@article{JonesFrucianoKelleretal.2016, author = {Jones, Julia C. and Fruciano, Carmelo and Keller, Anja and Schartl, Manfred and Meyer, Axel}, title = {Evolution of the elaborate male intromittent organ of Xiphophorus fishes}, series = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {6}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, number = {20}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.2396}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164956}, pages = {7207-7220}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Internally fertilizing animals show a remarkable diversity in male genital morphology that is associated with sexual selection, and these traits are thought to be evolving particularly rapidly. Male fish in some internally fertilizing species have "gonopodia," highly modified anal fins that are putatively important for sexual selection. However, our understanding of the evolution of genital diversity remains incomplete. Contrary to the prediction that male genital traits evolve more rapidly than other traits, here we show that gonopodial traits and other nongonopodial traits exhibit similar evolutionary rates of trait change and also follow similar evolutionary models in an iconic genus of poeciliid fish (Xiphophorus spp.). Furthermore, we find that both mating and nonmating natural selection mechanisms are unlikely to be driving the diverse Xiphophorus gonopodial morphology. Putative holdfast features of the male genital organ do not appear to be influenced by water flow, a candidate selective force in aquatic habitats. Additionally, interspecific divergence in gonopodial morphology is not significantly higher between sympatric species, than between allopatric species, suggesting that male genitals have not undergone reproductive character displacement. Slower rates of evolution in gonopodial traits compared with a subset of putatively sexually selected nongenital traits suggest that different selection mechanisms may be acting on the different trait types. Further investigations of this elaborate trait are imperative to determine whether it is ultimately an important driver of speciation.}, language = {en} } @article{DrakulićFeldhaarLisičićetal.2016, author = {Drakulić, Sanja and Feldhaar, Heike and Lisičić, Duje and Mioč, Mia and Cizelj, Ivan and Seiler, Michael and Spatz, Theresa and R{\"o}del, Mark-Oliver}, title = {Population-specific effects of developmental temperature on body condition and jumping performance of a widespread European frog}, series = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {6}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, number = {10}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.2113}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164960}, pages = {3115-3128}, year = {2016}, abstract = {All physiological processes of ectotherms depend on environmental temperature. Thus, adaptation of physiological mechanisms to the thermal environments is important for achieving optimal performance and fitness. The European Common Frog, Rana temporaria, is widely distributed across different thermal habitats. This makes it an exceptional model for studying the adaptations to different thermal conditions. We raised tadpoles from Germany and Croatia at two constant temperature treatments (15°C, 20°C), and under natural temperature fluctuations (in outdoor treatments), and tested how different developmental temperatures affected developmental traits, that is, length of larval development, morphometrics, and body condition, as well as jumping performance of metamorphs. Our results revealed population-specific differences in developmental time, body condition, and jumping performance. Croatian frogs developed faster in all treatments, were heavier, in better body condition, and had longer hind limbs and better jumping abilities than German metamorphs. The populations further differed in thermal sensitivity of jumping performance. While metamorphs from Croatia increased their jumping performance with higher temperatures, German metamorphs reached their performance maximum at lower temperatures. These population-specific differences in common environments indicate local genetic adaptation, with southern populations being better adapted to higher temperatures than those from north of the Alps.}, language = {en} } @article{MenaDiegelmannWegeneretal.2016, author = {Mena, Wilson and Diegelmann, S{\"o}ren and Wegener, Christian and Ewer, John}, title = {Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal ensemble depend on downstream neuromodulators}, series = {eLife}, volume = {5}, journal = {eLife}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.19686}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165003}, pages = {e19686}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Neuropeptides play a key role in the regulation of behaviors and physiological responses including alertness, social recognition, and hunger, yet, their mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, we focus on the endocrine control ecdysis behavior, which is used by arthropods to shed their cuticle at the end of every molt. Ecdysis is triggered by ETH (Ecdysis triggering hormone), and we show that the response of peptidergic neurons that produce CCAP (crustacean cardioactive peptide), which are key targets of ETH and control the onset of ecdysis behavior, depends fundamentally on the actions of neuropeptides produced by other direct targets of ETH and released in a broad paracrine manner within the CNS; by autocrine influences from the CCAP neurons themselves; and by inhibitory actions mediated by GABA. Our findings provide insights into how this critical insect behavior is controlled and general principles for understanding how neuropeptides organize neuronal activity and behaviors.}, language = {en} } @article{KonteTerpitzPlemenitaš2016, author = {Konte, Tilen and Terpitz, Ulrich and Plemenitaš, Ana}, title = {Reconstruction of the High-Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) Signaling Pathway from the Halophilic Fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga in Saccharomyces cerevisiae}, series = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2016.00901}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165214}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The basidiomycetous fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga grows between 1.7 and 5.1 M NaCl and is the most halophilic eukaryote described to date. Like other fungi, W. ichthyophaga detects changes in environmental salinity mainly by the evolutionarily conserved high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the HOG pathway has been extensively studied in connection to osmotic regulation, with a valuable knock-out strain collection established. In the present study, we reconstructed the architecture of the HOG pathway of W. ichthyophaga in suitable S. cerevisiae knock-out strains, through heterologous expression of the W. ichthyophaga HOG pathway proteins. Compared to S. cerevisiae, where the Pbs2 (ScPbs2) kinase of the HOG pathway is activated via the SHO1 and SLN1 branches, the interactions between the W. ichthyophaga Pbs2 (WiPbs2) kinase and the W. ichthyophaga SHO1 branch orthologs are not conserved: as well as evidence of poor interactions between the WiSho1 Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain and the WiPbs2 proline-rich motif, the absence of a considerable part of the osmosensing apparatus in the genome of W. ichthyophaga suggests that the SHO1 branch components are not involved in HOG signaling in this halophilic fungus. In contrast, the conserved activation of WiPbs2 by the S. cerevisiae ScSsk2/ScSsk22 kinase and the sensitivity of W. ichthyophaga cells to fludioxonil, emphasize the significance of two-component (SLN1-like) signaling via Group III histidine kinase. Combined with protein modeling data, our study reveals conserved and non-conserved protein interactions in the HOG signaling pathway of W. ichthyophaga and therefore significantly improves the knowledge of hyperosmotic signal processing in this halophilic fungus.}, language = {en} } @article{HeldBerzHensgenetal.2016, author = {Held, Martina and Berz, Annuska and Hensgen, Ronja and Muenz, Thomas S. and Scholl, Christina and R{\"o}ssler, Wolfgang and Homberg, Uwe and Pfeiffer, Keram}, title = {Microglomerular Synaptic Complexes in the Sky-Compass Network of the Honeybee Connect Parallel Pathways from the Anterior Optic Tubercle to the Central Complex}, series = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience}, volume = {10}, journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience}, number = {186}, doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00186}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-165080}, year = {2016}, abstract = {While the ability of honeybees to navigate relying on sky-compass information has been investigated in a large number of behavioral studies, the underlying neuronal system has so far received less attention. The sky-compass pathway has recently been described from its input region, the dorsal rim area (DRA) of the compound eye, to the anterior optic tubercle (AOTU). The aim of this study is to reveal the connection from the AOTU to the central complex (CX). For this purpose, we investigated the anatomy of large microglomerular synaptic complexes in the medial and lateral bulbs (MBUs/LBUs) of the lateral complex (LX). The synaptic complexes are formed by tubercle-lateral accessory lobe neuron 1 (TuLAL1) neurons of the AOTU and GABAergic tangential neurons of the central body's (CB) lower division (TL neurons). Both TuLAL1 and TL neurons strongly resemble neurons forming these complexes in other insect species. We further investigated the ultrastructure of these synaptic complexes using transmission electron microscopy. We found that single large presynaptic terminals of TuLAL1 neurons enclose many small profiles (SPs) of TL neurons. The synaptic connections between these neurons are established by two types of synapses: divergent dyads and divergent tetrads. Our data support the assumption that these complexes are a highly conserved feature in the insect brain and play an important role in reliable signal transmission within the sky-compass pathway.}, language = {en} } @article{KunzLiangNillaetal.2016, author = {Kunz, Meik and Liang, Chunguang and Nilla, Santosh and Cecil, Alexander and Dandekar, Thomas}, title = {The drug-minded protein interaction database (DrumPID) for efficient target analysis and drug development}, series = {Database}, volume = {2016}, journal = {Database}, doi = {10.1093/database/baw041}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147369}, pages = {baw041}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The drug-minded protein interaction database (DrumPID) has been designed to provide fast, tailored information on drugs and their protein networks including indications, protein targets and side-targets. Starting queries include compound, target and protein interactions and organism-specific protein families. Furthermore, drug name, chemical structures and their SMILES notation, affected proteins (potential drug targets), organisms as well as diseases can be queried including various combinations and refinement of searches. Drugs and protein interactions are analyzed in detail with reference to protein structures and catalytic domains, related compound structures as well as potential targets in other organisms. DrumPID considers drug functionality, compound similarity, target structure, interactome analysis and organismic range for a compound, useful for drug development, predicting drug side-effects and structure-activity relationships.}, language = {en} } @article{BeckerKucharskiRoessleretal.2016, author = {Becker, Nils and Kucharski, Robert and R{\"o}ssler, Wolfgang and Maleszka, Ryszard}, title = {Age-dependent transcriptional and epigenomic responses to light exposure in the honey bee brain}, series = {FEBS Open Bio}, volume = {6}, journal = {FEBS Open Bio}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1002/2211-5463.12084}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147080}, pages = {622-639}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Light is a powerful environmental stimulus of special importance in social honey bees that undergo a behavioral transition from in-hive to outdoor foraging duties. Our previous work has shown that light exposure induces structural neuronal plasticity in the mushroom bodies (MBs), a brain center implicated in processing inputs from sensory modalities. Here, we extended these analyses to the molecular level to unravel light-induced transcriptomic and epigenomic changes in the honey bee brain. We have compared gene expression in brain compartments of 1- and 7-day-old light-exposed honey bees with age-matched dark-kept individuals. We have found a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), both novel and conserved, including several genes with reported roles in neuronal plasticity. Most of the DEGs show age-related changes in the amplitude of light-induced expression and are likely to be both developmentally and environmentally regulated. Some of the DEGs are either known to be methylated or are implicated in epigenetic processes suggesting that responses to light exposure are at least partly regulated at the epigenome level. Consistent with this idea light alters the DNA methylation pattern of bgm, one of the DEGs affected by light exposure, and the expression of microRNA miR-932. This confirms the usefulness of our approach to identify candidate genes for neuronal plasticity and provides evidence for the role of epigenetic processes in driving the molecular responses to visual stimulation.}, language = {en} } @article{BrunetVolffSchartl2016, author = {Brunet, Fr{\´e}d{\´e}ric G. and Volff, Jean-Nicolas and Schartl, Manfred}, title = {Whole Genome Duplications Shaped the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Repertoire of Jawed Vertebrates}, series = {Genome Biology Evolution}, volume = {8}, journal = {Genome Biology Evolution}, number = {15}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evw103}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146988}, pages = {1600-1613}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) gene family, involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, comprises proteins with a common enzymatic tyrosine kinase intracellular domain adjacent to a transmembrane region. The amino-terminal portion of RTKs is extracellular and made of different domains, the combination of which characterizes each of the 20 RTK subfamilies among mammals. We analyzed a total of 7,376 RTK sequences among 143 vertebrate species to provide here the first comprehensive census of the jawed vertebrate repertoire. We ascertained the 58 genes previously described in the human and mouse genomes and established their phylogenetic relationships. We also identified five additional RTKs amounting to a total of 63 genes in jawed vertebrates. We found that the vertebrate RTK gene family has been shaped by the two successive rounds of whole genome duplications (WGD) called 1R and 2R (1R/2R) that occurred at the base of the vertebrates. In addition, the Vegfr and Ephrin receptor subfamilies were expanded by single gene duplications. In teleost fish, 23 additional RTK genes have been retained after another expansion through the fish-specific third round (3R) of WGD. Several lineage-specific gene losses were observed. For instance, birds have lost three RTKs, and different genes are missing in several fish sublineages. The RTK gene family presents an unusual high gene retention rate from the vertebrate WGDs (58.75\% after 1R/2R, 64.4\% after 3R), resulting in an expansion that might be correlated with the evolution of complexity of vertebrate cellular communication and intracellular signaling.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Jung2016, author = {Jung, Lisa Anna}, title = {Targeting MYC Function as a Strategy for Tumor Therapy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146993}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {A large fraction of human tumors exhibits aberrant expression of the oncoprotein MYC. As a transcription factor regulating various cellular processes, MYC is also crucially involved in normal development. Direct targeting of MYC has been a major challenge for molecular cancer drug discovery. The proof of principle that its inhibition is nevertheless feasible came from in vivo studies using a dominant-negative allele of MYC termed OmoMYC. Systemic expression of OmoMYC triggered long-term tumor regression with mild and fully reversible side effects on normal tissues. In this study, OmoMYC's mode of action was investigated combining methods of structural biology and functional genomics to elucidate how it is able to preferentially affect oncogenic functions of MYC. The crystal structure of the OmoMYC homodimer, both in the free and the E-box-bound state, was determined, which revealed that OmoMYC forms a stable homodimer, and as such, recognizes DNA via the same base-specific DNA contacts as the MYC/MAX heterodimer. OmoMYC binds DNA with an equally high affinity as MYC/MAX complexes. RNA-sequencing showed that OmoMYC blunts both MYC-dependent transcriptional activation and repression. Genome-wide DNA-binding studies using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing revealed that OmoMYC competes with MYC/MAX complexes on chromatin, thereby reducing their occupancy at consensus DNA binding sites. The most prominent decrease in MYC binding was seen at low-affinity promoters, which were invaded by MYC at oncogenic levels. Strikingly, gene set enrichment analyses using OmoMYC-regulated genes enabled the identification of tumor subgroups with high MYC levels in multiple tumor entities. Together with a targeted shRNA screen, this identified novel targets for the eradication of MYC-driven tumors, such as ATAD3A, BOP1, and ADRM1. In summary, the findings suggest that OmoMYC specifically inhibits tumor cell growth by attenuating the expression of rate-limiting proteins in cellular processes that respond to elevated levels of MYC protein using a DNA-competitive mechanism. This opens up novel strategies to target oncogenic MYC functions for tumor therapy.}, subject = {Myc}, language = {en} } @article{FalibeneRocesRoessleretal.2016, author = {Falibene, Augustine and Roces, Flavio and R{\"o}ssler, Wolfgang and Groh, Claudia}, title = {Daily Thermal Fluctuations Experienced by Pupae via Rhythmic Nursing Behavior Increase Numbers of Mushroom Body Microglomeruli in the Adult Ant Brain}, series = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience}, volume = {10}, journal = {Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience}, number = {73}, doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00073}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146711}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Social insects control brood development by using different thermoregulatory strategies. Camponotus mus ants expose their brood to daily temperature fluctuations by translocating them inside the nest following a circadian rhythm of thermal preferences. At the middle of the photophase brood is moved to locations at 30.8°C; 8 h later, during the night, the brood is transferred back to locations at 27.5°C. We investigated whether daily thermal fluctuations experienced by developing pupae affect the neuroarchitecture in the adult brain, in particular in sensory input regions of the mushroom bodies (MB calyces). The complexity of synaptic microcircuits was estimated by quantifying MB-calyx volumes together with densities of presynaptic boutons of microglomeruli (MG) in the olfactory lip and visual collar regions. We compared young adult workers that were reared either under controlled daily thermal fluctuations of different amplitudes, or at different constant temperatures. Thermal regimes significantly affected the large (non-dense) olfactory lip region of the adult MB calyx, while changes in the dense lip and the visual collar were less evident. Thermal fluctuations mimicking the amplitudes of natural temperature fluctuations via circadian rhythmic translocation of pupae by nurses (amplitude 3.3°C) lead to higher numbers of MG in the MB calyces compared to those in pupae reared at smaller or larger thermal amplitudes (0.0, 1.5, 9.6°C), or at constant temperatures (25.4, 35.0°C). We conclude that rhythmic control of brood temperature by nursing ants optimizes brain development by increasing MG densities and numbers in specific brain areas. Resulting differences in synaptic microcircuits are expected to affect sensory processing and learning abilities in adult ants, and may also promote interindividual behavioral variability within colonies.}, language = {en} } @article{KaltdorfSrivastavaGuptaetal.2016, author = {Kaltdorf, Martin and Srivastava, Mugdha and Gupta, Shishir K. and Liang, Chunguang and Binder, Jasmin and Dietl, Anna-Maria and Meir, Zohar and Haas, Hubertus and Osherov, Nir and Krappmann, Sven and Dandekar, Thomas}, title = {Systematic Identification of Anti-Fungal Drug Targets by a Metabolic Network Approach}, series = {Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience}, volume = {3}, journal = {Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience}, doi = {10.3389/fmolb.2016.00022}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147396}, pages = {22}, year = {2016}, abstract = {New antimycotic drugs are challenging to find, as potential target proteins may have close human orthologs. We here focus on identifying metabolic targets that are critical for fungal growth and have minimal similarity to targets among human proteins. We compare and combine here: (I) direct metabolic network modeling using elementary mode analysis and flux estimates approximations using expression data, (II) targeting metabolic genes by transcriptome analysis of condition-specific highly expressed enzymes, and (III) analysis of enzyme structure, enzyme interconnectedness ("hubs"), and identification of pathogen-specific enzymes using orthology relations. We have identified 64 targets including metabolic enzymes involved in vitamin synthesis, lipid, and amino acid biosynthesis including 18 targets validated from the literature, two validated and five currently examined in own genetic experiments, and 38 further promising novel target proteins which are non-orthologous to human proteins, involved in metabolism and are highly ranked drug targets from these pipelines.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ruf2016, author = {Ruf, Franziska}, title = {The circadian regulation of eclosion in \(Drosophila\) \(melanogaster\)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146265}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Eclosion is the emergence of an adult insect from the pupal case at the end of development. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, eclosion is a circadian clock-gated event and is regulated by various peptides. When studied on the population level, eclosion reveals a clear rhythmicity with a peak at the beginning of the light-phase that persists also under constant conditions. It is a long standing hypothesis that eclosion gating to the morning hours with more humid conditions is an adaption to reduce water loss and increase the survival. Eclosion behavior, including the motor pattern required for the fly to hatch out of the puparium, is orchestrated by a well-characterized cascade of peptides. The main components are ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH), eclosion hormone (EH) and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP). The molt is initiated by a peak level and pupal ecdysis by a subsequent decline of the ecdysteroid ecdysone. Ecdysteroids are produced by the prothoracic gland (PG), an endocrine tissue that contains a peripheral clock and degenerates shortly after eclosion. Production and release of ecdysteroids are regulated by the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). Although many aspects of the circadian clock and the peptidergic control of the eclosion behavior are known, it still remains unclear how both systems are interconnected. The aim of this dissertation research was to dissect this connection and evaluate the importance of different Zeitgebers on eclosion rhythmicity under natural conditions. Potential interactions between the central clock and the peptides regulating ecdysis motor behavior were evaluated by analyzing the influence of CCAP on eclosion rhythmicity. Ablation and silencing of CCAP neurons, as well as CCAP null-mutation did not affect eclosion rhythmicity under either light or temperature entrainment nor under natural conditions. To dissect the connection between the central and the peripheral clock, PTTH neurons were ablated. Monitoring eclosion under light and temperature entrainment revealed that eclosion became arrhythmic under constant conditions. However, qPCR expression analysis revealed no evidence for cycling of Ptth mRNA in pharate flies. To test for a connection with pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-expressing neurons, the PDF receptor (PDFR) and short neuropeptide F receptor (sNPFR) were knocked down in the PTTH neurons. Knockdown of sNPFR, but not PDFR, resulted in arrhythmic eclosion under constant darkness conditions. PCR analysis of the PTTH receptor, Torso, revealed its expression in the PG and the gonads, but not in the brain or eyes, of pharate flies. Knockdown of torso in the PG lead to arrhythmicity under constant conditions, which provides strong evidence for the specific effect of PTTH on the PG. These results suggest connections from the PDF positive lateral neurons to the PTTH neurons via sNPF signaling, and to the PG via PTTH and Torso. This interaction presumably couples the period of the peripheral clock in the PG to that of the central clock in the brain. To identify a starting signal for eclosion and possible further candidates in the regulation of eclosion behavior, chemically defined peptidergic and aminergic neurons were optogenetically activated in pharate pupae via ChR2-XXL. This screen approach revealed two candidates for the regulation of eclosion behavior: Dromyosuppressin (DMS) and myo-inhibitory peptides (MIP). However, ablation of DMS neurons did not affect eclosion rhythmicity or success and the exact function of MIP must be evaluated in future studies. To assess the importance of the clock and of possible Zeitgebers in nature, eclosion of the wildtype Canton S and the clock mutant per01 and the PDF signaling mutants pdf01 and han5304 was monitored under natural conditions. For this purpose, the W{\"u}rzburg eclosion monitor (WEclMon) was developed, which is a new open monitoring system that allows direct exposure of pupae to the environment. A general decline of rhythmicity under natural conditions compared to laboratory conditions was observed in all tested strains. While the wildtype and the pdf01 and han5304 mutants stayed weakly rhythmic, the per01 mutant flies eclosed mostly arrhythmic. PDF and its receptor (PDFR encoded by han) are required for the synchronization of the clock network and functional loss can obviously be compensated by a persisting synchronization to external Zeitgebers. The loss of the central clock protein PER, however, lead to a non-functional clock and revealed the absolute importance of the clock for eclosion rhythmicity. To quantitatively analyze the effect of the clock and abiotic factors on eclosion rhythmicity, a statistical model was developed in cooperation with Oliver Mitesser and Thomas Hovestadt. The modelling results confirmed the clock as the most important factor for eclosion rhythmicity. Moreover, temperature was found to have the strongest effect on the actual shape of the daily emergence pattern, while light has only minor effects. Relative humidity could be excluded as Zeitgeber for eclosion and therefore was not further analyzed. Taken together, the present dissertation identified the so far unknown connection between the central and peripheral clock regulating eclosion. Furthermore, a new method for the analysis of eclosion rhythms under natural conditions was established and the necessity of a functional clock for rhythmic eclosion even in the presence of multiple Zeitgebers was shown.}, subject = {Taufliege}, language = {en} } @article{DejungSubotaBuceriusetal.2016, author = {Dejung, Mario and Subota, Ines and Bucerius, Ferdinand and Dindar, G{\"u}lcin and Freiwald, Anja and Engstler, Markus and Boshart, Michael and Butter, Falk and Janzen, Chistian J.}, title = {Quantitative proteomics uncovers novel factors involved in developmental differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei}, series = {PLoS Pathogens}, volume = {12}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, number = {2}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1005439}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146362}, pages = {e1005439}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Developmental differentiation is a universal biological process that allows cells to adapt to different environments to perform specific functions. African trypanosomes progress through a tightly regulated life cycle in order to survive in different host environments when they shuttle between an insect vector and a vertebrate host. Transcriptomics has been useful to gain insight into RNA changes during stage transitions; however, RNA levels are only a moderate proxy for protein abundance in trypanosomes. We quantified 4270 protein groups during stage differentiation from the mammalian-infective to the insect form and provide classification for their expression profiles during development. Our label-free quantitative proteomics study revealed previously unknown components of the differentiation machinery that are involved in essential biological processes such as signaling, posttranslational protein modifications, trafficking and nuclear transport. Furthermore, guided by our proteomic survey, we identified the cause of the previously observed differentiation impairment in the histone methyltransferase DOT1B knock-out strain as it is required for accurate karyokinesis in the first cell division during differentiation. This epigenetic regulator is likely involved in essential chromatin restructuring during developmental differentiation, which might also be important for differentiation in higher eukaryotic cells. Our proteome dataset will serve as a resource for detailed investigations of cell differentiation to shed more light on the molecular mechanisms of this process in trypanosomes and other eukaryotes.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Cicova2016, author = {Cicova, Zdenka}, title = {Characterization of a novel putative factor involved in host adaptation in Trypanosoma brucei}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142462}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Trypanosomes are masters of adaptation to different host environments during their complex life cycle. Large-scale proteomic approaches provide information on changes at the cellular level in a systematic way. However, a detailed work on single components is necessary to understand the adaptation mechanisms on a molecular level. Here we have performed a detailed characterization of a bloodstream form (BSF) stage-specific putative flagellar host adaptation factor (Tb927.11.2400) identified previously in a SILAC-based comparative proteome study. Tb927.11.2400 shares 38\% amino acid identity with TbFlabarin (Tb927.11.2410), a procyclic form (PCF) stage specific flagellar BAR domain protein. We named Tb927.11.2400 TbFlabarin like (TbFlabarinL) and demonstrate that it is a result of a gene duplication event, which occurred in African trypanosomes. TbFlabarinL is not essential for growth of the parasites under cell culture conditions and it is dispensable for developmental differentiation from BSF to the PCF in vitro. We generated a TbFlabarinL-specific antibody and showed that it localizes in the flagellum. The co-immunoprecipitation experiment together with a biochemical cell fractionation indicated a dual association of TbFlabarinL with the flagellar membrane and the components of the paraflagellar rod.}, subject = {Trypanosoma brucei}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Kupper2016, author = {Kupper, Maria}, title = {The immune transcriptome and proteome of the ant Camponotus floridanus and vertical transmission of its bacterial endosymbiont Blochmannia floridanus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142534}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {The evolutionary success of insects is believed to be at least partially facilitated by symbioses between insects and prokaryotes. Bacterial endosymbionts confer various fitness advantages to their hosts, for example by providing nutrients lacking from the insects' diet thereby enabling the inhabitation of new ecological niches. The Florida carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Blochmannia. These primary endosymbionts mainly reside in the cytoplasm of bacteriocytes, specialised cells interspersed into the midgut tissue, but they were also found in oocytes which allows their vertical transmission. The social lifestyle of C. floridanus may facilitate the rapid spread of infections amongst genetically closely related animals living in huge colonies. Therefore, the ants require an immune system to efficiently combat infections while maintaining a "chronic" infection with their endosymbionts. In order to investigate the immune repertoire of the ants, the Illumina sequencing method was used. The previously published genome sequence of C. floridanus was functionally re-annotated and 0.53\% of C. floridanus proteins were assigned to the gene ontology (GO) term subcategory "immune system process". Based on homology analyses, genes encoding 510 proteins with possible immune function were identified. These genes are involved in microbial recognition and immune signalling pathways but also in cellular defence mechanisms, such as phagocytosis and melanisation. The components of the major signalling pathways appear to be highly conserved and the analysis revealed an overall broad immune repertoire of the ants though the number of identified genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is comparatively low. Besides three genes coding for homologs of thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), which have been shown to act as opsonins promoting phagocytosis in other insects, six genes encoding the AMPs defesin-1 and defensin-2, hymenoptaecin, two tachystatin-like peptides and one crustin-like peptide are present in the ant genome. Although the low number of known AMPs in comparison to 13 AMPs in the honey bee Apis mellifera and 46 AMPs in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis may indicate a less potent immune system, measures summarised as external or social immunity may enhance the immune repertoire of C. floridanus, as it was discussed for other social insects. Also, the hymenoptaecin multipeptide precursor protein may be processed to yield seven possibly bioactive peptides. In this work, two hymenoptaecin derived peptides were heterologously expressed and purified. The preliminary antimicrobial activity assays indicate varying bacteriostatic effects of different hymenoptaecin derived peptides against Escherichia coli D31 and Staphylococcus aureus which suggests a functional amplification of the immune response further increasing the antimicrobial potency of the ants. Furthermore, 257 genes were differentially expressed upon immune challenge of C. floridanus and most of the immune genes showing differential expression are involved in recognition of microbes or encode immune effectors rather than signalling components. Additionally, genes coding for proteins involved in storage and metabolism were downregulated upon immune challenge suggesting a trade-off between two energy-intensive processes in order to enhance effectiveness of the immune response. The analysis of gene expression via qRT-PCR was used for validation of the transcriptome data and revealed stage-specific immune gene regulation. Though the same tendencies of regulation were observed in larvae and adults, expression of several immune-related genes was generally more strongly induced in larvae. Immune gene expression levels depending on the developmental stage of C. floridanus are in agreement with observations in other insects and might suggest that animals from different stages revert to individual combinations of external and internal immunity upon infection. The haemolymph proteome of immune-challenged ants further established the immune-relevance of several proteins involved in classical immune signalling pathways, e.g. PRRs, extracellularly active proteases of the Toll signalling pathway and effector molecules such as AMPs, lysozymes and TEPs. Additionally, non-canonical proteins with putative immune function were enriched in immune-challenged haemolymph, e.g. Vitellogenins, NPC2-like proteins and Hemocytin. As known from previous studies, septic wounding also leads to the upregulation of genes involved in stress responses. In the haemolymph, proteins implicated in protein stabilisation and in the protection against oxidative stress and insecticides were enriched upon immune challenge. In order to identify additional putative immune effectors, haemolymph peptide samples from immune-challenged larvae and adults were analysed. The analysis in this work focussed on the identification of putative peptides produced via the secretory pathway as previously described for neuropeptides of C. floridanus. 567 regulated peptides derived from 39 proteins were identified in the larval haemolymph, whereas 342 regulated peptides derived from 13 proteins were found in the adult haemolymph. Most of the peptides are derived from hymenoptaecin or from putative uncharacterised proteins. One haemolymph peptide of immune-challenged larvae comprises the complete amino acid sequence of a predicted peptide derived from a Vitellogenin. Though the identified peptide lacks similarities to any known immune-related peptide, it is a suitable candidate for further functional analysis. To establish a stable infection with the endosymbionts, the bacteria have to be transmitted to the next generation of the ants. The vertical transmission of B. floridanus is guaranteed by bacterial infestation of oocytes. This work presents the first comprehensive and detailed description of the localisation of the bacterial endosymbionts in C. floridanus ovaries during oogenesis. Whereas the most apical part of the germarium, which contains the germ-line stem cells, is not infected by the bacteria, small somatic cells in the outer layers of each ovariole were found to be infected in the lower germarium. Only with the beginning of cystocyte differentiation, endosymbionts are exclusively transported from follicle cells into the growing oocytes, while nurse cells were never infected with B. floridanus. This infestation of the oocytes by bacteria very likely involves exocytosis-endocytosis processes between follicle cells and the oocytes. A previous study suggested a down-modulation of the immune response in the midgut tissue which may promote endosymbiont tolerance. Therefore, the expression of several potentially relevant immune genes was analysed in the ovarial tissue by qRT-PCR. The relatively low expression of genes involved in Toll and IMD signalling, and the high expression of genes encoding negative immune regulators, such as PGRP-LB, PGRP-SC2, and tollip, strongly suggest that a down-modulation of the immune response may also facilitate endosymbiont tolerance in the ovaries and thereby contribute to their vertical transmission. Overall, the present thesis improves the knowledge about the immune repertoire of C. floridanus and provides new candidates for further functional analyses. Moreover, the involvement of the host immune system in maintaining a "chronic" infection with symbiotic bacteria was confirmed and extended to the ovaries.}, subject = {Camponotus floridanus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Maurus2016, author = {Maurus, Katja}, title = {Melanoma Maintenance by the AP1 Transcription Factor FOSL1}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142995}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Identifying novel driver genes in cancer remains a crucial step towards development of new therapeutic approaches and the basic understanding of the disease. This work describes the impact of the AP1 transcription activator component FOSL1 on melanoma maintenance. FOSL1 is strongly upregulated during the progression of melanoma and the protein abundance is highest in metastases. I found that the regulation of FOSL1 is strongly dependent on ERK1/2- and PI3K- signaling, two pathways frequently activated in melanoma. Moreover, the involvement of p53 in FOSL1 regulation in melanoma was investigated. Elevated levels of the tumor suppressor led to decreased FOSL1 protein levels in a miR34a/miR34c- dependent manner. The benefit of elevated FOSL1 amounts in human melanoma cell lines was analyzed by overexpression of FOSL1 in cell lines with low endogenous FOSL1 levels. Enhanced levels of FOSL1 had several pro-tumorigenic effects in human melanoma cell lines. Besides increased proliferation and migration rates, FOSL1 overexpression induced the colony forming ability of the cells. Additionally, FOSL1 was necessary for anchorage independent growth in 3D cell cultures. Microarray analyses revealed novel downstream effectors of FOSL1. On the one hand, FOSL1 was able to induce the transcription of different neuron-related genes, such as NEFL, NRP1 and TUBB3. On the other hand, FOSL1 influenced the transcription of DCT, a melanocyte specific gene, in dependence of the differentiation of the melanoma cell line, indicating dedifferentiation. Furthermore, FOSL1 induced the transcription of HMGA1, a chromatin remodeling protein with reprogramming ability, which is characteristic for stem cells. Consequently, the influence of HMGA1 on melanoma maintenance was investigated. In addition to decreased proliferation and reduced anoikis resistance, HMGA1 knockdown reduced melanoma cell survival. Interestingly, the FOSL1 induced pro-tumorigenic effects were demonstrated to be dependent on the HMGA1 level. HMGA1 manipulation reversed FOSL1 induced proliferation and colony forming ability, as well as the anchorage independent growth effect. In conclusion, I could show that additional FOSL1 confers a clear growth benefit to melanoma cells. This benefit is attributed to the induction of stem cell determinants, but can be blocked by the inhibition of the ERK1/2 or PI3K signaling pathways.}, subject = {Melanom}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schoenwaelder2016, author = {Sch{\"o}nw{\"a}lder, Sina Maria Siglinde}, title = {Entwicklung und Charakterisierung von Gelatine-basierten Hydrogelen und PLGA-basierten Janus-Partikeln}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142636}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Zusammenfassung In der Regenerativen Medizin sind polymerbasierte Biomaterialien von großer Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Entwicklung und Anwendung verbesserter bzw. neuer Therapien. Die Erforschung der Oberfl{\"a}cheneigenschaften von Biomaterialien, welche als Implantate eingesetzt werden, ist eine grundlegende Voraussetzung f{\"u}r deren erfolgreichen Einsatz. Die Protein-Oberfl{\"a}chen- Interaktion geschieht initial, sobald ein Implantat mit K{\"o}rperfl{\"u}ssigkeiten oder mit Gewebe in Kontakt kommt, und tr{\"a}gt maßgeblich zur direkten Wechselwirkung von Implantat und umgebenden Zellen bei. Dieser Prozess wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit an Gelatine untersucht. Daher bestand ein Ziel darin, stabile, nanometerd{\"u}nne Gelatineoberfl{\"a}chen herzustellen und darauf die Adsorption von humanen Plasmaproteinen und bakteriellen Proteinen zu analysieren. Die Abscheidung der Gelatinefilme in variabler Schichtdicke auf zuvor mit PPX-Amin modifizierten Oberfl{\"a}chen wurde unter Verwendung eines Rotationsbeschichters durchgef{\"u}hrt. Um stabile Hydrogelfilme zu erhalten, wurden die Amingruppen der disaggregierten Gelatinefibrillen untereinander und mit denen der Amin-Modifizierung durch ein biokompatibles Diisocyanat quervernetzt. Dieser Prozess lieferte einen reproduzierbaren und chemisch stabilen Gelatinefilm, welcher durch die substratunabh{\"a}ngige Amin-Modifizierung kovalent auf unterschiedlichste Oberfl{\"a}chen aufgebracht werden konnte. Die durch den Herstellungsprozess pr{\"a}zise eingestellte Schichtdicke (Nano- bzw. Mikrometermaßstab) wurde mittels Ellipsometrie und Rasterkraftmikroskopie ermittelt. Die ebenso bestimmte Rauheit war unabh{\"a}ngig von der Schichtdicke sehr gering. Gelatinefilme, die auf funktionalisierte und strukturierte Proben aufgebracht wurden, konnten durch Elektronenmikroskopie dargestellt werden. Mit Hilfe der Infrarot-Reflexions-Absorptions-Spektroskopie wurden die Gelatinefilme im Hinblick auf ihre Stabilit{\"a}t chemisch charakterisiert. Zur Quantifizierung der Adsorption humaner Plasmaproteine (Einzelproteinl{\"o}sungen) und komplexer Proteingemische aus steril filtrierten Kultur{\"u}berst{\"a}nden des humanpathogenen Bakteriums Pseudomonas aeruginosa wurde die Quarzkristall-Mikrowaage mit Dissipations{\"u}berwachung eingesetzt. Hiermit konnte nicht nur die adsorbierte Menge an Proteinen auf dem Gelatinehydrogel bzw. Referenzoberfl{\"a}chen (Gold, PPX-Amin, Titan), sondern auch die viskoelastischen Eigenschaften des adsorbierten Proteinfilms bestimmt werden. Allgemein adsorbierte auf dem Gelatinehydrogel eine geringere Proteinmasse im Vergleich zu den Referenzoberfl{\"a}chen. Circa ein Viertel der adsorbierten Proteine migrierte in die Poren des gequollenen Gels und ver{\"a}nderte dessen viskoelastische Eigenschaften. Durch anschließende MALDI-ToF/MS- und MS/MS-Analyse konnten die bakteriellen Proteine auf den untersuchten Oberfl{\"a}chen identifiziert und untereinander verglichen werden. Hierbei zeigten sich nur geringf{\"u}gige Unterschiede in der Proteinzusammensetzung. Zudem wurde eine Sekund{\"a}rionenmassenspektrometrie mit Flugzeitanalyse an reinen Gelatinefilmen und an mit humanen Plasmaproteinen beladenen Gelatinefilmen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Durch eine anschließende multivariante Datenanalyse konnte zwischen den untersuchten Proben eindeutig differenziert werden. Dieser Ansatz erm{\"o}glicht es, die Adsorption von unterschiedlichen Proteinen auf proteinbasierten Oberfl{\"a}chen markierungsfrei zu untersuchen und kann zur Aufkl{\"a}rung der in vivo-Situation beitragen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus bietet dieser Untersuchungsansatz neue Perspektiven f{\"u}r die Gestaltung und das schnelle und effiziente Screening von unterschiedlichen Proteinzusammensetzungen. Biomaterialien k{\"o}nnen jedoch nicht nur als Implantate oder Implantatbeschichtungen eingesetzt werden. Im Bereich des drug delivery und der Depotarzneimittel sind biologisch abbaubare Polymere, aufgrund ihrer variablen Eigenschaften, von großem Interesse. Die Behandlung von bakteriellen und fungalen Pneumonien stellt insbesondere bei Menschen mit Vorerkrankungen wie Cystische Fibrose oder prim{\"a}re Ziliendyskinesie eine große Herausforderung dar. Oral oder intraven{\"o}s applizierte Wirkstoffe erreichen die Erreger aufgrund der erh{\"o}hten Z{\"a}higkeit des Bronchialsekretes oft nicht in ausreichender Konzentration. Daher besteht ein weiteres Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit darin, mittels electrohydrodynamic cojetting mikrometergroße, inhalierbare, wirkstoffbeladene Partikel mit zwei Kompartimenten (Janus-Partikel) herzustellen und deren Eignung f{\"u}r die therapeutische Anwendung bei Lungeninfektionen zu untersuchen. Durch das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte L{\"o}sungsmittelsystem k{\"o}nnen Janus-Partikel aus biologisch abbaubaren Co-Polymeren der Polymilchs{\"a}ure (Poly(lactid-co-glycolid), PLGA) hergestellt und mit verschiedenen Wirkstoffen beladen werden. Darunter befinden sich ein Antibiotikum (Aztreonam, AZT), ein Antimykotikum (Itraconazol, ICZ), ein Mukolytikum (Acetylcystein, ACC) und ein Antiphlogistikum (Ibuprofen, IBU). Die Freisetzung der eingelagerten Wirkstoffe, mit Ausnahme von ICZ, konnte unter physiologischen Bedingungen mittels Dialyse und anschließender Hochleistungsfl{\"u}ssigkeitschromatographie gemessen werden. Die Freisetzungsrate wird von der Kettenl{\"a}nge des Polymers beeinflusst, wobei eine k{\"u}rzere Kettenl{\"a}nge zu einer schnelleren Freisetzung f{\"u}hrt. Das in die Partikel eingelagerte Antimykotikum zeigte in vitro eine gute Wirksamkeit gegen Aspergillus nidulans. Durch das Einlagern von ICZ in die Partikel ist es m{\"o}glich diesen schlecht wasserl{\"o}slichen Wirkstoff in eine f{\"u}r Patienten zug{\"a}ngliche und wirksame Applikationsform zu bringen. In Interaktion mit P. aeruginosa erzielten die mit Antibiotikum beladenen Partikel in vitro bessere Ergebnisse als der Wirkstoff in L{\"o}sung, was sich in einem in vivo-Infektionsmodell mit der Wachsmotte Galleria mellonella best{\"a}tigte. AZT-beladene Partikel hatten gegen{\"u}ber einer identischen Wirkstoffmenge in L{\"o}sung eine 27,5\% bessere {\"U}berlebensrate der Wachsmotten zur Folge. Des Weiteren hatten die Partikel keinen messbaren negativen Einfluss auf die Wachsmotten. Dreidimensionale Atemwegsschleimhautmodelle, hergestellt mit Methoden des Tissue Engineerings, bildeten die Basis f{\"u}r Untersuchungen der Partikel in Interaktion mit humanen Atemwegszellen. Die Untersuchung von Apoptose- und Entz{\"u}ndungsmarkern im {\"U}berstand der 3D-Modelle zeigte diesbez{\"u}glich keinen negativen Einfluss der Partikel auf die humanen Zellen. Diese gut charakterisierten und standardisierten in vitro-Testsysteme machen es m{\"o}glich, Medikamentenuntersuchungen an menschlichen Zellen durchzuf{\"u}hren. Hinsichtlich der histologischen Architektur und funktionellen Eigenschaften der 3D-Modelle konnte eine hohe in vitro-/in vivo-Korrelation zu menschlichem Gewebe festgestellt werden. Humane Mucine auf den 3D-Modellen dienten zur Untersuchung der schleiml{\"o}senden Wirkung von ACC-beladenen Partikeln. Standen diese in r{\"a}umlichem Kontakt zu den Mucinen, wurde deren Z{\"a}higkeit durch das freigesetzte ACC herabgesetzt, was qualitativ mittels histologischen Methoden best{\"a}tigt werden konnte. Die in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Herstellungsprotokolle dienen als Grundlage und k{\"o}nnen f{\"u}r die Synthese {\"a}hnlicher Systeme, basierend auf anderen Polymeren und Wirkstoffen, modifiziert werden. Gelatine und PLGA erwiesen sich als vielseitig einsetzbare Werkstoffe und bieten eine breite Anwendungsvielfalt in der Regenerativen Medizin, was die erzielten Resultate bekr{\"a}ftigen.}, subject = {Gelatine}, language = {de} } @article{ZhuShabalaCuinetal.2016, author = {Zhu, Min and Shabala, Lana and Cuin, Tracey A and Huang, Xin and Zhou, Meixue and Munns, Rana and Shabala, Sergey}, title = {Nax loci affect SOS1-like Na\(^{+}\)/H\(^{+}\) exchanger expression and activity in wheat}, series = {Journal of Experimental Botany}, volume = {67}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1093/jxb/erv493}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150236}, pages = {835-844}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Salinity stress tolerance in durum wheat is strongly associated with a plant's ability to control Na\(^{+}\) delivery to the shoot. Two loci, termed Nax1 and Nax2, were recently identified as being critical for this process and the sodium transporters HKT1;4 and HKT1;5 were identified as the respective candidate genes. These transporters retrieve Na\(^{+}\) from the xylem, thus limiting the rates of Na\(^{+}\) transport from the root to the shoot. In this work, we show that the Nax loci also affect activity and expression levels of the SOS1-like Na\(^{+}\)/H\(^{+}\) exchanger in both root cortical and stelar tissues. Net Na\(^{+}\) efflux measured in isolated steles from salt-treated plants, using the non-invasive ion flux measuring MIFE technique, decreased in the sequence: Tamaroi (parental line)>Nax1=Nax2>Nax1:Nax2 lines. This efflux was sensitive to amiloride (a known inhibitor of the Na\(^{+}\)/H\(^{+}\) exchanger) and was mirrored by net H\(^{+}\) flux changes. TdSOS1 relative transcript levels were 6-10-fold lower in Nax lines compared with Tamaroi. Thus, it appears that Nax loci confer two highly complementary mechanisms, both of which contribute towards reducing the xylem Na\(^{+}\) content. One enhances the retrieval of Na\(^{+}\) back into the root stele via HKT1;4 or HKT1;5, whilst the other reduces the rate of Na\(^{+}\) loading into the xylem via SOS1. It is suggested that such duality plays an important adaptive role with greater versatility for responding to a changing environment and controlling Na\(^{+}\) delivery to the shoot.}, language = {en} } @article{PeckSchugZhangetal.2016, author = {Peck, Barrie and Schug, Zachary T. and Zhang, Qifeng and Dankworth, Beatrice and Jones, Dylan T. and Smethurst, Elizabeth and Patel, Rachana and Mason, Susan and Jian, Ming and Saunders, Rebecca and Howell, Michael and Mitter, Richard and Spencer-Dene, Bradley and Stamp, Gordon and McGarry, Lynn and James, Daniel and Shanks, Emma and Aboagye, Eric O. and Critchlow, Susan E. and Leung, Hing Y. and Harris, Adrian L. and Wakelam, Michael J. O. and Gottlieb, Eyal and Schulze, Almut}, title = {Inhibition of fatty acid desaturation is detrimental to cancer cell survival in metabolically compromised environments}, series = {Cancer \& Metabolism}, volume = {4}, journal = {Cancer \& Metabolism}, number = {6}, doi = {10.1186/s40170-016-0146-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145905}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Background Enhanced macromolecule biosynthesis is integral to growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Lipid biosynthesis has been predicted to be an essential process in cancer cells. However, it is unclear which enzymes within this pathway offer the best selectivity for cancer cells and could be suitable therapeutic targets. Results Using functional genomics, we identified stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), an enzyme that controls synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, as essential in breast and prostate cancer cells. SCD inhibition altered cellular lipid composition and impeded cell viability in the absence of exogenous lipids. SCD inhibition also altered cardiolipin composition, leading to the release of cytochrome C and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, SCD was required for the generation of poly-unsaturated lipids in cancer cells grown in spheroid cultures, which resemble those found in tumour tissue. We also found that SCD mRNA and protein expression is elevated in human breast cancers and predicts poor survival in high-grade tumours. Finally, silencing of SCD in prostate orthografts efficiently blocked tumour growth and significantly increased animal survival. Conclusions Our data implicate lipid desaturation as an essential process for cancer cell survival and suggest that targeting SCD could efficiently limit tumour expansion, especially under the metabolically compromised conditions of the tumour microenvironment.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mattern2016, author = {Mattern, Felix}, title = {Alterungsbedingte Effekte auf DNA-Methylierungsprofile entwicklungsrelevanter Gene in Eizellen und Embryonen am Modellorganismus Bos taurus}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144562}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Die postovulatorische Alterung sowie die ovarielle Alterung konnten bei der Anwendung assistierter Reproduktionstechniken (ARTs) als entscheidende Faktoren identifiziert werden, die den Reproduktionserfolg nachhaltig beeintr{\"a}chtigen. Die postovulatorische Alterung tritt ein, sobald die reife Eizelle nicht mehr innerhalb ihres physiologischen Zeitfensters befruchtet wird. Die ovarielle Alterung beschreibt hingegen die Abnahme des Follikel-Vorrats mit zunehmendem Alter des weiblichen Individuums bzw. des Ovars. Sowohl die postovulatorische Alterung als auch die ovarielle Alterung f{\"u}hren u.a. zu einer reduzierten Oozytenqualit{\"a}t und einer geringeren Blastozystenrate. Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit bestand darin, den Einfluss der postovulatorischen Alterung und der ovariellen Alterung im Holstein-Rind (Bos taurus) auf die DNA-Methylierung entwicklungsrelevanter Gene in Eizellen und Embryonen zu untersuchen. Aus Schlachthof-Ovarien wurden Antralfollikeln unterschiedlicher Gr{\"o}ße (<2 mm, 3-5 mm und >6 mm) isoliert. Eizellen aus Follikeln der Gr{\"o}ße 3-5 mm wurden f{\"u}r 24h (physiologisch) und 48h (gealtert) in vitro gereift (IVM). Die gereiften Oozyten wurden anschließend in vitro fertilisiert und Embryonen im 4-6 Zellstadium generiert. Sowohl in den unreifen Eizellen aus Antralfollikeln unterschiedlicher Gr{\"o}ße als auch in den gereiften Oozyten und den Embryonen wurde die Promotormethylierung der Gene bH19, bSNRPN, bZAR1, bDNMT3A, bOCT4, bDNMT3Lo und bDNMT3Ls analysiert. Zur Untersuchung der ovariellen Alterung wurden mittelgroßen Antralfollikel aus Ovarien lebender Rinder (in vivo) unterschiedlichen Alters (9-12 Monate, 3-7 Jahre und 8-11 Jahre) gewonnen. In den daraus isolierten unreifen Eizellen wurde die DNA-Methylierung der Promotorregionen der Gene bTERF2, bREC8, bBCL-XL, bPISD, bBUB1, bDNMT3Lo, bH19 und bSNRPN bestimmt. Als Methode zur Analyse der Promotormethylierung wurde die Limiting Dilution Bisulfit-Sequenzierung angewendet. In unreifen Eizellen aus Antralfollikeln unterschiedlicher Gr{\"o}ße (<2 mm, 3-5 mm und >6 mm) konnte ein erh{\"o}htes Auftreten abnormal methylierter Allele in den gepr{\"a}gten Genen bH19 und bSNRPN von Eizellen kleiner Follikel (<2 mm) identifiziert werden. Dieses Ergebnis k{\"o}nnte eine m{\"o}gliche Ursache einer bereits bekannten und mehrfach beschriebenen geringeren Entwicklungskompetenz von Eizellen kleiner Follikel (<2 mm) auf epigenetischer Ebene darstellen. Die verl{\"a}ngerte Reifungsdauer der IVM-Eizellen hatte eine signifikante Hypermethylierung in der Promotorregion des Gens DNMT3Lo von 48h-gereiften Eizellen zur Folge. Beim {\"U}bergang von 48h-gereiften Eizellen zum Embryo konnte eine signifikante Hypomethylierung von CpG7 des stammzellspezifischen Transkripts DNMT3Ls beobachtet werden. Diese CpG-Stelle wies ebenfalls einen signifikanten Anstieg von CpGs mit nicht-eindeutigem Methylierungszustand in unreifen Eizellen mit steigender Follikelgr{\"o}ße auf. Da sich die CpG-Position innerhalb eines Sequenz-Motivs einer Bindungsstelle des Transkriptionsfaktors CREB befindet, k{\"o}nnten die Methylierungsdaten auf eine Interaktion zwischen dem Transkriptionsfaktor CREB und der DNA-Methylierung w{\"a}hrend der Entwicklung und Reifung der Eizelle sowie der Transition von der Eizelle zum Embryo hindeuten. Die DNA-Methylierungsprofile der untersuchten Gene in unreifen Eizellen aus K{\"u}hen unterschiedlichen Alters (9-12 Monate, 3-7 Jahre und 8-11 Jahre) wiesen keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Altersgruppen auf. Die ovarielle Alterung bei Rindern zwischen 9 Monaten und 11 Jahren zeigte damit keinen Effekt auf die DNA-Methylierung der untersuchten Promotorregionen der Gene bTERF2, bREC8, bBCL-XL, bPISD, bBUB1, bDNMT3Lo, bH19 und bSNRPN. Nach einer simulierten postovulatorischen Alterung durch eine in vitro Reifung f{\"u}r 48h konnte eine Ver{\"a}nderung der DNA-Methylierung der Oozyten-spezifischen (DNMT3Lo) und Stammzell-spezifischen (DNMT3Ls) Promotoren des katalytisch inaktiven Cofaktors von DNMT3A, DNMT3L, beobachtet werden. Die ver{\"a}nderte DNA-Methylierung von DNMT3Ls tritt dabei erst im fr{\"u}hen Embryo in Erscheinung und interagiert vermutlich mit dem Transkriptionsfaktor CREB. Die Ver{\"a}nderungen von DNMT3Lo in Eizellen und DNMT3Ls in den daraus generierten Embryonen l{\"a}sst vermuten, dass es sich hierbei um eine dynamische Anpassung des Embryos auf {\"a}ußere Umweltbedingungen der Eizelle {\"u}ber die Methylierung der DNA handelt.}, subject = {Oozyte}, language = {de} }