Laryngologie muss eine erfolgreiche Optimierung und ausf{\"u}hrliche positive Validierung in klinischen Tests vorausgehen.}, subject = {Tissue Engineering}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Fleischmann2019, author = {Fleischmann, Pauline Nikola}, title = {Starting foraging life: Early calibration and daily use of the navigational system in \(Cataglyphis\) ants}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-15995}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159951}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Cataglyphis ants are famous for their navigational abilities. They live in hostile habitats where they forage as solitary scavengers covering distances of more than hundred thousand times their body lengths. To return to their nest with a prey item - mainly other dead insects that did not survive the heat - Cataglyphis ants constantly keep track of their directions and distances travelled. The navigational strategy is called path integration, and it enables an ant to return to the nest in a straight line using its home vector. Cataglyphis ants mainly rely on celestial compass cues, like the position of the sun or the UV polarization pattern, to determine directions, and they use an idiothetic step counter and optic flow to measure distances. In addition, they acquire information about visual, olfactory and tactile landmarks, and the wind direction to increase their chances of returning to the nest safe and sound. Cataglyphis' navigational performance becomes even more impressive if one considers their life style. Most time of their lives, the ants stay underground and perform tasks within the colony. When they start their foraging careers outside the nest, they have to calibrate their compass systems and acquire all information necessary for navigation during subsequent foraging. This navigational toolkit is not instantaneously available, but has to be filled with experience. For that reason, Cataglyphis ants perform a striking behavior for up to three days before actually foraging. These so-called learning walks are crucial for the success as foragers later on. In the present thesis, both the ontogeny and the fine-structure of learning walks has been investigated. Here I show with displacement experiments that Cataglyphis ants need enough space and enough time to perform learning walks. Spatially restricted novices, i. e. na{\"i}ve ants, could not find back to the nest when tested as foragers later on. Furthermore, ants have to perform several learning walks over 1-3 days to gain landmark information for successful homing as foragers. An increasing number of feeder visits also increases the importance of landmark information, whereas in the beginning ants fully rely on their path-integration vector. Learning walks are well-structured. High-speed video analysis revealed that Cataglyphis ants include species-specific rotational elements in their learning walks. Greek Cataglyphis ants (C. noda and C. aenescens) inhabiting a cluttered pine forest perform voltes, small walked circles, and pirouettes, tight turns about the body axis with frequent stopping phases. During the longest stopping phases, the ants gaze back to their nest entrance. The Tunisian Cataglyphis fortis ants inhabiting featureless saltpans only perform voltes without directed gazes. The function of voltes has not yet been revealed. In contrast, the fine structure of pirouettes suggests that the ants take snapshots of the panorama towards their homing direction to memorize the nest's surroundings. The most likely hypothesis was that Cataglyphis ants align the gaze directions using their path integrator, which gets directional input from celestial cues during foraging. To test this hypothesis, a manipulation experiment was performed changing the celestial cues above the nest entrance (no sun, no natural polarization pattern, no UV light). The accurately directed gazes to the nest entrance offer an easily quantifiable readout suitable to ask the ants where they expect their nest entrance. Unexpectedly, all novices performing learning walks under artificial sky conditions looked back to the nest entrance. This was especially surprising, because neuronal changes in the mushroom bodies and the central complex receiving visual input could only be induced with the natural sky when comparing test animals with interior workers. The behavioral findings indicated that Cataglyphis ants use another directional reference system to align their gaze directions during the longest stopping phases of learning walk pirouettes. One possibility was the earth's magnetic field. Indeed, already disarraying the geomagnetic field at the nest entrance with an electromagnetic flat coil indicated that the ants use magnetic information to align their looks back to the nest entrance. To investigate this finding further, ants were confronted with a controlled magnetic field using a Helmholtz coil. Elimination of the horizontal field component led to undirected gaze directions like the disarray did. Rotating the magnetic field about 90°, 180° or -90° shifted the ants' gaze directions in a predictable manner. Therefore, the earth's magnetic field is a necessary and sufficient reference system for aligning nest-centered gazes during learning-walk pirouettes. Whether it is additionally used for other navigational purposes, e. g. for calibrating the solar ephemeris, remains to be tested. Maybe the voltes performed by all Cataglyphis ant species investigated so far can help to answer this question..}, subject = {Cataglyphis}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Costea2016, author = {Costea, Paul Igor}, title = {Stratification and variation of the human gut microbiota}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-139649}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The microbial communities that live inside the human gastrointestinal tract -the human gut microbiome- are important for host health and wellbeing. Characterizing this new "organ", made up of as many cells as the human body itself, has recently become possible through technological advances. Metagenomics, the high-throughput sequencing of DNA directly from microbial communities, enables us to take genomic snapshots of thousands of microbes living together in this complex ecosystem, without the need for isolating and growing them. Quantifying the composition of the human gut microbiome allows us to investigate its properties and connect it to host physiology and disease. The wealth of such connections was unexpected and is probably still underestimated. Due to the fact that most of our dietary as well as medicinal intake affects the microbiome and that the microbiome itself interacts with our immune system through a multitude of pathways, many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the observed correlations, though most have yet to be understood in depth. An obvious prerequisite to characterizing the microbiome and its interactions with the host is the accurate quantification of its composition, i.e. determining which microbes are present and in what numbers they occur. Historically, standard practices have existed for sample handling, DNA extraction and data analysis for many years. However, these were generally developed for single microbe cultures and it is not always feasible to implement them in large scale metagenomic studies. Partly because of this and partly because of the excitement that new technology brings about, the first metagenomic studies each took the liberty to define their own approach and protocols. From early meta-analysis of these studies it became clear that the differences in sample handling, as well as differences in computational approaches, made comparisons across studies very difficult. This restricts our ability to cross-validate findings of individual studies and to pool samples from larger cohorts. To address the pressing need for standardization, we undertook an extensive comparison of 21 different DNA extraction methods as well as a series of other sample manipulations that affect quantification. We developed a number of criteria for determining the measurement quality in the absence of a mock community and used these to propose best practices for sampling, DNA extraction and library preparation. If these were to be accepted as standards in the field, it would greatly improve comparability across studies, which would dramatically increase the power of our inferences and our ability to draw general conclusions about the microbiome. Most metagenomics studies involve comparisons between microbial communities, for example between fecal samples from cases and controls. A multitude of approaches have been proposed to calculate community dissimilarities (beta diversity) and they are often combined with various preprocessing techniques. Direct metagenomics quantification usually counts sequencing reads mapped to specific taxonomic units, which can be species, genera, etc. Due to technology-inherent differences in sampling depth, normalizing counts is necessary, for instance by dividing each count by the sum of all counts in a sample (i.e. total sum scaling), or by subsampling. To derive a single value for community (dis-)similarity, multiple distance measures have been proposed. Although it is theoretically difficult to benchmark these approaches, we developed a biologically motivated framework in which distance measures can be evaluated. This highlights the importance of data transformations and their impact on the measured distances. Building on our experience with accurate abundance estimation and data preprocessing techniques, we can now try and understand some of the basic properties of microbial communities. In 2011, it was proposed that the space of genus level variation of the human gut microbial community is structured into three basic types, termed enterotypes. These were described in a multi-country cohort, so as to be independent of geography, age and other host properties. Operationally defined through a clustering approach, they are "densely populated areas in a multidimensional space of community composition"(source) and were proposed as a general stratifier for the human population. Later studies that applied this concept to other datasets raised concerns about the optimum number of clusters and robustness of the clustering approach. This heralded a long standing debate about the existence of structure and the best ways to determine and capture it. Here, we reconsider the concept of enterotypes, in the context of the vastly increased amounts of available data. We propose a refined framework in which the different types should be thought of as weak attractors in compositional space and we try to implement an approach to determining which attractor a sample is closest to. To this end, we train a classifier on a reference dataset to assign membership to new samples. This way, enterotypes assignment is no longer dataset dependent and effects due to biased sampling are minimized. Using a model in which we assume the existence of three enterotypes characterized by the same driver genera, as originally postulated, we show the relevance of this stratification and propose it to be used in a clinical setting as a potential marker for disease development. Moreover, we believe that these attractors underline different rules of community assembly and we recommend they be accounted for when analyzing gut microbiome samples. While enterotypes describe structure in the community at genus level, metagenomic sequencing can in principle achieve single-nucleotide resolution, allowing us to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other genomic variants in the gut microbiome. Analysis methodology for this level of resolution has only recently been developed and little exploration has been done to date. Assessing SNPs in a large, multinational cohort, we discovered that the landscape of genomic variation seems highly structured even beyond species resolution, indicating that clearly distinguishable subspecies are prevalent among gut microbes. In several cases, these subspecies exhibit geo-stratification, with some subspecies only found in the Chinese population. Generally however, they present only minor dispersion limitations and are seen across most of our study populations. Within one individual, one subspecies is commonly found to dominate and only rarely are several subspecies observed to co-occur in the same ecosystem. Analysis of longitudinal data indicates that the dominant subspecies remains stable over periods of more than three years. When interrogating their functional properties we find many differences, with specific ones appearing relevant to the host. For example, we identify a subspecies of E. rectale that is lacking the flagellum operon and find its presence to be significantly associated with lower body mass index and lower insulin resistance of their hosts; it also correlates with higher microbial community diversity. These associations could not be seen at the species level (where multiple subspecies are convoluted), which illustrates the importance of this increased resolution for a more comprehensive understanding of microbial interactions within the microbiome and with the host. Taken together, our results provide a rigorous basis for performing comparative metagenomics of the human gut, encompassing recommendations for both experimental sample processing and computational analysis. We furthermore refine the concept of community stratification into enterotypes, develop a reference-based approach for enterotype assignment and provide compelling evidence for their relevance. Lastly, by harnessing the full resolution of metagenomics, we discover a highly structured genomic variation landscape below the microbial species level and identify common subspecies of the human gut microbiome. By developing these high-precision metagenomics analysis tools, we thus hope to contribute to a greatly improved understanding of the properties and dynamics of the human gut microbiome.}, subject = {Mensch}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Milenkovic2006, author = {Milenkovic, Vladimir M.}, title = {Structural and functional analysis of bestrophin}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-19372}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Morbus Best (OMIM 153700), auch als vitelliforme Makuladystrophie Typ 2 (VMD2) bezeichnet, ist eine autosomal dominant vererbte Makuladystrophie mit juvenilem Beginn. Die Erkrankung geht einher mit einer Ansammlung von Lipofuscin-{\"a}hnlichem Material im sowie unterhalb des retinalen Pigmentepithels (RPE). Das bei Morbus Best mutierte VMD2- Gen kodiert f{\"u}r ein 585 Aminos{\"a}uren langes Transmembranprotein, genannt Bestrophin, und wird vorwiegend im RPE exprimiert. Das Protein hat eine komplexe Membrantopologie mit 4-6 putativen Transmembrandom{\"a}nen (TMD) und ist vermutlich in den Ca2+-abh{\"a}ngigen Transport von Chloridionen durch die Plasmamembran involviert. Die {\"u}berwiegende Mehrheit der krankheitsassoziierten Ver{\"a}nderungen bei M. Best Patienten sind Missense-Mutationen, die innerhalb der hochkonservierten N-terminalen H{\"a}lfte des Proteins nahe der mutmaßlichen Transmembrandom{\"a}nen akkumulieren. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Pathologie und identifizierter Mutationen bzw. der Chloridkanal- Funktion von Bestrophin-1 ist noch unklar. Um die biologische Funktion von Bestrohin-1 weiter aufzukl{\"a}ren und die zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen der BMD besser zu verstehen, wurde mit Hilfe des GAL4-basierenden Hefe-Zwei-Hybridsystems (Y2H) nach interagierenden Partnern von Bestrophin-1 gesucht. Ein Screen in einer bovinen RPE cDNABank mit verschiedenen verk{\"u}rzten Fragmenten von Bestrophin-1 ergab 53 m{\"o}gliche interagierende Partner. Allerdings schlossen anschließende Verifikationsexperimente die Kandidatengene aus. Somit deuten die Resultate dieser umfangreichen YH2-Studie daraufhin, dass Bestrophin f{\"u}r das herk{\"o}mmliche Zwei-Hybrid-System nicht geeignet ist. Zum einen k{\"o}nnte dies daran liegen, dass das Protein ein integraler Bestandteil der Membran ist und zum anderen, dass m{\"o}glicherweise der Transport der gew{\"a}hlten Bestrophin-Fragmente zum Nukleus nicht stattfindet. Dies gilt jedoch als Grundvoraussetzung f{\"u}r eine Proteininteraktion im Hefe-2-Hybridsystem. Bestrophin geh{\"o}rt zu einer großen Familie von integralen Membranproteinen, von der bis heute bereits {\"u}ber 100 Mitglieder bei verschiedenen Organismengruppen wie denS{\"a}ugern, Insekten und W{\"u}rmern identifiziert werden konnten. Als auff{\"a}lligste Besonderheit in der Familie der Bestrophine zeigt sich neben einer nicht-variablen RFP-Dom{\"a}ne (Arginin- Phenylalanin-Prolin) eine evolution{\"a}r hochkonservierte N-terminale Region. Um die phylogenetische Beziehung der Bestrophine zu untersuchen sowie den Aufbau und die Funktion von konservierten Motiven innerhalb der Familienmitglieder zu identifizieren, wurde diese konservierte N-terminale Region sowohl bioinformatisch wie auch Chapter Two: Zusammenfassung 4 phylogenetisch weiter untersucht. Die phylogenetische Analyse der Bestrophin Homologen brachte vier evolution{\"a}r konservierte Familienmitglieder in S{\"a}ugern hervor, die jeweils eine starke Homologie zu den Proteinen VMD2, VMD2-L1 bis VMD2-L3 des Menschen zeigen. Die signifikante {\"A}hnlichkeit der Proteinsequenz innerhalb der vier Familienmitglieder l{\"a}sst die Schlussfolgerungen zu, dass zum einen jedes einzelne Familienmitglied ihre eigene evolution{\"a}r konservierte Funktion hat und zum anderen dass die Divergenz des Bestrophins in verschiedene Familienmitglieder zeitlich vor der Divergenz der verschiedenen S{\"a}ugerspezien erfolgt sein muss.}, subject = {Makuladegeneration}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bartossek2018, author = {Bartossek, Thomas}, title = {Structural and functional analysis of the trypanosomal variant surface glycoprotein using x-ray scattering techniques and fluorescence microscopy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144775}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Trypanosoma brucei is an obligate parasite and causative agent of severe diseases affecting humans and livestock. The protist lives extracellularly in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, where it is prone to attacks by the host immune system. As a sophisticated means of defence against the immune response, the parasite's surface is coated in a dense layer of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), that reduces identification of invariant epitopes on the cell surface by the immune system to levels that prevent host immunity. The VSG has to form a coat that is both dense and mobile, to shield invariant surface proteins from detection and to allow quick recycling of the protective coat during immune evasion. This coat effectively protects the parasite from the harsh environment that is the mammalian bloodstream and leads to a persistent parasitemia if the infection remains untreated. The available treatment against African Trypanosomiasis involves the use of drugs that are themselves severely toxic and that can lead to the death of the patient. Most of the drugs used as treatment were developed in the early-to-mid 20th century, and while developments continue, they still represent the best medical means to fight the parasite. The discovery of a fluorescent VSG gave rise to speculations about a potential interaction between the VSG coat and components of the surrounding medium, that could also lead to a new approach in the treatment of African Trypanosomiasis that involves the VSG coat. The initially observed fluorescence signal was specific for a combination of a VSG called VSG'Y' and the triphenylmethane (TPM) dye phenol red. Exchanging this TPM to a bromo-derivative led to the observation of another fluorescence effect termed trypanicidal effect which killed the parasite independent of the expressed VSG and suggests a structurally conserved feature between VSGs that could function as a specific drug target against T. b. brucei. The work of this thesis aims to identify the mechanisms that govern the unique VSG'Y' fluorescence and the trypanocidal effect. Fluorescence experiments and protein mutagenesis of VSG'Y' as well as crystallographic trials with a range of different VSGs were utilized in the endeavour to identify the binding mechanisms between TPM compounds and VSGs, to find potentially conserved structural features between VSGs and to identify the working mechanisms of VSG fluorescence and the trypanocidal effect. These trials have the potential to lead to the formulation of highly specific drugs that target the parasites VSG coat. During the crystallographic trials of this thesis, the complete structure of a VSG was solved experimentally for the first time. This complete structure is a key component in furthering the understanding of the mechanisms governing VSG coat formation. X-ray scattering techniques, involving x-ray crystallography and small angle x-ray scattering were applied to elucidate the first complete VSG structures, which reveal high flexibility of the protein and supplies insight into the importance of this flexibility in the formation of a densely packed but highly mobile surface coat.}, subject = {Trypanosoma brucei brucei}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Noskov2003, author = {Noskov, Andrey}, title = {Structural and functional studies of the Interleukin-5 receptor system}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-8195}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2003}, abstract = {The aim of current work was contribution to the long-term ongoing project on developing human IL-5 agonists/antagonists that intervene with or inhibit IL-5 numerous functions in cell culture and/or in animal disease models. To facilitate design of an IL-5 antagonist variant or low-molecular weight mimetics only capable of binding to the specific receptor alpha chain, but would lack the ability to attract the receptor common \&\#946;-chain and thus initiate receptor complex activation it is necessary to gain the information on minimal structural and functional epitopes. Such a strategy was successfully adopted in our group on example of Interleukin 4. To precisely localize minimal structural epitope it is essential to have structure of the ligand in its bound form and especially informative would be structure of complex of the ligand and its specific receptor alpha chain. For this purpose large quantities (tens of milligrams), retaining full biological activity IL-5 and extracellular domain of IL-5 specific receptor \&\#945;-chain were expressed in a bacterial expression system (E.coli). After successful refolding proteins were purified to 95-99\% Stable and soluble receptor:ligand complex was prepared. Each established purification and refolding procedures were subjected to optimization targeting maximal yields and purity. Produced receptor:ligand complex was applied to crystallization experiments. Microcrystals were initially obtained with a flexible sparse matrix screening methodology. Crystal quality was subsequently improved by fine-tuning of the crystallization conditions. At this stage crystals of about 800x150x30µm in size can be obtained. They possess desirable visible characteristics of crystals including optical clarity, smooth facecs and sharp edges. Crystals rotate plane polarized light reflecting their well internal organization. Unfortunately relative slimness and sometimes cluster nature of the produced crystals complicates acquisition of high-resolution dataset and resolution of the structure. With some of obtained crystals diffraction to a resolution up to 4{\AA} was observed.}, subject = {Interleukin 5}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Bollmann2013, author = {Bollmann, Stefan}, title = {Structural Dynamics of Oligopeptides determined by Fluorescence Quenching of Organic Dyes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-92191}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {For determination of structures and structural dynamics of proteins organic fluorophores are a standard instrument. Intra- and intermolecular contact of biomolecular structures are determined in time-resolved and stationary fluorescence microscopy experiments by quenching of organic fluorophores due to Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) and dimerization interactions. Using PET we show in this work that end-to-end contact dynamics of serine-glycine peptides are slowed down by glycosylation. This slow down is due to a change in reaction enthalpy for end-to-end contact and is partly compensated by entropic effects. In a second step we test how dimerization of MR121 fluorophore pairs reports on end-to-end contact dynamics. We show that in aqueous solutions containing strong denaturants MR121 dimerization reports advantageously on contact dynamics for glycine-serine oligopeptides compared to the previously used MR121/tryptophane PET reporters. Then we analyze dimer interactions and quenching properties of different commercially available fluorophores being standards in F{\"o}rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) measurements. Distances in biomolecules are determinable using FRET, but for very flexible biomolecules the analysis of masurement data can be distorted if contact of the two FRET fluorophores is likely. We quantify how strong the quenching of fluorophore pairs with two different or two identical fluorophores is. Dimer spectra and association constants are quantified to estimate if fluophores are applicable in various applications, e.g. in FRET measurements with unstructured peptides and proteins.}, subject = {Fluorophore}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schwebs2024, author = {Schwebs, Marie}, title = {Structure and dynamics of the plasma membrane: a single-molecule study in \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\)}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-27569}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275699}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The unicellular, flagellated parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human African sleeping sickness and nagana in livestock. In the last decades, it has become an established eukaryotic model organism in the field of biology, as well as in the interdisciplinary field of biophysics. For instance, the dense variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat offers the possibility to study the dynamics of GPI-anchored proteins in the plasma membrane of living cells. The fluidity of the VSG coat is not only an interesting object of study for its own sake, but is critically important for the survival of the parasite in the mammalian host. In order to maintain the integrity of the coat, the entire VSG coat is recycled within a few minutes. This is surprisingly fast for a purely diffusive process with the flagellar pocket (FP) as the sole site for endo- and exocytosis. Previous studies characterising VSG dynamics using FRAP reported diffusion coefficients that were not sufficient to to enable fast turnover based on passive VSG randomisation on the trypanosome surface. In this thesis, live-cell single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) was employed to elucidate whether VSG diffusion coefficients were priorly underestimated or whether directed forces could be involved to bias VSGs towards the entrance of the FP. Embedding the highly motile trypanosomes in thermo-stable hydrogels facilitated the investigation of VSG dynamics on living trypanosomes at the mammalian host's temperature of 37°C. To allow for a spatial correlation of the VSG dynamics to the FP entrance, a cell line was employed harbouring a fluorescently labelled structure as a reference. Sequential two-colour SMFM was then established to allow for recording and registration of the dynamic and static single-molecule information. In order to characterise VSG dynamics, an algorithm to obtain reliable information from short trajectories was adapted (shortTrAn). It allowed for the quantification of the local dynamics in two distinct scenarios: diffusion and directed motion. The adaptation of the algorithm to the VSG data sets required the introduction of an additional projection filter. The algorithm was further extended to take into account the localisation errors inherent to single-particle tracking. The results of the quantification of diffusion and directed motion were presented in maps of the trypanosome surface, including an outline generated from a super-resolved static structure as a reference. Information on diffusion was displayed in one map, an ellipse plot. The colour code represented the local diffusion coefficient, while the shape of the ellipses provided an indication of the diffusion behaviour (aniso- or isotropic diffusion). The eccentricity of the ellipses was used to quantify deviations from isotropic diffusion. Information on directed motion was shown in three maps: A velocity map, representing the amplitude of the local velocities in a colour code. A quiver plot, illustrating the orientation of directed motion, and a third map which indicated the relative standard error of the local velocities colour-coded. Finally, a guideline based on random walk simulations was used to identify which of the two motion scenarios dominated locally. Application of the guideline to the VSG dynamics analysed by shortTrAn yielded supermaps that showed the locally dominant motion mode colour-coded. I found that VSG dynamics are dominated by diffusion, but several times faster than previously determined. The diffusion behaviour was additionally characterised by spatial heterogeneity. Moreover, isolated regions exhibiting the characteristics of round and elongated traps were observed on the cell surface. Additionally, VSG dynamics were studied with respect to the entrance of the FP. VSG dynamics in this region displayed similar characteristics compared to the remainder of the cell surface and forces biasing VSGs into the FP were not found. Furthermore, I investigated a potential interference of the attachment of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane with the dynamics of VSGs which are anchored to the outer leaflet of the membrane. Preliminary experiments were conducted on osmotically swollen trypanosomes and trypanosomes depleted for a microtubule-associated protein anchoring the subpellicular microtubule cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. The measurements revealed a trend that detachment of the cytoskeleton could be associated with a reduction in the VSG diffusion coefficient and a loss of elongated traps. The latter could be an indication that these isolated regions were caused by underlying structures associated with the cytoskeleton. The measurements on cells with an intact cytoskeleton were complemented by random walk simulations of VSG dynamics with the newly determined diffusion coefficient on long time scales not accessible in experiments. Simulations showed that passive VSG randomisation is fast enough to allow for a turnover of the full VSG coat within a few minutes. According to an estimate based on the known rate of endocytosis and the newly determined VSG diffusion coefficient, the majority of exocytosed VSGs could escape from the FP to the cell surface without being immediately re-endocytosed.}, subject = {Trypanosoma brucei}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Keller2004, author = {Keller, Sascha}, title = {Struktur- und Funktionsanalysen an BMP Ligand-Rezeptor-Komplexen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-12467}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2004}, abstract = {F{\"u}r BMPs wie auch die anderen Mitglieder der TGF-beta-Superfamilie beginnt der Signalweg mit der Bindung des Liganden an zwei Typen transmembran{\"a}rer Rezeptoren. Die Ligand-Rezeptor Interaktionen sind dabei durch unterschiedliche Affinit{\"a}t und Spezifit{\"a}t gekennzeichnet und bilden wahrscheinlich die Grundlage f{\"u}r das breite Spektrum biologischer Funktionen. In dieser Arbeit wurde mittels einer Struktur- und Funktionsanalyse von BMP Ligand-Rezeptor Komplexen die molekulare Basis f{\"u}r die Affinit{\"a}t und Spezifit{\"a}t dieser Wechselwirkungen untersucht. Hierf{\"u}r wurde die Kristallstruktur des BMP-2 : BR-IAec Ligand-Rezeptor Komplexes bei einer Aufl{\"o}sung von 1,9{\AA} ermittelt. Mit der h{\"o}heren Aufl{\"o}sung war die Charakterisierung der geometrischen Parameter eines Netzwerks von zehn Wasserstoff-Br{\"u}ckenbindungen in der Interaktionsfl{\"a}che zwischen BMP-2 und BR-IAec m{\"o}glich. Deren zentrale Bedeutung f{\"u}r dieWechselwirkung konnte auch durch funktionelle Analyse best{\"a}tigt werden. So stellen die im Zentrum der Bindungsfl{\"a}che liegenden Wasserstoff-Br{\"u}ckenbindungen BMP-2 Leu51 (N) : BR-IAec Gln86 (OE1) und BMP-2 Leu51 (O) : BR-IAec Gln86 (NE1), sowie die BMP-2 Asp53 (N) : BR-IAec Cys77 (O) H-Br{\"u}cke die Hauptdeterminanten der Ligand-Rezeptor Bindung dar. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus ließ sich aus der strukturellen Analyse des "wrist"-Epitops von BMP-2 eine besondere Bedeutung der Pr{\"a}-Helix Schleife L2, sowie der im Kontakt eingeschlossenen Wassermolek{\"u}le f{\"u}r die Anpassung der Bindungsfl{\"a}che an unterschiedliche Interaktionspartner ableiten. Diese Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage f{\"u}r ein neues Modell zur Beschreibung von Affinit{\"a}t und Spezifit{\"a}t der hochaffinen BMP-Typ I Rezeptor Interaktion. Dabei stellen die Wasserstoff-Br{\"u}ckenbindungen den Hauptanteil zur Bindungsenergie, w{\"a}hrend die hydrophobe Umgebung in der Interaktionsfl{\"a}che die Bildung von Wasserstoff-Br{\"u}ckenbindungen energetisch beg{\"u}nstigen und hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen nur geringf{\"u}gigen Einfluss auf die Affinit{\"a}t nehmen. Die vorliegenden Arbeit beschreibt zudem die Pr{\"a}paration und Kristallisation von bin{\"a}ren Ligand-Typ I Rezeptor Komplexen f{\"u}r BMP-2, BMP-6 und GDF-5, sowie die der tern{\"a}ren Komplexe von BMP-2, BR-IAec und ActR-IIec bzw. BR-IIec. Die extrazellul{\"a}ren Dom{\"a}nen der hierf{\"u}r verwendeten Rezeptoren wurden durch Expression in E.coli oder Sf-9 Insektenzellen erhalten. Ihre funktionelle Charakterisierung erfolgte durch BIAcore Interaktionsanalyse an immobilisierten Liganden, wobei in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit vom Ligand-Rezeptor Komplex unterschiedliche Affinit{\"a}ten ermittelt werden konnten. In {\"U}bereinstimmung mit den hierbei erhaltenen Daten wurden die Ligand-BMP Typ IB Rezeptor Komplexe f{\"u}r BMP-2, BMP-6 und GDF-5, sowie der GDF-5 : BR-IAec Ligand-Rezeptor Komplex pr{\"a}pariert. Des Weiteren konnte die Bildung des tern{\"a}ren BMP-2 : BR-IAec : ActR-IIec Ligand-Rezeptor Komplexes in L{\"o}sung nachgewiesen werden. F{\"u}r all diese Komplexe konnten Kristallisationsbedingungen ermittelt werden. Trotz Optimierung dieser Bedingungen reichte die Qualit{\"a}t der erhaltenen Kristalle nicht f{\"u}r eine Aufkl{\"a}rung der Struktur aus. F{\"u}r eine detailliertes Verst{\"a}ndnis der Mechanismen der Rezeptoraktivierung muss die strukturelle und funktionelle Charakterisierung von BMP Ligand-Rezeptor Komplexen fortgef{\"u}hrt werden. Die pr{\"a}sentierten Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass {\"u}ber die Kenntnis der einzelnen Affinit{\"a}ten und die gezielte Modifikation der Interaktionspartner eine erfolgreiche Strukturanalyse dieser Ligand-Rezeptor Komplexe m{\"o}glich ist.}, subject = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kraich2008, author = {Kraich, Michael}, title = {Strukturelle und funktionelle Untersuchungen der Interaktion zwischen Ligand und Rezeptor im Interleukin-4- und Interleukin-13-System}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27655}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Interleukin-4 (IL-4) und Interleukin-13 (IL-13) sind bedeutende Regulatorproteine des Immunsystems. Sie spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entstehung und dem Verlauf von allergischen Erkrankungen, wie z.B. Asthma. Um ihre Signale in die Zielzelle zu transduzieren, kann von beiden Zytokinen der gleiche Zelloberfl{\"a}chenrezeptor verwendet werden, wodurch sich die {\"u}berlappenden, biologischen Funktionen erkl{\"a}ren lassen. Dieser gemeinsam genutzte Rezeptor ist aus den beiden Untereinheiten IL-4Ralpha; und IL-13Ralpha1 aufgebaut. Da IL-4 und IL-13 auf Aminos{\"a}ureebene nur etwa 25\% Sequenzidentit{\"a}t besitzen und stark unterschiedliche Affinit{\"a}ten zu den beiden Rezeptorketten besitzen, stellt sich die Frage, durch welchen molekularen Erkennungsmechanismus, die Affinit{\"a}t und die Spezifit{\"a}t der Ligand-Rezeptor-Interaktion unabh{\"a}ngig voneinander reguliert werden kann. In dieser Arbeit gelang es, rekombinante Expressions- und Aufreinigungsstrategien f{\"u}r IL-13 und die extrazellul{\"a}ren Dom{\"a}nen der Rezeptorketten IL-13Ralpha1 und IL-13Ralpha2 zu entwickeln. Dadurch war es m{\"o}gliche, eine breite Mutations-/Interaktionsanalyse der IL-13Ralpha1-Kette durchzuf{\"u}hren.Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die N-terminale FnIII-{\"a}hnliche Dom{\"a}ne von IL-13Ralpha1 sowohl an der Bindung von IL-13 als auch an der Interaktion mit IL-4 beteiligt ist. Im funktionellen Bindeepitop der IL-13Ralpha1-Kette wurden die Aminos{\"a}urereste Arg84, Phe253 und Tyr321 als Hauptbindungsdeterminanten f{\"u}r die Interaktion mit IL-13 identifiziert. Durch die Interaktionsstudien der IL-13Ralpha1-Varianten mit IL-4 wurde gezeigt, dass diese Hauptbindungsdeterminanten auch f{\"u}r die niederaffine Bindung von IL-4 von gr{\"o}ßter Bedeutung sind. Die funktionellen Bindeepitope f{\"u}r IL-4 und IL-13 auf der IL-13Ralpha1-Kette sind nahezu identisch und {\"u}berlappen in einem großen Bereich. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse aus der Mutagenesestudie war es m{\"o}glich, ein Strukturmodell der extrazellul{\"a}ren Dom{\"a}ne der IL-13Ralpha1-Kette zu erstellen. Darin wird eine neuartige Orientierung der N-terminalen FnIII-Dom{\"a}ne und deren Beteiligung an der Ligandeninteraktion dargestellt. Mit Hilfe des Strukturmodells gelang es, neue Aminos{\"a}urerest auf der Oberfl{\"a}che von IL-13 zu identifizieren, die an der Bindung zu IL-13Ralpha1 beteiligt sind, was die Relevanz des Strukturmodells weiter unterstreicht. In einem weiteren Teil dieser Arbeit wurde versucht, den molekularen Mechanismus aufzukl{\"a}ren, durch den es den superagonistischen IL-4-Varianten T13D und F82D gelingt, mit dreifach h{\"o}herer Affinit{\"a}t an die IL-4Ralpha-Kette zu binden, als wildtypischer Ligand. Durch strukturelle und funktionelle Untersuchungen wurde gezeigt, dass der Affinit{\"a}tssteigerung ein indirekter Mechanismus zugrunde liegt, bei dem eine Konformations{\"a}nderung und die Fixierung der Arg85-Seitenkette von IL-4 zur Ausbildung von zus{\"a}tzlichen Ligand-Rezeptor-Interaktionen f{\"u}hrt. Das Bindeepitop zwischen IL-4 und der IL-4Ralpha-Kette besitzt eine modulare Architektur aus drei unabh{\"a}ngig voneinander agierenden Interaktionsclustern. Bei der Interaktion von wildtypischem IL-4 mit IL-4Ralpha tragen nur zwei dieser Cluster in signifikanter Weise zur freien Bindeenergie bei. Im Falle der superagonistischen IL-4-Varianten ist jedoch auch das dritte Cluster an der Generierung von zus{\"a}tzlicher, freier Bindeenergie beteiligt, wodurch die Affinit{\"a}t zwischen Ligand und Rezeptor erh{\"o}ht wird. Damit stellt der modulare Aufbau der Interaktionsfl{\"a}che zwischen IL-4 und der IL-4Ralpha-Kette m{\"o}glicherweise einen Mechanismus dar, {\"u}ber den Proteine die Affinit{\"a}t von Wechselwirkungen {\"u}ber einen großen Bereicht variieren k{\"o}nnen, ohne dabei Spezifit{\"a}t einzub{\"u}ssen. Da IL-4 und IL-13 als interessante Zielmolek{\"u}le f{\"u}r die Therapie von allergischen und asthmatischen Erkrankungen erkannt worden sind, k{\"o}nnen die in der vorliegenden Arbeit gewonnenen Informationen {\"u}ber den Bindemechanismus und die Einblicke in den molekularen Charakter der Interaktion zwischen den beiden Zytokinen und ihren spezifischen Rezeptorketten dabei helfen, neuartige und hoch spezifische, inhibitorische Molek{\"u}le zu entwickeln.}, subject = {Renaturierung }, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Polleichtner2006, author = {Polleichtner, Johann Georg}, title = {Studies of structure-function relationship of components of multidrug efflux pumps and type I secretion systems}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18671}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {This work deals with channel-tunnel dependent multidrug efflux pumps and type I secretion systems, more concrete with the improved classification of the adaptor protein family, the characterization of the TolC-homologue protein HI1462 of Haemophilus influenzae, and the molecular characterization of the interaction between TolC and AcrA of Escherichia coli.}, subject = {Gram-negative Bakterien}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Stegmeier2006, author = {Stegmeier, Johannes Friedrich}, title = {Study of Omp85 Family Proteins YaeT and YtfM and Multidrug Export Machineries in Escherichia coli}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18171}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {In this study the Omp85 family proteins YaeT and YtfM of Escherichia coli were investigated by using biochemical and electrophysiological methods as well as bioinformatical and structural analysis. In addition, knock-out strains were constructed to further study the relevance of these proteins in vivo. The prediction that Omp85 proteins are composed of two domains, a periplasmic amino-terminal POTRA (polypeptide translocation associated) domain and a carboxy-terminal domain anchoring these proteins in the outer membrane, was confirmed by the construction of mutants. It could be shown that the carboxy-terminal part of the proteins is able to insert into the outer bacterial membrane, even if the POTRA domain is removed. Furthermore, pore-forming activity in the black-lipid bilayer was observed for both full-length proteins as well as their carboxy-terminal membrane located parts. The channels formed by both proteins in the black lipid bilayer showed variable single channel conductance states rather than a defined value for conductance. In 1M KCl, e.g. YaeT forms pores with a channel conductance of 100 to 600 pS containing a most abundant value at 400 pS. This variability is at least reasonable for YaeT due to a prerequisite flexibility of its channel for OMP insertion. YaeT was identified to form a cation selective, YtfM an anion selective channel, which is less pH dependent than YaeT. Another feature of the YaeT channel is that its selectivity and conductance is influenced by charged detergent molecules indicating an accumulation of these molecules in hydrophobic pockets inside the compact channel. YaeT revealed heat-modifiable mobility in SDS-PAGE which is characteristic for \&\#946;-barrel OMPs, whereas YtfM did not show this behaviour. This result could be explained by sequence alignment and structural comparison of YaeT and YtfM via CD and FTIR spectra displaying much higher \&\#946;-strand content for the carboxy-terminal part of YaeT compared to YtfM. Since the carboxy-terminal parts were shown to have pore forming ability and are inserted in the OM in vivo, the substitution of the essential protein YaeT by its carboxy-terminal mutant was attempted in a yaeT knock-out strain. The carboxy-terminal half of YaeT was not sufficient to compensate depletion of the full-length protein indicating an important role of the amino-terminus for cell viability. In contrary, YtfM is shown to be a non-essential protein and lack of YtfM had no effects on the composition and integrity of the OM. However, chromosomal deletion of ytfM remarkably reduced the growth rate of cells. This study provides the first detailed investigation of the structure of YaeT and describes its electrophysiological behaviour, which could be a basis for further studies of YaeT and its substrate proteins. Furthermore, YtfM was characterised and its in vivo function was investigated revealing YtfM as the second Omp85 family protein of importance in E. coli. In a second part of this study assembly and function of multidrug efflux pumps were investigated. Drug efflux pumps are tripartite export machineries in the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria conferring multidrug resistance and therefore causing severe problems for medical treatment of diseases. Protein structures of all three efflux pump components are solved, but the exact interaction sites are still unknown. Assembly of a hybrid exporter system composed of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa channel tunnel OprM, the E. coli adaptor protein AcrA and its associated transporter AcrB could be shown by chemical cross-linking, even though this efflux pump is not functional. Exchange of the hairpin domain of AcrA by the corresponding hairpin from the adaptor protein MexA of P. aeruginosa restored functionality tested by antibiotic sensitivity assays. This shows the importance of the MexA hairpin domain for functional interaction with the OprM channel tunnel. Interestingly, the hybrid protein was also able to assemble with TolC as outer membrane component to form a functional efflux pump indicating a higher flexibility of TolC compared to OprM concerning interaction partners. Based on these results, an interaction model of the hairpin domain and the channel tunnel on molecular level for AcrA and TolC as well as MexA and OprM, respectively, is presented. This model provides a basis for directed mutagenesis to reveal the exact contact sites of the hairpin of the adapter protein and the outer membrane component}, subject = {Escherichia coli}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Barth2008, author = {Barth, Enrico}, title = {Study of the properties of channel-forming proteins of the cell walls of different Corynebacteriae}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36325}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {Die Gattung Corynebacterium geh{\"o}rt, neben Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus und weiteren nahverwandten Gattungen, dem unverwechselbaren, gattungs{\"u}bergreifenden Taxon Mycolata an. Viele Spezies aus dieser heterogenen Gruppe Mycols{\"a}ure-haltiger Actinomyceten sind entweder aufgrund ihrer medizinischen oder ihrer biotechnologischen Bedeutung bekannt. Beispielsweise z{\"a}hlen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae und Nocardia farcinica, welche weltweit Verursacher besonders gef{\"a}hrlicher bakterieller Infektionskrankheiten sind, zu dieser ungew{\"o}hnlichen Gruppe Gram-positiver Bakterien. Ebenso bedeutsam sind einige apathogene Mycolata-Arten, die industrielle Anwendung finden. Corynebacterium glutamicum und Corynebacterium efficiens sind leistungsf{\"a}hige Bakterien, die zum Beispiel in der Produktion des Geschmacksverst{\"a}rkers Glutamat und des Tierfuttermittelzusatzes Lysin eingesetzt werden, w{\"a}hrend verschiedene Rhodococcus Spezies Anwendung bei der Herstellung von Acryls{\"a}uren finden. Die Zellwand der Mycolata zeigt, verglichen mit der klassischer Gram-positiver Bakterien, eine außergew{\"o}hnliche Zusammensetzung und Struktur auf. Abgesehen von einem Arabinogalactan-Peptidoglycan-Komplex enth{\"a}lt die Zellwand der meisten Actinomyceten einen hohen Anteil an Mycols{\"a}uren. Diese langkettigen, verzweigten Fetts{\"a}uren formen eine, mit der {\"a}ußeren Membran Gram-negativer Bakterien vergleichbare, stark undurchl{\"a}ssige, hydrophobe {\"a}ußere H{\"u}lle, welche die Grundlage der außergew{\"o}hnlichen Medikamentenresistenz bei den Mycolata bildet. Wie die {\"a}ußere Membran Gram-negativer Bakterien enth{\"a}lt die Zellwand der Mycolata porenformende Proteine, die den Durchlass hydrophiler Substanzen gestatten. Indem sie eine Verbindung zwischen dem Zellinneren und der Umwelt, in der das Bakterium lebt, schaffen und einen kontrollierten Austausch zwischen beiden erm{\"o}glichen, tragen die Kanalproteine entscheidend zur Funktion der bakteriellen Zellh{\"u}lle bei. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war das Wissen {\"u}ber Zellwandkan{\"a}le in Corynebakterien zu erweitern. Deshalb untersuchten wir PorA und PorH Proteine, die basierend auf fr{\"u}heren Studien Zellwandkan{\"a}len in C. glutamicum, C. efficiens und Corynebacterium callunae zugeordnet werden, um ungekl{\"a}rten Fragen nachzugehen und um Wissen {\"u}ber deren Struktur zu erlangen. Ferner inspizierten wir Zellw{\"a}nde pathogener Corynebakterien, genauer gesagt von Corynebacterium diphtheriae und Corynebacterium jeikeium, um herauszufinden, ob diese Spezies wie ihre harmlosen Verwandten Kanalproteine besitzen. In dieser Arbeit wiesen wir mit C. diphtheriae und C. jeikeium in zwei weiteren Corynebacterium-Arten offene, mit Wasser gef{\"u}llte Zellwandkan{\"a}le nach. Des Weiteren stellten wir fest, dass sich die Zellwandkan{\"a}le von C. glutamicum, C. efficiens und C. diphtheriae aus zwei Proteinen zusammensetzen, einem zugeh{\"o}rig zu der Gruppe der PorH Proteine und einem weiteren aus der Gruppe der PorA Proteine. Diese heteromere Struktur von Zellwandkan{\"a}len bei Corynebakterien stellt ein Novum f{\"u}r Zellwandkan{\"a}le bei den Mycolata dar. Indessen besteht der Zellwandkanal von C. jeikeium aus nur einem Protein, CjPorA, angeordnet zu einem Oligomer. Obgleich das Molekulargewicht dieses Proteins (4 kDa) mit dem von PorH und PorA Proteinen vergleichbar ist (5-7 kDa), weißt seine Prim{\"a}rsequenz keine eindeutige Homologie zu diesen auf. Dennoch deutet vieles auf eine Verwandtschaft zwischen CjPorA und PorH/PorA Proteinen hin, da das Gen jk0268, welches f{\"u}r CjPorA kodiert, sich in einer Region des C. jeikeium Chromosoms befindet, die der Genomregion entspricht in welcher die porH/porA Gene der anderen Corynebakterien lokalisiert sind. Dies l{\"a}sst vermuten, dass jk0268 (welches f{\"u}r den homomeren Zellwandkanal in C. jeikeium kodiert) und die porH/porA Gene von C. glutamicum, C. efficiens und C. diphtheriae (die einen heteromeren Zellwandkanal kodieren) wahrscheinlich Nachkommen eines gemeinsamen Vorl{\"a}ufergens sind. Phylogenetische Analysen der Gattung Corynebacterium unterst{\"u}tzen diese Annahme. Desweitern legen sie nahe, dass die hier untersuchten Zellwandkan{\"a}le innerhalb dieser Gattung wahrscheinlich weit verbreitet sind. Ein umfassendes Wissen {\"u}ber Zellwandkan{\"a}le, denen beim Transport gel{\"o}ster Stoffe {\"u}ber die {\"a}ußere Membran in Corynebakterien und anderen Mitgliedern der Mycolata eine entscheidende Rolle zukommt, k{\"o}nnte von großem wirtschaftlichem und medizinischem Nutzen sein.}, subject = {Zellwand}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{DeğirmencineePoelloth2023, author = {Değirmenci [n{\´e}e P{\"o}lloth], Laura}, title = {Sugar perception and sugar receptor function in the honeybee (\(Apis\) \(mellifera\))}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32187}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321873}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {In the eusocial insect honeybee (Apis mellifera), many sterile worker bees live together with a reproductive queen in a colony. All tasks of the colony are performed by the workers, undergoing age-dependent division of labor. Beginning as hive bees, they take on tasks inside the hive such as cleaning or the producing of larval food, later developing into foragers. With that, the perception of sweetness plays a crucial role for all honeybees whether they are sitting on the honey stores in the hive or foraging for food. Their ability to sense sweetness is undoubtedly necessary to develop and evaluate food sources. Many of the behavioral decisions in honeybees are based on sugar perception, either on an individual level for ingestion, or for social behavior such as the impulse to collect or process nectar. In this context, honeybees show a complex spectrum of abilities to perceive sweetness on many levels. They are able to perceive at least seven types of sugars and decide to collect them for the colony. Further, they seem to distinguish between these sugars or at least show clear preferences when collecting them. Additionally, the perception of sugar is not rigid in honeybees. For instance, their responsiveness towards sugar changes during the transition from in-hive bees (e.g. nurses) to foraging and is linked to the division of labor. Other direct or immediate factors changing responsiveness to sugars are stress, starvation or underlying factors, such as genotype. Interestingly, the complexity in their sugar perception is in stark contrast to the fact that honeybees seem to have only three predicted sugar receptors. In this work, we were able to characterize the three known sugar receptors (AmGr1, AmGr2 and AmGr3) of the honeybee fully and comprehensively in oocytes (Manuscript II, Chapter 3 and Manuscript III, Chapter 4). We could show that AmGr1 is a broad sugar receptor reacting to sucrose, glucose, maltose, melezitose and trehalose (which is the honeybees' main blood sugar), but not fructose. AmGr2 acts as its co-receptor altering AmGr1's specificity, AmGr3 is a specific fructose receptor and we proved the heterodimerization of all receptors. With my studies, I was able to reproduce and compare the ligand specificity of the sugar receptors in vivo by generating receptor mutants with CRISPR/Cas9. With this thesis, I was able to define AmGr1 and AmGr3 as the honeybees' basis receptors already capable to detect all sugars of its known taste spectrum. In the expression analysis of my doctoral thesis (Manuscript I, Chapter 2) I demonstrated that both basis receptors are expressed in the antennae and the brain of nurse bees and foragers. This thesis assumes that AmGr3 (like the Drosophila homologue) functions as a sensor for fructose, which might be the satiety signal, while AmGr1 can sense trehalose as the main blood sugar in the brain. Both receptors show a reduced expression in the brain of foragers when compared with nurse bees. These results may reflect the higher concentrated diet of nurse bees in the hive. The higher number of receptors in the brain may allow nurse bees to perceive hunger earlier and to consume the food their sitting on. Forager bees have to be more persistent to hunger, when they are foraging, and food is not so accessible. The findings of reduced expression of the fructose receptor AmGr3 in the antennae of nurse bees are congruent with my other result that nurse bees are also less responsive to fructose at the antennae when compared to foragers (Manuscript I, Chapter 2). This is possible, since nurse bees sit more likely on ripe honey which contains not only higher levels of sugars but also monosaccharides (such as fructose), while foragers have to evaluate less-concentrated nectar. My investigations of the expression of AmGr1 in the antennae of honeybees found no differences between nurse bees and foragers, although foragers are more responsive to the respective sugar sucrose (Manuscript I, Chapter 2). Considering my finding that AmGr2 is the co-receptor of AmGr1, it can be assumed that AmGr1 and the mediated sucrose taste might not be directly controlled by its expression, but indirectly by its co-receptor. My thesis therefore clearly shows that sugar perception is associated with division of labor in honeybees and appears to be directly or indirectly regulated via expression. The comparison with a characterization study using other bee breeds and thus an alternative protein sequence of AmGr1 shows that co-expression of different AmGr1 versions with AmGr2 alters the sugar response differently. Therefore, this thesis provides first important indications that alternative splicing could also represent an important regulatory mechanism for sugar perception in honeybees. Further, I found out that the bitter compound quinine lowers the reward quality in learning experiments for honeybees (Manuscript IV, Chapter 5). So far, no bitter receptor has been found in the genome of honeybees and this thesis strongly assumes that bitter substances such as quinine inhibit sugar receptors in honeybees. With this finding, my work includes other molecules as possible regulatory mechanism in the honeybee sugar perception as well. We showed that the inhibitory effect is lower for fructose compared to sucrose. Considering that sugar signals might be processed as differently attractive in honeybees, this thesis concludes that the sugar receptor inhibition via quinine in honeybees might depend on the receptor (or its co-receptor), is concentration-dependent and based on the salience or attractiveness and concentration of the sugar present. With my thesis, I was able to expand the knowledge on honeybee's sugar perception and formulate a complex, comprehensive overview. Thereby, I demonstrated the multidimensional mechanism that regulates the sugar receptors and thus the sugar perception of honeybees. With this work, I defined AmGr1 and AmGr3 as the basis of sugar perception and enlarged these components to the co-receptor AmGr2 and the possible splice variants of AmGr1. I further demonstrated how those sugar receptor components function, interact and that they are clearly involved in the division of labor in honeybees. In summary, my thesis describes the mechanisms that enable honeybees to perceive sugar in a complex way, even though they inhere a limited number of sugar receptors. My data strongly suggest that honeybees overall might not only differentiate sugars and their diet by their general sweetness (as expected with only one main sugar receptor). The found sugar receptor mechanisms and their interplay further suggest that honeybees might be able to discriminate directly between monosaccharides and disaccharides or sugar molecules and with that their diet (honey and nectar).}, subject = {Biene}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Thum2006, author = {Thum, Andreas Stephan}, title = {Sugar reward learning in Drosophila : neuronal circuits in Drosophila associative olfactory learning}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-17930}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Genetic intervention in the fly Drosophila melanogaster has provided strong evidence that the mushroom bodies of the insect brain act as the seat of memory traces for aversive and appetitive olfactory learning (reviewed in Heisenberg, 2003). In flies, electroshock is mainly used as negative reinforcer. Unfortunately this fact complicates a comparative consideration with other inscets as most studies use sugar as positive reinforcer. For example, several lines of evidence from honeybee and moth have suggested another site, the antennal lobe, to house neuronal plasticity underlying appetitive olfactory memory (reviewed in Menzel, 2001; Daly et al., 2004). Because of this I focused my work mainly on appetitive olfactory learning. In the first part of my thesis, I used a novel genetic tool, the TARGET system (McGuire et al., 2003), which allows the temporally controlled expression of a given effector gene in a defined set of cells. Comparing effector genes which either block neurotransmission or ablate cells showed important differences, revealing that selection of the appropriate effector gene is critical for evaluating the function of neural circuits. In the second part, a new engram of olfactory memory in the Drosophila projection neurons is described by restoring Rutabaga adenlylate cyclase (rut-AC) activity specifically in these cells. Expression of wild-type rutabaga in the projection neurons fully rescued the defect in sugar reward memory, but not in aversive electric shock memory. No difference was found in the stability of the appetitive memories rescued either in projection neurons or Kenyon cells. In the third part of the thesis I tried to understand how the reinforcing signals for sugar reward are internally represented. In the bee Hammer (1993) described a single octopaminergic neuron - called VUMmx1 - that mediates the sugar stimulus in associative olfactory reward learning. Analysis of single VUM neurons in the fly (Selcho, 2006) identified a neuron with a similar morphology as the VUMmx1 neuron. As there is a mutant in Drosophila lacking the last enzymatic step in octopamine synthesis (Monastirioti et al., 1996), Tyramine beta Hydroxylase, I was able to show that local Tyramine beta Hydroxylase expression successfully rescued sugar reward learning. This allows to conclude that about 250 cells including the VUM cluster are sufficient for mediating the sugar reinforcement signal in the fly. The description of a VUMmx1 similar neuron and the involvement of the VUM cluster in mediating the octopaminergic sugar stimulus are the first steps in establishing a neuronal map for US processing in Drosophila. Based on this work several experiments are contrivable to reach this ultimate goal in the fly. Taken together, the described similiarities between Drosophila and honeybee regarding the memory organisation in MBs and PNs and the proposed internal representation of the sugar reward suggest an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for appetitive olfactory learning in insects.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Nayak2007, author = {Nayak, Arnab}, title = {Sumoylation Modulates NFATc1-mediated Lymphokine Gene Expression}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-24722}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Die Aktivit{\"a}t von Transkriptionsfaktoren kann durch die Modifikation mit SUMO positiv oder negativ beeinflusst werden, indem Protein-Protein-Interaktionen als auch die subzellul{\"a}re bzw. subnukle{\"a}re Lokalisation ver{\"a}ndert werden. In T-Zellen spielt die Familie der NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells)-Transkriptionsfaktoren eine wichtige Rolle bei der Zytokingenregulation. NFATc1 wird durch die Verwendung zwei verschiedener Promotoren (P1 \& P2) bzw. Polyadenylierungsstellen (pA1 \& pA2) und alternativen Spleißens in sechs Isoformen exprimiert. Sie werden als NFATc1/alphaA, betaA, alphaB, betaB, alphaC und betaC bezeichnet, wobei alpha und beta sich auf die beiden unterschiedlichen 1. Exons und A, B, C sich auf die differentiell gespleißten und unterschiedlich langen C-Termini beziehen. Die NFATc1/A-Isoformen umfassen einen relativ kurzen C-Terminus, w{\"a}hrend die langen Isoformen B und C extra-C-terminale Peptide von 128 bzw. 246 Aminos{\"a}uren aufweisen. Um die spezifischen, biologischen Effekte der NFATc1-Isoformen zu untersuchen, wurde ein sog. ‚Yeast two Hybrid screen' mit einer humanen Milz-cDNA-Bibliothek und dem NFATc1/C-spezifischen C-Terminus durchgef{\"u}hrt. Am Ende wurden Ubc9 und PIAS1, Proteine, die an der Sumoylierung beteiligt sind, am h{\"a}ufigsten dedektiert. Anschließend konnte gezeigt werden, dass NFATc1 tats{\"a}chlich sumoyliert wird. Das Ausmaß an Sumoylierung ist Isoformen abh{\"a}ngig. W{\"a}hrend NFATc1/A, das eine einzige Sumoylierungsstelle besitzt, nur eine geringe Sumoylierung aufweist, f{\"u}hren die beiden zus{\"a}tzlichen Stellen in NFATc1/C zu einer effizienten Modifikation mit SUMO. Diese C-terminale Modifikation dirigiert NFATc1/C in SUMO-1-K{\"o}rperchen, die mit PML-nbs kolokalisieren. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus rekrutiert sumoyliertes NFATc1/C die transkriptionellen Korepressoren HDAC (sowohl Klasse I wie Klasse II HDACs), was zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der Histonazetylierung am IL-2-Promotor, eines wichtigen NFATc1-Zielgens, f{\"u}hrt. Konsequenterweise wurde eine Verminderung der IL-2-Produktion beobachtet, w{\"a}hrend NFATc1/C, das wegen Mutation der entscheidenden Lysine nicht mehr sumoyliert werden kann, ein dramatisch erh{\"o}htes Transaktivierungspotential am IL-2-Promotor aufwies. Das unterst{\"u}tzt unsere Daten, die mit einem IL-2-Promotor getriebenen Reporterassay gewonnen wurden und zeigen, dass das Transaktivierungspotential von NFATc1/C durch Sumoylierung herabgesetzt wird. Demzufolge {\"u}bt Sumoylierung einen negativen Effekt auf die transkriptionelle NFATc1-Aktivit{\"a}t aus. Immunfluoreszenzversuche zeigten, dass die Modifikation mit SUMO außerdem zur Relokalisation von NFATc1/C in transkriptionell inaktive, heterochromatische Regionen f{\"u}hrt, was durch die F{\"a}rbung von trimethyliertem Histon mit anti-H3K9 m3 nachgewiesen wurde. Interessanterweise war in Abwesenheit von Sumoylierung NFATc1 teilweise mit transkriptionellen Hotspots im Kern lokalisiert. Das mag zu dem h{\"o}heren Transkriptionspotential des nicht-sumoylierten NFATc1 beitragen. Es ist wichtig zu erw{\"a}hnen, dass die transkriptionelle Aktivit{\"a}t auf andere NFATc1-Zielgene durch die Sumoylierung von NFATc1 positiv verst{\"a}rkt war. Dies deutet auf einen nicht-universalen Effekt der Sumoylierung auf die NFATc1/C-Funktion hin. Demzufolge dirigiert Sumoylierung NFATc1 in Kernk{\"o}rperchen, wo es mit transkriptionellen Korepressoren interagiert und selbst ans Heterochromatin relokalisiert, was zu einer Repression der NFATc1/C vermittelten Transkription f{\"u}hrt. Als sehr wichtig erscheint, dass der Effekt der NFATc1/C-Sumoylierung Promotor spezifisch ist. Zusammengenommen ver{\"a}ndet die Modifikation mit SUMO die NFATc1-Funktion von einem Transaktivator zu einem DNA-Bindungsstellen spezifischen Repressor. Daher wird hier ein neuer regulatorischer Mechanismus aufgezeigt, der die Isoform spezifische NFAT-Funktion kontrolliert.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Eiring2021, author = {Eiring, Patrick}, title = {Super-resolution microscopy of plasma membrane receptors}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25004}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250048}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Plasma membrane receptors are the most crucial and most commonly studied components of cells, since they not only ensure communication between the extracellular space and cells, but are also responsible for the regulation of cell cycle and cell division. The composition of the surface receptors, the so-called "Receptome", differs and is characteristic for certain cell types. Due to their significance, receptors have been important target structures for diagnostic and therapy in cancer medicine and often show aberrant expression patterns in various cancers compared to healthy cells. However, these aberrations can also be exploited and targeted by different medical approaches, as in the case of personalized immunotherapy. In addition, advances in modern fluorescence microscopy by so-called single molecule techniques allow for unprecedented sensitive visualization and quantification of molecules with an attainable spatial resolution of 10-20 nm, allowing for the detection of both stoichiometric and expression density differences. In this work, the single molecule sensitive method dSTORM was applied to quantify the receptor composition of various cell lines as well as in primary samples obtained from patients with hematologic malignancies. The focus of this work lies on artefact free quantification, stoichiometric analyses of oligomerization states and co localization analyses of membrane receptors. Basic requirements for the quantification of receptors are dyes with good photoswitching properties and labels that specifically mark the target structure without generating background through non-specific binding. To ensure this, antibodies with a predefined DOL (degree of labeling) were used, which are also standard in flow cytometry. First background reduction protocols were established on cell lines prior analyses in primary patient samples. Quantitative analyses showed clear expression differences between the cell lines and the patient cells, but also between individual patients. An important component of this work is the ability to detect the oligomerization states of receptors, which enables a more accurate quantification of membrane receptor densities compared to standard flow cytometry. It also provides information about the activation of a certain receptor, for example of FLT3, a tyrosine kinase, dimerizing upon activation. For this purpose, different well-known monomers and dimers were compared to distinguish the typical localization statistics of single bound antibodies from two or more antibodies that are in proximity. Further experiments as well as co localization analyses proved that antibodies can bind to closely adjacent epitopes despite their size. These analytical methods were subsequently applied for quantification and visualization of receptors in two clinically relevant examples. Firstly, various therapeutically relevant receptors such as CD38, BCMA and SLAMF7 for multiple myeloma, a malignant disease of plasma cells, were analyzed and quantified on patient cells. Furthermore, the influence of TP53 and KRAS mutations on receptor expression levels was investigated using the multiple myeloma cell lines OPM2 and AMO1, showing clear differences in certain receptor quantities. Secondly, FLT3 which is a therapeutic target receptor for acute myeloid leukemia, was quantified and stoichiometrically analyzed on both cell lines and patient cells. In addition, cells that have developed resistance against midostaurin were compared with cells that still respond to this type I tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor for their FLT3 receptor expression and oligomerization state.}, subject = {Fluoreszenzmikroskopie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Goetz2020, author = {G{\"o}tz, Ralph}, title = {Super-resolution microscopy of plasma membrane receptors and intracellular pathogens}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20716}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207165}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Humans tend to believe in what they can see with their own eyes. Hence, visualization methods like microscopy have always been extremely popular since their invention in the 17th century. With the advent of super-resolution microscopy, the diffraction limit of ~200 - 250 nm could be overcome to enable more detailed insights into biological samples. Especially the single molecule localization microscopy method dSTORM offers the possibility of quantitative bioimaging. Hereby, the repetitive photoswitching of organic dyes in the presence of thiols is exploited to enable a lateral resolution of 20 nm. Another, recently introduced super-resolution method is expansion microscopy (ExM) which physically expands the sample to increase the resolution by the expansion factor from four to even twenty. To enable this, the sample is embedded into a hydrogel, homogenized using an unspecific proteinase and expanded in distilled water. Within this thesis, both methods were used to shed light on plasma membrane receptor distributions and different bacterial and fungal pathogens. In the first part of this thesis dSTORM was used to elucidate the "Receptome", the entirety of all membrane receptors, of the cell line Jurkat T-cells and primary T-cells. Within this project we could successfully visualize and quantify the distribution of the plasma membrane receptors CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD11a, CD20, CD28, CD45, CD69 and CD105 with receptor densities ranging from 0.8 cluster/µm² in case of CD20 and 81.4 cluster/µm² for the highly abundant CD45 in activated primary T-cells at the basal membrane. Hereby, we could also demonstrate a homogeneous distribution of most receptors, while only few were clustered. In the case of CD3-clusters were detected in Jurkat T-cells and in primary activated T-cells, but not in na{\"i}ve ones, demonstrating the activation of this receptor. This was followed by the application of dSTORM to three different clinical projects involving the receptors CD38, BCMA and CD20 which are immunotherapeutic targets by monoclonal antibodies and CAR T-cells. In the first two projects dSTORM was applied to determine the receptor upregulation upon exposure of various drugs to MM1.S cells or primary multiple myeloma patient cells. This increase in membrane receptor expression can subsequently enhance the efficacy of therapies directed against these receptors. Within the CD20-project, the superior sensitivity of dSTORM compared to flow cytometry could be demonstrated. Hereby, a substantially higher fraction of CD20-positive patient cells was detected by dSTORM than by flow cytometry. In addition, we could show that by dSTORM CD20-positive evaluated cells were eradicated by immunotherapeutic CAR T-cell treatment. These studies were followed by whole cell super-resolution imaging using both LLS-3D dSTORM and 10x ExM to exclude any artifacts caused by interactions with the glass surface. In 10x ExM signal amplification via biotinylated primary antibodies and streptavidin ATTO 643 was essential to detect even single antibodies directed against the heterodimer CD11a with standard confocal microscopes. Albeit probably not quantitative due to the process of gelation, digestion and expansion during the ExM protocol, even some putative dimers of the receptor CD2 could be visualized using 10x ExM-SIM, similar to dSTORM experiments. Within the second part of this thesis, expansion microscopy was established in bacterial and fungal pathogens. ExM enabled not only an isotropic fourfold expansion of Chlamydia trachomatis, but also allowed the discrimination between the two developmental forms by the chlamydial size after expansion into reticulate and elementary bodies. Hereafter, a new α-NH2-ω-N3-C6-ceramide was introduced enabling an efficient fixation and for the first time the use of lipids in both, 4x and 10x ExM, termed sphingolipid ExM. This compound was used to investigate the ceramide uptake and incorporation into the cell membrane of Chlamydia trachomatis and Simkania negevensis. For Chlamydia trachomatis the combined resolution power of 10x ExM and SIM even allowed the visualization of both bacterial membranes within a distance of ~30 nm. Finally, ExM was applied to the three different fungi Ustilago maydis, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus fumigatus after enzymatic removal of the fungal cell wall. In case of Ustilago maydis sporidia this digestion could be applied to both, living cells resulting in protoplasts and to fixed cells, preserving the fungal morphology. This new protocol could be demonstrated for immunostainings and fluorescent proteins of the three different fungi.}, subject = {Mikroskopie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Aufmkolk2018, author = {Aufmkolk, Sarah}, title = {Super-Resolution Microscopy of Synaptic Proteins}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151976}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {X, 97}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The interaction of synaptic proteins orchestrate the function of one of the most complex organs, the brain. The multitude of molecular elements influencing neurological correlations makes imaging processes complicated since conventional fluorescence microscopy methods are unable to resolve structures beyond the diffraction-limit. The implementation of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy into the field of neuroscience allows the visualisation of the fine details of neural connectivity. The key element of my thesis is the super-resolution technique dSTORM (direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) and its optimisation as a multi-colour approach. Capturing more than one target, I aim to unravel the distribution of synaptic proteins with nanometer precision and set them into a structural and quantitative context with one another. Therefore dSTORM specific protocols are optimized to serve the peculiarities of particular neural samples. In one project the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is investigated in primary, hippocampal neurons. With a precision beyond 15 nm, preand post-synaptic sites can be identified by staining the active zone proteins bassoon and homer. As a result, hallmarks of mature synapses can be exhibited. The single molecule sensitivity of dSTORM enables the measurement of endogenous BDNF and locates BDNF granules aligned with glutamatergic pre-synapses. This data proofs that hippocampal neurons are capable of enriching BDNF within the mature glutamatergic pre-synapse, possibly influencing synaptic plasticity. The distribution of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGlu4 is investigated in physiological brain slices enabling the analysis of the receptor in its natural environment. With dual-colour dSTORM, the spatial arrangement of the mGlu4 receptor in the pre-synaptic sites of parallel fibres in the molecular layer of the mouse cerebellum is visualized, as well as a four to six-fold increase in the density of the receptor in the active zone compared to the nearby environment. Prior functional measurements show that metabotropic glutamate receptors influence voltage-gated calcium channels and proteins that are involved in synaptic vesicle priming. Corresponding dSTORM data indeed suggests that a subset of the mGlu4 receptor is correlated with the voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.1 on distances around 60 nm. These results are based on the improvement of the direct analysis of localisation data. Tools like coordinated based correlation analysis and nearest neighbour analysis of clusters centroids are used complementary to map protein connections of the synapse. Limits and possible improvements of these tools are discussed to foster the quantitative analysis of single molecule localisation microscopy data. Performing super-resolution microscopy on complex samples like brain slices benefits from a maximised field of view in combination with the visualisation of more than two targets to set the protein of interest in a cellular context. This challenge served as a motivation to establish a workflow for correlated structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and dSTORM. The development of the visualisation software coSIdSTORM promotes the combination of these powerful super-resolution techniques even on separated setups. As an example, synapses in the cerebellum that are affiliated to the parallel fibres and the dendrites of the Purkinje cells are identified by SIM and the protein bassoon of those pre-synapses is visualised threedimensionally with nanoscopic precision by dSTORM. In this work I placed emphasis on the improvement of multi-colour super-resolution imaging and its analysing tools to enable the investigation of synaptic proteins. The unravelling of the structural arrangement of investigated proteins supports the building of a synapse model and therefore helps to understand the relation between structure and function in neural transmission processes.}, subject = {Hochaufl{\"o}sende Mikroskopie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Waeldchen2020, author = {W{\"a}ldchen, Sina}, title = {Super-Resolution-Mikroskopie zur Visualisierung und Quantifizierung von Glutamatrezeptoren und ADHS-assoziierten Proteinen}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-19283}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192834}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Die Entwicklung hochaufl{\"o}sender Fluoreszenzmikroskopiemethoden hat die Lichtmikroskopie revolutioniert. Einerseits erm{\"o}glicht die h{\"o}here erzielte r{\"a}umliche Aufl{\"o}sung die Abbildung von Strukturen, die deutlich unterhalb der beugungsbedingten Aufl{\"o}sungsgrenze liegen. Andererseits erh{\"a}lt man durch Einzelmolek{\"u}llokalisationsmikroskopiemethoden wie dSTORM (Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) Informationen, welche man f{\"u}r quantitative Analysen heranziehen kann. Aufgrund der sich dadurch bietenden neuen M{\"o}glichkeiten, hat sich die hochaufl{\"o}sende Fluoreszenzmikroskopie rasant entwickelt und kommt mittlerweile zur Untersuchung einer Vielzahl biologischer und medizinischer Fragestellungen zum Einsatz. Trotz dieses Erfolgs ist jedoch nicht zu verleugnen, dass auch diese neuen Methoden ihre Nachteile haben. Dazu z{\"a}hlt die Notwendigkeit relativ hoher Laserleistungen, welche Voraussetzung f{\"u}r hohe Aufl{\"o}sung ist und bei lebenden Proben zur Photosch{\"a}digung f{\"u}hren kann. Diese Arbeit widmet sich sowohl dem Thema der Photosch{\"a}digung durch Einzelmolek{\"u}llokalisationsmikroskopie, als auch der Anwendung von dSTORM und SIM (Structured Illumination Microscopy) zur Untersuchung neurobiologischer Fragestellungen auf Proteinebene. Zur Ermittlung der Photosch{\"a}digung wurden lebende Zellen unter typischen Bedingungen bestrahlt und anschließend f{\"u}r 20-24 h beobachtet. Als quantitatives Maß f{\"u}r den Grad der Photosch{\"a}digung wurde der Anteil sterbender Zellen bestimmt. Neben der zu erwartenden Intensit{\"a}ts- und Wellenl{\"a}ngenabh{\"a}ngigkeit, zeigte sich, dass die Schwere der Photosch{\"a}digung auch von vielen weiteren Faktoren abh{\"a}ngt und dass sich Einzelmolek{\"u}llokalisationsmikroskopie bei Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse durchaus mit Lebendzellexperimenten vereinbaren l{\"a}sst. Ein weiteres Projekt diente der Untersuchung der A- und B-Typ-Glutamatrezeptoren an der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Synapse von Drosophila melanogaster mittels dSTORM. Dabei konnte eine ver{\"a}nderte Anordnung beider Rezeptortypen infolge synaptischer Plastizit{\"a}t beobachtet, sowie eine absolute Quantifizierung des A-Typ-Rezeptors durchgef{\"u}hrt werden. Im Mittelpunkt eines dritten Projekts standen Cadherin-13 (CDH13) sowie der Glucosetransporter Typ 3 (GluT3), welche beide mit der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung in Verbindung gebracht werden. CDH13 konnte mittels SIM in serotonergen Neuronen, sowie radi{\"a}ren Gliazellen der dorsalen Raphekerne des embryonalen Mausgehirns nachgewiesen werden. Die Rolle von GluT3 wurde in aus induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen differenzierten Neuronen analysiert, welche verschiedene Kopienzahlvariation des f{\"u}r GluT3-codierenden SLC2A3-Gens aufwiesen. Die Proteine GluT3, Bassoon und Homer wurden mittels dSTORM relativ quantifiziert. W{\"a}hrend die Deletion des Gens zu einer erwartenden Verminderung von GluT3 auf Proteinebene f{\"u}hrte, hatte die Duplikation keinen Effekt auf die GluT3-Menge. F{\"u}r Bassoon und Homer zeigte sich weder durch die Deletion noch die Duplikation eine signifikante Ver{\"a}nderung.}, subject = {Mikroskopie}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Georgiev2021, author = {Georgiev, Kostadin}, title = {Sustainable management of naturally disturbed forests}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24285}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242854}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Owing to climate change, natural forest disturbances and consecutive salvage logging are drastically increasing worldwide, consequently increasing the importance of understanding how these disturbances would affect biodiversity conservation and provision of ecosystem services. In chapter II, I used long-term water monitoring data and mid-term data on α-diversity of twelve species groups to quantify the effects of natural disturbances (windthrow and bark beetle) and salvage logging on concentrations of nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in streamwater and α-diversity. I found that natural disturbances led to a temporal increase of nitrate concentrations in streamwater, but these concentrations remained within the health limits recommended by the World Health Organization for drinking water. Salvage logging did not exert any additional impact on nitrate and DOC concentrations, and hence did not affect streamwater quality. Thus, neither natural forest disturbances in watersheds nor associated salvage logging have a harmful effect on the quality of the streamwater used for drinking water. Natural disturbances increased the α-diversity in eight out of twelve species groups. Salvage logging additionally increased the α-diversity of five species groups related to open habitats, but decreased the biodiversity of three deadwood-dependent species groups. In chapter III, I investigated whether salvage logging following natural disturbances (wildfire and windthrow) altered the natural successional trajectories of bird communities. I compiled data on breeding bird assemblages from nine study areas in North America, Europe and Asia, over a period of 17 years and tested whether bird community dissimilarities changed over time for taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity when rare, common and dominant species were weighted differently. I found that salvage logging led to significantly larger dissimilarities than expected by chance and that these dissimilarities persisted over time for rare, common and dominant species, evolutionary lineages, and for rare functional groups. Dissimilarities were highest for rare, followed by common and dominant species. In chapter IV, I investigated how β-diversity of 13 taxonomic groups would differ in intact, undisturbed forests, disturbed, unlogged forests and salvage-logged forests 11 years after a windthrow and salvage logging. The study suggests that both windthrow and salvage logging drive changes in between-treatment β-diversity, whereas windthrow alone seems to drive changes in within-treatment β-diversity. Over a decade after the windthrow at the studied site, the effect of subsequent salvage logging on within-treatment β-diversity was no longer detectable but the effect on between-treatment β-diversity persisted, with more prominent changes in saproxylic groups and rare species than in non-saproxylic groups or common and dominant species. Based on these results, I suggest that salvage logging needs to be carefully weighed against its long-lasting impact on communities of rare species. Also, setting aside patches of naturally disturbed areas is a valuable management alternative as these patches would enable post-disturbance succession of bird communities in unmanaged patches and would promote the conservation of deadwood-dependent species, without posing health risks to drinking water sources.}, subject = {species richness}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Subota2011, author = {Subota, Ines}, title = {Switches in trypanosome differentiation: ALBA proteins acting on post-transcriptional mRNA control}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85707}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Trypanosoma brucei is a digenetic eukaryotic parasite that develops in different tissues of a mammalian host and a tsetse fly. It is responsible for sleeping sickness in sub-saharan Africa. The parasite cycle involves more than nine developmental stages that can be clearly distinguished by their general morphology, their metabolism and the relative positioning of their DNA-containing organelles. During their development, trypanosomes remain exclusively extracellular and encounter changing environments with different physico-chemical properties (nutritional availability, viscosity, temperature, etc.). It has been proposed that trypanosomes use their flagellum as a sensing organelle, in agreement with the established role of structurally-related cilia in metazoa and ciliates. Recognition of environmental triggers is presumed to be at the initiation of differentiation events, leading to the parasite stage that is the best suited to the new environment. These changes are achieved by the modification of gene expression programmes, mostly underlying post-transcriptional control of mRNA transcripts. We first demonstrate that the RNA-binding proteins ALBA3/4 are involved in specific differentiation processes during the parasite development in the fly. They are cytosolic and expressed throughout the parasite cycle with the exception of the stages found in the tsetse fly proventriculus, as shown by both immunofluorescence and live cell analysis upon endogenous tagging with YFP. Knock-down of both proteins in the developmental stage preceding these forms leads to striking modifications: cell elongation, cell cycle arrest and relocalization of the nucleus in a posterior position, all typical of processes acting in parasites found in the proventriculus region. When ALBA3 is over-expressed from an exogenous copy during infection, it interferes with the relocalization of the nucleus in proventricular parasites. This is not observed for ALBA4 over-expression that does not visibly impede differentiation. Both ALBA3/4 proteins react to starvation conditions by accumulating in cytoplasmic stress granules together with DHH1, a recognized RNA-binding protein. ALBA3/4 proteins also partially colocalize with granules formed by polyA+ RNA in these conditions. We propose that ALBA are involved in trypanosome differentiation processes where they control a subset of developmentally regulated transcripts. These processes involving ALBA3/4 are likely to result from the specific activation of sensing pathways. In the second part of the thesis, we identify novel flagellar proteins that could act in sensing mechanisms. Several protein candidates were selected from a proteomic analysis of intact flagella performed in the host laboratory. This work validates their flagellar localization with high success (85\% of the proteins examined) and defines multiple different patterns of protein distribution in the flagellum. Two proteins are analyzed during development, one of them showing down-regulation in proventricular stages. The functional analysis of one novel flagellar membrane protein reveals its rapid dynamics within the flagellum but does not yield a visible phenotype in culture. This is coherent with sensory function that might not be needed in stable culture conditions, but could be required in natural conditions during development. In conclusion, this work adds new pieces to the puzzle of identifying molecular switches involved in developmental mRNA control and environmental sensing in trypanosome stages in the tsetse fly.}, subject = {Trypanosoma brucei}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schramm2011, author = {Schramm, Sabine}, title = {SYCE3, ein neues Synaptonemalkomplexprotein: Expression, funktionelle Analyse und Bindungspartner}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70903}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Der Synaptonemalkomplex ist eine evolution{\"a}r hoch konservierte Struktur. Er wird spezifisch w{\"a}hrend der Prophase I der Meiose ausgebildet und ist essentiell f{\"u}r die Segregation der homologen Chromosomen w{\"a}hrend der Meiose und auch f{\"u}r die Entstehung genetischer Vielfalt. Der Synaptonemalkomplex ist eine protein{\"o}se Struktur, deren Aufbau dem einer Leiter {\"a}hnelt. Dabei werden die Leiterholme als Lateralelemente bezeichnet. Sie bestehen unter anderem aus den Proteinen SYCP2 und SYCP3 und assoziieren mit dem Chromatin der homologen Chromosomen. Die Stufen der Leiter bestehen hingegen aus Transversalfilamenten, deren Hauptkomponente parallele Homodimere des meiosespezifische Proteins SYCP1 sind. Dabei wird ein SYCP1 Dimer mit seinem C-Terminus in den Lateralelementen verankert und kann {\"u}ber seine N-terminale Dom{\"a}ne eine schwache Interaktion mit der N-terminalen Dom{\"a}ne eines gegen{\"u}berliegenden SYCP1 Dimers eingehen. Um diese Bindung zu stabilisieren werden Proteine des Zentralelements des Synaptonemalkomplexes ben{\"o}tigt: W{\"a}hrend SYCE1 durch seine Interaktion mit SYCP1 die N-terminale Assoziation zweier gegen{\"u}berliegender SYCP1 Dimere stabilisiert, verkn{\"u}pfen die zwei anderen zentralelementspezifischen Proteine SYCE2 und Tex12 lateral benachbarte SYCP1 Filamente und breiten so das SYCP1 Netzwerk entlang der chromosomalen Achsen aus. Dieser Prozess wird als Synapse bezeichnet und stellt eines der Schl{\"u}sselereignisse der Meiose dar. Fehler w{\"a}hrend dieses Prozesses f{\"u}hren meist zu Aneuploidie der entstehenden Gameten oder zum Abbruch der Meiose und somit zu Infertilit{\"a}t des betroffenen Organismus. In dieser Arbeit wurde mit SYCE3 ein neues Protein des murinen Synaptonemalkomplexes charakterisiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass SYCE3 meiosespezifisch in M{\"a}nnchen und Weibchen exprimiert wird und Bestandteil des Zentralelements des Synaptonemalkomplexes ist. Hierbei zeigt es dasselbe Verteilungsmuster wie SYCP1 und SYCE1 und kann mit beiden Proteinen interagieren. Eine zus{\"a}tzliche Interaktion konnte zwischen SYCE3 und SYCE2 nachgewiesen werden. Durch Untersuchungen an entsprechenden Knockout Mausmodellen konnte in dieser Arbeit außerdem gezeigt werden, dass SYCE3 in Abwesenheit von SYCP1 nicht an die chromosomalen Achsen rekrutiert werden kann. Die Ausbildung der Lateralelemente und auch die Anwesenheit der anderen zentralelementspezifischen Proteine SYCE1 und SYCE2 sind hingegen f{\"u}r die Anlagerung von SYCE3 an die chromosomalen Achsen nicht essentiell. Somit steht SYCE3 hinsichtlich seiner Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Paarung und die Synapse der homologen Chromosomen hierarchisch offenbar {\"u}ber den bisher beschriebenen Zentralelementproteinen SYCE1, SYCE2 und Tex12. Die funktionelle Bedeutung von SYCE3 f{\"u}r die Synapse der homologen Chromosomen und f{\"u}r den korrekten Ablauf der homologen Rekombination wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durch die Herstellung und die Charakterisierung einer Syce3-/- Maus detailliert untersucht: Dabei f{\"u}hrte der Knockout von SYCE3 zur Infertilit{\"a}t in beiden Geschlechtern, die gleichzeitig mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der Gr{\"o}ße der entsprechenden Hoden und Ovarien im Vergleich zum Wildtyp einherging. Weitere Untersuchungen ergaben zudem, dass es in Syce3 defizienten Tieren zu einem Abbruch der Meiose kommt. Dabei hatte das Fehlen von SYCE3 keinen Einfluss auf die Ausbildung der Axialelemente. Die Initiation der Synapse hingegen war sowohl in Oocyten als auch in Spermatocyten in Abwesenheit von SYCE3 stark gest{\"o}rt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgewiesen werden, dass das Fehlen von SYCE3 Einfluss auf die homologe Rekombination nimmt: Zwar k{\"o}nnen sich fr{\"u}he (DNA Doppelstrangbr{\"u}che) und intermedi{\"a}re (Transitionsknoten) Rekombinationsereignisse in der Abwesenheit von SYCE3 ausbilden, die Prozessierung zu sp{\"a}ten Rekombinationsstrukturen (Rekombinationsknoten) und die damit einhergehende Ausbildung von Crossing-over Strukturen fand jedoch nicht statt. Zusammengefasst wurde in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass das neue Synaptonemalkomplexprotein SYCE3 essentiell f{\"u}r die Fertilit{\"a}t von M{\"a}usen ist. Durch den Knockout von Syce3 kann die Synapse zwischen den Homoligen nicht initiiert werden und es findet kein Crossing-over statt. Im Assembly Prozess des Synaptonemalkomplexes agiert SYCE3 oberhalb der anderen zentralelementspezifischen Proteine und unterhalb von SYCP1.}, subject = {Meiose}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Knapek2010, author = {Knapek, Stephan}, title = {Synapsin and Bruchpilot, two synaptic proteins underlying specific phases of olfactory aversive memory in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49726}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Memory is dynamic: shortly after acquisition it is susceptible to amnesic treatments, gets gradually consolidated, and becomes resistant to retrograde amnesia (McGaugh, 2000). Associative olfactory memory of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster also shows these features. After a single associative training where an odor is paired with electric shock (Quinn et al., 1974; Tully and Quinn, 1985), flies form an aversive odor memory that lasts for several hours, consisting of qualitatively different components. These components can be dissociated by mutations, their underlying neuronal circuitry and susceptibility to amnesic treatments (Dubnau and Tully, 1998; Isabel et al., 2004; Keene and Waddell, 2007; Masek and Heisenberg, 2008; Xia and Tully, 2007). A component that is susceptible to an amnesic treatment, i.e. anesthesia-sensitive memory (ASM), dominates early memory, but decays rapidly (Margulies et al., 2005; Quinn and Dudai, 1976). A consolidated anesthesia-resistant memory component (ARM) is built gradually within the following hours and lasts significantly longer (Margulies et al., 2005; Quinn and Dudai, 1976). I showed here that the establishment of ARM requires less intensity of shock reinforcement than ASM. ARM and ASM rely on different molecular and/or neuronal processes: ARM is selectively impaired in the radish mutant, whereas for example the amnesiac and rutabaga genes are specifically required for ASM (Dudai et al., 1988; Folkers et al., 1993; Isabel et al., 2004; Quinn and Dudai, 1976; Schwaerzel et al., 2007; Tully et al., 1994). The latter comprise the cAMP signaling pathway in the fly, with the PKA being its supposed major target (Levin et al., 1992). Here I showed that a synapsin null-mutant encoding the evolutionary conserved phosphoprotein Synapsin is selectively impaired in the labile ASM. Further experiments suggested Synapsin as a potential downstream effector of the cAMP/PKA cascade. Similar to my results, Synapsin plays a role for different learning tasks in vertebrates (Gitler et al., 2004; Silva et al., 1996). Also in Aplysia, PKA-dependent phosphorylation of Synapsin has been proposed to be involved in regulation of neurotransmitter release and short-term plasticity (Angers et al., 2002; Fiumara et al., 2004). Synapsin is associated with a reserve pool of vesicles at the presynapse and is required to maintain vesicle release specifically under sustained high frequency nerve stimulation (Akbergenova and Bykhovskaia, 2007; Li et al., 1995; Pieribone et al., 1995; Sun et al., 2006). In contrast, the requirement of Bruchpilot, which is homologous to the mammalian active zone proteins ELKS/CAST (Wagh et al., 2006), is most pronounced in immediate vesicle release (Kittel et al., 2006). Under repeated stimulation of a bruchpilot mutant motor neuron, immediate vesicle release is severely impaired whereas the following steady-state release is still possible (Kittel et al., 2006). In line with that, knockdown of the Bruchpilot protein causes impairment in clustering of Ca2+ channels to the active zones and a lack of electron-dense projections at presynaptic terminals (T-bars). Thus, less synaptic vesicles of the readily-releasable pool are accumulated to the release sites and their release probability is severely impaired (Kittel et al., 2006; Wagh et al., 2006). First, I showed that Bruchpilot is required for aversive olfactory memory and localized the requirement of Bruchpilot to the Kenyon cells of the mushroom body, the second-order olfactory interneurons in Drosophila. Furthermore, I demonstrated that Bruchpilot selectively functions for the consolidated anesthesia-resistant memory. Since Synapsin is specifically required for the labile anesthesia sensitive memory, different synaptic proteins can dissociate consolidated and labile components of olfactory memory and two different modes of neurotransmission (high- vs. low frequency dependent) might differentiate ASM and ARM.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hieke2019, author = {Hieke, Marie}, title = {Synaptic arrangements and potential communication partners of \(Drosophila's\) PDF-containing clock neurons within the accessory medulla}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-17598}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175988}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Endogenous clocks regulate physiological as well as behavioral rhythms within all organisms. They are well investigated in D. melanogaster on a molecular as well as anatomical level. The neuronal clock network within the brain represents the center for rhythmic activity control. One neuronal clock subgroup, the pigment dispersing factor (PDF) neurons, stands out for its importance in regulating rhythmic behavior. These neurons express the neuropeptide PDF (pigment dispersing factor). A small neuropil at the medulla's edge, the accessory medulla (AME), is of special interest, as it has been determined as the main center for clock control. It is not only highly innervated by the PDF neurons but also by terminals of all other clock neuron subgroups. Furthermore, terminals of the photoreceptors provide light information to the AME. Many different types of neurons converge within the AME and afterward spread to their next target. Thereby the AME is supplied with information from a variety of brain regions. Among these neurons are the aminergic ones whose receptors' are expressed in the PDF neurons. The present study sheds light onto putative synaptic partners and anatomical arrangements within the neuronal clock network, especially within the AME, as such knowledge is a prerequisite to understand circadian behavior. The aminergic neurons' conspicuous vicinity to the PDF neurons suggests synaptic communication among them. Thus, based on former anatomical studies regarding this issue detailed light microscopic studies have been performed. Double immunolabellings, analyses of the spatial relation of pre- and postsynaptic sites of the individual neuron populations with respect to each other and the identification of putative synaptic partners using GRASP reenforce the hypothesis of synaptic interactions within the AME between dopaminergic/ serotonergic neurons and the PDF neurons. To shed light on the synaptic partners I performed first steps in array tomography, as it allows terrific informative analyses of fluorescent signals on an ultrastructural level. Therefore, I tested different ways of sample preparation in order to achieve and optimize fluorescent signals on 100 nm thin tissue sections and I made overlays with electron microscopic images. Furthermore, I made assumptions about synaptic modulations within the neuronal clock network via glial cells. I detected their cell bodies in close vicinity to the AME and PDFcontaining clock neurons. It has already been shown that glial cells modulate the release of PDF from s-LNvs' terminals within the dorsal brain. On an anatomical level this modulation appears to exist also within the AME, as synaptic contacts that involve PDF-positive dendritic terminals are embedded into glial fibers. Intriguingly, these postsynaptic PDF fibers are often VIIAbstract part of dyadic or even multiple-contact sites in opposite to prolonged presynaptic active zonesimplicating complex neuronal interactions within the AME. To unravel possible mechanisms of such synaptic arrangements, I tried to localize the ABC transporter White. Its presence within glial cells would indicate a recycling mechanism of transmitted amines which allows their fast re-provision. Taken together, synapses accompanied by glial cells appear to be a common arrangement within the AME to regulate circadian behavior. The complexity of mechanisms that contribute in modulation of circadian information is reflected by the complex diversity of synaptic arrangements that involves obviously several types of neuron populations}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{EngelhardtgebChristiansen2013, author = {Engelhardt [geb. Christiansen], Frauke}, title = {Synaptic Connectivity in the Mushroom Body Calyx of Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85058}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Learning and memory is considered to require synaptic plasticity at presynaptic specializations of neurons. Kenyon cells are the intrinsic neurons of the primary olfactory learning center in the brain of arthropods - the mushroom body neuropils. An olfactory mushroom body memory trace is supposed to be located at the presynapses of Kenyon cells. In the calyx, a sub-compartment of the mushroom bodies, Kenyon cell dendrites receive olfactory input provided via projection neurons. Their output synapses, however, were thought to reside exclusively along their axonal projections outside the calyx, in the mushroom body lobes. By means of high-resolution imaging and with novel transgenic tools, we showed that the calyx of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster also comprised Kenyon cell presynapses. At these presynapses, synaptic vesicles were present, which were capable of neurotransmitter release upon stimulation. In addition, the newly identified Kenyon cell presynapses shared similarities with most other presynapses: their active zones, the sites of vesicle fusion, contained the proteins Bruchpilot and Syd-1. These proteins are part of the cytomatrix at the active zone, a scaffold controlling synaptic vesicle endo- and exocytosis. Kenyon cell presynapses were present in γ- and α/β-type KCs but not in α/β-type Kenyon cells. The newly identified Kenyon cell derived presynapses in the calyx are candidate sites for an olfactory associative memory trace. We hypothesize that, as in mammals, recurrent neuronal activity might operate for memory retrieval in the fly olfactory system. Moreover, we present evidence for structural synaptic plasticity in the mushroom body calyx. This is the first demonstration of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster. The volume of the mushroom body calyx can change according to changes in the environment. Also size and numbers of microglomeruli - sub-structures of the calyx, at which projection neurons contact Kenyon cells - can change. We investigated the synapses within the microglomeruli in detail by using new transgenic tools for visualizing presynaptic active zones and postsynaptic densities. Here, we could show, by disruption of the projection neuron - Kenyon cell circuit, that synapses of microglomeruli were subject to activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Projection neurons that could not generate action potentials compensated their functional limitation by increasing the number of active zones per microglomerulus. Moreover, they built more and enlarged microglomeruli. Our data provide clear evidence for an activity-induced, structural synaptic plasticity as well as for the activity-induced reorganization of the olfactory circuitry in the mushroom body calyx.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Stieb2011, author = {Stieb, Sara Mae}, title = {Synaptic plasticity in visual and olfactory brain centers of the desert ant Cataglyphis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85584}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {W{\"u}stenameisen der Gattung Cataglyphis wurden zu Modellsystemen bei der Erforschung der Navigationsmechanismen der Insekten. Ein altersabh{\"a}ngiger Polyethismus trennt deren Kolonien in Innendienst-Arbeiterinnen und kurzlebige lichtausgesetzte Fourageure. Nachdem die Ameisen in strukturlosem oder strukturiertem Gel{\"a}nde bis zu mehrere hundert Meter weite Distanzen zur{\"u}ckgelegt haben, k{\"o}nnen sie pr{\"a}zise zu ihrer oft unauff{\"a}lligen Nest{\"o}ffnung zur{\"u}ckzukehren. Um diese enorme Navigationsleistung zu vollbringen, bedienen sich die Ameisen der sogenannten Pfadintegration, welche die Informationen aus einem Polarisationskompass und einem Entfernungsmesser verrechnet; des Weiteren orientieren sie sich an Landmarken und nutzen olfaktorische Signale. Im Fokus dieser Arbeit steht C. fortis, welche in Salzpfannen des westlichen Nordafrikas endemisch ist - einem Gebiet, welches vollst{\"a}ndig von anderen Cataglyphis Arten gemieden wird. Die Tatsache, dass Cataglyphis eine hohe Verhaltensflexibilit{\"a}t aufweist, welche mit sich drastisch {\"a}ndernden sensorischen Anforderungen verbunden ist, macht diese Ameisen zu besonders interessanten Studienobjekten bei der Erforschung synaptischer Plastizit{\"a}t visueller und olfaktorischer Gehirnzentren. Diese Arbeit fokussiert auf plastische {\"A}nderungen in den Pilzk{\"o}rpern (PK) - sensorischen Integrationszentren, die mutmaßlich an Lern- und Erinnerungsprozessen, und auch vermutlich am Prozess des Landmarkenlernens beteiligt sind - und auf plastische {\"A}nderungen in den synaptischen Komplexen des Lateralen Akzessorischen Lobus (LAL) - einer bekannten Relaisstation in der Polarisations-Leitungsbahn. Um die strukturelle synaptische Plastizit{\"a}t der PK in C. fortis zu quantifizieren, wurden mithilfe immunozytochemischer F{\"a}rbungen die pr{\"a}- und postsynaptischen Profile klar ausgepr{\"a}gter synaptischer Komplexe (Mikroglomeruli, MG) der visuellen Region (Kragen) und der olfaktorischen Region (Lippe) der PK-Kelche visualisiert. Die Ergebnisse legen dar, dass eine Volumenzunahme der PK-Kelche w{\"a}hrend des {\"U}bergangs von Innendiensttieren zu Fourageuren von einer Abnahme der MG-Anzahl im Kragen und, mit einem geringeren Anteil, in der Lippe - dieser Effekt wird als Pruning bezeichnet - und einem gleichzeitigen Auswachsen an Dendriten PK-intrinsischer Kenyonzellen begleitet wird. Im Dunkeln gehaltene Tiere unterschiedlichen Alters zeigen nach Lichtaussetzung den gleichen Effekt und im Dunkel gehaltene, den Fourageuren altersm{\"a}ßig angepasste Tiere weisen eine vergleichbare MG-Anzahl im Kragen auf wie Innendiensttiere. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die immense strukturelle synaptische Plastizit{\"a}t in der Kragenregion der PK-Kelche haupts{\"a}chlich durch visuelle Erfahrungen ausgel{\"o}st wird und nicht ausschließlich mit Hilfe eines internen Programms abgespielt wird. Ameisen, welche unter Laborbedingungen bis zu einem Jahr alt wurden, zeigen eine vergleichbare Plastizit{\"a}t. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass das System {\"u}ber die ganze Lebensspanne eines Individuums flexibel bleibt. Erfahrene Fourageure wurden in Dunkelheit zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt, um zu untersuchen, ob die lichtausgel{\"o}ste synaptische Umstrukturierung reversibel ist, doch ihre PK zeigen nur einige die Zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hrung widerspiegelnde Plastizit{\"a}tsauspr{\"a}gungen, besonders eine {\"A}nderung der pr{\"a}synaptischen Synapsinexprimierung. Mithilfe immunozytochemischer F{\"a}rbungen, konfokaler Mikroskopie und 3D-Rekonstruktionen wurden die pr{\"a}- und postsynaptischen Strukturen synaptischer Komplexe des LAL in C. fortis analysiert und potentielle strukturelle {\"A}nderungen bei Innendiensttieren und Fourageuren quantifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass diese Komplexe aus postsynaptischen, in einer zentralen Region angeordneten Forts{\"a}tzen bestehen, welche umringt sind von einem pr{\"a}synaptischen kelchartigen Profil. Eingehende und ausgehende Trakte wurden durch Farbstoffinjektionen identifiziert: Projektionsneurone des Anterioren Optischen Tuberkels kontaktieren Neurone, welche in den Zentralkomplex ziehen. Der Verhaltens{\"u}bergang wird von einer Zunahme an synaptischen Komplexen um ~13\% begleitet. Dieser Zuwachs suggeriert eine Art Kalibrierungsprozess in diesen potentiell kr{\"a}ftigen synaptischen Kontakten, welche vermutlich eine schnelle und belastbare Signal{\"u}bertragung in der Polarisationsbahn liefern. Die Analyse von im Freiland aufgenommener Verhaltenweisen von C. fortis enth{\"u}llen, dass die Ameisen, bevor sie mit ihrer Fouragiert{\"a}tigkeit anfangen, bis zu zwei Tage lang in unmittelbarer N{\"a}he des Nestes Entdeckungsl{\"a}ufe unternehmen, welche Pirouetten {\"a}hnliche Drehungen beinhalten. W{\"a}hrend dieser Entdeckungsl{\"a}ufe sammeln die Ameisen Lichterfahrung und assoziieren m{\"o}glicherweise den Nesteingang mit spezifischen Landmarken oder werden anderen visuellen Informationen, wie denen des Polarisationsmusters, ausgesetzt und adaptieren begleitend ihre neuronalen Netzwerke an die bevorstehende Herausforderung. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus k{\"o}nnten die Pirouetten einer Stimulation der an der Polarisationsbahn beteiligten neuronalen Netzwerke dienen. Videoanalysen legen dar, dass Lichtaussetzung nach drei Tagen die Bewegungsaktivit{\"a}t der Ameisen heraufsetzt. Die Tatsache, dass die neuronale Umstrukturierung in visuellen Zentren wie auch die Ver{\"a}nderungen im Verhalten im selben Zeitrahmen ablaufen, deutet darauf hin, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen struktureller synaptischer Plastizit{\"a}t und dem Verhaltens{\"u}bergang von der Innendienst- zur Fouragierphase bestehen k{\"o}nnte. Cataglyphis besitzen hervorragende visuelle Navigationsf{\"a}higkeiten, doch sie nutzen zudem olfaktorische Signale, um das Nest oder die Futterquelle aufzusp{\"u}ren. Mithilfe konfokaler Mikroskopie und 3D-Rekonstruktionen wurden potentielle Anpassungen der prim{\"a}ren olfaktorischen Gehirnzentren untersucht, indem die Anzahl, Gr{\"o}ße und r{\"a}umliche Anordnung olfaktorischer Glomeruli im Antennallobus von C. fortis, C. albicans, C. bicolor, C. rubra, und C. noda verglichen wurde. Arbeiterinnen aller Cataglyphis-Arten haben eine geringere Glomeruli-Anzahl im Vergleich zu denen der mehr olfaktorisch-orientierten Formica Arten - einer Gattung nah verwandt mit Cataglyphis - und denen schon bekannter olfaktorisch-orientierter Ameisenarten. C. fortis hat die geringste Anzahl an Glomeruli im Vergleich zu allen anderen Cataglyphis-Arten und besitzt einen vergr{\"o}ßerten Glomerulus, der nahe dem Eingang des Antennennerves lokalisiert ist. C. fortis M{\"a}nnchen besitzen eine signifikant geringere Glomeruli-Anzahl im Vergleich zu Arbeiterinnen und K{\"o}niginnen und haben einen hervorstechenden M{\"a}nnchen-spezifischen Makroglomerulus, welcher wahrscheinlich an der Pheromon-Kommunikation beteiligt ist. Die Verhaltensrelevanz des vergr{\"o}ßerten Glomerulus der Arbeiterinnen bleibt schwer fassbar. Die Tatsache, dass C. fortis Mikrohabitate bewohnt, welche von allen anderen Cataglyphis Arten gemieden werden, legt nahe, dass extreme {\"o}kologische Bedingungen nicht nur zu Anpassungen der visuellen F{\"a}higkeiten, sondern auch des olfaktorischen Systems gef{\"u}hrt haben. Die vorliegende Arbeit veranschaulicht, dass Cataglyphis ein exzellenter Kandidat ist bei der Erforschung neuronaler Mechanismen, welche Navigationsfunktionalit{\"a}ten zugrundeliegen, und bei der Erforschung neuronaler Plastizit{\"a}t, welche verkn{\"u}pft ist mit der lebenslangen Flexibilit{\"a}t eines individuellen Verhaltensrepertoires.}, subject = {Neuroethologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Winkel2009, author = {Winkel, Karoline}, title = {Synaptonemalkomplexprotein SYCP1: Bindungspartner, Polymerisationseigenschaften und evolution{\"a}re Aspekte}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43955}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Synaptonemal Komplexe (SC) sind evolution{\"a}r konservierte, meiosespezifische, protein{\"o}se Strukturen, die maßgeblich an Synapsis, Rekombination und Segregation der homologen Chromosomen beteiligt sind. Sie zeigen eine dreigliedrige strickleiter-artige Organisation, die sich aus i) zwei Lateralelementen (LE), an die das Chromatin der Homologen angelagert ist, ii) zahlreichen Transversalfilamenten (TF), welche die LE in einer reißverschlussartigen Weise miteinander verkn{\"u}pfen, und iii) einem zentralen Element (CE) zusammensetzt. Die Hauptproteinkomponenten der S{\"a}uger-SC sind das Transversalfilamentprotein SYCP1 und die Lateralelementproteine SYCP2 und SYCP3. Wie sich die SC-Struktur zusammenf{\"u}gt war bisher nur wenig verstanden; es war nicht bekannt wie die TF innerhalb der LE-Strukturen verankert sind und dabei die homologen Chromosomen verkn{\"u}pfen. Aufgrund dessen wurde die Interaktion zwischen den Proteinen SYCP1 und SYCP2 untersucht. Mit der Hilfe verschiedenster Interaktionssysteme konnte gezeigt werden, dass der C-Terminus von SYCP1 mit SYCP2 interagieren kann. Aufgrund der Bindungsf{\"a}higkeit zu beiden Proteinen, SYCP1 und SYCP3, kann angenommen werden, dass SYCP2 als Linker zwischen diesen Proteinen fungiert und somit m{\"o}glicherweise das fehlende Bindungsglied zwischen den Lateralelementen und Transversalfilamenten darstellt. Obwohl die SC-Struktur in der Evolution hochkonserviert ist, schien dies nicht f{\"u}r seine Protein-Untereinheiten zuzutreffen. Um die Struktur und Funktion des SC besser verstehen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurde ein Vergleich zwischen den orthologen SYCP1 Proteinen der evolution{\"a}r entfernten Spezies Ratte und Medaka erstellt. Abgesehen von den erheblichen Sequenzunterschieden die sich in 450 Millionen Jahren der Evolution angeh{\"a}uft haben, traten zwei bisher nicht identifizierte Sequenzmotive hervor, CM1 und CM2, die hochgradig konserviert sind. Anhand dieser Motive konnte in Datenbankanalysen erstmals ein Protein in Hydra vulgaris nachgewiesen werden, bei dem es sich um das orthologe Protein von SYCP1 handeln k{\"o}nnte. Im Vergleich mit dem SYCP1 der Ratte zeigten die Proteine aus Medaka und Hydra, neben den hoch konservierten CM1 und CM2, vergleichbare Dom{\"a}nenorganisationen und im heterologen System zudem sehr {\"a}hnliche Polymerisationseigenschaften. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen f{\"u}r eine evolution{\"a}re Konservierung von SYCP1.}, subject = {Meiose}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Grebinyk2021, author = {Grebinyk, Anna}, title = {Synergistic Chemo- and Photodynamic Treatment of Cancer Cells with C\(_{60}\) Fullerene Nanocomplexes}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-22207}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222075}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Recent progress in nanotechnology has attracted interest to a biomedical application of the carbon nanoparticle C60 fullerene (C60) due to its unique structure and versatile biological activity. In the current study the dual functionality of C60 as a photosensitizer and a drug nanocarrier was exploited to improve the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs towards human leukemic cells. Pristine C60 demonstrated time-dependent accumulation with predominant mitochondrial localization in leukemic cells. C60's effects on leukemic cells irradiated with high power single chip LEDs of different wavelengths were assessed to find out the most effective photoexcitation conditions. A C60-based noncovalent nanosized system as a carrier for an optimized drug delivery to the cells was evaluated in accordance to its physicochemical properties and toxic effects. Finally, nanomolar amounts of C60-drug nanocomplexes in 1:1 and 2:1 molar ratios were explored to improve the efficiency of cell treatment, complementing it with photodynamic approach. A proposed treatment strategy was developed for C60 nanocomplexes with the common chemotherapeutic drug Doxorubicin, whose intracellular accumulation and localization, cytotoxicity and mechanism of action were investigated. The developed strategy was revealed to be transferable to an alternative potent anticancer drug - the herbal alkaloid Berberine. Hereafter, a strong synergy of treatments arising from the combination of C60-mediated drug delivery and C60 photoexcitation was revealed. Presented data indicate that a combination of chemo- and photodynamic treatments with C60-drug nanoformulations could provide a promising synergetic approach for cancer treatment.}, subject = {cancer}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{AbdelRahman2003, author = {Abdel Rahman, Faisal Mirghani}, title = {Systematic analysis of genes expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and identification of candidates for genetic susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration (AMD)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7053}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the elderly and the major cause of blindness in the developed world. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are not well understood although in recent years a primary involvement of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has become evident. The aim of the present study is to systematically analyse genes which are differentially expressed in the RPE, and to assess their possible association with mechanisms and pathways likely to be related to retinal disease, in particular AMD. Towards this goal, 2379 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were established from an inhouse generated RPE cDNA library. This library was constructed by using the suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) technique which normalises redundant sequences and ensures enrichment of rare transcripts. In a first phase, 1002 ESTs were sequenced and subjected to comprehensive alignment with public nucleotide and protein databases. A search of the 1002 ESTs against the human genome draft sequence yielded 168 known genes, 51 predicted genes, 15 unknown transcripts and 41 clones with no significant similarity. Reverse Northern blot hybridization was performed for 318 EST clusters to identify abundantly expressed genes in the RPE and to prioritize subsequent analyses. Representative clones were spotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridized with cDNA probes of driver (heart and liver) and tester (RPE) used in the cDNA library construction. Subsequently, 107 EST clusters were subjected to Northern blot hybridizations. These analyses identified 7 RPE-specific, 3 retina-specific, 7 RPE/retina-specific, and 7 tissue restricted transcripts, while 29 EST clusters were ubiquitously expressed, and evaluation was not possible for another 54 EST clusters. Of the 24 transcripts with specific or restricted expression, 16 clones were selected for further characterization. The predicted gene MGC2477 and 2 novel isoforms of the human transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 3 (TRPM3) were cloned and further described in detail. In addition, polymorphic variations for these 2 genes as well as for the human MT-Protocadherin gene were determined. For MGC2477, 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, with 13 having a frequency of the minor allele greater than 20\%. 10 of the 15 SNPs have not been reported in so far in public SNP repertoires. Partial assessment of the TRPM3 gene yielded 35 SNPs. Of these, 30 (85.7\%) were highly frequent (0.17-0.5\%), and 14 (40\%) were novel. The MT-Protocadherin gene revealed 35 SNPs, including 28 (80\%) with high frequency of the minor allele. 23 (65.7\%) were novel SNPs. These SNPs will be used to construct the most common haplotypes. These will be used in case/control association studies in 400 AMD patients and 200 ethnically and aged matched controls to assess a possible contribution of these genes in the etiology of AMD.}, subject = {Senile Makuladegeneration / Pigmentepithel / Genexpression}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mischnik2013, author = {Mischnik, Marcel}, title = {Systembiologische Analyse der ADP- und Prostaglandin-vermittelten Signaltransduktion humaner Thrombozyten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78807}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Thrombozyten (Blutpl{\"a}ttchen) sind die Vermittler der zellul{\"a}ren H{\"a}mostase. Ihre F{\"a}higkeit zu Aggregieren und sich an das umgebende Gewebe verletzter Blutgef{\"a}sse anzulagern, wird durch ein komplexes intrazellul{\"a}res Signaltransduktionsnetzwerk bestimmt, das sowohl aktivierende, als auch inhibierende Subnetzwerke beinhaltet. Das Verst{\"a}ndnis dieser Prozesse ist von hoher medizinischer Bedeutung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die thrombozyt{\"a}re Signaltransduktion sowohl mittels eines Boole'schen, als auch verschiedener dynamischer Modelle analysiert. Die Boole'sche Modellierung f{\"u}hrte zu interessanten Erkenntnissen {\"u}ber das Zusammenwirken einzelner Subnetzwerke bei der Vermittlung irreversibler Pl{\"a}ttchenaktivierung und zeigte Mechanismen der Interaktion mit dem hemmenden Prostaglandinsystem auf. Das Modell beinhaltet unter Anderem wichtige Systemkomponenten wie Calciumsignalgebung, Aktivierung von Schl{\"u}sselkinasen wie Src und PKC, Integrin-vermitteltes outside-in sowie inside-out Signalgebung und autokrine ADP- und Thromboxan-Produktion. Unter Verwendung dieses Boole'schen Ansatzes wurde weiterhin das System-eigene Schwellenwertverhalten analysiert. Dabei stellte sich eine umgekehrt proportionale Abh{\"a}ngigkeit des relativen aktivierenden Reizes, der notwendig ist um den Schwellenwert zu {\"u}berschreiten, vom absoluten hemmenden Input heraus. Das System adaptiert demnach an h{\"o}here Prostaglandinkonzentrationen durch eine Erh{\"o}hung der Sensitivit{\"a}t f{\"u}r Aktivatoren wie dem van-Willebrandt-Faktor und Kollagen, und erm{\"o}glicht somit auch unter lokal hemmenden Bedingungen eine Pl{\"a}ttchen-vermittelte H{\"a}mostase. Der n{\"a}chste Schritt bestand in der Implementierung eines Differentialgleichungs-basierten Modells der thrombozyt{\"a}ren Prostaglandin-Signaltransduktion, um einen detaillierten {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Dynamik des inhibierenden Netzwerkteils zu erhalten. Die kinetischen Parameter dieses Modells wurden teilweise der Literatur entnommen. Der andere Teil wurde anhand einer umfassenden Kombination dosis- und zeitabh{\"a}ngiger cAMP und phospho-VASP Messdaten gesch{\"a}tzt. Der Prozess beinhaltete mehrere Iterationen aus Modellvorhersagen einerseits und experimentellem Design andererseits. Das Modell liefert die quantitativen Effekte der Prostaglandinrezeptoren IP, DP1, EP3 und EP4 und des ADP-Rezeptors P2Y12 auf die zugrunde liegende Signalkaskade. EP4 zeigt den st{\"a}rksten Effekt in der aktivierenden Fraktion, wohingegen EP3 einen st{\"a}rkeren inhibitorischen Effekt aus{\"u}bt, als der durch Clopidogrel hemmbare ADP-Rezeptor P2Y12. Weiterhin wurden die Eigenschaften des negativen feedback-loops der PKA auf den cAMP-Spiegel untersucht, und eine direkte Beeinflussung der Adenylatzyklase durch die PKA festgestellt, in Form einer Reduzierung der maximalen katalytischen Geschwindigkeit. Die Identifizierbarkeit der gesch{\"a}tzten Parameter wurde mittels profile-Likelihood-Sch{\"a}tzung untersucht. In einem dritten Schritt wurde ein sowohl die aktivierenden, als auch die hemmenden Netzwerkteile umfassendes dynamisches Modell implementiert. Die Topologie dieses Modells wurde in Anlehnung an die des Boole'schen Modells auf der Basis von a priori Wissen festgelegt. Die Modellparameter wurden anhand von Western-Blot, Calcium- und Aggregationsmessungen gesch{\"a}tzt. Auch hier wurde die Identifizierbarkeit der Modellparameter durch profile-likelihood-Sch{\"a}tzung {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Die bei niedrigen Ligandenkonzentrationen auftretende Reversibilit{\"a}t der Pl{\"a}ttchen-Aggregation konnte mittels dieses Modells reproduziert werden. Jedoch zeigte sich bei mittleren ADP-Konzentrationen ein Fließgleichgewicht in einem teilweise aktivierten Zustand, und damit kein bistabiles Schwellenwertverhalten. Inwiefern dieses Verhalten durch einen Umgebungs-basierteren Mechanismus des Alles-Oder-Nichts-Verhaltens begr{\"u}ndet wird, bei dem der {\"U}bergang von reversibler zu irreversibler Aggregation mehr durch parakrine Effekte des gesammten Thrombus bestimmt wird, als durch spezifische Signaltransduktionseigenschaften der einzelnen Zelle, m{\"u}ssen zuk{\"u}nftige Experimente zeigen. Insgesamt geben die erstellten Modelle interessante Einblicke in die Funktionsweise der Thrombozyten und erm{\"o}glichen die Simulation von pharmakologischen und genetischen Einfl{\"u}ssen, wie Rezeptormodulationen und knock-outs. Sie geben damit Implikationen zur Entstehung und Behandlung pathophysiologischer Zust{\"a}nde, und wertvolle Denkanst{\"o}ße f{\"u}r die weitere Forschung.}, subject = {Thrombozyt}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kunz2017, author = {Kunz, Meik}, title = {Systembiologische Analysen von Interaktionen: Zytokinine (Pflanzenpathogene), 3D-Zellkulturen (Krebstherapie) und Drugtargets}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134911}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Der Einsatz von computergest{\"u}tzten Analysen hat sich zu einem festen Bestandteil der biowissenschaftlichen Forschung etabliert. Im Rahmen dieser vorliegenden Arbeit wurden systembiologische Untersuchungen auf verschiedene biologische Themengebiete und Organismen angewendet. In diesem Zusammenhang liefert die Arbeit einen innovativen und interdisziplin{\"a}ren methodischen Ansatz. Die grundlegende Frage lautet: Wie verstehe und beschreibe ich Signalwege und wie kann ich sie beeinflussen? Der Ansatz verkn{\"u}pft verschiedene biologische Datens{\"a}tze und Datenebenen miteinander, beginnend vom Genom und Interaktionskontext {\"u}ber semiquantitative Simulationen hin zu neuen Interventionen und Experimenten, welche therapeutisch und biotechnologisch genutzt werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Analysen k{\"o}nnen auf diese Weise - zu einem besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis experimenteller Daten und biologischer Fragestellungen beitragen und erm{\"o}glichen ein systematisches Verst{\"a}ndnis der zugrunde liegenden Signalwege und Netzwerkeffekte (z.B. in Pflanzen). - Dar{\"u}ber hinaus erm{\"o}glichen sie die Identifizierung wichtiger funktioneller Hubproteine und die Entwicklung neuer therapeutischer Strategien f{\"u}r weitere experimentelle Testungen (z.B. Tumormodelle), - stellen zudem einen hilfreichen Schritt auf dem Weg zur personalisierten Medizin (z.B. lncRNAs und Tumormodelle) und Medikamentenentwicklung (z.B. Datenbank DrumPID) dar. (i) Als Grundlage wurde hierzu eine integrierte systembiologische Methode entwickelt, welche experimentelle Daten (z.B. Transkriptomdaten) hinsichtlich ihrer biologischen Funktionen untersucht und die Identifizierung relevanter funktioneller Cluster und Hubproteine erm{\"o}glicht. In einem ersten Teil wurden Analysen zum pflanzlichen Immunsystem durchgef{\"u}hrt. Mithilfe der entwickelten Methode wurden Genexpressionsdatens{\"a}tze von A. thaliana, die mit dem Pathogen Pst DC3000 infiziert wurden, untersucht, um den Einfluss verschiedener Virulenzfaktoren auf das Interaktom der Wirtspflanze zu untersuchen und neue Modulatoren einer CK-vermittelten Immunabwehr zu finden. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte gezeigt werden, dass die von Pst DC3000 sekretierten Abwehrstoffe wichtige pflanzliche Hormonsignalwege f{\"u}r die Immunabwehr in A. thaliana beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zudem, dass sich der Einfluss auf das Netzwerkverhalten der Effektorproteine und COR-Phytotoxine von dem der PAMPs unterscheidet, sich jedoch auch eine Regulierung gemeinsamer Signalwege und eine {\"U}berlappung der beiden Phasen der Immunantwort (PTI und ETI) in A. thaliana finden lassen. Die komplexe Immunantwort auf eine Infektion spiegelt sich zudem in einer h{\"o}heren Anzahl an funktionellen Clustern und Hubproteinen in Pst DC3000 gegen{\"u}ber den beiden untersuchten Mutanten wider, wobei sich f{\"u}r Pst DC3000 insbesondere ein stark vernetztes immunrelevantes Cluster um den JA-Signalweg zeigt. Weiterhin wurden anhand der entwickelten Methode wichtige Hubproteine f{\"u}r die Immunabwehr identifiziert. Als bedeutende Vertreter sind AHK2 und AAR14 zu nennen, welche Teil des Zweikomponentensystems der Signal{\"u}bertragung von CK sind und hierbei wichtige Modulatoren f{\"u}r eine CK-vermittelte Immunabwehr darstellen. (ii) Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit schließen sich Untersuchungen an einem in vitro-Experiment einer 2D- und 3D-Zellkultur einer HSP90-Behandlung in einem Lungentumormodell an. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden mithilfe der entwickelten Methode Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Zellkultursystemen gefunden, die das unterschiedliche Behandlungsansprechen erkl{\"a}ren, und f{\"u}r die beiden KRAS-mutierten Zelllinien A549 und H441 des 3D-Testsystems neue prognostische und therapeutische Kandidaten identifiziert. Hierbei haben die durchgef{\"u}hrten Analysen zwei funktionelle Cluster von Protein-Interaktionen um p53 und die STAT-Familie gefunden, welche eine Verbindung zu HSP90 haben und die entsprechenden Behandlungsunterschiede nach einer HSP90-Inhibierung zwischen den beiden Zellkultursystemen erkl{\"a}ren k{\"o}nnen. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung des zelllinien-spezifischen Mutationshintergrunds wurde eine prognostische Markersignatur und daraus abgeleitet HIF1A f{\"u}r die H441-Zelllinie und AMPK f{\"u}r die A549-Zelllinie als neue therapeutische Targets gefunden, wobei die anschließend durchgef{\"u}hrten in silico-Simulationen einen potentiellen therapeutischen Effekt aufzeigen konnten. Weiterhin wurden wichtige experimentelle Readout-Parameter in ein in silico-Lungentumormodell integriert, wobei unter Einbeziehung des Mutationshintergrunds f{\"u}r die verwendeten Zelllinien die HSP90-Behandlung des 3D-Testsystems computergest{\"u}tzt abgebildet werden konnte. Im weiteren Verlauf wurden im in silico-Lungentumormodell Resistenzmechanismen nach einer Gefitinib-Behandlung mit bekanntem Mutationsstatus f{\"u}r die Zelllinien HCC827 und A549 untersucht und daraus folgend neue Therapieans{\"a}tze abgeleitet, die von potentieller klinischer Bedeutung sein k{\"o}nnen. Die durchgef{\"u}hrten in silico-Simulationen f{\"u}r HCC827 konnten hierbei zeigen, dass eine EGFR- und c-MET-Koaktivierung zu einer Gefitinib-Resistenz f{\"u}hren kann, wohingegen bei den A549 eine Komutation von KRAS und IGF-1R zu einem geringen Behandlungsansprechen beitr{\"a}gt. Die Simulationen lassen zudem erkennen, dass eine direkte Inhibierung der an der Resistenzentwicklung beteiligten Rezeptoren c-MET und IGF-1R in beiden F{\"a}llen nicht die bestm{\"o}gliche Therapiestrategie darstellt. In beiden Zelllinien konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine kombinierte Inhibierung von PI3K und MEK den bestm{\"o}glichen therapeutischen Effekt liefert, was demnach einen vielversprechenden Therapieansatz bei Gefitinib-resistenten Lungentumorpatienten darstellt. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde das therapeutische Potential der miRNA-21 im in silico-Modell f{\"u}r die HCC827-Zelllinie untersucht. Die durchgef{\"u}hrten Simulationen zeigen, dass eine miRNA-21-{\"U}berexpression zu einer Resistenzentwickung nach Gefitinib-Behandlung beitragen kann, wobei eine Inhibierung der miRNA-21 diesen Effekt umkehren kann. Die Ergebnisse lassen zudem erkennen, dass eine PTEN-Aktivierung als potentieller Marker einer erfolgreichen therapeutischen Inhibierung der miRNA-21 fungieren kann, wohingegen eine reduzierte miRNA-21-Expression als m{\"o}glicher Marker f{\"u}r eine erfolgreiche Gefitinib-Behandlung dienen kann. (iii) Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurden systematisch RNA- und Protein-Interaktionen untersucht. Hierzu wurden integrierte systembiologische Analysen an neu identifizierten und funktionell bislang unbekannten lncRNAs durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Analysen f{\"u}r die infolge einer Herzhypertrophie hochregulierte lncRNA Chast haben umfassend gezeigt, dass diese Proteine und Transkriptionsfaktoren regulieren und binden kann, welche die Signal{\"u}bertragung und Genexpression regulieren, aber auch eine Verbindung zum kardiovaskul{\"a}ren System und stressinduzierter Herzhypertrophie besitzt. Anhand der Ergebnisse l{\"a}sst sich schlussfolgern, dass Chast direkt und indirekt (a) Proteine binden und die Translation beeinflussen kann, zudem eine Chromatin-modifizierende Funktion besitzt und so die Transkription, z.B. f{\"u}r herz- und stress-assoziierte Gene, reguliert, und/oder (b) in einem negativen Feedbackloop seine eigene Transkription reguliert. Obwohl lncRNAs meist eine geringe Konservierung aufweisen, konnten die durchgef{\"u}hrten Analysen f{\"u}r Chast eine Sequenz-Struktur-Konservierung in S{\"a}ugetieren aufzeigen. Weiterhin haben die Untersuchungen an zwei hypoxie-induzierten lncRNAs in Endothelzellen gezeigt, dass die lncRNA MIR503HG eine hohe Sequenz-Struktur-Konservierung in S{\"a}ugetieren besitzt, wohingegen die LINC00323-003 eine geringe Konservierung aufzeigt. Dies untermauert die Tatsache, dass lncRNAs h{\"a}ufig eine geringe Konservierung aufweisen, was Untersuchungen in Modellorganismen hinsichtlich einer therapeutischen Nutzung schwierig machen. Da sich zahlreiche Untersuchungen auf Interaktionen und Signalwege konzentriert haben, wurde abschließend eine Datenbank entwickelt, welche Analysen von Protein-Interaktionen und Signalwegen nachhaltig voranbringt. Die entwickelte DrumPID-Datenbank stellt insbesondere die Interaktion zwischen einem Medikament und seinem Target in den Fokus und erm{\"o}glicht Analysen einzelner Interaktionen und beteiligter Signalwege, bietet zus{\"a}tzlich aber auch verschiedene Links zu anderen Datenbanken f{\"u}r individuelle weiterf{\"u}hrende Analysen. DrumPID erm{\"o}glicht ein geeignetes Medikament u. a. f{\"u}r ein vorgegebenes Zielprotein zu finden und dessen Wirkmechanismus und Interaktionskontext zu untersuchen, was zu einem besseren experimentellen Verst{\"a}ndnis beitragen kann. Zudem erlaubt DrumPID eine potentielle chemische Leitstruktur f{\"u}r ein Zielprotein zu entwickeln, was z.B. spezifisch ein parasitisches Protein inhibiert, ohne dabei einen toxischen Effekt im Menschen zu haben. Zahlreiche weitere Pharmakabeispiele belegen, dass DrumPID f{\"u}r den t{\"a}glichen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch auf dem Gebiet der Analyse von Protein-Pharmaka-Interaktionen und der Medikamentenentwicklung geeignet ist. Die beschriebenen Ergebnisse der Promotionsarbeit wurden in f{\"u}nf Originalarbeiten, zwei {\"U}bersichtsartikeln und einem Buchteil, u. a. in Science Translational Medicine, ver{\"o}ffentlicht, sechs dieser Publikationen erfolgten im Rahmen von Erstautorschaften.}, subject = {Systembiologie}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kohlert2001, author = {Kohlert, Claudia}, title = {Systemische Verf{\"u}gbarkeit und Pharmakokinetik von Thymol nach oraler Applikation einer thymianhaltigen Zubereitung im Menschen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1621}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2001}, abstract = {{\"A}therische {\"O}le bzw. {\"A}therisch-{\"O}l Komponenten sind etabliert in der Therapie der chronischen und akuten Bronchitis. Eine klinische Studie, die mit Thymianextrakt durchgef{\"u}hrt wurde, ließ auf die klinische Wirksamkeit bei akuter Bronchitis schließen. Zahlreiche pharmakodynamische Effekte konnten in vitro f{\"u}r Thymianextrakt bzw. das {\"a}therische Thymian{\"o}l gezeigt werden, jedoch wurde bis jetzt die systemische Verf{\"u}gbarkeit der betreffenden Verbindungen am Zielorgan noch nicht untersucht. Diesbez{\"u}gliche Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um die Verkn{\"u}pfung zwischen den in vitro beobachteten Effekten und der klinischen Wirksamkeit herstellen zu k{\"o}nnen. Eine pharmakokinetische Studie wurde nach Einnahme einer Einzeldosis BronchipretTP (Filmtabletten mit 60 mg Primelwurzelextrakt und 160 mg Thymianextrakt) durchgef{\"u}hrt, um festzustellen, ob Thymol, das den Hauptbestandteil des {\"a}therischen Thymian{\"o}ls darstellt, zur Wirksamkeit dieser Zubereitung beitragen kann. Dazu wurde eine Extraktionsmethode f{\"u}r die Bestimmung von Thymol nach enzymatischer Spaltung des Phase-II-Konjugates Thymolsulfat im Plasma sowie von Thymolsulfat und Thymolglucuronid im Urin entwickelt. Es wurde eine neuartige, automatisierte headspace Festphasenmikroextraktionsmethode (HS-SPME) entwickelt, die Extraktion, Anreicherung und Probenaufgabe in einem einzigen Schritt erm{\"o}glichte. Die Quantifizierung von Thymol im unteren ng.mL-1 Bereich wurde durch die Verwendung von Gaschromatographie in Kombination mit Flammenionisationsdetektion durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Automatisierung der Methode war notwendig um sie nach internationalen Richtlinien zur Validierung bioanalytischer Methoden validieren zu k{\"o}nnen. Dies ist das erste Mal, dass eine Bioverf{\"u}gbarkeitsstudie bzw. eine pharmakokinetische Studie mit Hilfe der HS-SPME durchgef{\"u}hrt wurde. Thymol selbst war nicht systemisch verf{\"u}gbar. Es war kein freies Thymol oberhalb von 1,4 ng/mL im Plasma detektierbar. Der systemisch verf{\"u}gbare Phase-II-Metabolit wurde per LC-MS/MS als Thymolsulfat identifiziert. Thymolsulfat wurde nur im Plasma detektiert, wohingegen sowohl Thymolsulfat als auch Thymolglucuronid im Urin nachgewiesen wurden. Im Urin wurde kein freies Thyxmol oberhalb von 2,1 ng/mL detektiert. Da Thymol nur in Form von Thymolsulfat systemisch verf{\"u}gbar war, wurde die pharmakokinetische Auswertung an Hand der sich nach enzymatischer Spaltung von Thymolsulfat ergebenden Daten vorgenommen. Die pharmakokinetische Studie wurde nach Verabreichung einer Einzeldosis BronchipretTP (1,08 mg Thymol) mit 12 Probanden durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Resorption von Thymol war fr{\"u}hzeitig. Bereits nach 20 min konnte Thymol im hydrolisierten Plasma nachgewiesen werden. Maximale Plasmakonzentrationen (cmax) von 93,1±24,5 ng/mL (MW±SD) wurden nach 1,97±0,77 h (tmax) (MW±SD) erreicht. Die Plasmakonzentrationen zeigten einen biphasischen Verlauf und die terminale Eliminationphase setzte nach ca. 10 h ein. Die Eliminationshalbwertszeit errechnete sich zu 10,2 h. Dies betont die Wichtigkeit entsprechend langer Meßzeitr{\"a}ume in Verbindung mit einer hoch sensitiven Analytik, um die Elimination vollst{\"a}ndig erfassen zu k{\"o}nnen. Bezogen auf die verabreichte Thymoldosis (1,08 mg) wurden 16,2±4,5 Prozent (MW±SD) mit unver{\"a}ndertem Thymolgrundger{\"u}st renal eliminiert. Die renale Clearance von 271±156 mL/h (MW±SD) indiziert eine hohe Plasmaeiweißbindung und/oder tubul{\"a}re Reabsorption. Die Daten deuten darauf hin, dass die klinische Wirksamkeit nach Applikation einer thymianextrakthaltigen Zubereitung auf Thymolsulfat oder m{\"o}gliche Phase-I-Metabolite zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren sein k{\"o}nnte. Die pharmakodynamischen Effekte dieser Verbindungen wurden bislang noch nicht untersucht. Andererseits k{\"o}nnte die Aktivit{\"a}t von Sulfatasen im Lungengewebe die pulmonale Elimination von Thymol erkl{\"a}ren. Freies Thymol k{\"o}nnte somit am Respirationstrakt wirksam sein, obwohl es im Plasma nicht detektiert wurde.}, subject = {Mensch}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Boyanova2012, author = {Boyanova, Desislava Veselinova}, title = {Systems biological analysis of the platelet proteome and applications of functional module search in proteome networks}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72165}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Recent development of proteomic approaches and generation of large-scale proteomic datasets calls for new methods for biological interpretation of the obtained results. Systems biological approaches such as integrated network analysis and functional module search have become an essential part of proteomic investigation. Proteomics is especially applied in anucleate cells such as platelets. The underlying molecular mechanisms of platelet activation and their pharmacological modulation are of immense importance for clinical research. Advances in platelet proteomics have provided a large amount of proteomic data, which has not yet been comprehensively investigated in a systems biological perspective. To this end, I assembled platelet specific data from proteomic and transcriptomic studies by detailed manual curation and worked on the generation of a comprehensive human platelet repository for systems biological analysis of platelets in the functional context of integrated networks (PlateletWeb) (http:/PlateletWeb.bioapps.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de). I also added platelet-specific experimentally validated phosphorylation data and generated kinase predictions for 80\% of the newly identified platelet phosphosites. The combination of drug, disease and pathway information with phosphorylation and interaction data makes this database the first integrative platelet platform available for platelet research. PlateletWeb contains more than 5000 platelet proteins, which can also be analyzed and visualized in a network context, allowing identification of all major signaling modules involved in platelet activation and inhibition. Using the wealth of integrated data I performed a series of platelet-specific analyses regarding the platelet proteome, pathways, drug targets and novel platelet phosphorylation events involved in crucial signaling events. I analyzed the statistical enrichment of known pathways for platelet proteins and identified endocytosis as a highly represented pathway in platelets. Further results revealed that highly connected platelet proteins are more often targeted by drugs. Using integrated network analysis offered by PlateletWeb, I analyzed the crucial activation signaling pathway of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), visualizing how the signal flow from receptors to effectors is maintained. My work on integrin inside-out signaling was also based on the integrated network approach and examined new platelet-specific phosphorylation sites and their regulation using kinase predictions. I generated hypothesis on integrin signaling, by investigating the regulation of Ser269 phosphorylation site on the docking protein 1 (DOK1). This phosphorylation site may influence the inhibiting effect of DOK1 on integrin a2bb3. Extending the integrated network approach to further cell lines, I used the assembled human interactome information for the analysis of functional modules in cellular networks. The investigation was performed with a previously developed module detection algorithm, which finds maximum-scoring subgraphs in transcriptomic datasets by using assigned values to the network nodes. We extended the algorithm to qualitative proteomic datasets and enhanced the module search by adding functional information to the network edges to concentrate the solution onto modules with high functional similarity. I performed a series of analyses to validate its performance in small-sized (virus-infected gastric cells) and medium-sized networks (human lymphocytes). In both cases the algorithm extracted characteristic modules of sample proteins with high functional similarity. The functional module search is especially useful in site-specific phosphoproteomic datasets, where kinase regulation of the detected sites is often sparse or lacking. Therefore, I used the module detection algorithm in quantitative phosphoproteomic datasets. In a platelet phosphorylation dataset, I presented a pipeline for network analysis of detected phosphorylation sites. In a second approach, the functional module detecting algorithm was used on a phosphoproteome network of human embryonic stem cells, in which nodes represented the maximally changing phosphorylation sites in the experiment. Additional kinases from the human phosphoproteome in PlateletWeb were included to the network to investigate the regulation of the signal flow. Results indicated important phosphorylation sites and their upstream kinases and explained changes observed in embryonic stem cells during differentiation. This work presents novel approaches for integrated network analysis in cells and introduces for the first time a systematic biological investigation of the human platelet proteome based on the platelet-specific knowledge base PlateletWeb. The extended methods for optimized functional module detection offer an invaluable tool for exploring proteomic datasets and covering gaps in complex large-scale data analysis. By combining exact module detection approaches with functional information data between interacting proteins, characteristic functional modules with high functional resemblance can be extracted from complex datasets, thereby focusing on important changes in the observed networks.}, subject = {Netzwerkanalyse}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schrama2004, author = {Schrama, David}, title = {T-Zell-priming außerhalb sekund{\"a}rer lymphatischer Gewebe}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15060}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2004}, abstract = {T-Zellimmunantworten werden normalerweise durch folgenden Weg initiiert: unreife dendritische Zellen nehmen Antigen in der Peripherie auf, wandern in die sekund{\"a}ren lymphatischen Organe, wobei sie auf ihrem Weg sowohl reifen als auch das Antigen prozessieren. In den sekund{\"a}ren lymphatischen Organen angekommen, pr{\"a}sentieren sie als reife dendritische Zellen den T-Zellen die Antigene in Form von Peptiden zusammen mit kostimulierenden Molek{\"u}len. Dadurch rufen sie eine spezifische T-Zellantwort hervor. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob nicht Situationen herbeigef{\"u}hrt werden k{\"o}nnen, die ein T-Zell priming außerhalb der sekund{\"a}ren lymphatischen Organe erlauben. Dazu wurden ein murines Modell, bei dem das Zytokin Lymphotoxin-alpha spezifisch am Tumor angereichert wurde, und ein humanes Modell, bei dem reife, antigenbeladene DC intradermal appliziert wurden, untersucht. Im murinen Modell zeigte sich, dass die gerichtete Anreicherung von Lymphotoxin-alpha am Tumor zu dessen Zerst{\"o}rung f{\"u}hrte, welche durch T-Zellen vermittelt wurde, und mit der Induktion eines terti{\"a}ren lymphatischen Gewebes am Tumor assoziiert war. Dieses terti{\"a}re lymphatische Gewebe war durch die Kompartimentalisierung von T- und B-Zellen und der Pr{\"a}senz von high endothelial venules charakterisiert und besaß zudem mit dendritischen Zellen und na{\"i}ven T-Zellen alle Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r ein in loco priming. Dementsprechend konnte in der Folge der gerichteten Lymphotoxin-alpa Therapie im Tumor ein Anstieg am T-Zellinfiltrat, welches sich oligoklonal zusammensetzte, beobachtet werden. In vitro Experimente verdeutlichte die Tumorspezifit{\"a}t der Therapie-induzierten T-Zellantwort, da die T-Zellen auf ein Tumorantigen mit der Aussch{\"u}ttung von Interferon gamma reagierten und die Tumorzellen lysierten. Im humanen Modell wurden Hautbiopsien von Melanompatienten untersucht, denen im Rahmen einer klinischen Studie autologe, in vitro generierte und antigenbeladene DC intradermal appliziert wurden. Die Patienten erlaubten die Entnahme von Hautbiopsien aus den Injektionsstellen f{\"u}r wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen. Eine Induktion bzw. Verst{\"a}rkung einer spezifischen T-Zellantwort durch die Vakzinierung mit antigenbeladenen dendritischen Zellen konnte bereits in zahlreichen Arbeiten und auch in dem in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Patientenkollektiv gezeigt werden. Bei der Analyse der Injektionsstellen zeigt sich, dass ein großer Teil der injizierten dendritischen Zellen in der Vakzinierungsstelle verharren und dass diese unabh{\"a}ngig von einer Beladung mit Antigen zu einer Induktion von high endothelial venules Charakteristika f{\"u}hrte. Waren die dendritischen Zellen mit Antigen beladen, so f{\"u}hrte dies zu einem st{\"a}rkeren T-Zellinfiltrat in den Injektionsstellen, wobei sowohl na{\"i}ve als auch central memory T-Zellen nachgewiesen wurde. Diese Zellen wurden vermutlich durch die {\"U}berexpression der DC CK1 und SDF1 Chemokinen in den Injektionsstellen, die chemotaktisch auf T-Zellen wirken, angezogen. Das Infiltrat in den Injektionsstellen war oligoklonal und wies tumorspezifische T-Zellen auf. Nachdem diese T-Zellklone im Blut der Patienten vor der Vakzinierung nicht nachweisbar waren, m{\"u}ssen sie zumindest in den Injektionsstellen expandiert sein. Interessanterweise konnte einer dieser Klone in Metastasen nachgewiesen werden, die nach der Vakzinierung dem Patienten entfernt wurden. In beiden Modellen wurde also durch die Manipulation des Mikromilieus, d.h. Lymphotoxin-alpa Anreicherung am Tumor bzw. Injektion von reifen dendritischen Zellen in die Haut, Strukturen wie z.B. high endothelial venules induziert, die ein in loco priming erm{\"o}glichen sollten. Dementsprechend riefen diese Ver{\"a}nderungen ein Tumorantigen-spezifisches Infiltrat hervor. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass T-Zell priming auch außerhalb sekund{\"a}rer lymphatischer Organe erfolgen kann. Prinzipiell scheint also nur der Kontakt von reifen, antigenbeladenen dendritischen Zellen mit den entsprechenden antigenspezifischen, na{\"i}ven T-Zellen entscheiden zu sein. Die M{\"o}glichkeit des in vitro primings bekr{\"a}ftigt diese These. In vivo erfolgt dieses Aufeinandertreffen normalerweise in den sekund{\"a}ren lymphatischen Organen, doch konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass Ver{\"a}nderungen des Mikromilieus diesen Kontakt auch in anderen Geweben erm{\"o}glicht.}, subject = {T-Lymphozyt}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Bruehlmann2017, author = {Br{\"u}hlmann, David}, title = {Tailoring Recombinant Protein Quality by Rational Media Design}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147345}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Nowadays, more than half of the biotherapeutics are produced in mammalian cell lines as a result of correct protein folding and assembly as well as their faculty to bring about a variety of post-translational modifications. The widespread progression of biosimilars has moved the focus in mammalian cell-culture process development. Thereby, the modulation of quality attributes of recombinant therapeutic proteins has increasingly gained importance from early process development stages. Protein quality directly shapes the clinical efficacy and safety in vivo, and therefore, the control of the complex post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation (e.g. high mannose, fucosylation, galactosylation and sialylation), charge variants, aggregates and low-molecular-weight species formation, is pivotal for efficient receptor binding and for triggering the desired immune responses in patients. In the frame of biosimilar development, product quality modulation methods using the potential of the host cell line are particularly sought after to match the quality profile of the targeted reference medicinal product (RMP) as closely as possible. The environment the cell is dwelling in directly influences its metabolism and the resulting quality profile of the expressed protein. Thereby the cell culture medium plays a central role in upstream manufacturing. In this work, concentration adjustment of selected media components and supplementation with a variety of compounds was performed to alter various metabolic pathways, enzyme activities and in some cases the gene expression levels of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in culture. The supplementation of cell culture medium with the trisaccharide raffinose in fed-batch cultures entailed an increase of the abundance of high mannose glycans in two different CHO cell lines. Raffinose especially favored mannose 5 glycans. At the same time, it impaired cell culture performance, induced changes on the intracellular nucleotide levels and even varied the expression levels of glycosylation-related genes. Supplementation with a number of galactosyltransferase inhibiting compounds, in particular fluorinated galactose analogs (alpha- and beta-2F-peracetyl-galactose), consistently decreased the production of galactosylated monoclonal antibodies (mAb). By means of targeted addition during the culture rather than at the beginning, the inhibition was further increased, while limiting detrimental effects on both growth and productivity. High-throughput screening in 96-deepwell plates showed that spermine and L-ornithine also reduced the level of galactosylation. On the other hand, exploratory screening of a variety of potentially disulfide-bridge-reducing agents highlighted that the inherent low-molecular-species level of the proprietary platform cell culture process was likely due to favored reduction. This hypothesis was reinforced by the observation that supplementation of cysteine and N-acetylcysteine promoted fragmentation. Additionally, fragmentation decreased with higher protein expression. At that point, aiming to improve the efficiency in process development, a rational experimental design method was developed to identify and to define the optimal concentration range of quality modulating compounds by calling on a combination of high throughput fed-batch testing and multivariate data analysis. Seventeen medium supplements were tested in five parallel 96-deepwell plate experiments. The selection process of promising modulators for the follow-up experiment in shake tubes consisted in a three-step procedure, including principal component analysis, quantitative evaluation of their performance with respect to the specifications for biosimilarity and selection following a hierarchical order of decisions using a decision tree. The method resulted in a substantial improvement of the targeted glycosylation profile in only two experimental rounds. Subsequent development stages, namely validation and transfer to industrial-scale facilities require tight control of product quality. Accordingly, further mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes was acquired by non-targeted metabolomic profiling of a CHO cell line expressing a mAb cultured in four distinct process formats. Univariate analysis of intra- and extracellular metabolite and temporal glycosylation profiles provided insights in various pathways. The numerous of parameters were the main driver to carry out principal component analysis, and then, using the methodology of partial-least-square (PLS) projection on latent structures, a multivariate model was built to correlate the extracellular data with the distinct glycosylation profiles. The PLS observation model proved to be reliable and showed its great benefit for glycan pattern control in routine manufacturing, especially at large scale. Rather than relying on post-production interpretation of glycosylation results, glycosylation can be predicted in real-time based on the extracellular metabolite levels in the bioreactor. Finally, for the bioactivity assessment of the glycan differences between the biosimilar and the reference medicinal product (RMP), the health agencies may ask for in the drug registration process, extended ranges of glycan variants need to be generated so that the in vitro assays pick up the changes. The developed glycosylation modulator library enabled the generation of extreme glycosylation variants, including high mannose, afucosylated, galactosylated as well as sialic acid species of both a mAb and an antibody fusion molecule with three N-glycosylation sites. Moreover, to create increased variety, enzymatic glycoengineering was explored for galactosylation and sialylation. The glyco variants induced significant responses in the respective in vitro biological activity assays. The data of this work highlight the immense potential of cell culture medium optimization to adjust product quality. Medium and feed supplementation of a variety of compounds resulted in reproducible and important changes of the product quality profile of both mAbs and a fusion antibody. In addition to the intermediate modulation ranges that largely met the requirements for new-biological-entity and biosimilar development, medium supplementation even enabled quick and straightforward generation of extreme glycan variants suitable for biological activity testing.}, subject = {Zellkultur}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Adhikari2024, author = {Adhikari, Bikash}, title = {Targeted degradation of Myc-interacting oncoproteins}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31732}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317326}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The hallmark oncoprotein Myc is a major driver of tumorigenesis in various human cancer entities. However, Myc's structural features make it challenging to develop small molecules against it. A promising strategy to indirectly inhibit the function of Myc is by targeting its interactors. Many Myc-interacting proteins have reported scaffolding functions which are difficult to target using conventional occupancy- driven inhibitors. Thus, in this thesis, the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) approach was used to target two oncoproteins interacting with Myc which promote the oncogenicity of Myc, Aurora-A and WDR5. PROTACs are bifunctional small molecules that bind to the target protein with one ligand and recruit a cellular E3- ligase with the other ligand to induce target degradation via the ubiquitin- proteasome system. So far, the most widely used E3-ligases for PROTAC development are Cereblon (CRBN) and von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL). Furthermore, there are cases of incompatibility between some E3-ligases and proteins to bring about degradation. Hence there is a need to explore new E3- ligases and a demand for a tool to predict degradative E3-ligases for the target protein in the PROTAC field. In the first part, a highly specific mitotic kinase Aurora-A degrader, JB170, was developed. This compound utilized Aurora-A inhibitor alisertib as the target ligand and thalidomide as the E3-ligase CRBN harness. The specificity of JB170 and the ternary complex formation was supported by the interactions between Aurora-A and CRBN. The PROTAC-mediated degradation of Aurora-A induced a distinct S- phase defect rather than mitotic arrest, shown by its catalytic inhibition. The finding demonstrates that Aurora-A has a non-catalytic role in the S-phase. Furthermore, the degradation of Aurora-A led to apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. In the second part, two different series of WDR5 PROTACs based on two protein- protein inhibitors of WDR5 were evaluated. The most efficient degraders from both series recruited VHL as a E3-ligase and showed partial degradation of WDR5. In addition, the degradation efficiency of the PROTACs was significantly affected by the linker nature and length, highlighting the importance of linker length and composition in PROTAC design. The degraders showed modest proliferation defects at best in cancer cell lines. However, overexpression of VHL increased the degradation efficiency and the antiproliferative effect of the PROTACs. In the last part, a rapamycin-based assay was developed to predict the degradative E3-ligase for a target. The assay was validated using the WDR5/VHL and Aurora- A/CRBN pairs. The result that WDR5 is degraded by VHL but not CRBN and Aurora-A is degraded by CRBN, matches observations made with PROTACs. This technique will be used in the future to find effective tissue-specific and essential E3-ligases for targeted degradation of oncoproteins using PROTACs. Collectively, the work presented here provides a strategy to improve PROTAC development and a starting point for developing Aurora-A and WDR5 PROTACs for cancer therapy.}, subject = {Degradation}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gotthard2023, author = {Gotthard, Hannes}, title = {Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells with Hemibodies}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-30309}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-303090}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The cancer stem cell hypothesis is a cancer development model which elicited great interest in the last decades stating that cancer heterogeneity arises from a stem cell through asymmetrical division. The Cancer Stem Cell subset is described as the only population to be tumorigenic and having the potential to renew. Conventional therapy often fails to eradicate CSC resulting in tumor relapse. Consequently, it is of great inter-est to eliminate this subset of cells to provide the best patient outcome. In the last years several approaches to target CSC were developed, one of them being immunotherapeu-tic targeting with antibodies. Since markers associated with CSC are also expressed on normal stem cells or healthy adjacent tissue in colorectal cancer, dual targeting strate-gies are preferred over targeting only a single antigen. Subsequently, the idea of dual targeting two CSC markers in parallel by a newly developed split T cell-engaging anti-body format termed as Hemibodies emerged. In a preliminary single cell RNA sequenc-ing analysis of colorectal cancer cells CD133, CD24, CD166 and CEA were identified as suitable targets for the combinatorial targeting strategy. Therefore, this study focused on trispecific and trivalent Hemibodies comprising a split binding moiety against CD3 and a binding moiety against either CD133, CD24, CD166 or CEA to overcome the occurrence of resistance and to efficiently eradicate all tumor cells including the CSC compartment. The study showed that the Hemibody combinations CD133xCD24, CD133xCD166 and CD133xCEA are able to eliminate double positive CHO cells with high efficacy while having a high specificity indicated by no killing of single antigen positive cells. A thera-peutic window ranging between one to two log levels could be achieved for all combina-tions mentioned above. The combinations CD133xCD24 and CD133xCD166 further-more proved its efficacy and specificity on established colorectal cancer cell lines. Be-sides the evaluation of specificity and efficacy the already introduced 1st generation of Hemibodies could be improved into a 2nd generation Hemibody format with increased half-life, stability and production yield. In future experiments the applicability of above-mentioned Hemibodies will be proven on patient-derived micro tumors to also include variables like tumor microenvironment and infiltration.}, subject = {Monoklonaler bispezifischer Antik{\"o}rper}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Jung2016, author = {Jung, Lisa Anna}, title = {Targeting MYC Function as a Strategy for Tumor Therapy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146993}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {A large fraction of human tumors exhibits aberrant expression of the oncoprotein MYC. As a transcription factor regulating various cellular processes, MYC is also crucially involved in normal development. Direct targeting of MYC has been a major challenge for molecular cancer drug discovery. The proof of principle that its inhibition is nevertheless feasible came from in vivo studies using a dominant-negative allele of MYC termed OmoMYC. Systemic expression of OmoMYC triggered long-term tumor regression with mild and fully reversible side effects on normal tissues. In this study, OmoMYC's mode of action was investigated combining methods of structural biology and functional genomics to elucidate how it is able to preferentially affect oncogenic functions of MYC. The crystal structure of the OmoMYC homodimer, both in the free and the E-box-bound state, was determined, which revealed that OmoMYC forms a stable homodimer, and as such, recognizes DNA via the same base-specific DNA contacts as the MYC/MAX heterodimer. OmoMYC binds DNA with an equally high affinity as MYC/MAX complexes. RNA-sequencing showed that OmoMYC blunts both MYC-dependent transcriptional activation and repression. Genome-wide DNA-binding studies using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing revealed that OmoMYC competes with MYC/MAX complexes on chromatin, thereby reducing their occupancy at consensus DNA binding sites. The most prominent decrease in MYC binding was seen at low-affinity promoters, which were invaded by MYC at oncogenic levels. Strikingly, gene set enrichment analyses using OmoMYC-regulated genes enabled the identification of tumor subgroups with high MYC levels in multiple tumor entities. Together with a targeted shRNA screen, this identified novel targets for the eradication of MYC-driven tumors, such as ATAD3A, BOP1, and ADRM1. In summary, the findings suggest that OmoMYC specifically inhibits tumor cell growth by attenuating the expression of rate-limiting proteins in cellular processes that respond to elevated levels of MYC protein using a DNA-competitive mechanism. This opens up novel strategies to target oncogenic MYC functions for tumor therapy.}, subject = {Myc}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Reintjes2004, author = {Reintjes, Norbert}, title = {Taxonomy, faunistics and life-history traits of Dytiscidae and Noteridae (Coleoptera) in a West African savannah}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-10287}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2004}, abstract = {The studies inventoried the species of the families Dytiscidae and Noteridae (Coleoptera) in Como{\´e} National Park in northern Ivory Coast, West Africa and investigated the ecological role of temporary and permanent water bodies for the aestivation of these aquatic beetles. The ecological studies focused on the question how the beetles cope with the temporary loss of their aquatic habitats during dry season. The climate in the study area is characterised by a pronounced dry season from about November to March/April, in which the temporary ponds and creeks in the savannah entirely desiccate. The only available water bodies during dry season in Como{\´e} National Park are the Como{\´e} River, pools in some of its tributaries, and a few of the large savannah ponds. The taxonomic and faunistic analysis revealed a high species richness in the study area and yielded a total of twelve species of Noteridae in four genera and 95 species of Dytiscidae in 22 genera. Thirty of these species had not yet been reported from the Ivory Coast. A description of a new species in the genus Laccophilus is given, named L. comoensis in honour of the National Park. Strong incidences exist that the material includes more species yet unknown to science. Concerning the mode of aestivation, observations in pilot studies led to the working hypothesis that the beetles pass the dry season as adults in aquatic habitats. Consequently, presence of adults in aquatic habitats throughout the dry season and cyclic migration of adults between temporary and permanent water bodies was expected. Regular sampling of water bodies throughout the dry season and beginning rainy season yielded 33,705 individuals in 72 species and 26 genera. In all the sample periods Noteridae and / or Dytiscidae were recorded. The number of species per period was between 36 and 58. It is concluded that in Como{\´e} National Park a) at least parts of the populations of the recorded species pass the dry season as adults and b) aquatic habitats serve as a refuge for aestivation of these adult beetles. In a rocky area in the riverbed of the permanent Como{\´e} River four sets of studies were performed during dry and beginning rainy season. According to the working hypothesis beetles should be searching for adequate aquatic habitats as long as temporary savannah waters are becoming inhospitable and are falling dry. Seven rock pools in the riverbed of the Como{\´e} River were artificially filled and thus offered for colonization at the peak of the dry season (end of January). After five days the rock pools were quantitatively sampled by completely emptying them. All the rock pools were colonized by Dytiscidae and / or Noteridae and with a total of 1,507 individuals in 26 species abundance and diversity were high. Habitats for aestivation are needed most, when the majority of the savannah waters are fallen dry. Little precipitation on February 18th 1999 had filled rock pools in the riverbed of the Como{\´e} River but no pools in the savannah, where the rain was immediately absorbed by the very dry soil. An inventory of beetles was performed in 21 naturally filled rock pools five to 20 days after this precipitation. The sampling yielded 8,456 individuals in 41 species. Except the smallest, all rock pools contained beetles. The result showed that Dytiscidae and Noteridae utilise the rock pools as aquatic habitat during dry season. Beetles adapted to a highly seasonal environment like the aquatic system in the study area should be good colonizers. Sampling of four, respectively five rock pools at two occasions within 24 hours after the start of precipitation examined the potential of colonizers at that period (March). Prior to these precipitations the pools had been completely dry. Dytiscidae were already present in all rock pools and a total of 434 Dytiscidae in 14 species was found. The working hypothesis of cyclic migration suggests that the beetles should leave the rock pools at the onset of the rainy season when precipitation had filled temporary water bodies in the savannah. After several precipitation events an inventory of 13 rock pools of the Como{\´e} River in May controlled for adult beetles. Only four species with 126 individuals were still found, of which Yolina chopardi contributed 81.7\%. This species seems to differ from the other recorded species in the use of habitats, since it was never recorded in the savannah. In general, however, diversity and abundance of Dytiscidae and Noteridae in the rock pools, as expected, was low after the onset of the rainy season. During the entire study of the rock pools in the riverbed of the Como{\´e} River 10,523 individuals in 44 species and 18 genera were collected. Thus, more than half of the species recorded in Como{\´e} National Park were found in the rock pools. The results suggest that the Como{\´e} River and the rock pools in the riverbed serve as aquatic retreat for adult Dytiscidae and Noteridae during dry season when temporary water bodies in the savannah are desiccated. The suggested cyclic migration between water bodies predicts that newly formed savannah waters are recolonized by the beetles at the onset of the rainy season. This colonization should be a) by adults and b) airborne. Two artificial ponds in the open savannah were offered only for aerial colonization at the beginning of the rainy season. The ponds were controlled for adult Noteridae and Dytiscidae daily during one continuous phase of eleven and a second one of 16 days (end of March to end of April). On every sampling date Noteridae or Dytiscidae were recorded. In the entire study 2,744 individuals in 44 species and 16 genera were collected. After precipitation, abundance and species richness increased. Thirty-five of the encountered species had been recorded in rock pools of the Como{\´e} River before. The principal species in the artificial savannah ponds had been principal species in samplings of the rock pools as well. The results support the hypothesis of cyclic migration: most species of Dytiscidae and Noteridae of the Como{\´e} National Park fly from desiccating savannah waters to permanent water bodies or water bodies holding water for extended times during dry season. They pass the dry season in these waters and fly back into the savannah after precipitation at the onset of the rainy season. Exceptions from this general rule are discussed.}, subject = {Schwimmk{\"a}fer}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Koenig2024, author = {K{\"o}nig, Sebastian Thomas}, title = {Temperature-driven assembly processes of Orthoptera communities: Lessons on diversity, species traits, feeding interactions, and associated faecal microorganisms from elevational gradients in Southern Germany (Berchtesgaden Alps)}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-35460}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-354608}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Chapter I: Introduction Temperature is a major driver of biodiversity and abundance patterns on our planet, which becomes particularly relevant facing the entanglement of an imminent biodiversity and climate crisis. Climate shapes the composition of species assemblages either directly via abiotic filtering mechanisms or indirectly through alterations in biotic interactions. Insects - integral elements of Earth's ecosystems - are affected by climatic variation such as warming, yet responses vary among species. While species' traits, antagonistic biotic interactions, and even species' microbial mutualists may determine temperature-dependent assembly processes, the lion's share of these complex relationships remains poorly understood due to methodological constraints. Mountains, recognized as hotspots of diversity and threatened by rapidly changing climatic conditions, can serve as natural experimental settings to study the response of insect assemblages and their trophic interactions to temperature variation, instrumentalizing the high regional heterogeneity of micro- and macroclimate. With this thesis, we aim to enhance our mechanistic understanding of temperature-driven assembly processes within insect communities, exemplified by Orthoptera, that are significant herbivores in temperate mountain grassland ecosystems. Therefore, we combined field surveys of Orthoptera assemblages on grassland sites with molecular tools for foodweb reconstruction, primarily leveraging the elevational gradients offered by the complex topography within the Berchtesgaden Alpine region (Bavaria, Germany) as surrogate for temperature variation (space-for-time substitution approach). In this framework, we studied the effects of temperature variation on (1) species richness, abundance, community composition, and interspecific as well as intraspecific trait patterns, (2) ecological feeding specialisation, and (3) previously neglected links to microbial associates found in the faeces. Chapter II: Temperature-driven assembly processes Climate varies at multiple scales. Since microclimate is often overlooked, we assessed effects of local temperature deviations on species and trait compositions of insect communities along macroclimatic temperature gradients in Chapter II. Therefore, we employed joint species distribution modelling to explore how traits drive variation in the climatic niches of Orthoptera species at grassland sites characterized by contrasting micro- and macroclimatic conditions. Our findings revealed two key insights: (1) additive effects of micro- and macroclimate on the diversity, but (2) interactive effects on the abundance of several species, resulting in turnover and indicating that species possess narrower climatic niches than their elevational distributions might imply. This chapter suggests positive effects of warming on Orthoptera, but also highlights that the interplay of macro- and microclimate plays a pivotal role in structuring insect communities. Thus, it underscores the importance of considering both elements when predicting the responses of species to climate change. Additionally, this chapter revealed inter- and intraspecific effects of traits on the niches and distribution of species. Chapter III: Dietary specialisation along climatic gradients A crucial trait linked to the position of climatic niches is dietary specialisation. According to the 'altitudinal niche-breadth hypothesis', species of high-elevation habitats should be less specialized compared to their low-elevation counterparts. However, empirical evidence on shifts in specialization is scarce for generalist insect herbivores and existing studies often fail to control for the phylogeny and abundance of interaction partners. In Chapter III, we used a combination of field observations and amplicon sequencing to reconstruct dietary relationships between Orthoptera and plants along an extensive temperature gradient. We did not find close but flexible links between individual grasshopper and plant taxa in space. While interaction network specialisation increased with temperature, the corrected dietary specialisation pattern peaked at intermediate elevations on assemblage level. These nuanced findings demonstrate that (1) resource availability, (2) phylogenetic relationships, and (3) climate can affect empirical foodwebs intra- and interspecifically and, hence, the dietary specialisation of herbivorous insects. In this context, we discuss that the underlying mechanisms involved in shaping the specialisation of herbivore assemblages may switch along temperature clines. Chapter IV: Links between faecal microbe communities, feeding habits, and climate Since gut microbes affect the fitness and digestion of insects, studying their diversity could provide novel insights into specialisation patterns. However, their association with insect hosts that differ in feeding habits and specialisation has never been investigated along elevational climatic gradients. In Chapter IV, we utilized the dietary information gathered in Chapter III to characterize links between insects with distinct feeding behaviour and the microbial communities present in their faeces, using amplicon sequencing. Both, feeding and climate affected the bacterial communities. However, the large overlap of microbes at site level suggests that common bacteria are acquired from the shared feeding environment, such as the plants consumed by the insects. These findings emphasize the influence of a broader environmental context on the composition of insect gut microbial communities. Chapter V: Discussion \& Conclusions Cumulatively, the sections of this dissertation provide support for the hypothesis that climatic conditions play a role in shaping plant-herbivore systems. The detected variation of taxonomic and functional compositions contributes to our understanding of assembly processes and resulting diversity patterns within Orthoptera communities, shedding light on the mechanisms that structure their trophic interactions in diverse climates. The combined results presented suggest that a warmer climate could foster an increase of Orthoptera species richness in Central European semi-natural grasslands, also because the weak links observed between insect herbivores and plants are unlikely to limit decoupled range shifts. However, the restructuring of Orthoptera communities in response to warmer temperatures depends on species' traits such as moisture preferences or phenology. Notably, we were able to demonstrate a crucial role of microclimate for many species, partly unravelling narrower climatic niches than their elevational ranges suggest. We found evidence that not only Orthoptera community composition, specialisation, and traits varied along elevational gradients, but even microbial communities in the faeces of Orthoptera changed, which is a novel finding. This complex restructuring and reassembly of communities, coupled with the nonlinear specialisation of trophic interactions and a high diversity of associated bacteria, emphasize our currently incomplete comprehension of how ecosystems will develop under future climatic conditions, demanding caution in making simplified predictions for biodiversity change under climate warming. Since these predictions may benefit from including biotic interactions and both, micro- and macroclimate based on our findings, conservation authorities and practitioners must not neglect improving microclimatic conditions to ensure local survival of a diverse set of threatened and demanding species. In this context, mountains can play a pivotal role for biodiversity conservation since these offer heterogeneous microclimatic conditions in proximity that can be utilized by species with distinct niches.}, subject = {Heuschrecken}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Roth2021, author = {Roth, Nicolas M{\´e}riadec Max Andr{\´e}}, title = {Temporal development of communities with a focus on insects, in time series of one to four decades}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-23549}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235499}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Changes and development are fundamental principles in biocenoses and can affect a multitude of ecological processes. In insect communities phenological and density changes, changes in species richness and community composition, as well as interactions between those changes, are the most important macro processes. However, climate change and other factors like habitat degradation and loss alter these processes leading to shifts and general biodiversity declines. Even though knowledge about insect decline in central Europe increased during the last decades, there are significant knowledge gaps about the development of insect communities in certain habitats and taxa. For example, insect communities in small lentic as well as in forested habitats are under-sampled and reported to be less endangered than communities in other habitats. Furthermore, the changes within habitats and taxa are additionally influenced by certain traits, like host or feeding specialization. To disentangle these influences and to increase the knowledge about the general long-term development of insect communities, comprehensive long-term monitoring studies are needed. In addition, long-term effects of conservation strategies should also be evaluated on large time scales in order to be able to decide on a scientific base which strategies are effective in promoting possibly declining taxa. Hence, this thesis also tackles the effects of an integrative conservation strategy on wood dependent beetle and fungi, beside the development of water beetle and macro moth communities over multiple decades. In Chapter 2 I present a study on the development of water beetle communities (Dytiscidae, Haliplidae, Noteridae) in 33 water bodies in Southern Germany from 1991 to 2018. Time-standardized capture per waterbody was used during three periods: between 1991 and 1995, 2007 and 2008, and 2017 and 2018. Results showed annual declines in both species number (ca. -1\%) and abundance (ca. -2\%). In addition, community composition shifted over time in part due to changing pH values. Hence, the recorded changes during the 28-year study period partly reflect natural succession processes. However, since also moor-related beetle species decreased significantly, it is likely that water beetles in southern Germany are also threatened by non-successional factors, including desiccation, increased nitrogen input and/or mineralization, as well as the loss of specific habitats. The results suggest, that in small to midsize lentic waterbodies, current development should aim for constant creation of new water bodies and protection of moor waterbodies in order to protect water beetle communities on a landscape scale. In Chapter 3 I present an analysis of the development of nocturnal macro moth species richness, abundance and biomass over four decades in forests of southern Germany. Two local scale data sets featuring a coppiced oak forest as well as an oak high forest were analysed separately from a regional data set representing all forest types in the temperate zone of Central Europe. At the regional scale species richness, abundance and biomass showed annual declines of ca. 1 \%, 1.3 \% and 1.4 \%, respectively. These declines were more pronounced in plant host specialists and in dark coloured species. In contrast, species richness increased by ca. 1.5 \% annually in the coppiced forest, while no significant trends were found in the high forest. In contrast to past assumptions, insect decline apparently affects also hyper diverse insect groups in forests. Since host specialists and dark coloured species were affected more heavily by the decline than other groups, habitat loss and climate change seem to be potential drivers of the observed trends. However, the positive development of species richness in the coppiced oak forest indicates that maintaining complex and diverse forest ecosystems through active management might compensate for negative trends in biodiversity. Chapter 4 features a study specifically aiming to investigate the long-term effect of deadwood enrichment as an integrative conservation strategy on saproxylic beetles and fungi in a central European beech forest at a landscape scale. A before-after control-impact design, was used to compare assemblages and gamma diversities of saproxylic organisms (beetles and fungi) in strictly protected old-growth forest areas (reserves) and previously moderately and intensively managed forest areas. Forests were sampled one year before and a decade after starting a landscape-wide strategy of dead-wood enrichment. Ten years after the start of the dead-wood enrichment, neither gamma diversities of saproxylic organisms nor species composition of beetles did reflect the previous management types anymore. However, fungal species composition still mirrored the previous management gradient. The results demonstrated that intentional enrichment of dead wood at the landscape scale can effectively restore communities of saproxylic organisms and may thus be a suitable strategy in addition to permanent strict reserves in order to protect wood dependent organisms in Europe. In this thesis I showed, that in contrast to what was assumed and partly reported so far, also water beetles in lentic water bodies and macro moths in forests decreased in species richness, abundance and biomass during the last three to four decades. In line with earlier studies, especially dark coloured species and specialists decreased more than light-coloured species and generalists. The reasons for these declines could partly be attributed to natural processes and pollution and possibly to climate change. However, further studies, especially experimental ones, will be needed to achieve a better understanding of the reasons for insect decline. Furthermore, analyses of time series data should be interpreted cautiously especially if the number of sampling years is smaller than ten years. In addition, validation techniques such as left- and right- censoring and cross validation should be used in order to proof the robustness of the analyses. However, the lack of knowledge, we are still facing today, should not prevent scientists and practitioners from applying conservation measures. In order to prove the effectiveness of such measures, long-term monitoring is crucial. Such control of success is essential for evidence based and thus adapted conservation strategies of threatened organisms.}, subject = {climate change}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mildner2018, author = {Mildner, Stephanie}, title = {Temporal organization in \(Camponotus\) \(ants\): endogenous clocks and zeitgebers responsible for synchronization of task-related circadian rhythms in foragers and nurses}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149382}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The rotation of the earth around its axis causes recurring and predictable changes in the environment. To anticipate those changes and adapt their physiology and behavior accordingly, most organisms possess an endogenous clock. The presence of such a clock has been demonstrated for several ant species including Camponotus ants, but its involvement in the scheduling of daily activities within and outside the ant nest is fairly unknown. Timing of individual behaviors and synchronization among individuals is needed to generate a coordinated collective response and to maintain colony function. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the presence of a circadian clock in different worker castes, and to determine the daily timing of their behavioral tasks within the colonies of two nectar-collecting Camponotus species. In chapter I, I describe the general temporal organization of work throughout the worker life in the species Camponotus rufipes. Continuous tracking of behavioral activity of individually- marked workers for up to 11 weeks in subcolonies revealed an age-dependent division of labor between interior and exterior workers. After eclosion, the fairly immobile young ants were frequently nurtured by older nurses, yet they started nursing the brood themselves within the first 48 hours of their life. Only 60\% of workers switched to foraging at an age range of one to two weeks, likely because of the reduced needs within the small scale of the subcolonies. Not only the transition rates varied between subcolonies, but also the time courses of the task sequences between workers did, emphasizing the timed allocation of workers to different tasks in response to colony needs. Most of the observed foragers were present outside the nest only during the night, indicating a distinct timing of this behavioral activity on a daily level as well. As food availability, humidity and temperature levels were kept constant throughout the day, the preference for nocturnal activity seems to be endogenous and characteristic for C. rufipes. The subsequent monitoring of locomotor activity of workers taken from the subcolonies revealed the presence of a functional endogenous clock already in one-day old ants. As some nurses displayed activity rhythms in phase with the foraging rhythm, a synchronization of these in-nest workers by social interactions with exterior workers can be hypothesized. Do both castes use their endogenous clock to schedule their daily activities within the colony? In chapter II, I analyzed behavioral activity of C. rufipes foragers and nurses within the social context continuously for 24 hours. As time-restricted access to food sources may be one factor affecting daily activities of ants under natural conditions, I confronted subcolonies with either daily pulses of food availability or ad libitum feeding. Under nighttime and ad libitum feeding, behavioral activity of foragers outside the nest was predominantly nocturnal, confirming the results from the simple counting of exterior workers done in chapter I. Foragers switched to diurnality during daytime feeding, demonstrating the flexible and adaptive timing of a daily behavior. Because they synchronized their activity with the short times of food availability, these workers showed high levels of inactivity. Nurses, in contrast, were active all around the clock independent of the feeding regime, spending their active time largely with feeding and licking the brood. After the feeding pulses, however, a short bout of activity was observed in nurses. During this time period, both castes increasingly interacted via trophallaxis within the nest. With this form of social zeitgeber, exterior workers were able to entrain in-nest workers, a phenomenon observed already in chapter I. Under the subsequent monitoring of locomotor activity under LD conditions the rhythmic workers of both castes were uniformly nocturnal independent of the feeding regime. This endogenous activity pattern displayed by both worker castes in isolation was modified in the social context in adaption to task demands. Chapter III focuses on the potential factors causing the observed plasticity of daily rhythms in the social context in the ant C. rufipes. As presence of brood and conspecifics are likely indicators of the social context, I tested the effect of these factors on the endogenous rhythms of otherwise isolated individuals. Even in foragers, the contact to brood triggered an arrhythmic activity pattern resembling the arrhythmic behavioral activity pattern seen in nurses within the social context. As indicated in chapter I and II, social interaction could be one crucial factor for the synchronization of in nest activities. When separate groups were entrained to phase-shifted light-dark-cycles and monitored afterwards under constant conditions in pairwise contact through a mesh partitioning, both individuals shifted parts of their activity towards the activity period of the conspecific. Both social cues modulated the endogenous rhythms of workers and contribute to the context dependent plasticity in ant colonies. Although most nursing activities are executed arrhythmically throughout the day (chapter II), previous studies reported rhythmic translocation events of the brood in Camponotus nurses. As this behavior favors brood development, the timing of the translocations within the dark nest seems to be crucial. In chapter IV, I tracked translocation activity of all nurses within subcolonies of C. mus. Under the confirmed synchronized conditions of a LD-cycle, the daily pattern of brood relocation was based on the rhythmic, alternating activity of subpopulations with preferred translocation direction either to the warm or to the cold part of the temperature gradient at certain times of the day. Although the social interaction after pulse feeding had noticeable effects on the in-nest activity in C. rufipes (chapter I and II), it was not sufficient to synchronize the brood translocation rhythm of C. mus under constant darkness (e.g. when other zeitgebers were absent). The free-running translocation activity in some nurses demonstrated nevertheless the involvement of an endogenous clock in this behavior, which could be entrained under natural conditions by other potential non-photic zeitgebers like temperature and humidity cycles. Daily cycling of temperature and humidity could not only be relevant for in-nest activities, but also for the foraging activity outside the nest. Chapter V focuses on the monitoring of field foraging rhythms in the sympatric species C. mus and C. rufipes in relation to abiotic factors. Although both species had comparable critical thermal limits in the laboratory, foragers in C. mus were strictly diurnal and therefore foraged under higher temperatures than the predominant nocturnal foragers in C. rufipes. Marking experiments in C. rufipes colonies with higher levels of diurnal activity revealed the presence of temporally specialized forager subpopulations. These results suggest the presence of temporal niches not only between the two Camponotus species, but as well between workers within colonies of the same species. In conclusion, the temporal organization in colonies of Camponotus ants involves not only the scheduling of tasks performed throughout the worker life, but also the precise timing of daily activities. The necessary endogenous clock is already functioning in all workers after eclosion. Whereas the light-dark cycle and food availability seem to be the prominent zeitgebers for foragers, nurses may rely more on non-photic zeitgeber like social interaction, temperature and humidity cycles.}, subject = {circadian clocks}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Grohmann2010, author = {Grohmann, Constanze}, title = {Termite mediated heterogeneity of soil and vegetation patternsin a semi-arid savanna ecosystem in Namibia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54318}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Termites are the most important soil ecosystem engineers of semi-arid and arid habitats. They enhance decomposition processes as well as the subsequent mineralisation of nutrients by bacteria and fungi. Through their construction of galleries, nests and mounds, they promote soil turnover and influence the distribution of nutrients and also alter texture and hydrological properties of soils, thereby affecting the heterogeneity of their ecosystem. The main aim of the present thesis was to define the impact of termites on ecosys-tem functioning in a semi-arid ecosystem. In a baseline study, I assessed the diversity of termite taxa in relation to the amount of precipitation, the vegetation patterns and the land use systems at several sites in Namibia. Subsequently, I focussed on a species that is highly abundant in many African savannas, the fungus growing and mound building species Macro-termes michaelseni (Sj{\"o}stedt, 1914). I asked how this species influences the spatial hetero-geneity of soil and vegetation patterns. From repeated samplings at 13 sites in Namibia, I obtained 17 termite taxa of 15 genera. While the type of land use seems to have a minor effect on the termite fauna, the mean annual precipitation explained 96\% and the Simpson index of vascular plant diversity 81\% of the variation in taxa diversity. The number of termite taxa increased with both of these explanation variables. In contrast to former studies on Macrotermes mounds in several regions of Africa that I reviewed, soil analyses from M. michaelseni mounds in the central Namibian savanna revealed that they contain much higher nitrogen contents when compared to their parent material. Further analyses revealed that nitrate forms a major component of the nitrogen content in termite mounds. As nitrate solves easily in water, evaporation processes are most probably responsible for the transport of solved nitrates to the mound surface and their accumulation there. The analysed mounds in central Namibia contained higher sand propor-tions compared to the mounds of the former studies. Through the higher percentage of coarse and middle sized pores, water moves more easily in sandy soils compared to more clayey soils. In consequence, evaporation-driven nitrate accumulation can occur in the studied mounds at high rates. Hochgerechnet auf den Gesamtumfang der H{\"u}gel bedeckte das pro Jahr von einem bewohnten H{\"u}gel erodierte Material theoretisch einen 1 m breiten Kreisring um den Schwemmkegel des H{\"u}gels 2,4 mm hoch. Der entsprechende Wert f{\"u}r unbewohnte H{\"u}gel betrug 1,0 mm. To assess the amount of soil that erodes from termite mounds, I fastened four strong, 65 cm wide plastic bags at 14 mounds each and collected the soil that eroded during five rainfall events. Projected to the total mound circumference, the amount of soil eroded covers theoretically a 1 m wide circular ring around the pediment of an inhabited mound up to a height of 2.4 mm per year. For uninhabited mounds, the height of this soil layer would be 1.0 mm. Per hectare, roughly 245 kg eroded per year from the mounds. However, as the erosion rate depends on several factors such as rainfall intensity, soil texture and point of time within the rainy season, this is only a vague estimate. In order to determine up to which distance the soil erosion from the mounds still influences the chemical characteristics of the adjacent topsoil, I took samples from depth of 0-10 cm at 1, 5 and 25 m distances, respectively, from four different mounds and from the mounds themselves. The non-metric multidimensional scaling of the soil properties showed strong differences between mound and off-mound samples. Soil characteristics within the samples from the mounds did not differ largely. Similarly, I found no strong differences between the samples taken from the different distances from the mound. From these results I conclude that through the construction of foraging galleries and sheetings (soil constructions with which some termite species cover their food items), the soil eroding from termite mounds is quickly mixed with deeper soil layers. In consequence, mound material does not accumulate in the mound's vicinity. In order to reveal how plant growth is influenced by termite mound material, we assessed the number of grass and herb individuals as well as the biomass of plants growing in situ on the base of mounds compared to adjacent sites. While the numbers of both grass and herb individuals were significantly lower compared to adjacent sites, the total biomass of plants growing on the base of mounds was significantly higher. Reverse results were obtained by pot experiments with radish (Raphanus sativus subsp. sativus) and sorghum (Sorghum sp.) growth. Both species grew significantly weaker on mound soil compared to adjacent soil. The contradictory results concerning the biomass of in situ and pot experi-ments are most probably caused by the disturbance of the original soil structure during the potting process. The material was subsequently compacted through watering the plants. In contrast, Macrotermes mounds are pervaded by many macropores which seem to be essential for the plant roots to penetrate the soil. In the last part of this thesis, I posed the question how mounds of M. michaelseni are distributed and what factors might be responsible for this pattern. Former studies showed that mound size is correlated with the size of its inhabiting colony. With several multi-scale analyses, I revealed that larger inhabited mounds were regularly distributed. Additionally, mounds which were closer together tended to be smaller than on average. This indicates that intraspecific competition controls the distribution and size of colonies and their mounds. Former studies concerning Odontotermes mounds substantiated that they are local hotspots of primary productivity and animal abundance. Based on these findings, simulations revealed that a regular distribution of these mounds leads to a greater ecosystem-wide productivity compared to a random arrangement. As in the present study, plant biomass was higher at the mounds compared to off-mound sites, this might hold true for M. michaelseni mounds. From the results of this thesis, I draw the conclusion that through their mound building activities, M. michaelseni strongly influences the distribution patterns of soil nutrients within the central Namibian savanna. These termites create sharp contrasts in nutrient levels and vegetation patterns between mound soils and off-mound soils and enhance the heterogeneity of their habitats. Former studies revealed that habitat hetero-geneity is important in generating species diversity and species richness in turn is correlated positively with biomass production and positively affects ecosystem services. In conclusion, the present thesis underlines the importance of M. michaelseni for ecosystem functioning of the central Namibian savanna.}, subject = {Termiten}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kaiser2014, author = {Kaiser, Dorkas}, title = {Termites and ants in BURKINA FASO (WEST AFRICA): taxonomic and functional diversity along land-use gradients; ecosystem services of termites in the traditional ZA{\"I} SYSTEM}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107001}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2014}, abstract = {The consequences of habitat change for human well-being are assumed to be especially extreme in Burkina Faso. The country is located in a highly drought-sensitive zone of West Africa, and small-scale subsistence farmers may be especially affected if losses of biodiversity lead to changes in ecosystem functioning; many depend on more or less degraded lands for agricultural production. The overall aim of the present thesis consequently was to characterize the functional traits of soil-organisms which are crucial for a productive and balanced soil environment in the study region - termites and ants. They are true ecosystem engineers whose activity alters the habitat. Through soil-turnover in the course of constructing biogenic structures of varying size and nature (mounds, nests, galleries, soil-sheetings, foraging-holes), they bioturbate huge amounts of soil masses and exert massive effects on soil structure, positively influencing the fertility, stability, aeration and water infiltration rate into soils; and they provide habitats for other species. In sub-Saharan Africa, ants and termites are the only active soil macrofauna during the long dry season; in the sub-Sahel zone of Burkina Faso, termites even represent the only active, quantitatively remarkable decomposers all year round. Since no information was available about the actual diversity of the focal arthropods, I divided the thesis in two main parts: In the first part, a baseline study, I assessed the local termite and ant fauna, and investigated their quantitative and qualitative response to changing habitat parameters resulting from increasing human impact ('functional response traits'). In the second and applied part, I addressed the impact of the biogenic structures which are important for the restoration of degraded soils ('functional effect traits'). Two traditional agricultural systems characteristic for the study region were selected. Each system represented a land-use intensification gradient comprising four distinct habitats now differing in the magnitude of human intervention but formerly having the same initial state. The first disturbance gradient, the temporal cross-section of a traditional soil water conservation technique to restore degraded heavily encrusted, barren soil named Za{\"i} in Ouahigouya (Yatenga province, sub-Sahel zone); the second disturbance gradient, an agriculture type using crop rotation and fallow as nutrient management techniques near Fada N'Gourma (Gourma province, North-Sudanese zone). No standard protocol existed for the assessment of termite and ant diversity in semi-arid (agro-) ecosystems; two widely accepted standard protocols provided the basis for the newly revised and combined rapid assessment protocol 'RAP': the ALL protocol for leaf litter ants of Agosti and Alonso (2000), and the transect protocol for termites in tropical forests of Jones and Eggleton (2000). In each study site, three to four replicate transects were conducted during the rainy seasons (2004—2008). The RAP-protocol turned out to be very effective to characterize, compare and monitor the taxonomic and functional diversity of termites and ants; between 70\% and 90\% of the estimated total species richness were collected on all levels (transects, habitats, regions). Together in both regions, 65 ant species (25 genera) and 39 termite species (13 genera) were collected. These findings represent the first records for Burkina Faso. The data indicate a high sensitivity of termites and ants to land-use intensification. The diversity strongly decreased with increasing anthropogenic impact in the North-Sudan region. In total, 53 ant species (23 genera) and 31 termite species (12 genera) were found. Very promising results concerning the recovery potential of the soil-arthropods' diversity were gathered in the Za{\"i} system. The diversity of both taxa strongly increased with increasing habitat rehabilitation - in total, 41 ant species (16 genera) and 33 termite species (11 genera) were collected. For both taxa significant differences could be noted in the shape of the density variations along the gradient. For instance termites: Fungus-growers showed the greatest adaptability to different management practices. The greatest variations between the habitats were observed in soil and grass-feeding termites. Whole functional groups were missing in heavily impacted habitats, e.g. soil-, grass-, and wood-feeders were absent in the degraded site in the sub-Sahel zone. Several environmental parameters could be identified which significantly explained a great part of the variations in the composition of the arthropods' communities; they indicate the importance of the habitats' structural complexity (vegetation structure) and concomitant effects on diurnal temperature and moisture fluctuations, the availability of food sources, and the soil-structure. The diversity of termites in the sub-Sahel region was strongly correlated with the crown-cover percentages, the topsoils' sand-content, and the availability of litter; in the North-Sudan region with the cumulated woody plant basal area, the topsoils' clay- and organic matter-content. The parameters identified for ant communities in the Za{\"i} system, were the height of trees, the topsoils' clay-content and air humidity; in the North-Sudan region the habitats' crown-cover percentages, the quantity of litter and again the height of trees. In the second part of the thesis, I first rapidly assessed the (natural) variations in the amount of epigeal soil-structures along the two disturbance gradients in order to judge the relative importance of termites and ants for soil-turnover. The results illustrated impressively that a) in all study sites, termites were the main bioturbators while ant structures were of minor importance for soil turn-over; b) earthworms and grass-feeding termites contributed significantly to soil turn-over in the more humid North-Sudan region; and c) the bioturbated soil mass varied between seasons and years, however, the relative importance of the different taxa seemed to be fairly constant. In the sub-Sahel zone, fungus-growing Odontotermes and Macrotermes species fully take over the important function of bioturbation, leading to the transport of huge amounts of fine-textured soil material to the surface; with increasing habitat restoration, coarse fragments decreased in the upper horizons and became concentrated deeper along the soil profile. Consequently, in the applied part, I concentrated on the bioturbation activity of fungus-growing termites in the four main stages of the Za{\"i} system: crusted bare soil (initial stage), millet field, young and old forest. In each of the four Za{\"i} sites nine experimental blocks (each comprising four plots of 1m2) were used to stimulate the foraging activity of fungus-growing termites with different, locally available organic materials (Aristida kerstingii hay, Bombax costatum wooden blocks, compost and a control without any organic amendment). The experiment was conducted twice for the duration of four weeks (rainy season 2005, dry season 2006). The plots were regularly checked and the increase of the area covered by sheetings chronologically followed. After four weeks a) all sheeting-soil was collected, air dried and separately weighed according to the different genera, and b) the foraging-holes were counted and their diameter measured. Additionally, c) ponded water infiltration was measured in selected plots, and d) the physicochemical properties of sheeting-soil were analyzed. In case of complete consumption of the offered hay during the experimental 4-weeks-duration, the same procedure (a, b) was followed before adding new hay to the respective plot. The comparison between the different plots, sites and seasons revealed clearly that hay was the most attractive bait; for each gram of hay removed, Odontotermes brought about 12 g soil to the surface, Macrotermes 4 g. Odontotermes was the only genus attracted by organic material to the degraded area, and was therefore the decisive primary physical ecosystem engineer in the Za{\"i} system, initiating the restoration process. The mass of soil bioturbated in the course of foraging increased strongly from the degraded, barren towards the most rehabilitated reforested site. Combining all 36 experimental plots per Za{\"i} stage, Odontotermes bioturbated 31.8 tons of soil per hectare and month dry season in the degraded area, and 32.4 tons ha-1 mon-1 in the millet fields; both genera moved 138.9 tons ha-1 mon-1 in the young and 215.5 tons ha-1 mon-1 in the old Za{\"i} forest. Few comparable figures were found in the literature. In northern Burkina Faso, both genera constructed 20 tons of sheetings ha-1 mon-1 after mulching with a straw-wood mixture (Mando \& Miedema 1997), and in Senegal, around 10 tons ha-1 mon-1 were moved in heavily foraged plots (Rouland et al. 2003). Within a site, soil turn-over and the number of foraging holes created was always highest in hay, followed by compost, then by wood and in the end control. The fungus-growers' foraging-activity was leading to an enormous increase in surface pore space - after one month of induced foraging activity in hay-plots, the median number of foraging-holes increased from 142 m-2 in the degraded site up to 921 m-2 in the old Za{\"i} forest. The creation of subterranean galleries and macropores significantly increased the water infiltration rate by a mean factor 2-4. Laboratory analyses revealed that sheeting-soil differed strongly from the respective control soil as well as between the seasons, the food-type covered, and the two genera. Odontotermes-sheetings differed in more parameters than Macrotermes-sheetings, and dry season sheetings differed in more parameters (and more strongly) than rainy season sheetings. In the present study, soil organic matter, carbon and nitrogen contents were significantly increased in all dry season sheetings; in the rainy season mainly in those built on compost. Texture analysis pointed out that both genera used topsoil and soil from deeper horizons in varying mixture ratios, thereby supporting findings of Jouquet et al. (2006). To summarize, the present thesis contributes to a better understanding of the functional response traits of termites and ants to changing environmental parameters resulting from increasing human impact. The RAP-protocol represents an easy-to-learn and very effective method to representatively characterize, compare and monitor the taxonomic and functional diversity of termites and ants. The experiment has provided conclusive evidence of the importance of the consideration of fungus-growing termites (particularly Odontotermes and Macrotermes species) when aiming to restore infertile, degraded and crusted soils and to maintain a sustainable agricultural production in the Sahel-Sudanese zone of West Africa.}, subject = {Termiten}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Koenig2001, author = {K{\"o}nig, Jochen}, title = {Tex aus Bordetella pertussis definiert eine neue Familie von Nukleins{\"a}ure-Bindeproteinen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1601}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2001}, abstract = {Das Tex Protein aus Bordetella pertussis definiert eine neue Familie hoch konservierter Proteine in Eubakterien. Urspr{\"u}nglich wurde das tex Gen aufgrund seines Einflusses auf die Toxinexpression in bestimmten regulatorischen Mutanten von B. pertussis gefunden (Fuchs et al. (1996), J Bacteriol 178, 4445-52). Wie hier gezeigt wird, sind Leserahmen f{\"u}r entsprechende Proteine bei den Eubakterien ubiquit{\"a}r und mehrheitlich zu {\"u}ber 69 Prozent konserviert. Eine Ausnahme bilden einige wenige Taxa mit bekanntermaßen reduzierten Genomen, bei denen das Gen wahrscheinlich verloren gegangen ist, wie zum Beispiel verschiedene Mycoplasma spp. oder der obligate Blattlaus- (Aphiden-) Symbiont Buchnera aphidicola. In Eukaryonten und Archaeen konnte ein zu tex homologes Gen bisher nicht gefunden werden. Die Funktion von Tex in der Bakterienzelle ist unklar. W{\"a}hrend das Gen in B. pertussis essenziell ist und auch nicht {\"u}berexprimiert werden kann, sind Deletionsmutanten in Neisseria meningitidis und Escherichia coli ph{\"a}notypisch nicht von den entsprechenden Wildtypen unterscheidbar. Ausgiebige Wachstumsstudien mit einer E. coli tex-Mutante unter verschiedenen Wachstums- und Stressbedingungen ergaben ebenfalls keinen Hinweis auf eine Bedeutung von Tex, die die außerordentliche Konservierung des Proteins erkl{\"a}ren k{\"o}nnte. Das Protein zeigt in seinem N-Terminus ausgepr{\"a}gte {\"A}hnlichkeit mit dem Mannitol-Repressor (MtlR) von Escherichia coli und besitzt eine C-terminale S1-Dom{\"a}ne. Da die meisten der Proteine mit S1-Dom{\"a}nen als RNA-bindende Proteine gelten, wurde die F{\"a}higkeit von Tex untersucht, mit Nukleins{\"a}uren zu interagieren. In Festphasen-Bindeassays mit an Magnetk{\"u}gelchen immobilisiertem Tex Protein aus E. coli konnte eine spezifische Bindung an RNA-Gesamtpr{\"a}parationen gezeigt werden. DNA wurde hingegen nicht gebunden. Durch Verk{\"u}rzung des N-Terminus geht die pr{\"a}ferenzielle Bindung an RNA jedoch verloren und die Bindung von DNA erfolgt mit der gleichen Effizienz wie die von RNA. Festphasen-Bindeassays wurden weiterhin dazu benutzt, m{\"o}gliche spezifische Interaktionspartner von Tex aus RNA-Gesamtpr{\"a}parationen zu finden. Tats{\"a}chlich konnten {\"u}ber diesen Ansatz die regulatorische RNA CsrB und die ribosomale 16S RNA als spezifische Liganden isoliert werden. {\"U}ber die biologische Relevanz dieser Interaktion kann zum gegenw{\"a}rtigen Zeitpunkt allerdings noch keine Aussage gemacht werden.}, subject = {Bordetella pertussis}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Brink2007, author = {Brink, Andreas}, title = {The biological significance of chemically-induced DNA adducts in relation to background DNA damage}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-23850}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2007}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {DNS-Sch{\"a}digung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kohl2023, author = {Kohl, Patrick Laurenz}, title = {The buzz beyond the beehive: population demography, parasite burden and limiting factors of wild-living honeybee colonies in Germany}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-33032}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-330327}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is widely known as the honey producer and pollinator managed by beekeepers but neglected as a wild bee species. Central European honeybee populations have been anthropogenically disturbed since about 1850 through introgression and moderate artificial selection but have never been truly domesticated due to a lack of mating control. While their decline in the wild was historically attributed to the scarcity of nesting cavities, a contemporary view considers the invasion of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in the 1970s as the major driver. However, there are no longitudinal population data available that could substantiate either claim. Based on the insight that introduced European honeybees form viable wild populations in eastern North America and reports on the occurrence of wild-living colonies from various European countries, we systematically studied the ecology of wild-living honeybees in Germany. First, we investigated whether wild-living honeybees colonising German forests form a self-sustaining population. Second, we asked how the parasite burden of wild-living colonies relates to that of managed colonies. And third, we explored whether the winter mortality of wild-living colonies is associated with parasite burden, nest depredation, or the lack of resources on the landscape scale. Between 2017 and 2021, we monitored listed trees with black woodpecker cavities for honeybees in the managed forests of three study regions (Swabian Alb, counties Coburg and Lichtenfels, county Weilheim-Schongau). Continuity of occupation was determined using microsatellite genetic markers. Wild-living colonies predictably colonised forests in summer, when about 10\% of all cavities were occupied. The annual colony survival rate and colony lifespan (based on N=112 colonies) were 10.6\% and 0.6 years, with 90\% of colonies surviving summer (July-September), 16\% surviving winter (September-April), and 72\% surviving spring (April-July). The average maximum and minimum colony densities were 0.23 (July) and 0.02 (April) colonies per km^2. During the (re-)colonisation of forests in spring, swarms preferred cavities that had already been occupied by other honeybee colonies. We estimate the net reproductive rate of the population to be R0= 0.318, meaning that it is currently not self-sustaining but maintained by the annual immigration of swarms from managed hives. The wild-living colonies are feral in a behavioural sense. We compared the occurrence of 18 microparasites among feral colonies (N=64) and managed colonies (N=74) using qPCR. Samples were collected in four regions (the three regions mentioned above and the city of Munich) in July 2020; they consisted of 20 workers per colony captured at flight entrances. We distinguished five colony types representing differences in colony age and management histories. Besides strong regional variation, feral colonies consistently hosted fewer microparasite taxa (median: 5, range 1-8) than managed colonies (median: 6, range 4-9) and had different parasite communities. Microparasites that were notably less prevalent among feral colonies were Trypanosomatidae, Chronic bee paralysis virus, and Deformed wing viruses A and B. In the comparison of five colony types, parasite burden was lowest in newly founded feral colonies, intermediate in overwintered feral colonies and managed nucleus colonies, and highest in overwintered managed colonies and hived swarms. This suggests that the natural mode of colony reproduction by swarming, which creates pauses in brood production, and well-dispersed nests, which reduce horizontal transmission, explain the reduced parasite burden in feral compared to managed colonies. To explore the roles of three potential drivers of feral colony winter mortality, we combined colony observations gathered during the monitoring study with data on colony-level parasite burden, observations and experiments on nest depredation, and landscape analyses. There was no evidence for an effect of summertime parasite burden on subsequent winter mortality: colonies that died (N=57) did not have a higher parasite burden than colonies that survived (N=10). Camera traps (N=15) installed on cavity trees revealed that honeybee nests are visited by a range of vertebrate species throughout the winter at rates of up to 10 visits per week. Four woodpecker species, great tits, and pine martens acted as true nest depredators. The winter survival rate of colonies whose nest entrances were protected by screens of wire mesh (N=32) was 50\% higher than that of colonies with unmanipulated entrances (N=40). Analyses of land cover maps revealed that the landscapes surrounding surviving colonies (N=19) contained on average 6.4 percentage points more resource-rich cropland than landscapes surrounding dying colonies (N=94). We estimate that tens of thousands of swarms escape from apiaries each year to occupy black woodpecker cavities and other hollow spaces in Germany and that feral colonies make up about 5\% of the regional honeybee populations. They are unlikely to contribute disproportionately to the spread of bee diseases. Instead, by spatially complementing managed colonies, they contribute to the pollination of wild plants in forests. Honeybees occupying tree cavities likely have various effects on forest communities by acting as nest site competitors or prey, and by accumulating biomass in tree holes. Nest depredation (a consequence of a lack of well-protected nest sites) and food resource limitation seem to be more important than parasites in hampering feral colony survival. The outstanding question is how environmental and intrinsic factors interact in preventing population establishment. Nest boxes with movable frames could be used to better study the environmental drivers of feral colonies' mortality. Pairs of wild (self-sustaining) and managed populations known to exist outside Europe could provide answers to whether modern apiculture creates honeybee populations maladapted to life in the wild. In Europe, large continuous forests might represent evolutionary refuges for wild honeybees.}, subject = {Biene }, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Triphan2009, author = {Triphan, Tilman}, title = {The Central Control of Gap Climbing Behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43666}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {In this work, a behavioural analysis of different mutants of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been carried out. Primarily, the gap climbing behaviour (Pick \& Strauss, 2005) has been assayed as it lends itself for the investigation of decision making processes and the neuronal basis of adaptive behaviour. Furthermore it shows how basic motor actions can be combined into a complex motor behaviour. Thanks to the neurogenetic methods, Drosophila melanogaster has become an ideal study object for neurobiological questions. Two different modules of climbing control have been examined in detail. For the decision making, the mutant climbing sisyphus was analysed. While wild-type flies adapt the initiation of climbing behaviour to the width of the gap and the probability for a successful transition. climbing sisyphus flies initiate climbing behaviour even at clearly insurmountable gap widths. The climbing success itself is not improved in comparison to the wild-type siblings. The mutant climbing sisyphus is a rare example of a hyperactive mutant besides many mutants that show a reduced activity. Basic capabilities in vision have been tested in an optomotor and a distance-estimation paradigm. Since they are not affected, a defect in decision making is most probably the cause of this behavioural aberration. A second module of climbing control is keeping up orientation towards the opposite side of the gap during the execution of climbing behaviour. Mutants with a structural defect in the protocerebral bridge show abnormal climbing behaviour. During the climbing attempt, the longitudinal body axis does not necessarily point into the direction of the opposite side. Instead, many climbing events are initiated at the side edge of the walking block into the void and have no chance to ever succeed. The analysed mutants are not blind. In one of the mutants, tay bridge1 (tay1) a partial rescue attempt used to map the function in the brain succeeded such that the state of the bridge was restored. That way, a visual targeting mechanism has been activated, allowing the flies to target the opposite side. When the visibility of the opposing side was reduced, the rescued flies went back to a tay1 level of directional scatter. The results are in accord with the idea that the bridge is a central constituent of the visual targeting mechanism. The tay1 mutant was also analysed in other behavioural paradigms. A reduction in walking speed and walking activity in this mutant could be rescued by the expression of UAS-tay under the control of the 007Y-GAL4 driver line, which concomitantly restores the structure of the protocerebral bridge. The separation of bridge functions from functions of other parts of the brain of tay1 was accomplished by rescuing the reduced optomotor compensation in tay1 by the mb247-GAL4>UAS-tay driver. While still having a tay1-like protocerebral bridge, mb247-GAL4 rescue flies are able to compensate at wild-type levels. An intact compensation is not depended on the tay expression in the mushroom bodies, as mushroom body ablated flies with a tay1 background and expression of UAS-tay under the control of mb247-GAL4 show wild-type behaviour as well. The most likely substrate for the function are currently unidentified neurons in the fan-shaped body, that can be stained with 007Y-GAL4 and mb247-GAL4 as well.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Lapuente2021, author = {Lapuente, Juan M.}, title = {The Chimpanzees of the Como{\´e} National Park, Ivory Coast. Status, distribution, ecology and behavior}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-22318}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223180}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Although wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been studied intensely for more than 50 years, there are still many aspects of their ecology and behavior that are not well understood. Every time that a new population of chimpanzees has been studied, new behaviors and unknown aspects of their ecology have been discovered. All this accumulated knowledge is helping us to piece together a model of how could last human and chimpanzee common ancestors have lived and behaved between seven and five million years ago. Como{\´e} chimpanzees had never been studied in depth, until we started our research in October 2014, only a few censuses had been realized. The last surveys prior our work, stated that the population was so decimated that was probably functionally extinct. When we started this research, we had to begin with a new intensive survey, using new methods, to ascertain the real status and distribution of the chimpanzees living in Como{\´e} National Park (CNP). During the last five years, we have realized a deep study aiming to know more about their ecology and behavior. We combined transects and reconnaissance marches (recces) with the use of camera traps, for the first time in CNP, obtaining a wealth of data that is not fully comprised in this dissertation. With this research, we determined that there is a sustainable continuous population of Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in CNP and the adjacent area of Mont Tingui, to the West, with a minimum of 127 weaned chimpanzees living in our main 900 km2 study area, SW of CNP. We found that this population is formed by a minimum of eight different chimpanzee communities, of which we studied seven, four of them more in detail. These chimpanzees spent much more time in the forest than in the savanna habitats. We also found that Como{\´e} chimpanzees consumed at least 58 different food items in their dit, which they obtained both from forest and savanna habitats. Another finding was that insectivory had an important role in their diet, with at least four species of ants, three of termites and some beetle larvae. These chimpanzees also hunted at least three species of monkeys and maybe rodents and duikers and occasionally consumed the big land snails of genus Achatina. We found that, during the fruit scarcity period in the late rainy season, they intensely consumed the cambium of Ceiba pentandra, as fallback food, much more than the bark or cambium of any other tree species. Another interesting finding was that all the chimpanzees in the studied area realized this particular bark-peeling behavior and had been repeatedly peeling the trees of this species for years. This did not increase tree mortality and the damage caused to the trees was healed in two years, not reducing the growth, thus being a sustainable use of the trees. We found that Como{\´e} chimpanzees produced and used a great variety of tools, mainly from wooden materials, but also from stone and herbaceous vegetation. Their tool repertory included stick tools to dip for Dorylus burmeisteri ants, to fish for Camponotus and Crematogaster ants, to dip for honey, mainly from Meliponini stingless bees, but sometimes from honey bees (Apis mellifera). It also included the use of stick tools to fish termites of Macrotermes subhyalinus and Odontotermes majus (TFTs), to dip for water from tree holes and investigatory probes for multiple purposes. Additionally, these chimpanzees used leaf-sponges to drink from tree holes and to collect clayish water from salt-licks. They also used stones to hit the buttresses of trees during displays, the so called accumulative stone throwing behavior and probably used stones as hammers, to crack open hard-shelled Strichnos spinosa and Afraegle paniculata fruits and Achatina snails. The chimpanzees also used objects that are not generally accepted as animal tools, for being attached to the substrate, with different purposes: they drummed buttresses of trees with hands and/or feet to produce sound during male displays and they pounded open hard-shelled fruits, Achatina snails and Cubitermes termite mounds on stone or root anvils. We finally measured the stick tools and found significant differences between them suggesting that they were specialized tools made specifically for every purpose. We studied more in detail the differences between apparently similar tools, the honey dipping tools and the water dipping tools, often with brushes made at their tips to collect the fluids. These last tools were exclusive from Como{\´e} and have not been described at any other site. We found that total length, diameter and brush length were significantly different, suggesting that they were specialized tools. We concluded that Como{\´e} chimpanzees had a particular culture, different from those of other populations of Western chimpanzees across Africa. Efficient protection, further research and permanent presence of research teams are required to avoid that this unique population and its culture disappears by the poaching pressure and maybe by the collateral effects of climate change.}, subject = {Parc National de la Como{\´e}}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schubert2019, author = {Schubert, Frank Klaus}, title = {The circadian clock network of \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157136}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {All living organisms need timekeeping mechanisms to track and anticipate cyclic changes in their environment. The ability to prepare for and respond to daily and seasonal changes is endowed by circadian clocks. The systemic features and molecular mechanisms that drive circadian rhythmicity are highly conserved across kingdoms. Therefore, Drosophila melanogaster with its relatively small brain (ca. 135.000 neurons) and the outstanding genetic tools that are available, is a perfect model to investigate the properties and relevance of the circadian system in a complex, but yet comprehensible organism. The last 50 years of chronobiological research in the fruit fly resulted in a deep understanding of the molecular machinery that drives circadian rhythmicity, and various histological studies revealed the neural substrate of the circadian system. However, a detailed neuroanatomical and physiological description on the single-cell level has still to be acquired. Thus, I employed a multicolor labeling approach to characterize the clock network of Drosophila melanogaster with single-cell resolution and additionally investigated the putative in- and output sites of selected neurons. To further study the functional hierarchy within the clock network and to monitor the "ticking clock" over the course of several circadian cycles, I established a method, which allows us to follow the accumulation and degradation of the core clock genes in living brain explants by the means of bioluminescence imaging of single-cells.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kay2018, author = {Kay, Janina}, title = {The circadian clock of the carpenter ant \(Camponotus\) \(floridanus\)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158061}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Due to the earth´s rotation around itself and the sun, rhythmic daily and seasonal changes in illumination, temperature and many other environmental factors occur. Adaptation to these environmental rhythms presents a considerable advantage to survival. Thus, almost all living beings have developed a mechanism to time their behavior in accordance. This mechanism is the endogenous clock. If it fulfills the criteria of (1) entraining to zeitgebers (2) free-running behavior with a period of ~ 24 hours (3) temperature compensation, it is also referred to as "circadian clock". Well-timed behavior is crucial for eusocial insects, which divide their tasks among different behavioral castes and need to respond to changes in the environment quickly and in an orchestrated fashion. Circadian rhythms have thus been studied and observed in many eusocial species, from ants to bees. The underlying mechanism of this clock is a molecular feedback loop that generates rhythmic changes in gene expression and protein levels with a phase length of approximately 24 hours. The properties of this feedback loop are well characterized in many insects, from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, to the honeybee Apis mellifera. Though the basic principles and components of this loop are seem similar at first glance, there are important differences between the Drosophila feedback loop and that of hymenopteran insects, whose loop resembles the mammalian clock loop. The protein PERIOD (PER) is thought to be a part of the negative limb of the hymenopteran clock, partnering with CRYPTOCHROME (CRY). The anatomical location of the clock-related neurons and the PDF-network (a putative in- and output mediator of the clock) is also well characterized in Drosophila, the eusocial honeybee as well as the nocturnal cockroach Leucophea maderae. The circadian behavior, anatomy of the clock and its molecular underpinnings were studied in the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus, a eusocial insect Locomotor activity recordings in social isolation proved that the majority of ants could entrain to different LD cycles, free-ran in constant darkness and had a temperature-compensated clock with a period slightly shorter than 24 hours. Most individuals proved to be nocturnal, but different types of activity like diurnality, crepuscularity, rhythmic activity during both phases of the LD, or arrhythmicity were also observed. The LD cycle had a slight influence on the distribution of these activities among individuals, with more diurnal ants at shorter light phases. The PDF-network of C. floridanus was revealed with the anti-PDH antibody, and partly resembled that of other eusocial or nocturnal insects. A comparison of minor and major worker brains, only revealed slight differences in the number of somata and fibers crossing the posterior midline. All in all, most PDF-structures that are conserved in other insects where found, with numerous fibers in the optic lobes, a putative accessory medulla, somata located near the proximal medulla and many fibers in the protocerebrum. A putative connection between the mushroom bodies, the optic lobes and the antennal lobes was found, indicating an influence of the clock on olfactory learning. Lastly, the location and intensity of PER-positive cell bodies at different times of a 24 hour day was established with an antibody raised against Apis mellifera PER. Four distinct clusters, which resemble those found in A. mellifera, were detected. The clusters could be grouped in dorsal and lateral neurons, and the PER-levels cycled in all examined clusters with peaks around lights on and lowest levels after lights off. In summary, first data on circadian behavior and the anatomy and workings of the clock of C. floridanus was obtained. Firstly, it´s behavior fulfills all criteria for the presence of a circadian clock. Secondly, the PDF-network is very similar to those of other insects. Lastly, the location of the PER cell bodies seems conserved among hymenoptera. Cycling of PER levels within 24 hours confirms the suspicion of its role in the circadian feedback loop.}, subject = {Chronobiologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ruf2016, author = {Ruf, Franziska}, title = {The circadian regulation of eclosion in \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146265}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Eclosion is the emergence of an adult insect from the pupal case at the end of development. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, eclosion is a circadian clock-gated event and is regulated by various peptides. When studied on the population level, eclosion reveals a clear rhythmicity with a peak at the beginning of the light-phase that persists also under constant conditions. It is a long standing hypothesis that eclosion gating to the morning hours with more humid conditions is an adaption to reduce water loss and increase the survival. Eclosion behavior, including the motor pattern required for the fly to hatch out of the puparium, is orchestrated by a well-characterized cascade of peptides. The main components are ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH), eclosion hormone (EH) and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP). The molt is initiated by a peak level and pupal ecdysis by a subsequent decline of the ecdysteroid ecdysone. Ecdysteroids are produced by the prothoracic gland (PG), an endocrine tissue that contains a peripheral clock and degenerates shortly after eclosion. Production and release of ecdysteroids are regulated by the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). Although many aspects of the circadian clock and the peptidergic control of the eclosion behavior are known, it still remains unclear how both systems are interconnected. The aim of this dissertation research was to dissect this connection and evaluate the importance of different Zeitgebers on eclosion rhythmicity under natural conditions. Potential interactions between the central clock and the peptides regulating ecdysis motor behavior were evaluated by analyzing the influence of CCAP on eclosion rhythmicity. Ablation and silencing of CCAP neurons, as well as CCAP null-mutation did not affect eclosion rhythmicity under either light or temperature entrainment nor under natural conditions. To dissect the connection between the central and the peripheral clock, PTTH neurons were ablated. Monitoring eclosion under light and temperature entrainment revealed that eclosion became arrhythmic under constant conditions. However, qPCR expression analysis revealed no evidence for cycling of Ptth mRNA in pharate flies. To test for a connection with pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-expressing neurons, the PDF receptor (PDFR) and short neuropeptide F receptor (sNPFR) were knocked down in the PTTH neurons. Knockdown of sNPFR, but not PDFR, resulted in arrhythmic eclosion under constant darkness conditions. PCR analysis of the PTTH receptor, Torso, revealed its expression in the PG and the gonads, but not in the brain or eyes, of pharate flies. Knockdown of torso in the PG lead to arrhythmicity under constant conditions, which provides strong evidence for the specific effect of PTTH on the PG. These results suggest connections from the PDF positive lateral neurons to the PTTH neurons via sNPF signaling, and to the PG via PTTH and Torso. This interaction presumably couples the period of the peripheral clock in the PG to that of the central clock in the brain. To identify a starting signal for eclosion and possible further candidates in the regulation of eclosion behavior, chemically defined peptidergic and aminergic neurons were optogenetically activated in pharate pupae via ChR2-XXL. This screen approach revealed two candidates for the regulation of eclosion behavior: Dromyosuppressin (DMS) and myo-inhibitory peptides (MIP). However, ablation of DMS neurons did not affect eclosion rhythmicity or success and the exact function of MIP must be evaluated in future studies. To assess the importance of the clock and of possible Zeitgebers in nature, eclosion of the wildtype Canton S and the clock mutant per01 and the PDF signaling mutants pdf01 and han5304 was monitored under natural conditions. For this purpose, the W{\"u}rzburg eclosion monitor (WEclMon) was developed, which is a new open monitoring system that allows direct exposure of pupae to the environment. A general decline of rhythmicity under natural conditions compared to laboratory conditions was observed in all tested strains. While the wildtype and the pdf01 and han5304 mutants stayed weakly rhythmic, the per01 mutant flies eclosed mostly arrhythmic. PDF and its receptor (PDFR encoded by han) are required for the synchronization of the clock network and functional loss can obviously be compensated by a persisting synchronization to external Zeitgebers. The loss of the central clock protein PER, however, lead to a non-functional clock and revealed the absolute importance of the clock for eclosion rhythmicity. To quantitatively analyze the effect of the clock and abiotic factors on eclosion rhythmicity, a statistical model was developed in cooperation with Oliver Mitesser and Thomas Hovestadt. The modelling results confirmed the clock as the most important factor for eclosion rhythmicity. Moreover, temperature was found to have the strongest effect on the actual shape of the daily emergence pattern, while light has only minor effects. Relative humidity could be excluded as Zeitgeber for eclosion and therefore was not further analyzed. Taken together, the present dissertation identified the so far unknown connection between the central and peripheral clock regulating eclosion. Furthermore, a new method for the analysis of eclosion rhythms under natural conditions was established and the necessity of a functional clock for rhythmic eclosion even in the presence of multiple Zeitgebers was shown.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mishra2011, author = {Mishra, Dushyant}, title = {The content of olfactory memory in larval Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66316}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {An animal depends heavily on its sense of smell and its ability to form olfactory associations as this is crucial for its survival. This thesis studies in two parts about such associative olfactory learning in larval Drosophila. The first part deals with different aspects of odour processing while the second part is concerned with aspects related to memory and learning. Chapter I.1 highlights how odour intensities could be integrated into the olfactory percept of larval Drosophila. I first describe the dose-effect curves of learnability across odour intensities for different odours and then choose odour intensities from these curves such that larvae are trained at intermediate odour intensity, but are tested for retention with either that trained intermediate odour intensity, or with respectively HIGHer or LOWer intensities. I observe a specificity of retention for the trained intensity for all the odours used. Further I compare these findings with the case of adult Drosophila and propose a circuit level model of how such intensity coding comes about. Such intensity specificity of learning adds to appreciate the richness in 'content' of olfactory memory traces, and to define the demands on computational models of olfaction and olfactory learning. Chapter I.2 provides a behaviour-based estimate of odour similarity using four different types of experiments to yield a combined, task-independent estimate of perceived difference between odour-pairs. Further comparison of these perceived differences to published measures of physico- chemical difference reveals a weak correlation. Notable exceptions to this correlation are 3-octanol and benzaldehyde. Chapter I.3 shows for two odours (3-octanol and 1-octene-3-ol) that perceptual differences between these odours can either be ignored after non-discriminative training (generalization), or accentuated by odour-specific reinforcement (discrimination). Anosmic Or83b1 mutants have lost these faculties, indicating that this adaptive adjustment is taking place downstream of Or83b expressing sensory neurons. Chapter II.1 of this thesis deals with food supplementation with dried roots of Rhodiola rosea. This dose-dependently improves odour- reward associative function in larval Drosophila. Supplementing fly food with commercially available tablets or extracts, however, does not have a 'cognitive enhancing' effect, potentially enabling us to differentiate between the effective substances in the root versus these preparations. Thus Drosophila as a genetically tractable study case should now allow accelerated analyses of the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie this 'cognitive enhancement' conveyed by Rhodiola rosea. Chapter II.2 describes the role of Synapsin, an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein using a combined behavioural and genetic approach and asks where and how, this protein affects functions in associative plasticity of larval Drosophila. This study shows that a Synapsin-dependent memory trace can be pinpointed to the mushroom bodies, a 'cortical' brain region of the insects. On the molecular level, data in this study assign Synapsin as a behaviourally- relevant effector of the AC-cAMP-PKA cascade.}, subject = {Drosophila}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Heisswolf2006, author = {Heisswolf, Annette}, title = {The distribution of leaf beetles on multiple spatial scales : causes and consequences}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18945}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Herbivorous insects are the major link between primary producers and a multitude of animals at higher trophic levels. Elucidating the causes and consequences of their distribution patterns in the "green world" is thus essential for our understanding of numerous ecological processes on multiple spatial scales. We can ask where and why a certain herbivore can be found in the landscape, within the habitat, on which plant within the habitat and finally, where on that plant. Depending on spatial scale the distribution of herbivores is shaped by different processes (fitness considerations, physiological abilities, population dynamics, dispersal behavior, history of the landscape etc.). Scaling down from fragmented landscapes to individual host plants this thesis analyzes the distribution patterns of the strictly monophagous herbivore Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which feeds and oviposits exclusively on meadow sage, Salvia pratensis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and compares it to those of the polyphagous tansy leaf beetle Galeruca tanaceti L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which does not oviposit on its host plants, but on dry non-host structures. The specialist Cassida canaliculata depended on all spatial scales (fragmented landscape, microhabitat and host plant individual) mainly on the distribution and quality of its single host plant species Salvia pratensis, whereas enemy-free-space - i.e. avoidance of parasitism and predation of egg clutches, larvae, and pupae - seemed to influence oviposition site choice only on the scale of the host plant individual. On this spatial scale, offspring of Cassida canaliculata had a higher chance of survival on large host plant individuals, which were also preferred for oviposition by the females. In contrast, the distribution patterns of the generalist Galeruca tanaceti was shaped by the interaction with its parasitoid regarding both microhabitat choice and egg distribution within individual host plants. On the microhabitat scale, beetles could escape from their parasitoids by ovipositing into high and dense vegetation. Regarding oviposition site choice within a host plant individual, females oviposited as high as possible in the vegetation and could thus reduce both the risk of parasitism and the probability of winter mortality. The results of my thesis show that the degree of specificity of a herbivore is of central importance for the resulting egg distribution pattern on all spatial scales.}, subject = {Blattk{\"a}fer}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Hsieh2011, author = {Hsieh, Samuel Yu-Lung}, title = {The diversity and ecology of the spider communities of European beech canopy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66966}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Ein wesentliches Ziel {\"o}kologischer Forschung ist es, die Frage zu beantworten, wie Arten koexistieren k{\"o}nnen und die biologische Vielfalt erhalten bleibt. Um zu verstehen, wie dabei Gemeinschaften in unterschiedlichen r{\"a}umlich-zeitlichen Dimensionen interagieren, um die biologische Vielfalt zu erhalten, ist ein umfassendes prozessorientiertes Wissen erforderlich. Demzufolge konzentrierte sich meine Studie im Wesentlichen auf die Biodiversit{\"a}t und die sie beeinflussenden raum-zeitlichen {\"o}kologischen Prozesse. Vergleicht man die {\"A}hnlich- bzw. Un{\"a}hnlichkeit der in verschieden alten Best{\"a}nden lebenden Spinnengemeinschaften der Buchen (Fagus sylvatica L.), dann zeigt sich, dass die {\"a}lteste Baumkohorte offensichtlich einzigartige Ressourcen besitzt, welche die Zusammensetzung der Spinnengemeinschaften deutlich pr{\"a}gen. {\"U}ber das Jahr hin zeigten die Spinnengemeinschaften trotz der jahreszeitlich unterschiedlich {\"o}kologischen Randbedingungen eine sich wiederholende, vorhersehbare Dynamik. Der Vergleich {\"u}ber die Jahre ergab, dass das "Neutrale Modell" und das "Nischen-Modell" gleichzeitig funktionieren k{\"o}nnen. Beide sind notwendig, um die Dynamik der in den Buchenkronen der verschiedenen Altersklassen lebenden Spinnengemeinschaften vollst{\"a}ndig erkl{\"a}ren zu k{\"o}nnen.}, subject = {Spinnen}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kropf2018, author = {Kropf, Jan}, title = {The Dual Olfactory Pathway in the Honeybee Brain: Sensory Supply and Electrophysiological Properties}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-108369}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The olfactory sense is of utmost importance for honeybees, Apis mellifera. Honeybees use olfaction for communication within the hive, for the identification of nest mates and non-nest mates, the localization of food sources, and in case of drones (males), for the detection of the queen and mating. Honeybees, therefore, can serve as excellent model systems for an integrative analysis of an elaborated olfactory system. To efficiently filter odorants out of the air with their antennae, honeybees possess a multitude of sensilla that contain the olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Three types of olfactory sensilla are known from honeybee worker antennae: Sensilla trichoidea, Sensilla basiconica and Sensilla placodea. In the sensilla, odorant receptors that are located in the dendritic arborizations of the OSNs transduce the odorant information into electrical information. Approximately 60.000 OSN axons project in two parallel bundles along the antenna into the brain. Before they enter the primary olfactory brain center, the antennal lobe (AL), they diverge into four distinct tracts (T1-T4). OSNs relay onto ~3.000-4.000 local interneurons (LN) and ~900 projection neurons (PN), the output neurons of the AL. The axons of the OSNs together with neurites from LNs and PNs form spheroidal neuropil units, the so-called glomeruli. OSN axons from the four AL input tracts (T1-T4) project into four glomerular clusters. LNs interconnect the AL glomeruli, whereas PNs relay the information to the next brain centers, the mushroom body (MB) - associated with sensory integration, learning and memory - and the lateral horn (LH). In honeybees, PNs project to the MBs and the LH via two separate tracts, the medial and the lateral antennal-lobe tract (m/lALT) which run in parallel in opposing directions. The mALT runs first to the MB and then to the LH, the lALT runs first to the LH and then to the MB. This dual olfactory pathway represents a feature unique to Hymenoptera. Interestingly, both tracts were shown to process information about similar sets of odorants by extracting different features. Individual mALT PNs are more odor specific than lALT PNs. On the other hand, lALT PNs have higher spontaneous and higher odor response action potential (AP) frequencies than mALT PNs. In the MBs, PNs form synapses with ~184.000 Kenyon cells (KC), which are the MB intrinsic neurons. KCs, in contrast to PNs, show almost no spontaneous activity and employ a spatially and temporally sparse code for odor coding. In manuscript I of my thesis, I investigated whether the differences in specificity of odor responses between m- and lALT are due to differences in the synaptic input. Therefore, I investigated the axonal projection patterns of OSNs housed in S. basiconica in honeybee workers and compared them with S. trichoidea and S. placodea using selective anterograde labeling with fluorescent tracers and confocal- microscopy analyses of axonal projections in AL glomeruli. Axons of S. basiconica-associated OSNs preferentially projected into the T3 input-tract cluster in the AL, whereas the two other types of sensilla did not show a preference for a specific glomerular cluster. T3- associated glomeruli had previously been shown to be innervated by mALT PNs. Interestingly, S. basiconica as well as a number of T3 glomeruli lack in drones. Therefore I set out to determine whether this was associated with the reduction of glomeruli innervated by mALT PNs. Retrograde tracing of mALT PNs in drones and counting of innervated glomeruli showed that the number of mALT-associated glomeruli was strongly reduced in drones compared to workers. The preferential projections of S. basiconica-associated OSNs into T3 glomeruli in female workers together with the reduction of mALT-associated glomeruli in drones support the presence of a female-specific olfactory subsystem that is partly innervated by OSNs from S. basiconica and is associated with mALT projection neurons. As mALT PNs were shown to be more odor specific, I suppose that already the OSNs in this subsystem are more odor specific than lALT associated OSNs. I conclude that this female-specific subsystem allows the worker honeybees to respond adequately to the enormous variety of odorants they experience during their lifetime. In manuscript II, I investigated the ion channel composition of mALT and lALT PNs and KCs in situ. This approach represents the first study dealing with the honeybee PN and KC ion channel composition under standard conditions in an intact brain preparation. With these recordings I set out to investigate the potential impact of intrinsic neuronal properties on the differences between m- and lALT PNs and on the sparse odor coding properties of KCs. In PNs, I identified a set of Na+ currents and diverse K+ currents depending on voltage and Na+ or Ca2+ that support relatively high spontaneous and odor response AP frequencies. This set of currents did not significantly differ between mALT and lALT PNs, but targets for potential modulation of currents leading to differences in AP frequencies were found between both types of PNs. In contrast to PNs, KCs have very prominent K+ currents, which are likely to contribute to the sparse response fashion observed in KCs. Furthermore, Ca2+ dependent K+ currents were found, which may be of importance for coincidence detection, learning and memory formation. Finally, I conclude that the differences in odor specificity between m- and lALT PNs are due to their synaptic input from different sets of OSNs and potential processing by LNs. The differences in spontaneous activity between the two tracts may be caused by different neuronal modulation or, in addition, also by interaction with LNs. The temporally sparse representation of odors in KCs is very likely based on the intrinsic KC properties, whereas general excitability and spatial sparseness are likely to be regulated through GABAergic feedback neurons.}, subject = {Voltage-Clamp-Methode}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Drescher2011, author = {Drescher, Jochen}, title = {The Ecology and Population structure of the invasive Yelllow Crazy Ant Anoplolepis gracilipes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57332}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {The invasive Yellow Crazy Ant Anoplolepis gracilipes is a widespread tropical ant species which is particularly common in anthropogenically disturbed habitats in South-East Asia and the Indopacific region. Its native range is unknown, and there is little information concerning its social structure as a potential mechanism facilitating invasion as well as its ecology in one of the putative native ranges, South-East Asia. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences, I demonstrated that the majority of the current Indopacific colonies were likely introduced from South-East Asian populations, which in turn may have been introduced much earlier from a yet unidentified native range. By conducting behavioral, genetic and chemical analyses, I found that A. gracilipes supercolonies contain closely related individuals, thus resembling enlarged versions of monogynous, polydomous colonies of other ant species. Furthermore, mutually aggressive A. gracilipes supercolonies were highly differentiated both genetically and chemically, suggesting limited or even absent gene flow between supercolonies. Intranidal mating and colony-budding are most likely the predominant, if not the exclusive mode of reproduction and dispersal strategy of A. gracilipes. Consequently, a positive feedback between genetic, chemical and behavioral traits may further enhance supercolony differentiation though genetic drift and neutral evolution. This potential scenario led to the hypothesis that absent gene flow between different A. gracilipes supercolonies may drive them towards different evolutionary pathways, possibly including speciation. Thus, I examined one potential way by which gene flow between supercolonies of an ant species without nuptial flights may be maintained, i.e. the immigration of sexuals into foreign supercolonies. The results suggest that this option of maintaining gene flow between different supercolonies is likely impaired by severe aggression of workers towards allocolonial sexuals. Moreover, breeding experiments involving males and queens from different supercolonies suggest that A. gracilipes supercolonies may already be on the verge of reproductive isolation, which might lead to the diversification of A. gracilipes into different species. Regarding the ecological consequences of its potential introduction to NE-Borneo, I could show that A. gracilipes supercolonies may affect the local ant fauna. The ant community within supercolonies was less diverse and differed in species composition from areas outside supercolonies. My data suggest that the ecological dominance of A. gracilipes within local ant communities was facilitated by monopolization of food sources within its supercolony territory, achieved by a combination of rapid recruitment, numerical dominance and pronounced interspecific aggression. A. gracilipes' distribution is almost exclusively limited to anthropogenically altered habitat, such as residential and agricultural areas. The rate at which habitat conversion takes place in NE-Borneo will provide A. gracilipes with a rapidly increasing abundance of suitable habitats, thus potentially entailing significant population growth. An potentially increasing population size and ecological dominance, however, are not features that are limited to invasive alien species, but may also occur in native species that become 'pests' in an increasing abundance of anthropogenically altered habitat. Lastly, I detected several ant guests in supercolonies of A. gracilipes. I subsequently describe the relationship between one of them (the cricket Myrmecophilus pallidithorax) and its ant host. By conducting behavioral bioassays and analyses of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, I revealed that although M. pallidithorax is attacked and consumed by A. gracilipes whenever possible, it may evade aggression from its host by a combination of supreme agility and, possibly, chemical deception. This thesis adds to our general understanding of biological invasions by contributing species-specific data on a previously understudied invasive organism, the Yellow Crazy Ant Anoplolepis gracilipes. Introductions which may have occurred a long time ago may make it difficult to determine whether a given species is an introduced invader or a native pest species, as both may have pronounced ecological effects in native species communities. Furthermore, this thesis suggests that supercolonialism in invasive ants may not be an evolutionary dead end, but that it may possibly give rise to new species due to reproductive boundaries between supercolonies evoked by peculiar mating and dispersal strategies.}, subject = {Dem{\"o}kologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Heidrich2021, author = {Heidrich, Lea}, title = {The effect of environmental heterogeneity on communities}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-22178}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221781}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {How diversity of life is generated, maintained, and distributed across space and time is the central question of community ecology. Communities are shaped by three assembly processes: (I) dispersal, (II) environ-mental, and (III) interaction filtering. Heterogeneity in environmental conditions can alter these filtering processes, as it increases the available niche space, spatially partitions the resources, but also reduces the effective area available for individual species. Ultimately, heterogeneity thus shapes diversity. However, it is still unclear under which conditions heterogeneity has positive effects on diversity and under which condi-tions it has negative or no effects at all. In my thesis, I investigate how environmental heterogeneity affects the assembly and diversity of diverse species groups and whether these effects are mediated by species traits. In Chapter II, I first examine how much functional traits might inform about environmental filtering pro-cesses. Specifically, I examine to which extent body size and colour lightness, both of which are thought to reflect the species thermal preference, shape the distribution and abundance of two moth families along elevation. The results show, that assemblages of noctuid moths are more strongly driven by abiotic filters (elevation) and thus form distinct patterns in colour lightness and body size, while geometrid moths are driven by biotic filters (habitat availability), and show no decline in body size nor colour lightness along elevation. Thus, one and the same functional trait can have quite different effects on community assembly even between closely related taxonomic groups. In Chapter III, I elucidate how traits shift the relative importance of dispersal and environmental filtering in determining beta diversity between forests. Environmental filtering via forest heterogeneity had on aver-age higher independent effects than dispersal filtering within and among regions, suggesting that forest heterogeneity determines species turnover even at country-wide extents. However, the relative importance of dispersal filtering increased with decreasing dispersal ability of the species group. From the aspects of forest heterogeneity covered, variations in herb or tree species composition had overall stronger influence on the turnover of species than forest physiognomy. Again, this ratio was influenced by species traits, namely trophic position, and body size, which highlights the importance of ecological properties of a taxo-nomic group in community assembly. In Chapter IV, I assess whether such ecological properties ultimately determine the level of heterogeneity which maximizes species richness. Here, I considered several facets of heterogeneity in forests. Though the single facets of heterogeneity affected diverse species groups both in positive and negative ways, we could not identify any generalizable mechanism based on dispersal nor the trophic position of the species group which would dissolve these complex relationships. In Chapter V, I examine the effect of environmental heterogeneity of the diversity of traits itself to evalu-ate, whether the effects of environmental heterogeneity on species richness are truly based on increases in the number of niches. The results revealed that positive effects of heterogeneity on species richness are not necessarily based on an increased number of niches alone, but proposedly also on a spatially partition of resources or sheltering effects. While ecological diversity increased overall, there were also negative trends which indicate filtering effects via heterogeneity. In Chapter VI, I present novel methods in measuring plot-wise heterogeneity of forests across continental scales via Satellites. The study compares the performance of Sentinel-1 and LiDar-derived measurements in depicting forest structures and heterogeneity and to their predictive power in modelling diversity. Senti-nel-1 could match the performance of Lidar and shows high potential to assess free yet detailed infor-mation about forest structures in temporal resolutions for modelling the diversity of species. Overall, my thesis supports the notion that heterogeneity in environmental conditions is an important driv-er of beta-diversity, species richness, and ecological diversity. However, I could not identify any general-izable mechanism which direction and form this effect will have.}, subject = {Heterogenit{\"a}t}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Vogel2022, author = {Vogel, Cassandra Ezra}, title = {The effects of land-use and agroecological practices on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical smallholder farms}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-29066}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290661}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Biodiversity is in rapid decline worldwide. These declines are more pronounced in areas that are currently biodiversity rich, but economically poor - essentially describing many tropical regions in the Global South where landscapes are dominated by smallholder agriculture. Agriculture is an important driver of biodiversity decline, through habitat destruction and unsustainable practices. Ironically, agriculture itself is dependent on a range of ecosystem services, such as pollination and pest control, provided by biodiversity. Biodiversity on fields and the delivery of ecosystem services to crops is often closely tied to the composition of the surrounding landscape - complex landscapes with a higher proportion of (semi-)natural habitats tend to support a high abundances and biodiversity of pollinators and natural enemies that are beneficial to crop production. However, past landscape scale studies have focused primarily on industrialized agricultural landscapes in the Global North, and context dependent differences between regions and agricultural systems are understudied. Smallholder agriculture supports 2 billion people worldwide and contributes to over half the world's food supply. Yet smallholders, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are underrepresented in research investigating the consequences of landscape change and agricultural practices. Where research in smallholder agriculture is conducted, the focus is often on commodity crops, such as cacao, and less on crops that are directly consumed by smallholder households, though the loss of services to these crops could potentially impact the most vulnerable farmers the hardest. Agroecology - a holistic and nature-based approach to agriculture, provides an alternative to unsustainable input-intensive agriculture. Agroecology has been found to benefit smallholders through improved agronomical and food-security outcomes. Co-benefits of agroecological practices with biodiversity and ecosystem services are assumed, but not often empirically tested. In addition, the local and landscape effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services are more commonly studied in isolation, but their potentially interactive effects are so far little explored. Our study region in northern Malawi exemplifies many challenges experienced by smallholder farmers throughout sub-Saharan Africa and more generally in the Global South. Malawi is located in a global biodiversity hotspot, but biodiversity is threatened by rapid habitat loss and a push for input-intensive agriculture by government and other stakeholders. In contrast, agroecology has been effectively promoted and implemented in the study region. We investigated how land-use differences and the agroecological practices affects biodiversity and ecosystem services of multiple taxa in a maize-bean intercropping system (Chapter 2), and pollination of pumpkin (Chapter 3) and pigeon pea (Chapter 4). Additionally, the effects of local and landscape scale shrub- to farmland habitat conversion was investigated on butterfly communities, as well as the potential for agroecology to mitigate these effects (Chapter 5).}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{BergmannBorges2023, author = {Bergmann Borges, Alyssa}, title = {The endo-lysosomal system of \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\): insights from a protist cell model}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32924}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-329248}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Most of the studies in cell biology primarily focus on models from the opisthokont group of eukaryotes. However, opisthokonts do not encompass the full diversity of eukaryotes. Thus, it is necessary to broaden the research focus to other organisms to gain a comprehensive understanding of basic cellular processes shared across the tree of life. In this sense, Trypanosoma brucei, a unicellular eukaryote, emerges as a viable alternative. The collaborative efforts in genome sequencing and protein tagging over the past two decades have significantly expanded our knowledge on this organism and have provided valuable tools to facilitate a more detailed analysis of this parasite. Nevertheless, numerous questions still remain. The survival of T. brucei within the mammalian host is intricately linked to the endo-lysosomal system, which plays a critical role in surface glycoprotein recycling, antibody clearance, and plasma membrane homeostasis. However, the dynamics of the duplication of the endo-lysosomal system during T. brucei proliferation and its potential relationship with plasma membrane growth remain poorly understood. Thus, as the primary objective, this thesis explores the endo-lysosomal system of T. brucei in the context of the cell cycle, providing insights on cell surface growth, endosome duplication, and clathrin recruitment. In addition, the study revisits ferritin endocytosis to provide quantitative data on the involvement of TbRab proteins (TbRab5A, TbRab7, and TbRab11) and the different endosomal subpopulations (early, late, and recycling endosomes, respectively) in the transport of this fluid-phase marker. Notably, while these subpopulations function as distinct compartments, different TbRabs can be found within the same region or structure, suggesting a potential physical connection between the endosomal subpopulations. The potential physical connection of endosomes is further explored within the context of the cell cycle and, finally, the duplication and morphological plasticity of the lysosome are also investigated. Overall, these findings provide insights into the dynamics of plasma membrane growth and the coordinated duplication of the endo-lysosomal system during T. brucei proliferation. The early duplication of endosomes suggests their potential involvement in plasma membrane growth, while the late duplication of the lysosome indicates a reduced role in this process. The recruitment of clathrin and TbRab GTPases to the site of endosome formation supports the assumption that the newly formed endosomal system is active during cell division and, consequently, indicates its potential role in plasma membrane homeostasis. Furthermore, considering the vast diversity within the Trypanosoma genus, which includes ~500 described species, the macroevolution of the group was investigated using the combined information of the 18S rRNA gene sequence and structure. The sequence-structure analysis of T. brucei and other 42 trypanosome species was conducted in the context of the diversity of Trypanosomatida, the order in which trypanosomes are placed. An additional analysis focused on Trypanosoma highlighted key aspects of the group's macroevolution. To explore these aspects further, additional trypanosome species were included, and the changes in the Trypanosoma tree topology were analyzed. The sequence-structure phylogeny confirmed the independent evolutionary history of the human pathogens T. brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi, while also providing insights into the evolution of the Aquatic clade, paraphyly of groups, and species classification into subgenera.}, subject = {Endocytose}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Classen2021, author = {Claßen, Alexandra}, title = {The ERK-cascade in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-22966}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229664}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {ERK1/2 are known key players in the pathophysiology of heart failure, but the members of the ERK cascade, in particular Raf1, can also protect the heart from cell death and ischemic injury. An additional autophosphorylation (ERK1 at Thr208, ERK2 at Thr188) empowers ERK1/2 translocation to the nucleus and phosphorylation of nuclear targets which take part in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Thereby, targeting this additional phosphorylation is a promising pharmacological approach. In this thesis, an in silico model of ERK cascade in the cardiomyocyte is introduced. The model is a semi-quantitive model and its behavior was tested with different softwares (SQUAD and CellNetAnalyzer). Different phosphorylation states of ERK1/2 as well as different stimuli can be reproduced. The different types of stimuli include hypertrophic as well as non-hypertrophic stimuli. With the introduced in-silico model time courses and synergistic as well as antagonistic receptor stimuli combinations can be predicted. The simulated time courses were experimentally validated. SQUAD was mainly used to make predictions about time courses and thresholds, whereas CNA was used to analyze steady states and feedback loops. Furthermore, new targets of ERK1/2 which partially contribute, also in the formation of cardiac hypertrophy, were identified and the most promising of them were illuminated. Important further targets are Caspase 8, GAB2, Mxi-2, SMAD2, FHL2 and SPIN90. Cardiomyocyte gene expression data sets were analyzed to verify involved components and to find further significantly altered genes after induced hypertrophy with TAC (transverse aortic constriction). Changes in the ultrastructure of the cardiomyocyte are the final result of induced hypertrophy.}, subject = {Herzhypertrophie}, language = {en} }