@phdthesis{Waider2012,
  author    = {Waider, Jonas},
  title     = {The effects of serotonin deficiency in mice: Focus on the GABAergic system},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74565},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Based on genetic association and functional imaging studies, reduced function of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) has been shown to be critically involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety-disorders and depression. In order to elucidate the impact of a complete neuronal 5-HT deficiency, mice with a targeted inactivation of the gene encoding Tph2 were generated. Interestingly, survival of Tph2-/- mice, the formation of serotonergic neurons and the pathfinding of their projections was not impaired. Within this thesis, I investigated the influence of 5-HT deficiency on the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) system. The GABAergic system is implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Therefore, measurement of GABA concentrations in different limbic brain regions was carried out. These measurements were combined with immunohistochemical estimation of GABAergic cell subpopulations in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala. In Tph2-/- mice GABA concentrations were increased exclusively in the dorsal hippocampus. In heterozygous Tph2+/- mice concentrations of GABA were increased in the amygdala compared to Tph2-/- and wt control mice, while the reverse was found in the prefrontal cortex. The changes in GABA concentrations were accompanied by altered cell density of GABAergic neurons within the basolateral complex of the amygdala and parvalbumin (PV) neurons of the dorsal hippocampus and by adaptational changes of 5-HT receptors. Thus, adaptive changes during the development on the GABA system may reflect altered anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior in adulthood. Moreover, chronic mild stress (CMS) rescues the depressive-like effects induced by 5-HT deficiency. In contrast, 5-HT is important in mediating an increased innate anxiety-like behavior under CMS conditions. This is in line with a proposed dual role of 5-HT acting through different mechanisms on anxiety and depressive-like behavior, which is influenced by gene-environment interaction effects. Further research is needed to disentangle these complex networks in the future.},
  subject      = {Knockout <Molekulargenetik>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jakob2012,
  author    = {Jakob, Sissi},
  title     = {Molecular mechanisms of early-life stress in 5-Htt deficient mice: Gene x environment interactions and epigenetic programming},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74150},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Early-life stress has been shown to influence the development of the brain and to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders later in life. Furthermore, variation in the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene is suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early-life stress and the risk for depression. At the basis of these gene x environment (G x E) interactions, epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA-methylation, seem to represent the primary biological processes mediating early-life programming for stress susceptibility or resilience, respectively. The exact molecular mechanisms however remain to be elucidated, though. In the present study, we used two different stress paradigms to assess the molecular mechanisms mediating the relationship between early-life stress and disorders of emotion regulation later in life. First, a 5-Htt x prenatal stress (PS) paradigm was applied to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition and anxiety- / depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt+/-) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array and the AffymetrixGeneChip® Mouse Promoter 1.0R Array. Some of the resulting candidate genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Further, the gene expression of these genes was measured in other brain regions of the PS animals as well as in the hippocampus of offspring of another, 5-Htt x perinatal stress (PeS) paradigm, in which pregnant and lactating females were stressed by an olfactory cue indicating infanticide. To assess resilience to PS and PeS, correlation studies between gene expression and behaviour were performed based on an initial performance-based LIMMA analysis of the gene expression microarray. 5-Htt+/- offspring of the PS paradigm showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, exposure of 5-Htt+/- mice to PS was associated with increased depression-like behavior, an effect that tended to be more pronounced in female offspring. Further, 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the expression and DNA methylation of numerous genes and related pathways within the female hippocampus. Specifically, MAPK and neurotrophin signaling were regulated by both the 5-Htt+/- genotype and PS exposure, whereas cytokine and Wnt signaling were affected in a 5-Htt genotype x PS manner, indicating a gene x environment interaction at the molecular level. The candidate genes of the expression array could be validated and their expression patterns were partly consistent in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Furthermore, the genotype effect of XIAP associated factor 1 (Xaf1) was also detected in the mice of the PeS paradigm. Concerning resilience, we found that the expression of growth hormone (Gh), prolactin (Prl) and fos-induced growth factor (Figf) were downregulated in WTPS mice that performed well in the forced swim test (FST). At the same time, the results indicated that Gh and Prl expression correlated positively with adrenal weight, whereas Figf expression correlated positively with basal corticosteron concentration, indicating an intricate relationship between depression-like behavior, hippocampal gene expression and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Correlation studies in the PeS animals revealed a link between Gh / Prl expression and anxiety-like behavior. In conclusion, our data suggest that although the 5-Htt+/- genotype shows clear adaptive capacity, 5-Htt+/- mice, particularly females, appear to be more vulnerable to developmental stress exposure when compared to WT offspring. Moreover, hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation profiles suggest that distinct epigenetic mechanisms at the molecular level mediate the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction. Further, resilience to early-life stress might be conferred by genes whose expression is linked to HPA axis function.},
  subject      = {Stressreaktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zheng2012,
  author    = {Zheng, Peilin},
  title     = {Ptpn22 silencing in the NOD model of type 1 diabetes indicates the human susceptibility allele of PTPN22 is a gain-of-function variant},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73869},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {PTPN22 encodes the lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase Lyp that can dephosphorylate Lck, ZAP-70 and Fyn to attenuate TCR signaling. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (C1858T) causes a substitution from arginine (R) to tryptophan (W) at 620 residue (R620W). Lyp-620W has been confirmed as a susceptible allele in multiple autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Several independent studies proposed that the disease-associated allele is a gain-of-function variant. However, a recent report found that in human cells and a knockin mouse containing the R620W homolog that Ptpn22 protein degradation is accelerated, indicating Lyp-620W is a loss-of-function variant. Whether Lyp R620W is a gain- or loss-of-function variant remains controversial. To resolve this issue, we generated two lines (P2 and P4) of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice in which Ptpn22 can be inducibly silenced by RNAi. We found long term silencing of Ptpn22 increased spleen cellularity and regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers, replicating the effect of gene deletion reported in the knockout (KO) B6 mice. Notably, Ptpn22 silencing also increased the reactivity and apoptotic behavior of B lymphocytes, which is consistent with the reduced reactivity and apoptosis of human B cells carrying the alleged gain-of-function PTPN22 allele. Furthermore, loss of Ptpn22 protected P2 KD mice from spontaneous and Cyclophosphamide (CY) induced diabetes. Our data support the notion that Lyp-620W is a gain-of-function variant. Moreover, Lyp may be a valuable target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.},
  subject      = {Diabetes mellitus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Koetschan2012,
  author    = {Koetschan, Christian},
  title     = {The Eukaryotic ITS2 Database - A workbench for modelling RNA sequence-structure evolution},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73128},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In den vergangenen Jahren etablierte sich der Marker „internal transcribed spacer 2" (ITS2) zu einem h{\"a}ufig genutzten Werkzeug in der molekularen Phylogenetik der Eukaryoten. Seine schnell evolvierende Sequenz eignet sich bestens f{\"u}r den Einsatz in niedrigeren phylogenetischen Ebenen. Die ITS2 faltet jedoch auch in eine sehr konservierte Sekund{\"a}rstruktur. Diese erm{\"o}glicht die Unterscheidung weit entfernter Arten. Eine Kombination aus beiden in einer Sequenzstrukturanalyse verbessert die Aufl{\"o}sung des Markers und erm{\"o}glicht die Rekonstruktion von robusteren B{\"a}umen auf h{\"o}herer taxonomischer Breite. Jedoch war die Durchf{\"u}hrung solch einer Analyse, die die Nutzung unterschiedlichster Programme und Datenbanken vorraussetzte, f{\"u}r den klassischen Biologen nicht einfach durchf{\"u}hrbar. Um diese H{\"u}rde zu umgehen, habe ich den „ITS2 Workbench" entwickelt, eine im Internet nutzbare Arbeitsplattform zur automatisierten sequenzstrukturbasierten phylogenetischen Analyse basierend auf der ITS2 (http://its2.bioapps.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de). Die Entwicklung begann mit der L{\"a}ngenoptimierung unterschiedlicher „Hidden Markov Model" (HMM)-Topologien, die erfolgreich auf ein Modell zur Sequenzstrukturvorhersage der ITS2 angewandt wurden. Hierbei wird durch die Analyse von Sequenzbestandteilen in Kombination mit der L{\"a}ngenverteilung verschiedener Helixregionen die Struktur vorhergesagt. Anschließend konnte ich HMMs auch bei der Sequenzstrukturgenerierung einsetzen um die ITS2 innerhalb einer gegebenen Sequenz zu lokalisieren. Dieses neu implementierte Verfahren verdoppelte die Anzahl vorhergesagter Strukturen und verk{\"u}rzte die Laufzeit auf wenige Tage. Zusammen mit weiteren Optimierungen des Homologiemodellierungsprozesses kann ich nun ersch{\"o}pfend Sekund{\"a}rstrukturen in mehreren Interationen vorhersagen. Diese Optimierungen liefern derzeit 380.000 annotierte Sequenzen einschließlich 288.000 Strukturvorhersagen. Um diese Strukturen f{\"u}r die Berechnung von Alignments und phylogenetischen B{\"a}umen zu verwenden hab ich das R-Paket „treeforge" entwickelt. Es erm{\"o}glicht die Generierung von Sequenzstrukturalignments auf bis zu vier unterschiedlich kodierten Alphabeten. Damit k{\"o}nnen erstmals auch strukturelle Basenpaarungen in die Alignmentberechnung mit einbezogen werden, die eine Sch{\"a}tzung neuer Scorematrizen vorraussetzten. Das R-Paket erm{\"o}glicht zus{\"a}tzlich die Rekonstruktion von „Maximum Parsimony", „Maximum Likelihood" und „Neighbour Joining" B{\"a}umen auf allen vier Alphabeten mittels weniger Zeilen Programmcode. Das Paket wurde eingesetzt, um die noch umstrittene Phylogenie der „chlorophyceae" zu rekonstruieren und k{\"o}nnte in zuk{\"u}nftigen Versionen des ITS2 workbench verwendet werden. Die ITS2 Plattform basiert auf einer modernen und sehr umfangreichen Web 2.0 Oberfl{\"a}che und beinhaltet neuste AJAX und Web-Service Technologien. Sie umfasst die HMM basierte Sequenzannotation, Strukturvorhersage durch Energieminimierung bzw. Homologiemodellierung, Alignmentberechnung und Baumrekonstruktion basierend auf einem flexiblen Datenpool, der {\"A}nderungen am Datensatz automatisch aktualisiert. Zus{\"a}tzlich wird eine Detektion von Sequenzmotiven erm{\"o}glicht, die zur Kontrolle von Annotation und Strukturvorhersage dienen kann. Eine BLAST basierte Suche auf Sequenz- und Strukturebene bietet zus{\"a}tzlich eine Vereinfachung des Taxonsamplings. Alle Funktionen sowie die Nutzung der ITS2 Webseite sind in einer kurzen Videoanleitung dargestellt. Die Plattform l{\"a}sst jedoch nur eine bestimmte Gr{\"o}ße von Datens{\"a}tzen zu. Dies liegt vor allem an der erheblichen Rechenleistung, die bei diesen Berechnungen ben{\"o}tigt wird. Um die Funktion dieses Verfahrens auch auf großen Datenmengen zu demonstrieren, wurde eine voll automatisierte Rekonstruktion des Gr{\"u}nalgenbaumes (Chlorophyta) durchgef{\"u}hrt. Diese erfolgreiche, auf dem ITS2 Marker basierende Studie spricht f{\"u}r die Sequenz-Strukturanalyse auf weiteren Daten in der Phylogenetik. Hier bietet der ITS2 Workbench den idealen Ausgangspunkt.},
  subject      = {Ribosomale RNA},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dwertmann2012,
  author    = {Dwertmann, Anne},
  title     = {Impact of the Tumor Suppressor Arf on Miz1 and Sumoylation of Myc and Miz1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71876},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Upon oncogenic stress, the tumor suppressor Arf can induce irreversible cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, depending on the oncogenic insult. In this study, it could be shown that Arf interacts with Myc and the Myc-associated zinc-finger protein Miz1 to facilitate repression of genes involved in cell adhesion. Formation of a DNA-binding Arf/Myc/Miz1 complex disrupts interaction of Miz1 with its coactivator nucleophosmin and induces local heterochromatinisation, causing cells to lose attachment and undergo anoikis. The assembly of the complex relies on Myc, which might explain why high Myc levels trigger apoptosis and not cell cycle arrest in the Arf response. This mechanism could play an important role in eliminating cells harboring an oncogenic mutation. Arf furthermore induces sumoylation of Miz1 at a specific lysine by repressing the desumoylating enzyme Senp3. A sumoylation-deficient mutant of Miz1 however does not show phenotypic differences under the chosen experimental conditions. Myc can also be modified by Sumo by multisumoylation at many different lysines, which is unaffected by Arf. The exact mechanism and effect of this modification however stays unsolved.},
  subject      = {Apoptosis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{ZelmanFemiak2011,
  author    = {Zelman-Femiak, Monika},
  title     = {Single Particle Tracking ; Membrane Receptor Dynamics},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65420},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Single-molecule microscopy is one of the decisive methodologies that allows one to clarify cellular signaling in both spatial and temporal dimentions by tracking with nanometer precision the diffusion of individual microscopic particles coupled to relevant biological molecules. Trajectory analysis not only enables determination of the mechanisms that drive and constrain the particles motion but also to reveal crucial information about the molecule interaction, mobility, stoichiometry, all existing subpopulations and unique functions of particular molecules. Efficacy of this technique depends on two problematic issues the usage of the proper fluorophore and the type of biochemical attachment of the fluorophore to a biomolecule. The goal of this study was to evolve a highly specific labeling method suitable for single molecule tracking, internalization and trafficking studies that would attain a calculable 1:1 fluorophore-to-receptor stoichiometry. A covalent attachment of quantum dots to transmembrane receptors was successfully achieved with a techinque that amalgamates acyl carrier protein (ACP) system as a comparatively small linker and coenzyme A (CoA)-functionalized quantum dots. The necessity of optimization of the quantum dot usage for more precise calculation of the membrane protein stoichiometries in larger assemblies led to the further study in which methods maximizing the number of signals and the tracking times of diverse QD types were examined. Next, the optimized techniques were applied to analyze behavior of interleukin-5 β-common chain receptor (IL-5Rβc) receptors that are endogenously expressed at low level on living differentiated eosinophil-like HL-60 cells. Obtained data disclosed that perused receptors form stable and higher order oligomers. Additionally, the mobility analysis based on increased in number (>10\%) uninterrupted 1000-step trajectories revealed two patterns of confined motion. Thereupon methods were developed that allow both, determination of stoichiometries of cell surface protein complexes and the acquisition of long trajectories for mobility analysis. Sequentially, the aforementioned methods were used to scrutinize on the mobility, internalization and recycling dynamics characterization of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs), the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR1) and several bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of receptors. These receptors are two important representatives of two varied membrane receptor classes. BMPs activate SMAD- and non-SMAD pathways and as members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily are entailed in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, and apoptosis. For effective ligand induced and ligand independent signaling, two types of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases, BMP type I and type II receptors (BMPRI and BMPRII, respectively) are engaged. Apparently, the lateral mobility profiles of BMPRI and BMPRII receptors differ markedly, which determinate specificity of the signal. Non-SMAD signaling and subsequent osteoblastic differentiation of precursor cells particularly necessitate the confinement of the BMP type I receptor, resulting in the conclusion that receptor lateral mobility is a dominative mechanism to modulate SMAD versus non-SMAD signaling during differentiation. Confined motion was also predominantly observed in the studies devoted to, entailed in the regulation of calcium homeostasis and in bone remodeling, the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR1), in which stimulation with five peptide ligands, specific fragments of PTH: hPTH(1-34), hPTHrP(107-111)NH2; PTH(1-14); PTH(1-28) G1R19, bPTH(3-34), first four belonging to PTH agonist group and the last to the antagonist one, were tested in the wide concentration range on living COS-1 and AD293 cells. Next to the mobility, defining the internalization and recycling rates of the PTHR1 receptor maintained in this investigation one of the crucial questions. Internalization, in general, allows to diminish the magnitude of the receptor-mediated G protein signals (desensitization), receptor resensitization via recycling, degradation (down-regulation), and coupling to other signaling pathways (e.g. MAP kinases). Determinants of the internalization process are one of the most addressed in recent studies as key factors for clearer understanding of the process and linking it with biological responses evoked by the signal transduction. The internalization of the PTH-receptor complex occurs via the clathrin-coated pit pathway involving β-arrestin2 and is initiated through the agonist occupancy of the PTHR1 leading to activation of adenylyl cyclase (via Gs), and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cβ (via Gq). Taken together, this work embodies complex study of the interleukin-5 β-common chain receptor (IL-5Rβc) receptors, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and the parathyroid hormone receptor with the application of single-molecule microscopy with the newly attained ACP-quantum dot labeling method and standard techniques.},
  subject      = {Einzelmolek{\"u}lmikroskopie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zhang2012,
  author    = {Zhang, Guoliang},
  title     = {Phytochemical Research on Two Ancistrocladus Species, Semi-Synthesis of Dimeric Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids, and Structure Optimization of Antitumoral Naphthoquinones},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72734},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Plant-derived natural products and their analogs continue to play an important role in the discovery of new drugs for the treatment of human diseases. Potentially promising representatives of secondary metabolites are the naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, which show a broad range of activities against protozoan pathogens, such as plasmodia, leishmania, and trypanosoma. Due to the increasing resistance of those pathogens against current therapies, highly potent novel agents are still urgently needed. Thus, it is worthy to discover new naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids hopefully with pronounced bioactivities by isolation from plants or by synthesis. The naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids are biosynthetically related to another class of plant-derived products, the naphthoquinones, some of which have been recently found to display excellent anti-multiple myeloma activities without showing any cytotoxicities on normal blood cells. Multiple myeloma still remains incurable, although remissions may be induced with co-opted therapeutic treatments. Therefore, more potent naphthoquinones are urgently required, and can be obtained by isolation from plants or by synthesis. In detail, the results in this thesis are listed as follows: 1) Isolation and characterization of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from the stems of a Chinese Ancistrocladus tectorius species. Nine new naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, named ancistectorine A1 (60), N-methylancistectorine A1 (61), ancistectorine A2 (62a), 5-epi-ancistectorine A2 (62b), 4'-O-demethylancistectorine A2 (63), ancistectorine A3 (64), ancistectorine B1 (65), ancistectorine C1 (66), and 5-epi-ancistrolikokine D (67) were isolated from the Chinese A. tectorius and fully characterized by chemical, spectroscopic, and chiroptical methods. Furthermore, the in vitro anti-infectious activities of 60-62 and 63-66 have been tested. Three of the metabolites, 61, 62a, and 62b, exhibited strong antiplasmodial activities against the strain K1 of P. falciparum without showing significant cytotoxicities. With IC50 values of 0.08, 0.07, and 0.03 μM, respectively, they were 37 times more active than the standard chloroquine (IC50 = 0.26 μM). Moreover, these three compounds displayed high antiplasmodial selectivity indexes ranging from 100 to 3300. According to the TDR/WHO guidelines, they could be considered as lead compounds. In addition, seven alkaloids, 69-74 (structures not shown here), were isolated from A. tectorius that were known, but new to the plant, together with another fourteen known compounds (of these, only the structures of the three main alkaloids, 5a, 5b, and 78 are shown here), which had been previously found in the plant. The three metabolites ancistrocladine (5a), hamatine (5b), and (+)-ancistrocline (78) were found to show no or moderate activities against the MM cell lines. 2) Isolation and characterization of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from the root bark of a new, botanically yet undescribed Congolese Ancistrocladus species. An unprecedented dimeric Dioncophyllaceae-type naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid, jozimine A2 (84), as first recognized by G. Bauckmann from an as yet undescribed Ancistrocladus species, was purified and characterized as part of this thesis. Its full structural assignment was achieved by spectroscopic and chiroptical methods, and further confirmed by an X-ray diffraction analysis, which had never succeeded for any other dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids before. Structurally, the dimer is composed of two identical 4'-O-demethyldioncophylline A halves, coupled through a sterically hindered central axis at C-3',3'' of the two naphthalene moieties. Pharmacologically, jozimine A2 (84) showed an extraordinary antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 1.4 nM) against the strain NF54 of P. falciparum. Beside jozimine A2 (85), another new alkaloid, 6-O-demethylancistrobrevine C (84), and four known ones, ancistrocladine (5a), hamatine (5b), ancistrobrevine C (86), and dioncophylline A (6) were isolated from the Ancistrocladus species, the latter in a large quantity (~500 mg), showing that the plant produces Ancistrocladaceae-type, mixed-Ancistrocladaceae/Dioncophyllaceae-type, and Dioncophyllaceae-type naphthyl- isoquinoline alkaloids. Remarkably, it is one of the very few plants, like A. abbreviatus, and A. barteri, that simultaneously contain typical representatives of all the above three classes of alkaloids. 3) Semi-synthesis of jozimine A2 (85), 3'-epi-85, jozimine A3 (93) and other alkaloids from dioncophylline A (6). The dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, jozimine A2 (85) and 3'-epi-85, constitute rewarding synthetic targets for a comparative analysis of their antiplasmodial activities and for a further confirmation of the assigned absolute configurations of the isolated natural product of 85. They were semi-synthesized in a four-step reaction sequence from dioncophylline A (6) in cooperation with T. B{\"u}ttner. The key step was a biomimetic phenol-oxidative dimerization at C-3' of the N,O-dibenzylated derivative of 89 by utilizing Pb(OAc)4. This is the first time that the synthesis of such an extremely sterically hindered (four ortho-substituents) naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid - with three consecutive biaryl axes! - has been successfully achieved. A novel dimeric naphthylisoquinoline, jozimine A3 (93), bearing a 6',6''-central biaryl axis, was semi-synthesized from 5'-O-demethyldioncophylline A (90) by a similar biomimetic phenol-oxidative coupling reaction as a key step, by employing Ag2O. HPLC analysis with synthetic reference material of 3'-epi-85 and 93 for co-elution revealed that these two alkaloids clearly are not present in the crude extract of the Ancistrocladus species from which jozimine A2 (85) was isolated. This evidences that jozimine A2 (85) is very specifically biosynthesized by the plant with a high regio- and stereoslectivity. Remarkably, the two synthetic novel dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids 3'-epi-85 and 93 were found to display very good antiplasmodial activities, albeit weaker than that of the natural and semi-synthetic product 85. Additionally, the two compounds 3'-epi-85 and 93 possessed high or moderate selectivity indexes, which were much lower than that of 85. However, they can still be considered as new lead structures. Two unprecedented oxidative products of dioncophylline A, the diastereomeric dioncotetralones A (94a) and B (94b), were synthesized from dioncophylline A (6) in a one-step reaction. Remarkably, the aromatic properties in the "naphthalene" and the "isoquinoline" rings of 94a and 94b are partially lost and the "biaryl" axis has become a C,C-double bond, so that the two halves are nearly co-planar to each other, which has never been found among any natural or synthetic naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid. Their full structural characterization was accomplished by spectroscopic methods and quantum-chemical CD calculations (done by Y. Hemberger). The presumed reaction mechanism was proposed in this thesis. In addition, one of the two compounds, 94a, exhibited a highly antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 0.09 μM) with low cytotoxicity, and thus, can be considered as a new promising lead structure. Its 2'-epi-isomer, 94b, was inactive, evidencing a significant effect of chirality on the bioactivity. Of a number of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids tested against the multiple-myeloma cell lines, the three compounds, dioncophylline A (6), 4'-O-demethyldioncophylline A (89), and 5'-O-demethyldioncophylline A (90) showed excellent activities, even much stronger than dioncoquinones B (10), C (102), the epoxide 175, or the standard drug melphalan. 4) Isolation and characterization of bioactive naphthoquinones from cell cultures of Triphyophyllum peltatum. Three new naphthoquinones, dioncoquinones C (102), D (103), and E (104), the known 8-hydroxydroserone (105), which is new to this plant, and one new naphthol dimer, triphoquinol A (107), were isolated from cell cultures of T. peltatum in cooperation with A. Irmer. Dioncoquinone C (102) showed an excellent activity against the MM cells, very similar to that of the previously found dioncoquinone B (10), without showing any inhibitory effect on normal cells. The other three naphthoquinones, 103105, were inactive or only weakly active. 5) Establishment of a new strategy for a synthetic access to dioncoquinones B (10) and C (102) on a large scale for in vivo experiments and for the synthesis of their analogs for first SAR studies. Before the synthesis of dioncoquinone B (10) described in this thesis, two synthetic pathways had previously been established in our group. The third approach described here involved the preparation of the joint synthetic intermediate 42 with the previous two routes. The tertiary benzamide 135 was ortho-deprotonated by using s-BuLi/TMEDA, followed by transmetallation with MgBr2▪2Et2O, and reaction with 2-methylallyl bromide (139). It resulted in the formation of ortho-allyl benzamide 140, which was cyclized by using methyl lithium to afford the naphthol 42. This strategy proved to be the best among the established three approaches with regard to its very low number of steps and high yields. By starting with 136, this third strategy yielded the related bioactive natural product, dioncoquinone C (102), which was accessed by total synthesis for the first time. To identify the pharmacophore of the antitumoral naphthoquinones, a library of dioncoquinone B (10) and C (102) analogs were synthesized for in vitro testing. Among the numerous naphthoquinones tested, the synthetic 7-O-demethyldioncoquinone C (or 7-O-hydroxyldioncoquinone B) (145), constitutes another promising basic structure to develop a new anti-MM agent. Furthermore, preliminary SAR results evidence that the three hydroxy functions at C-3, C-5, and C-6 are essential for the biological properties as exemplarily shown through the compounds 10, 102, and 145. All other mixed OH/OMe- or completely OMe-substituted structures were entirely inactive. By a serendipity the expoxide 175 was found to display the best anti-MM activity of all the tested isolated metabolites from T. peltatum, the synthesized naphthoquinones, and their synthetic intermediates. Toxic effects of 175 on normal cells were not observed, in contrast to the high toxicities of all other epoxides. Thus, the anti-MM activity of 175 is of high selectivity. The preliminary SAR studies revealed that the 6-OMe group in 175 is required, thus differed with the above described naphthoquinones (where 6-OH is a requisite in 10, 102, and 145), which evidenced potentially different modes of action for these two classes of compounds. 6) The first attempted total synthesis of the new naturally occurring triphoquinone (187a), which was recently isolated from the root cultures of T. peltatum in our group. A novel naphthoquinone-naphthalene dimer, 187a (structure shown in Chapter 10), was isolated in small quantities from the root cultures of T. peltatum. Thus, its total synthesis was attempted for obtaining sufficient amounts for selected biotestings. The key step was planned to prepare the extremely sterically hindered (four ortho-substituents) binaphthalene 188 by a coupling reaction between the two 2-methylnaphthalene derivatives. Test reactions involving a system of two simplified 2-methylnaphthylboron species and 2-methylnaphthyl bromide proved the Buchwald ligand as most promising. The optimized conditions were then applied to the two true - highly oxygenated - coupling substrates, between the 2-methylnaphthylboron derivatives 210, 211, 213, or 214 and the 2-methylnaphthyl iodides (or bromides) 215 (206), 215 (206), 212 (205), or 212 (205), respectively. Unfortunately, this crucial step failed although various bases and solvent systems were tested. This could be due to the high electron density of the two coupling substrates, both bearing strongly OMOM/OMe-donating function groups. Therefore, a more powerful catalyst system or an alternative synthetic strategy must be explored for the total synthesis of 187a. 7) Phytochemical investigation of the Streptomyces strain RV-15 derived from a marine sponge. Cyclodysidins A-D (216-219), four new cyclic lipopeptides with a- and ß-amino acids, were isolated from the Streptomyces strain RV15 derived from a marine sponge by Dr. U. Abdelmohsen. Their structures were established as cyclo-(ß-AFA-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Asn-Ser-Thr) by spectroscopic analysis using 2D NMR techniques and CID-MS/MS in the course of this thesis. In conclusion, the present work contributes to the discovery of novel antiplasmodial naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids and antitumoral naphthoquinones, which will pave the way for future studies on these two classes of compounds.},
  subject      = {Ancistrocladus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sandwick2012,
  author    = {Sandwick, Sarah},
  title     = {Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune-Encephalomyelitis by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72690},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Autoimmune diseases, unwanted overshooting immune responses against self antigens, are due to an imbalance in immunity and tolerance. Although negatively impacting cancer prognosis, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), with their potent suppressive capabilities, might be applicable in a more beneficial light when applied in to autoimmunity. As previous shown MDSC have protective roles in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) (Zhu et al., 2007), the established inducible mouse model for the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). This decrease in disease severity indicates in vitro generated immature myeloid cells (IMC) from bone marrow (BM) as precursors of MDSC are promising candidates for cellular therapy. Important to any cellular therapy by adoptive transfer, the major questions regarding IMC efficacy was addressed within the thesis. This thesis attempts to elucidate how IMC operate in EAE. This thesis defines the factors within the autoimmune microenvironment that lead to the activation of MDSC, where IMC home once delivered in vivo, and the protective mechanisms BMIMC employ. To emulate BM cells when they first enter circulation through the blood, IMC were injected intravenously (i.v.). IMC are protective with no regard to the various routes delivered (i.v., i.p.). They protect to a lesser extent when pre-activated before injection. IMC suppress by causing a delay and/or by decreasing the severity of the disease via a mechanism yet determined. To understand the migration pattern of IMC after i.v. injection, in vivo kinetics experiments employing bioluminescence imaging were performed. This techinique allows for whole in vivo mouse imaging daily, allowing the tracking of cell migration over days within a single mouse. During steady-state, BMIMC circulate and appear to accumulate in the spleen by day 4 after injection, whereas they alternatively home to inflammatory sites (immunization site), draining lymph nodes, and the spleen within mice with low grade EAE. Visualization of CMDiI-labelled BMIMC by fluorescence microscopy could locate IMC injected cells outside the white pulp, as they were colocalizing in the regions stained with CD169 or outside, but not within the follicles of spleens on day 4. Consistant with these findings, the attempt to analyze the phenotype of these cells by flow cytometry was problematic as these cells seem to adhere strongly to collagen also indicating the cells are located in the collagenous area of the marginal zone and the red pulp.To determine factors influencing MDSC activation, we utilized different stimuli through a high throughput method detecting release of nitric oxide (NO). Extracts from yeast, fungi, and bacteria were observed to activate MDSC to produce nitric oxide. Surprisingly, material mimicking viral DNA (CpG) and RNA (poly I:C), and several self glycolipids, could not activate the MDSC to produce NO. Upon attempts to understand synergistic effects between microbial pathogens and host cytokines, IFNg was determined to boost the signal of pathogen stimuli, whereas IL17, another cytokine which causes pathology during EAE, and IFNb, a drug used in therapy to treat MS, did not cause any additional effects. Activation of MDSC was determined by the microbial pathogens components LPS, curdlan, and zymosan, to induce upregulation of B7H1 on the cell surface. MDSC did not increase any co-stimulatory markers, such as CD40, CD80, CD86, CD70, or the co-inhibitory marker, PDL2. On day 1 after EAE induction, endogenous MDSC populations when stimulated showed an increase in B7H1 expression and a downregulation of CD80. After further analysis, these cells were concluded to be mostly granulocytic cells (Ly6G+). As the B7H1 ligand PD1 is upregulated in chronic diseases and correlates to an exhausted phenotype, the PD1 : B7H1 interaction was a good candidate for the mechanism our cells may employ for their suppressive capacity. To investigate this interaction, fixed BM-IMC deficient in B7H1 were incubated with restimulated memory T cells. IMC deficient in B7H1 resulted in a significant loss of T cell suppression, as compared to the wildtype control BMIMC. To assess this interaction in vivo, we injected wildtype (WT) and B7H1-/- IMC into mice followed by induction of EAE to assess whether B7H1 mediated this suppression. The lack of B7H1 did not alter their suppressive capacity under these conditions, contrary to other findings which have described this interaction to be important in their suppressive capacity when administered post EAE induction (Ioannou et al., 2012). Interestingly, EAE mice pre-treated with IMC had similar amounts of cytokine production in the CNS after restimulation. Spleens from IMC injected mice had increased amounts of Arg-1 suggesting suppression is via oxidation or recruitment by soluble mediators may lead to this protection. We speculate this may inhibit T cell reactivation in the CNS.},
  subject      = {Encephalomyelitis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Glaser2012,
  author    = {Glaser, Nina},
  title     = {Influence of natural food compounds on DNA stability},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72872},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Cancer is one of the leading causes of death all over the world. Malnutrition and toxic contaminations of food with substances such as mycotoxins have been thought to account for a high percentage of cancers. However, human diet can deliver both mutagens and components that decrease the cancer risk. Genomic damage could be reduced by food components through different mechanisms such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species. In the first part of this study we tried to investigate the effects of patulin and resveratrol on DNA stability in V79 cells. Patulin is a mycotoxin, which is frequently found in spoiled apples and other fruits. The WHO has established a safety level of 50 µg/L, which is indeed not observed by all manufacturers. The acute toxicity of patulin in high concentrations is well known, however its potential carcinogenicity is still a matter of debate. Therefore we wanted to investigate further steps in the mechanism of patulin-induced genotoxicity. Patulin caused the formation of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis revealed that patulin induced both kinetochore-negative and positive micronuclei. Time course of incubation indicate a new mechanism for patulin-induced nucleoplasmic bridge formation. We hypothized a mechanism via cross-linking of DNA, which was confirmed by a modified version of comet assay. Incubations of cells with patulin led to an increased number of multinucleated cells and multipolar mitoses. Cell cytometry revealed a G2 arrest by patulin, which might explain the amplification of centrosomes and patulin-induced aneuploidy. Patulin cause a dose-dependent DNA damage in comet assay which was influenced by the cellular GSH content. However, an induction of oxidative stress was just seen with higher concentrations of patulin. Levels of cellular glutathione were increased after 24 h incubation indicating an adaptive response to patulin-induced stress. There is growing interest in polyphenols such as resveratrol which have shown many positive effects on human health. The beneficial properties are partially attributed to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Co-incubation of V79 cells with patulin and 10 µM of the antioxidant resveratrol led to a slight reduction of micronucleus frequency compared to cells which were just treated with patulin. However, in higher concentrations resveratrol themselves caused the formation of micronuclei in V79 cells. Kinetochore analysis indicated only clastogenic properties for resveratrol but no disturbance of mitosis. The antioxidant properties of resveratrol were shown in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. However, in cellular system resveratrol in higher concentrations revealed also prooxidative properties, as shown in 2,7-dichlordihydrofluorescein (DCF) assay. The increased level of glutathione after resveratrol treatment might reflect an adaptive response to resveratrol-induced oxidative stress. For the second part of this thesis we investigated the effects of an anthocyanin-rich grape extract on hypertensive Ren-2 rats. Ren-2 rats are an accepted genetically modified rat model for the investigation of hypertension and increased oxidative stress. We divided 23 female Ren-2 rats into three groups. One group was fed with an anthocyanin-rich Dacapo grape extract, one group was treated with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril and the third group was kept without medication during the experiment. After one week untreated group showed a clear increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to the ramipril treated rats. This was in part attenuated in the animals fed with anthocyanin-rich Dacapo grape extract. Effects on blood pressure were also reflected in an increased thirst of untreated and extract fed animals. Comet assay with cells of kidney and liver revealed a slight protective impact of Dacapo extract on DNA damage compared to the other groups. Similar results were obtained after evaluation of ɣ-H2AX-staining of kidney and heart sections. However, in the small intestine oppositional effects were seen, indicating an increased number of double strand breaks probably due to the high local concentration of polyphenols after oral ingestion. Antioxidative properties of the extract were shown in FRAP assay. However, this effect was not reflected in an increased antioxidative capacity in serum or a protective impact in the dihydroethidium (DHE) assay. The extract showed protective effects on DNA damage in comet assay and ɣ-H2AX-staining, but was not able to reduce hypertension back to the control level of ramipril treated animals. High local concentrations could also result in an increased damage of the affected tissue. Therefore, the administration of such concentrated compounds should be handled with care.},
  subject      = {Patulin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Simon2012,
  author    = {Simon, Nina Monica},
  title     = {Molecular interactions of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum during the sexual reproduction in the mosquito midgut},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72403},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The sexual phase of Plasmodium falciparum begins with the differentiation of intraerythrocytic sexual stages, termed gametocytes, in the human host. Mature gametocytes circulate in the peripheral blood and are taken up by the mosquito during the blood meal. These stages are essential for the spread of the malaria disease and form gametes in the mosquito midgut within minutes. A highly conserved family of six secreted proteins has been identified in Plasmodium falciparum. They comprise multiple adhesive domains and are termed PfCCp1 through PfCCp5, and PfFNPA. It was revealed in this work that PfCCp multi-domain adhesion proteins form protein complexes in gametocytes and on the surface of newly emerged macrogametes by adhesion domain-mediated binding. Co-Immunoprecipitation assays with activated gametocyte lysates show interactions between PfCCp proteins and indicate surface association via Pfs230 and Pfs25. Pfs230 is connected with the plasma membrane of the parasite by its interaction partner Pfs48/45. This protein is linked to the plasma membrane by a GPI anchor and presumably retains the multi-protein complex on the surface of newly emerged macrogametes in the mosquito midgut. A WD40 domain containing protein was identified to be part of this protein complex. It might serve as platform for the assembly of the multi protein complex or mediate the interplay among proteins, as suggested from known functions of the WD40 domain repeats. During egress from the host erythrocyte, the emerging gametes become vulnerable to factors of the human complement, which is taken up with the blood meal. In this thesis it was found that the complement system is active for about one hour post feeding. Macrogametes defend against complement-mediated lysis by co-opting the human complement regulators Factor H and FHL-1 from the blood-meal. These serum proteins bind via its SCR domains 5-7 to the surface of macrogametes. Once bound, they trigger complement inactivation of the alternative pathway, which prevents induction of complement lysis on the surface of the malaria parasite. Antibodies against Factor H are able to impair the sexual development in vitro and are able to block transmission to the mosquito. Interaction studies on endogenous proteins and immobilized recombinant proteins revealed the PfGAP50 protein as binding partner of Factor H and FHL-1. This protein was hitherto described as a glideosome-associated protein in invasive parasite stages, but has not yet been characterized in gametes. First localization studies indicate a relocation of PfGAP50 from the inner membrane complex to the surface of macrogametes. Malaria still persists as one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. Investigations on the essential transmissive stages, gametocytes and gametes of Plasmodium falciparum, stood in the background of research for a long time. This work deciphered details on protein interactions on the surface of the malaria parasite and provides first information about coactions between the parasite and the human complement in the mosquito midgut.},
  subject      = {Plasmodium falciparum},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rajaraman2011,
  author    = {Rajaraman, Gnana Oli},
  title     = {Oxidative stress: Role in genomic damage and disease},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-64869},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Bei einem Ungleichgewicht zwischen reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) und endogenen Antioxidantien (Glutathion (GSH), Superoxiddismutase (SOD), Katalase etc.) ist der oxidative Stress erh{\"o}ht, was zur Oxidation von Lipiden, Proteinen und DNA f{\"u}hrt. Obwohl auch oxidierte Lipide und Proteine mit steigendem Alter akkumulieren k{\"o}nnen, f{\"u}hren nur DNA-Oxidationen zu ver{\"a}nderter genomischer Information. Ein m{\"o}glicher Signalweg f{\"u}r gesteigerte ROS-Produktion ist die Aktivierung des Enzyms NADPH-Oxidase (NOX) und die damit verbundene Generierung von ROS durch viele endogene und exogene Substanzen. p47phox ist ein cytosolisches Protein, das eine wichtige Rolle bei der NOX-Aktivierung spielt. Angiotensin II (Ang II) ist ein Beispiel f{\"u}r eine endogene Verbindung, die {\"u}ber NOX-Aktivierung ROS produziert. Rosuvastatin ist ein Arzneistoff mit antioxidativen Eigenschaften (Hochregulation endogener Antioxidantien). Es geh{\"o}rt zur Gruppe der Cholesterinsenker und reduziert ausserdem erh{\"o}htes Auftreten des Angiotensin-II-Typ-1-Rezeptors (AT1R). Normalerweise ist oxidativer Stress im Alter und bei Alterskrankheiten (z. B. Parkinson-Krankheit) erh{\"o}ht. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher Modelle in vitro und in vivo die Rolle von DNA-Schaden durch NOX-vermittelte ROS zu untersuchen und den Einfluss von ROS auf den Alterungsprozess und auf Alterskrankheiten zu bestimmen.},
  subject      = {Oxidativer Stress},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Frey2011,
  author    = {Frey, Monika},
  title     = {Effects and mechanisms of a putative human pheromone},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72292},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {There is evidence that pheromones are communicative signals in animals. However, the existence and function of human pheromones are still under discussion. During the last years several substances have been labeled as putative human pheromones and especially 4,16-androstadien-3-one (androstadienone), found in male and female sweat, became subject of intense investigation. In contrast to common odors androstadienone presumably modulates human physiological and psychological reactions. Data suggest that androstadienone might influence the processing of visual cues, specifically faces or affective stimuli, via projections from the fusiform gyrus and the amygdala. Moreover, attentional processes may be modulated, which is supported by explicit and implicit behavioral data. This thesis includes three experimental studies examining effects of androstadienone exposure on behavioral and cortical reactions to visual and emotional stimuli. The main hypotheses were that androstadienone might influence human behavior to and perception of visual cues. The first study sought to clarify androstadienone effects on attention-related reactions as well as on behavioral tendencies. Motoric approach-avoidance reactions in response to happy and angry facial expressions were investigated in 30 women and 32 men. Participants either inhaled androstadienone or a control solution, without knowing the real content, while performing the following task: they had to push away or to pull towards them a joystick as fast as possible in reaction to either an angry or a happy cartoon face, which was presented on a computer screen. Results showed that androstadienone modulated the participant´s task performance by accelerating the reaction speed compared to the control compound. Faster reactions were observed particularly when reacting to angry faces but not when reacting to happy faces. This might be explained by the finding that human body odors, the source of androstadienone, were found to activate the human fear system, i.e. modulating fear-related attentional processes. Therefore, the quicker reaction towards angry faces with exposure to androstadienone could be due to an enhanced allocation of attentional resources towards fear-related cues like angry faces. Results also showed that androstadienone enhanced men´s approach tendency towards faces independent of emotional expressions. This observation might be explained by androstadienone´s former shown ability to improve attractiveness ratings of other persons. In this regard, the endogenous odor might enhance evaluations of faces in men and, thus, might improve their willingness to approach social stimuli. In contrast to men, women already showed in the control condition higher approach tendency towards faces. Therefore, androstadienone might rather maintain than enhance the approach score in women. In the second study event-related brain potentials (ERPs) triggered by social and non-social visual stimuli were investigated by means of electroencephalography. In a double-blind between-subjects design 51 women participated. Twenty-eight women inhaled androstadienone, whereas 23 women inhaled a control solution. Four different picture categories, i.e. real faces, pictures with couples, pictures with social and non-social scenes, each including three different valence categories, i.e. positive, negative and neutral, should clarify the stimulus type or context androstadienone is acting on. The androstadienone compared to the control odor did not influence brain responses significantly. Explorative analyses, however, suggested that androstadienone influences the processing of faces. While in the control group angry faces elicited larger P300 amplitudes than happy faces, the androstadienone group showed similar P300 amplitudes concerning all emotional expressions. This observation tentatively indicates that the endogenous odor might indeed affect the neuronal responses to emotional facial stimuli, especially late components reflecting evaluative processes. However, this observation has to be verified and further investigated, in particular whether androstadienone caused reduced responses to angry faces or enhanced responses to happy faces. The third study investigated androstadienone effects on face processing especially in men. ERPs elicited by happy, angry and neutral cartoon faces, which were presented on a computer screen, were measured while 16 men, not knowing the applicated odor, inhaled either androstadienone or a control solution. Exposure to androstadienone significantly increased later neuronal responses, the P300 amplitude. This belated component of the ERP reflects attention allocation and evaluative processes towards important stimuli. Therefore, androstadienone might facilitate central nervous face processing by enhancing attention towards these stimuli. In sum, the current results corroborate the notion of androstadienone as an active social chemosignal. In minute amounts and not detectable as an odor it influenced cortical and motoric reactions. Therefore, it might be concluded that androstadienone indeed affects cognitive functions like attentional processes and in turn affects our behavior. The current results further support the notion that androstadienone acts like a human modulator pheromone, namely modulating ongoing behavior or a psychological reaction to a particular context, changing stimulus sensitivity, salience and sensory-motor integration. However, these conclusions remain tentative until further replication takes place, best in ecologically valid environments. Furthermore, one has to keep in mind that the current studies could not replicate several previous findings and could not verify some hypotheses assuming communicative effects of androstadienone. Thus, the main assumption of this thesis that androstadienone is an active chemosignal is still challenged. Also, whether the term "pheromone" is indeed suitable to label androstadienone remains open.},
  subject      = {Pheromon},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Tyagi2012,
  author    = {Tyagi, Anu},
  title     = {Role of SWI/SNF in regulating pre-mRNA processing in Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72253},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are multifactorial complexes that utilize the energy of ATP to rearrange the chromatin structure. The changes in chromatin structure lead to either increased or decreased DNA accessibility. SWI/SNF is one of such complex. The SWI/SNF complex is involved in both transcription activation and transcription repression. The ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF is called SWI2/SNF2 in yeast and Brahma, Brm, in Drosophila melanogaster. In mammals there are two paralogs of the ATPase subunit, Brm and Brg1. Recent studies have shown that the human Brm is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Brm in pre-mRNA processing. The model systems used were Chironomus tentans, well suited for in situ studies and D. melanogaster, known for its full genome information. Immunofluorescent staining of the polytene chromosome indicated that Brm protein of C. tentans, ctBrm, is associated with several gene loci including the Balbiani ring (BR) puffs. Mapping the distribution of ctBrm along the BR genes by both immuno-electron microscopy and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that ctBrm is widely distributed along the BR genes. The results also show that a fraction of ctBrm is associated with the nascent BR pre-mRNP. Biochemical fractionation experiments confirmed the association of Brm with the RNP fractions, not only in C. tentans but also in D. melanogaster and in HeLa cells. Microarray hybridization experiments performed on S2 cells depleted of either dBrm or other SWI/SNF subunits show that Brm affects alternative splicing and 3´ end formation. These results indicated that BRM affects pre-mRNA processing as a component of SWI/SNF complexes. 1},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rathod2012,
  author    = {Rathod, Reenaben Jagdishbhai},
  title     = {Study of local protein synthesis in growth cones of embryonic mouse motor neurons},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72045},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In cultured motoneurons of a mouse model for the motoneuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), reduced levels of the protein SMN (survival of motoneurons) cause defects in axonal growth. This correlates with reduced β-actin mRNA and protein in growth cones, indicating that anterograde transport and local translation of β-actin mRNA are crucial for motoneuron function. However, direct evidence that indeed local translation is a physiological phenomenon in growth cones of motoneurons was missing. Here, a lentiviral GFP-based reporter construct was established to monitor local protein synthesis of β-actin mRNA. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in living motoneurons revealed that β-actin is locally translated in the growth cones of embryonic motoneurons. Interestingly, local translation of the β-actin reporter construct was differentially regulated by different laminin isoforms, indicating that laminins provide extracellular cues for the regulation of local translation in growth cones. Notably, local translation of β-actin mRNA was deregulated when motoneurons of a mouse model for type I SMA (Smn-/-; SMN2) were analyzed. In situ hybridization revealed reduced levels of β-actin mRNA in the axons of Smn-/-; SMN2 motoneurons. The distribution of the β-actin mRNA was not modified by different laminin isoforms as revealed by in situ hybridization against the mRNA of the eGFP encoding element of the β-actin reporter. In case of the mRNA of α-actin and γ-actin isoforms, the endogenous mRNA did not localize to the axons and the localization pattern was not affected by the SMN levels expressed in the cell. Taken together our findings suggest that regulation of local translation of β-actin in growth cones of motoneurons critically depends on laminin signaling and the amount of SMN protein. Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived motoneurons are an excellent in vitro system to sort out biochemical and cellular pathways which are defective in neurodegenerative diseases like SMA. Here, a protocol for the differentiation and antibody-mediated enrichment of ESC-derived motoneurons is presented, which was optimized during the course of this study. Notably, this study contributes the production and purification of highly active recombinant sonic hedgehog (Shh), which was needed for the efficient differentiation of mouse ESCs to motoneurons. ESC-derived motoneurons will now offer high amounts of cellular material to allow the biochemical identification of disease-relevant molecular components involved in regulated local protein synthesis in axons and growth cones of motoneurons.},
  subject      = {Motoneuron},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Angermeier2011,
  author    = {Angermeier, Hilde Gabriele},
  title     = {Molecular and ecological investigations of Caribbean sponge diseases},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56855},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {W{\"a}hrend gewinnbringende Assoziationen von Schw{\"a}mmen mit Mikroorganismen in den letzten Jahren viel Aufmerksamkeit erhalten haben, wurde weit weniger in die Interaktion von Schw{\"a}mmen mit m{\"o}glicherweise pathogenen Mikroben investiert. Somit war es das Ziel dieser Studie zwei ausgew{\"a}hlte Karibische Schwammkrankheiten namens „Sponge Orange Band" und „Sponge White Patch" mittels {\"o}kologischer und molekularer Methoden zu untersuchen. Die Sponge Orange Band (SOB) Erkrankung bef{\"a}llt den bedeutenden karibischen Fass-Schwamm Xestospongia muta, der zu den bakterienhaltigen (HMA) Schw{\"a}mmen gez{\"a}hlt wird, w{\"a}hrend die Sponge White Patch (SWP) Erkrankung den h{\"a}ufig vorkommenden Seil-Schwamm Amphimedon compressa betrifft, der zu den bakterienarmen (LMA) Schw{\"a}mmen geh{\"o}rt. F{\"u}r beide Karibischen Schwammkrankheiten konnte ich einen Krankheitsverlauf beschreiben, der mit massiver Gewebszerst{\"o}rung und dem Verlust charakteristischer mikrobieller Signaturen einhergeht. Obwohl ich zeigen konnte, dass zus{\"a}tzliche Bakterienarten die gebleichten Schwammbereiche kolonisieren, lieferten meine Infektionsversuche in beiden F{\"a}llen keinen Beweis f{\"u}r die Beteiligung eines mikrobiellen Pathogens als Krankheitserreger. Somit liegen die eigentlichen Ausl{\"o}ser der Erkrankungen Sponge Orange Band als auch Sponge White Patch noch immer im Dunkeln.},
  subject      = {Meeresschw{\"a}mme},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wippel2012,
  author    = {Wippel, Carolin},
  title     = {Alterations of brain dendrite and synapse structure by the Streptococcus pneumoniae neurotoxin pneumolysin - Insights and pharmacological modulation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72016},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) is one of the leading causes of childhood meningitis,pneumonia and sepsis. Despite the availability of childhood vaccination programs and antimicrobial agents, childhood pneumococcal meningitis is still a devastating illness with mortality rates among the highest of any cause of bacterial meningitis. Especially in low-income countries, where medical care is less accessible, mortality rates up to 50 \% have been reported. In surviving patients, neurological sequelae, including hearing loss, focal neurological deficits and cognitive impairment, is reported in 30 to 50 \%. Growing resistance of pneumococci towards conventional antibiotics emphasize the need for effective therapies and development of effective vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae. One major virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae is the protein toxin Pneumolysin (PLY). PLY belongs to a family of structurally related toxins, the so-called cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). Pneumolysin is produced by almost all clinical isolates of the bacterium. It is expressed during the late log phase of bacterial growth and gets released mainly through spontaneous autolysis of the bacterial cell. After binding to cholesterol in the host cell membranes, oligomerization of up to 50 toxin monomers and rearrangement of the protein structure, PLY forms large pores, leading to cell lysis in higher toxin concentrations. At sub-lytic concentrations, however, PLY mediates several other effects, such as activation of the classic complement pathway and the induction of apoptosis. First experiments with pneumococcal strains, deficient in pneumolysin, showed a reduced virulence of the organism, which emphasizes the contribution of this toxin to the course of bacterial meningitis and the urgent need for the understanding of the multiple mechanisms leading to invasive pneumococcal disease. The aim of this thesis was to shed light on the contribution of pneumolysin to the course of the disease as well as to the mental illness patients are suffering from after recovery from pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, we firstly investigated the effects of sub-lytic pneumolysin concentrations onto primary mouse neurons, transfected with a GFP construct and imaged with the help of laser scanning confocal microscopy. We discovered two major morphological changes in the dendrites of primary mouse neurons: The formation of focal swellings along the dendrites (so-called varicosities) and the reduction of dendritic spines. To study these effects in a more complex system, closer to the in vivo situation, we established a reproducible method for acute brain slice culturing. With the help of this culturing method, we were able to discover the same morphological changes in dendrites upon challenge with sub-lytic concentrations of pneumolysin. We were able to reverse the seen alterations in dendritic structure with the help of two antagonists of the NMDA receptor, connecting the toxin´s mode of action to a non-physiological stimulation of this subtype of glutamate receptors. The loss of dendritic spines (representing the postsynapse) in our brain slice model could be verified with the help of brain slices from adult mice, suffering from pneumococcal meningitis. By immunohistochemical staining with an antibody against synapsin I, serving as a presynaptic marker, we were able to identify a reduction of synapsin I in the cortex of mice, infected with a pneumococcal strain which is capable of producing pneumolysin. The reduction of synapsin I was higher in these brain slices compared to mice infected with a pneumococcal strain which is not capable of producing pneumolysin, illustrating a clear role for the toxin in the reduction of dendritic spines. The fact that the seen effects weren´t abolished under calcium free conditions clarifies that not only the influx of calcium through the pneumolysin-pore is responsible for the alterations. These findings were further supported by calcium imaging experiments, where an inhibitor of the NMDA receptor was capable of delaying the time point, when the maximum of calcium influx upon PLY challenge was reached. Additionally, we were able to observe the dendritic beadings with the help of immunohistochemistry with an antibody against MAP2, a neuron-specific cytoskeletal protein. These observations also connect pneumolysin´s mode of action to excitotoxicity, as several studies mention the aggregation of MAP2 in dendritic beadings in response to excitotoxic stimuli. All in all, this is the first study connecting pneumolysin to excitotoxic events, which might be a novel chance to tie in other options of treatment for patients suffering from pneumococcal meningitis.},
  subject      = {Nervenzelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Seo2012,
  author    = {Seo, Ean Jeong},
  title     = {Construction of recombinant E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) strains for the expression and secretion of defensins},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72005},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Der probiotische Escherichia coli Stamm Nissle 1917 (EcN) ist eines der wenigen Probiotika, die als aktive Komponente eines Medikaments in mehreren L{\"a}ndern zugelassen sind. Am besten ist die Wirksamkeit des EcN f{\"u}r die Remissionserhaltung von an Colitis Ulcerosa leidenden Patienten dokumentiert. Diese F{\"a}higkeit ist vermutlich darauf zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren, dass EcN in der Lage ist die Produktion des humanen beta-Defensins 2 (HBD2) mittels seiner Flagelle zu Induzieren. In dieser Studie wurden rekombinante EcN St{\"a}mme konstruiert, die ein Defensin zu produzieren verm{\"o}gen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Kodon-optimierte Defensingene in Expressionsplasmidvektoren kloniert, die entweder die Proform mit der Signalsequenz oder die reife Defensinform des humanen -Defensins 5 (HD5) oder des humanen -Defensins 2 (HBD2) unter der Kontrolle des T7-Promotors kodieren. Die Synthese dieser Defensine wurde mittels Western-Blot nach der Induktion der Expression und der Lyse der rekombinanten EcN St{\"a}mme demonstriert. Das rekombinante reife HBD2 mit einem N-terminalen His-Tag konnte mittels Ni-S{\"a}ulen-Chromatographie aufgereinigt werden. Das so gewonnene HBD2 zeigte antimikrobielle Aktivit{\"a}t gegen E. coli, Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium und Listeria monocytogenes. In einem zweiten Ansatz wurde der Teil des HBD2-Gens mit dem yebF-Gen fusioniert, der das reife HBD2 kodiert. Das resultierende Fusionsprotein YebFMHBD2 wurde von dem entsprechenden EcN Stamm nach Induktion der Expression sekretiert. Die Pr{\"a}senz von YebFMHBD2 im Medium war nicht das Ergebnis von Zellyse wie Western-Blots spezifisch f{\"u}r die -Galaktosidase und das Maltose-Bindeprotein mit dem Kultur{\"u}berstand zeigten. Dieser Kultur{\"u}berstand inhibierte das Wachstum von E. coli, Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium und Listeria monocytogenes nach Dialyse und Aufkonzentration sowohl in Agardiffusionsassays als auch in Fl{\"u}ssigcokultur. Damit konnte gezeigt werden, dass EcN ein f{\"u}r die Produktion von bestimmten humanen Defensinen geeignetes Probiotikum darstellt. EcN ist bei der Behandlung von Morbus Crohn Patienten nicht aktiv. Dies ist vermutlich in der genetisch bedingten Unf{\"a}higkeit zur ausreichenden Defensinproduktion solcher Individuen begr{\"u}ndet. Als ein erster Schritt in der Entwicklung von alternativen Ans{\"a}tzen zur Behandlung Morbus Crohn Patienten wurden in dieser Arbeit EcN St{\"a}mme konstruiert, die in der Lage sind HD5 oder HBD2 zu produzieren.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Aminake2012,
  author    = {Aminake, Makoah Nigel},
  title     = {Towards malaria combination therapy: Characterization of hybrid molecules for HIV/malaria combination therapy and of thiostrepton as a proteasome-targeting antibiotic with a dual mode of action},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71841},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Malaria and HIV are among the most important global health problems of our time and together are responsible for approximately 3 million deaths annually. These two diseases overlap in many regions of the world including sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, leading to a higher risk of co-infection. In this study, we generated and characterized hybrid molecules to target P. falciparum and HIV simultaneously for a potential HIV/malaria combination therapy. Hybrid molecules were synthesized by covalent fusion between azidothymidine (AZT) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), tetraoxane or chloroquine (CQ); and a small library was generated and tested for antiviral and antimalarial activity. Our data suggest that dihyate is the most potent molecule in vitro, with antiplasmodial activity comparable to that of DHA (IC50 = 26 nM, SI > 3000), a moderate activity against HIV (IC50 = 2.9 µM; SI > 35) and safe to HeLa cells at concentrations used in the assay (CC50 > 100 µM). Pharmacokinetic studies further revealed that dihyate is metabolically unstable and is cleaved following an O-dealkylation once in contact with cytochrome P450 enzymes. The later further explains the uneffectiveness of dihyate against the CQ-sensitive P. berghei N strain in mice when administered by oral route at 20 mg/kg. Here, we report on a first approach to develop antimalarial/anti-HIV hybrid molecules and future optimization efforts will aim at producing second generation hybrid molecules to improve activity against HIV as well as compound bioavailability. With the emergence of resistant parasites against all the counterpart drugs of artemisinin derivatives used in artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs), the introduction of antibiotics in the treatment of malaria has renewed interest on the identification of antibiotics with potent antimalarial properties. In this study we also investigated the antiplasmodial potential of thiostrepton and derivatives, synthesized using combinations of tail truncation, oxidation, and addition of lipophilic thiols to the terminal dehydroamino acid. We showed that derivatives SS231 and SS234 exhibit a better antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 1 µM SI > 59 and SI > 77 respectively) than thiostrepton (IC50 = 8.95 µM, SI = 1.7). The antiplasmodial activity of these derivatives was observed at concentrations which are not hemolytic and non-toxic to human cell lines. Thiostrepton and derivatives appeared to exhibit transmission blocking properties when administered at their IC50 or IC90 concentrations and our data also showed that they attenuate proteasome activity of Plasmodium, which resulted in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins after incubation with their IC80 concentrations. Our results indicate that the parasite's proteasome could be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In this regard, thiostrepton derivatives are promising candidates by dually acting on two independent targets, the proteasome and the apicoplast, with the capacity to eliminate both intraerythrocytic asexual and transmission stages of the parasite. To further support our findings, we evaluated the activity of a new class of antimalarial and proteasome inhibitors namely peptidyl sulfonyl fluorides on gametocyte maturation and analogues AJ34 and AJ38 were able to completely suppress gametocytogenesis at IC50 concentrations (0.23 µM and 0.17 µM respectively) suggesting a strong transmission blocking potential. The proteasome, a major proteolytic complex, responsible for the degradation and re-cycling of non-functional proteins has been studied only indirectly in P. falciparum. In addition, an apparent proteasome-like protein with similarity to bacterial ClpQ/hslV threonine-peptidases was predicted in the parasite. Antibodies were generated against the proteasome subunits alpha type 5 (α5-SU), beta type 5 (β5-SU) and pfhslV in mice and we showed that the proteasome is expressed in both sexual and asexual blood stages of P. falciparum, where they localize in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. However, expression of PfhslV was only observed in trophozoites and shizonts. The trafficking of the studied proteasome subunits was further investigated by generating parasites expressing GFP tagged proteins. The expression of α5-SU-GFP in transgenic parasite appeared to localize abundantly in the cytoplasm of all blood stages, and no additional information was obtained from this parasite line. In conclusion, our data highlight two new tools towards combination therapy. Hybrid molecules represent promising tools for the cure of co-infected individuals, while very potent antibiotics with a wide scope of activities could be useful in ACTs by eliminating resistant parasites and limiting transmission of both, resistances and disease.},
  subject      = {Malaria},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Oschatz2012,
  author    = {Oschatz, Chris Tina},
  title     = {Mechanisms and functions of the mast cell-activated contact system in inflammatory reactions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71539},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {SUMMARY Mast cell activation in allergic and inflammatory disease causes increased vascular permeability and edema. This thesis identifies a paracrine mechanism, by which heparin released from intracellular granules, is involved in mast cell-evoked alteration of endothelial barrier function in vivo. Negatively charged heparin initiated factor XII-driven contact activation. Activated factor XII triggered the formation of the inflammatory mediator bradykinin in plasma. Congenital deficiency and pharmacological targeting of factor XII and kinin B2 receptor provided protection from mast cell-heparin-induced leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and hypotension in rats and mice. Intravital laser scanning microscopy and tracer measurements showed that heparin increased leakage with fluid extravasation in skin microvessels in mice. Deficiency in factor XII or kinin B2 receptor conferred resistance to heparin-induced skin edema and largely protected mice from endothelial barrier dysfunction, caused by allergen-induced mast cell activation and anaphylactic reactions. In contrast, heparin and mast cell activation caused excessive edema formation in mice, deficient in the major inhibitor of factor XII, C1 esterase inhibitor. Hereditary angioedema patients, lacking C1 esterase inhibitor, suffered from allergeninduced edema. The data indicate that mast cell-heparin-initiated bradykinin formation plays a fundamental role in defective barrier function of pathological mast cell-mediated inflammation, hypotension and edema formation.},
  subject      = {Heparin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Salvador2011,
  author    = {Salvador, Ellaine Riciel P.},
  title     = {Characterization of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ABU) Escherichia coli Isolates: virulence traits and host-pathogen interactions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. It accounts for a million hospital visits annually in the United States. Among the many uropathogenic bacteria, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common causative agent of UTI. However, not all E. coli that inhabit the urinary tract can cause UTI. Some of them thrive for long periods of time in the urinary bladder without causing overt symptoms of infection. This carrier state is called asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). E. coli ABU isolates can live in the host without inducing host response due to deletions, insertions and point mutations in the genome leading to the attenuation of virulence genes. They therefore behave in the same way as commensals. Since bacteria that inhabit the urinary tract are said to originate from the lower intestinal tract and ABU behave in a similar way as commensals, this study compared various phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ABU and commensal E. coli fecal isolates. The two groups did not show a strict clustering with regards to phylogenetic lineage since there appears to be overlaps in their distribution in some clonal complexes. In addition, it was observed that the UPEC virulence genes were more frequently inactivated in ABU than in fecal isolates. Hence, ABU tend to have less functional virulence traits compared to the fecal isolates. The ABU model organism E. coli 83972 which is known not only for its commensal behavior in the urinary bladder but its ability to outcompete other bacteria in the urinary tract is currently being used as prophylactic treatment in patients who have recurrent episodes of UTI at the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden. The pilot studies showed that upon deliberate long-term colonization of the patients with E. coli 83972, they become protected from symptomatic UTI. In this study, the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of eight re-isolates taken from initially asymptomatically colonized patients enrolled in the deliberate colonization study who reported an episode of symptoms during the colonization period were investigated. Two out of the eight re-isolates were proven to be a result of super infection by another uropathogen. Six re-isolates, on the other hand, were E. coli 83972. The urine re-isolates confirmed to be E. coli 83972 were phenotypically heterogeneous in that they varied in colony size as well as in swarming motility. Four of these re-isolates were morphologically homogenous and similar to the parent isolate E. coli 83972 whereas one of them appeared phenotypically heterogenous as a mixture of smaller and normal-sized colonies. Still another re-isolate phenotypically resembled small colony variants. Meanwhile, three of the six re-isolates did not differ from the parent isolate with regards to motility. On the other hand, three exhibited a markedly increased motility compared to the parent isolate. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated the upregulation of a cascade of genes involved in flagellar expression and biosynthesis in one of the three motile re-isolates. However, upon further investigation, it was found out that the expression of flagella had no effect on bacterial adhesion to host cells in vitro as well as to the induction of host inflammatory markers. Thus, this implies that the increased motility in the re-isolates is used by the bacteria as a fitness factor for its benefit and not as a virulence factor. In addition, among the various deregulated genes, it was observed that gene regulation tends to be host-specific in that there is no common pattern as to which genes are deregulated in the re-isolates. Taken together, results of this study therefore suggest that the use of E. coli 83972 for prophylactic treatment of symptomatic UTI remains to be very promising.},
  subject      = {Escherichia coli},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eschbach2011,
  author    = {Eschbach, Claire},
  title     = {Classical and operant learning in the larvae of Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70583},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In dieser Doktorarbeit studiere ich einige psychologische Aspekte im Verhalten der Drosophila, insbesondere von Drosophila Larven. Nach einer Einleitung, in der ich den wissenschaftlichen Kontext darstelle und die Mechanismen der olfaktorischen Wahrnehmung sowie des klassichen und operanten Lernens beschreibe, stelle ich die verschiedenen Experimente meiner Doktorarbeit vor. Wahrnehmung Das zweite Kapitel behandelt die Art, in der adulte Drosophila zwischen Einzeld{\"u}ften und Duftgemischen generaliseren. Ich habe gefunden, daß die Fliegen eine Mischung aus zwei D{\"u}ften als gleich verschieden von ihren beiden Elementen wahrnehmen; und daß die Intensit{\"a}t sowie die chemisch-physikalische Natur der Elemente das Ausmass der Generalisierung zwischen der Mischung und ihren beiden Elementen beeinflusst. Diese Entdeckungen sollten f{\"u}r die weitere Forschung anregend sein, wie zum Beispiel zum functional imaging. Ged{\"a}chtnis Das dritte Kapitel stellt die Etablierung eines neuen Protokolls zur klassischen Konditionierung bei Drosophila Larven dar. Es handelt sich um Experimente, bei denen ein Duft mit einer mechanischen St{\"o}rung als Strafreiz verkn{\"u}pft wird. Das Protokoll wird einen Vergleich zwischen zwei Arten vom aversiven Ged{\"a}chtnissen (Geschmack vs. mechanische St{\"o}rung als Strafreize) erm{\"o}glichen, einschliesslich eines Vergleiches ihrer neurogenetischen Grundlagen; zudem kann nun geforscht werden, ob die jeweiligen Ged{\"a}chtnisse spezifisch f{\"u}r die Art des verwendeten Strafreizes sind. Selbstgestaltung Das vierte Kapitel umfasst unsere Versuche, operantes Ged{\"a}chtnis bei Drosophila Larven zu beobachten. Zumindest f{\"u}r die unmittelbar ersten Momente des Tests konnte ich zeigen, dass die Larven ihr Verhalten entsprechend dem Training ausrichten. Dieses Ged{\"a}chtnis scheint jedoch im Laufe des Tests schnell zu verschwinden. Es ist daher geraten, diese Ergebnisse {\"u}ber operantes Lernen zu wiederholen, eventuell das experimentelle Protokoll zu verbessern, um so eine systematische Analyse der Bedingungen und Mechanismen f{\"u}r das operante Lernen bei der Drosophila Larve zu erlauben. Im f{\"u}nften Kapitel verwende ich die im Rahmen des vierten Kapitels entwickelten Methoden f{\"u}r eine Analyse der Fortbewegung der Larven. Ich habe insbesondere die Wirkung des pflanzlichen ‚cognitive enhancers' Rhodiola rosea untersucht, sowie die Auswirkungen von Mutationen in den Genen, welche f{\"u}r Synapsin und SAP47 kodieren; schliesslich habe ich getestet, ob die Geschmacksqualit{\"a}t der Testsituation lokomotorische Parameter ver{\"a}ndert. Diese Dissertation erbringt also eine Reihe neuer Aspekte zur Psychologie der Drosophila und wird hoffentlich in diesem Bereich der Forschung neue Wege {\"o}ffnen.},
  subject      = {Lernen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Foertsch2012,
  author    = {F{\"o}rtsch, Christina},
  title     = {Pneumolysin: the state of pore-formation in context to cell trafficking and inflammatory responses of astrocytes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70892},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Pneumolysin, a protein toxin, represents one of the major virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This pathogen causes bacterial meningitis with especially high disease rates in young children, elderly people and immunosuppressed patients. The protein toxin belongs to the family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, which require membrane cholesterol in order to bind and to be activated. Upon activation, monomers assemble in a circle and undergo conformational change. This conformational change leads to the formation of a pore, which eventually leads to cell lysis. This knowledge was obtained by studies that used a higher concentration compared to the concentration of pneumolysin found in the cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients. Thus, a much lower concentration of pneumolysin was used in this work in order to investigate effects of this toxin on primary mouse astrocytes. Previously, a small GTPase activation, possibly leading to cytoskeletal changes, was found in a human neuroblastoma cell line. This led to the hypothesis that pneumolysin can lead to similar cytoskeletal changes in primary cells. The aim of this work was to investigate and characterise the effects of pneumolysin on primary mouse astrocytes in terms of a possible pore formation, cellular trafficking and immunological responses. Firstly, the importance of pore-formation on cytoskeletal changes was to be investigated. In order to tackle this question, wild-type pneumolysin and two mutant variants were used. One variant was generated by exchanging one amino acid in the cholesterol recognising region, the second variant was generated by deleting two amino acids in a protein domain that is essential for oligomerisation. These variants should be incapable of forming a pore and were compared to the wild-type in terms of lytic capacities, membrane binding, membrane depolarisation, pore-formation in artificial membranes (planar lipid bilayer) and effects on the cytoskeleton. These investigations resulted in the finding that the pore-formation is required for inducing cell lysis, membrane depolarisation and cytoskeletal changes in astrocytes. The variants were not able to form a pore in planar lipid bilayer and did not cause cell lysis and membrane depolarisation. However, they bound to the cell membrane to the same extent as the wild-type toxin. Thus, the pore-formation, but not the membrane binding was the cause for these changes. Secondly, the effect of pneumolysin on cellular trafficking was investigated. Here, the variants showed no effect, but the wild-type led to an increase in overall endocytotic events and was itself internalised into the cell. In order to characterise a possible mechanism for internalisation, a GFP-tagged version of pneumolysin was used. Several fluorescence-labelled markers for different endocytotic pathways were used in a co-staining approach with pneumolysin. Furthermore, inhibitors for two key-players in classical endocytotic pathways, dynamin and myosin II, were used in order to investigate classical endocytotic pathways and their possible involvement in toxin internalisation. The second finding of this work is that pneumolysin is taken up into the cell via dynamin- and caveolin-independent pinocytosis, which could transfer the toxin to caveosomes. From there, the fate of the toxin remains unknown. Additionally, pneumolysin leads to an overall increase in endocytotic events. This observation led to the third aim of this work. If the toxin increases the overall rate of endocytosis, the question arises whether toxin internalisation favours bacterial tissue penetration of the host or whether it serves as a defence mechanism of the cell in order to degrade the protein. Thus, several proinflammatory cytokines were investigated, as previous studies describe an effect of pneumolysin on cytokine production. Surprisingly, only interleukin 6-production was increased after toxin-treatment and no effect of endocytotic inhibitors on the interleukin 6-production was observed. The conclusion from this finding is that pneumolysin leads to an increase of interleukin 6, which would not depend on the endocytotic uptake of pneumolysin. The production of interleukin 6 would enhance the production of acute phase proteins, T-cell activation, growth and differentiation. On the one hand, this activation could serve pathogen clearance from infected tissue. On the other hand, the production of interleukin 6 could promote a further penetration of pathogen into host tissue. This question should be further investigated.},
  subject      = {Streptococcus pneumoniae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hupp2012,
  author    = {Hupp, Sabrina},
  title     = {Modulation of Actin Dynamics by the Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysin Pneumolysin - a novel mechanism beyond pore formation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70889},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major causes of bacterial meningitis, which mainly affects young infants in the developing countries of Africa, Asia (esp. India) and South America, and which has case fatality rates up to 50\% in those regions. Bacterial meningitis comprises an infection of the meninges and the sub-meningeal cortex tissue of the brain, whereat the presence of pneumolysin (PLY), a major virulence factor of the pneumococcus, is prerequisite for the development of a severe outcome of the infection and associated tissue damage (e. g. apoptosis, brain edema, and ischemia). Pneumolysin belongs to the family of pore forming, cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), bacterial protein toxins, which basically use membrane-cholesterol as receptor and oligomerize to big aggregates, which induce cell lysis and cell death by disturbance of membrane integrity. Multiple recent studies, including this work, have revealed a new picture of pneumolysin, whose cell-related properties go far beyond membrane binding, pore formation and the induction of cell death and inflammatory responses. For a long time, it has been known that bacteria harm the tissues of their hosts in order to promote their own survival and proliferation. Many bacterial toxins aim to rather hijack cells than to kill them, by interacting with cellular components, such as the cytoskeleton or other endogenous proteins. This study was able to uncover a novel capacity of pneumolysin to interact with components of the actin machinery and to promote rapid, actin-dependent cell shape changes in primary astrocytes. The toxin was applied in disease-relevant concentrations, which were verified to be sub-lytic. These amounts of toxin induced a rapid actin cortex collapse in horizontal direction towards the cell core, whereat membrane integrity was preserved, indicating an actin severing function of pneumolysin, and being consistent with cell shrinkage, displacement, and blebbing observed in live cell imaging experiments. In contrast to neuroblastoma cells, in which pneumolysin led to cytoskeleton remodeling and simultaneously to activation of Rac1 and RhoA, in primary astrocytes the cell shape changes were seen to be primarily independent of small GTPases. The level of activated Rac1 and RhoA did not increase at the early time points after toxin application, when the initial shape changes have been observed, but at later time points when the actin-dependent displacement of cells was slower and less severe, probably presenting the cell's attempt to re-establish proper cytoskeleton function. A GUV (giant unilamellar vesicle) approach provided insight into the effects of pneumolysin in a biomimetic system, an environment, which is strictly biochemical, but still comprises cellular components, limited to the factors of interest (actin, Arp2/3, ATP, and Mg2+ on one side, and PLY on the other side). This approach was able to show that the wildtype-toxin, but not the Δ6 mutant (mutated in the unfolding domain, and thus non-porous), had the capacity to exhibit its functions through a membrane bilayer, meaning it was able to aggregate actin, which was located on the other side of the membrane, either via direct interaction with actin or in an Arp2/3 activating manner. Taking a closer look at these two factors with the help of several different imaging and biochemical approaches, this work unveiled the capacity of pneumolysin to bind and interact both with actin and Arp2 of the Arp2/3 complex. Pneumolysin was capable to slightly stabilize actin in an actin-pyrene polymerization assay. The same experimental setup was applied to show that the toxin had the capacity to lead to actin polymerization through activation of the Arp2/3 complex. This effect was additionally confirmed with the help of fluorescent microscopy of rhodamine (TRITC)-tagged actin. Strongest Arp2/3 activation, and actin nucleation/polymerization is achieved by the VCA domain of the WASP family proteins. However, addition of PLY to the Arp2/3-VCA system led to an enhanced actin nucleation, suggesting a synergistic activation function of pneumolysin. Hence, two different effects of pneumolysin on the actin cytoskeleton were observed. On the one hand an actin severing property, and on the other hand an actin stabilization property, both of which do not necessarily exclude each other. Actin remodeling is a common feature of bacterial virulence strategies. This is the first time, however, that these properties were assigned to a toxin of the CDC family. Cytoskeletal dysfunction in astrocytes leads to dysfunction and unregulated movement of these cells, which, in context of bacterial meningitis, can favor bacterial penetration and spreading in the brain tissue, and thus comprises an additional role of pneumolysin as a virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumonia in the context of brain infection.},
  subject      = {Hirnhautentz{\"u}ndung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{AlcantarinoMenescal2012,
  author    = {Alcantarino Menescal, Luciana},
  title     = {In vivo characterization of genetic factors involved in Xmrk driven melanoma formation in Medaka (Oryzias latipes): a closer look at braf, Stat5 and c-myc},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70762},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes and is one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. In fish of the genus Xiphophorus, melanoma development, although very rarely, happens spontaneously in nature and can be induced by interspecific crossing. The oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, Xmrk, is responsible for melanoma formation in these fishes. Since Xiphophorus are live-bearing fishes and therefore not compatible with embryonic manipulation and transgenesis, the Xmrk melanoma model was brought to the medaka (Oryzias latipes) system. Xmrk expression under the control of the pigment cell specific mitf promoter leads to melanoma formation with 100\% penetrance in medaka. Xmrk is an orthologue of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activates several downstream signaling pathways. Examples of these pathways are the direct phosphorylation of BRAF and Stat5, as well as the enhanced transcription of C-myc. BRAF is a serine-threonine kinase which is found mutated at high frequencies in malignant melanomas. Stat5 is a transcription factor known to be constitutively activated in fish melanoma. C-myc is a transcription factor that is thought to regulate the expression of approximately 15\% of all human genes and is involved in cancer progression of a large number of different tumors. To gain new in vivo information on candidate factors known to be involved in melanoma progression, I identified and analysed BRAF, Stat5 and C-myc in the laboratory fish model system medaka. BRAF protein motifs are highly conserved among vertebrates and the results of this work indicate that its function in the MAPK signaling is maintained in medaka. Transgenic medaka lines carrying a constitutive active version of BRAF (V614E) showed more pigmented skin when compared to wild type. Also, some transiently expressing BRAF V614E fishes showed a disrupted eye phenotype. In addition, I was able to identify two Stat5 copies in medaka, named Stat5ab/a and Stat5ab/b. Sequence analysis revealed a higher similarity between both Stat5 sequences when compared to either human Stat5a or Stat5b. This suggests that the two Stat5 copies in medaka arose by an independent duplication processes. I cloned these two Stat5 present in medaka, produced constitutive active and dominant negative gene versions and successfully established transgenic lines carrying each version under the control of the MITF promoter. These lines will help to elucidate questions that are still remaining in Stat5 biology and its function in melanoma progression, like the role of Stat5 phosphorylation on tumor invasiveness. In a third project during my PhD work, I analysed medaka C-myc function and indentified two copies of this gene in medaka, named c-myc17 and c-myc20, according to the chromosome where they are located. I produced conditional transgenic medaka lines carrying the c-myc17 gene coupled to the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor to enable specific transgene activation at a given time point. Comparable to human C-myc, medaka C-myc17 is able to induce proliferation and apoptosis in vivo after induction. Besides that, C-myc17 long-term activation led to liver hyperplasia. In summary, the medaka models generated in this work will be important to bring new in vivo information on genes involved in cancer development. Also, the generated transgenic lines can be easily crossed to the melanoma developing Xmrk medaka lines, thereby opening up the possibility to investigate their function in melanoma progression. Besides that, the generated medaka fishes make it possible to follow the whole development of melanocytes, since the embryos are transparent and can be used for high throughput chemical screens.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zanucco2011,
  author    = {Zanucco, Emanuele},
  title     = {Role of oncogenic and wild type B-RAF in mouse lung tumor models},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69603},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Von Wachstumsfaktoren regulierte Signalkaskaden sind Schl{\"u}sselelemente in der Gewebeentwicklung und Geweberegeneration. Eine Deregulation dieser Kaskaden f{\"u}hrt zu Entwicklungsst{\"o}rungen und neoplastischen Krankheiten. F{\"u}r viele humane Krebsformen sind aktivierende Mutationen der Kinasen der RAF Familie verantwortlich. Das erste Projekt dieser Doktorarbeit fokussiert auf der Rolle des B-RAF V600E, welches als eine der am h{\"a}ufigsten vorkommenden Mutantionen in humanen Krebszellen identifiziert worden ist. Um die onkogene Funktion des B-RAF V600E zu untersuchen, haben wir transgene Mauslinien hergestellt, welche das aktivierte Onkogen spezifisch in alveolaren Lungenepithelzellen des Typ II exprimieren. Konstitutive Expression des B-RAF V600E f{\"u}hrte zu einer abnormen alveolaren Epithelzellbildung und zu Emphysem-{\"a}hnlichen L{\"a}sionen. Diese L{\"a}sionen wiesen Zeichen einer Gewebsumstrukturierung auf, oft in Assoziation mit chronischer Inflammation und geringer Inzidenz von Lungentumoren. Die Infiltration der entz{\"u}ndlichen Zellen erfolgte erst nach der Entstehung von Emphysem-{\"a}hnlichen L{\"a}sionen und k{\"o}nnte zur sp{\"a}teren Tumorbildung beigetragen haben. Diese Ergebnisse unterst{\"u}tzen ein Modell, in welchem der kontinuierliche regenerative Prozess eine tumorf{\"o}rdernde Umgebung schafft. Dabei induziert die Aktivit{\"a}t des onkogenen B-RAF eine alveolare St{\"o}rung, welche urs{\"a}chlich verantwortlich ist f{\"u}r den kontinuierlichen regenerativen Prozess. Das zweite Projekt fokussiert auf die Rolle von endogenem (wildtypischen) B-RAF in einem durch onkogenes C-RAF induzierten Maus Lungentumormodell. F{\"u}r unsere Untersuchungen haben wir eine Mauslinie geschaffen, in welcher B-RAF in den C-RAF Lungentumoren konditionell eliminiert werden kann. Eine konditionelle Eliminierung des B-RAF hat die Entstehung von Lungentumoren nicht blockiert, aber zu reduziertem Tumorwachstum gef{\"u}hrt. Dieses reduzierte Tumorwachstum konnte auf eine reduzierte Zellproliferation zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Außerdem konnten wir durch die B-RAF Elimination eine Reduktion der Intensit{\"a}t der mitogenen Signalkaskade beobachten. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass das onkogene Potential von C-RAF in vivo unabh{\"a}ngig von B-RAF ist und eine Kooperation von B-RAF und C-RAF jedoch f{\"u}r die vollst{\"a}ndige Aktivierung der mitogenen Signalkaskade wichtig ist.},
  subject      = {Lungenkrebs},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Roth2011,
  author    = {Roth, Heide Marie},
  title     = {Nucleotide Excision Repair: From Recognition to Incision of damaged DNA},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57098},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway is able to remove a vast diversity of structurally unrelated DNA lesions and is the only repair mechanism in humans responsible for the excision of UV induced DNA damages. The NER mechanism raises two fundamental questions: 1) How is DNA damage recognition achieved discriminating damaged from non damaged DNA? 2) How is DNA incision regulated preventing endonucleases to cleave DNA non specifically but induce and ensure dual incision of damaged DNA? Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the mechanisms leading from recognition to incision of damaged DNA. To decipher the underlying process of damage recognition in a prokaryotic model system, the intention of the first part of this work was to co crystallize the helicase UvrB form Bacillus caldotenax together with a DNA substrate comprising a fluorescein adducted thymine as an NER substrate. Incision assays were performed to address the question whether UvrB in complex with the endonuclease UvrC is able to specifically incise damaged DNA employing DNA substrates with unpaired regions at different positions with respect to the DNA lesion. The results presented here indicate that the formation of a specific pre incision complex is independent of the damage sensor UvrA. The preference for 5' bubble substrate suggests that UvrB is able to slide along the DNA favorably in a 5' → 3' direction until it directly encounters a DNA damage on the translocating strand to then recruit the endonuclease UvrC. In the second part of this work, the novel endonuclease Bax1 from Thermoplasma acidophilum was characterized. Due to its close association to archaeal XPB, a potential involvement of Bax1 in archaeal NER has been postulated. Bax1 was shown to be a Mg2+ dependent, structure specific endonuclease incising 3' overhang substrates in the single stranded region close to the ssDNA/dsDNA junction. Site directed mutagenesis of conserved amino acids was employed to identify putative active site residues of Bax1. In complex with the helicase XPB, however, incision activity of Bax1 is altered regarding substrate specificity. The presence of two distinct XPB/Bax1 complexes with different endonuclease activities indicates that XPB regulates Bax1 incision activity providing insights into the physical and functional interactions of XPB and Bax1.},
  subject      = {DNS-Reparatur},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Simon2011,
  author    = {Simon, Christian Marc},
  title     = {Effects of the neurotrophic factors CNTF and IGF-1 in mouse models for spinal muscular atrophy and diabetic neuropathy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70207},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In this study I investigate the role of Schwann cell and axon-derived trophic signals as modifiers of axonal integrity and sprouting in motoneuron disease and diabetic neuropathy (DNP). The first part of this thesis focuses on the role of the Schwann-cell-derived ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for compensatory sprouting in a mouse model for mild spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). In the second part, the role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) is examined in the peripheral nerves of patients with DNP and in two corresponding mouse models. Proximal SMA is caused by homozygous loss or mutation of the SMN1 gene on human chromosome 5. The different forms of SMA can be divided into four groups, depending on the levels of SMN protein produced from a second SMN gene (SMN2) and the severity of the disease. Patients with milder forms of the disease, type III and type IV SMA, normally reach adulthood and regularly show enlargement of motor units, signifying the reinnervation of denervated muscle fibers. However, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Smn+/- mice, a model of type III/IV SMA, are phenotypically normal, but they reveal progressive loss of motor neurons and denervation of motor endplates starting at 4 weeks of age. The progressive loss of spinal motor neurons reaches 50\% at 12 months but muscle strength is not reduced. The first evidence for axonal sprouting as a compensatory mechanism in these animals was the more than 2-fold increase in amplitude of single motor unit action potentials (SMUAP) in the gastrocnemius muscle. Confocal analysis confirmed pronounced sprouting of innervating motor axons. As CNTF is highly expressed in Schwann cells and known to be involved in sprouting, its role for this compensatory sprouting response and the maintenance of muscle strength in Smn+/- mice was investigated. Deletion of CNTF in this mouse model results in reduced sprouting and decline of muscle strength in Smn+/- Cntf-/- mice. These findings indicate that CNTF is necessary for a sprouting response and thus enhances the size of motor units in skeletal muscles of Smn+/- mice. DNP afflicting motor and sensory nerve fibers is a major complication in diabetes mellitus. The underlying cellular mechanisms of motor axon degeneration are poorly understood. IGFBP-5, an inhibitory binding protein for IGF-1, is highly upregulated in peripheral nerves in patients with DNP. The study investigates the pathogenic relevance of this finding in transgenic mice overexpressing IGFBP-5 in motor axons. These mice develop motor axonopathy similar to that seen in DNP. Motor axon degeneration is also observed in mice in which the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was conditionally depleted in motoneurons, indicating that reduced activity of IGF-1 on IGF-1R in motoneurons is responsible for the observed effect. These data provide evidence that elevated expression of IGFBP-5 in diabetic nerves reduces the availability of IGF-1 for IGF-1R on motor axons leading to progressive neurodegeneration, and thus offers novel treatment strategies.},
  subject      = {Spinale Muskelatrophie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Beisser2011,
  author    = {Beisser, Daniela},
  title     = {Integrated functional analysis of biological networks},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70150},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In recent years high-throughput experiments provided a vast amount of data from all areas of molecular biology, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Its analysis using bioinformatics methods has developed accordingly, towards a systematic approach to understand how genes and their resulting proteins give rise to biological form and function. They interact with each other and with other molecules in highly complex structures, which are explored in network biology. The in-depth knowledge of genes and proteins obtained from high-throughput experiments can be complemented by the architecture of molecular networks to gain a deeper understanding of biological processes. This thesis provides methods and statistical analyses for the integration of molecular data into biological networks and the identification of functional modules, as well as its application to distinct biological data. The integrated network approach is implemented as a software package, termed BioNet, for the statistical language R. The package includes the statistics for the integration of transcriptomic and functional data with biological networks, the scoring of nodes and edges of these networks as well as methods for subnetwork search and visualisation. The exact algorithm is extensively tested in a simulation study and outperforms existing heuristic methods for the calculation of this NP-hard problem in accuracy and robustness. The variability of the resulting solutions is assessed on perturbed data, mimicking random or biased factors that obscure the biological signal, generated for the integrated data and the network. An optimal, robust module can be calculated using a consensus approach, based on a resampling method. It summarizes optimally an ensemble of solutions in a robust consensus module with the estimated variability indicated by confidence values for the nodes and edges. The approach is subsequently applied to two gene expression data sets. The first application analyses gene expression data for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and differences between the subgroups with and without an oncogenic BCR/ABL gene fusion. In a second application gene expression and survival data from diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are examined. The identified modules include and extend already existing gene lists and signatures by further significant genes and their interactions. The most important novelty is that these genes are determined and visualised in the context of their interactions as a functional module and not as a list of independent and unrelated transcripts. In a third application the integrative network approach is used to trace changes in tardigrade metabolism to identify pathways responsible for their extreme resistance to environmental changes and endurance in an inactive tun state. For the first time a metabolic network approach is proposed to detect shifts in metabolic pathways, integrating transcriptome and metabolite data. Concluding, the presented integrated network approach is an adequate technique to unite high-throughput experimental data for single molecules and their intermolecular dependencies. It is flexible to apply on diverse data, ranging from gene expression changes over metabolite abundances to protein modifications in a combination with a suitable molecular network. The exact algorithm is accurate and robust in comparison to heuristic approaches and delivers an optimal, robust solution in form of a consensus module with confidence values. By the integration of diverse sources of information and a simultaneous inspection of a molecular event from different points of view, new and exhaustive insights into biological processes can be acquired.},
  subject      = {Bioinformatik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sareen2011,
  author    = {Sareen, Preeti},
  title     = {Visual attention in Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69616},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {There is such vast amount of visual information in our surroundings at any time that filtering out the important information for further processing is a basic requirement for any visual system. This is accomplished by deploying attention to focus on one source of sensory inputs to the exclusion of others (Luck and Mangun 2009). Attention has been studied extensively in humans and non human primates (NHPs). In Drosophila, visual attention was first demonstrated in 1980 (Wolf and Heisenberg 1980) but this field remained largely unexplored until recently. Lately, however, studies have emerged that hypothesize the role of attention in several behaviors but do not specify the characteristic properties of attention. So, the aim of this research was to characterize the phenomenon of visual attention in wild-type Drosophila, including both externally cued and covert attention using tethered flight at a torque meter. Development of systematic quantifiable behavioral tests was a key aspect for this which was not only important for analyzing the behavior of a population of wild-type flies but also for comparing the wild-type flies with mutant flies. The latter would help understand the molecular, genetic, and neuronal bases of attention. Since Drosophila provides handy genetic tools, a model of attention in Drosophila will serve to the greater questions about the neuronal circuitry and mechanisms involved which might be analogous to those in primates. Such a model might later be used in research involving disorders of attention. Attention can be guided to a certain location in the visual field by the use of external cues. Here, using visual cues the attention of the fly was directed to one or the other of the two visual half-fields. A simple yet robust paradigm was designed with which the results were easily quantifiable. This paradigm helped discover several interesting properties of the cued attention, the most substantial one being that this kind of external guidance of attention is restricted to the lower part of the fly's visual field. The guiding cue had an after-effect, i.e. it could occur at least up to 2 seconds before the test and still bias it. The cue could also be spatially separated from the test by at least 20° and yet attract the attention although the extent of the focus of attention (FoA) was smaller than one lower visual half-field. These observations excluded the possibility of any kind of interference between the test and the cue stimuli. Another interesting observation was the essentiality of continuous visibility of the test stimulus but not the cue for effective cuing. When the contrast of the visual scene was inverted, differences in response frequencies and cuing effects were observed. Syndirectional yaw torque responses became more frequent than the antidirectional responses and cuing was no longer effective in the lower visual field with inverted contrast. Interestingly, the test stimulus with simultaneous displacement of two stripes not only effectuated a phasic yaw torque response but also a landing response. A 50 landing response was produced in more than half of the cases whenever a yaw torque response was produced. Elucidation of the neuronal correlates of the cued attention was commenced. Pilot experiments with hydroxyurea (HU) treated flies showed that mushroom bodies were not required for the kind of guidance of attention tested in this study. Dopamine mutants were also tested for the guidance of attention in the lower visual field. Surprisingly, TH-Gal4/UAS-shits1 flies flew like wild-type flies and also showed normal optomotor response during the initial calibration phase of the experiment but did not show any phasic yaw torque or landing response at 18 °C, 25 °C or 30 °C. dumb2 flies that have almost no D1 dopamine receptor dDA1 expression in the mushroom bodies and the central complex (Kim et al. 2007) were also tested and like THGal4/ UAS-shits1 flies did not show any phasic yaw torque or landing response. Since the dopamine mutants did not show the basic yaw torque response for the test the role of dopamine in attention could not be deduced. A different paradigm would be needed to test these mutants. Not only can attention be guided through external cues, it can also be shifted endogenously (covert attention). Experiments with the windows having oscillating stripes nicely demonstrated the phenomenon of covert attention due to the production of a characteristic yaw torque pattern by the flies. However, the results were not easily quantifiable and reproducible thereby calling for a more systematic approach. Experiments with simultaneous opposing displacements of two stripes provide a promising avenue as the results from these experiments showed that the flies had a higher tendency to deliver one type of response than when the responses would be produced stochastically suggesting that attention increased this tendency. Further experiments and analysis of such experiments could shed more light on the mechanisms of covert attention in flies.},
  subject      = {Visuelle Aufmerksamkeit},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jacobs2011,
  author    = {Jacobs, Graeme Brendon},
  title     = {HIV-1 resistance analyses from therapy-na{\"i}ve patients in South Africa, Tanzania and the characterization of a new HIV-1 subtype C proviral molecular clone},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67319},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is currently the most infectious disease worldwide. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). At the moment there are ~33.3 million people infected with HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa, with ~22.5 million people infected accounts for 68\% of the global burden. In most African countries antiretroviral therapy (ART) is administered in limited-resource settings with standardised first- and second-line ART regimens. During this study I analysed the therapy-na{\"i}ve population of Cape Town, South Africa and Mwanza, Tanzania for any resistance associated mutations (RAMs) against protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. My results indicate that HIV-1 subtype C accounts for ~95\% of all circulating strains in Cape Town, South Africa. I could show that ~3.6\% of the patient derived viruses had RAMs, despite patients being therapy-na{\"i}ve. In Mwanza, Tanzania the HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) prevalence in the therapy-na{\"i}ve population was 14.8\% and significantly higher in the older population, >25 years. Therefore, the current WHO transmitted HIVDR (tHIVDR) survey that is solely focused on the transmission of HIVDR and that excludes patients over 25 years of age may result in substantial underestimation of the prevalence of HIVDR in the therapy-na{\"i}ve population. Based on the prevalence rates of tHIVDR in the study populations it is recommended that all HIV-1 positive individuals undergo a genotyping resistance test before starting ART. I also characterized vif sequences from HIV-1 infected patients from Cape Town, South Africa as the Vif protein has been shown to counteract the antiretroviral activity of the cellular APOBEC3G/F cytidine deaminases. There is no selective pressure on the HIV-1 Vif protein from current ART regimens and vif sequences was used as an evolutionary control. As the majority of phenotypic resistance assays are still based on HIV-1 subtype B, I wanted to design an infectious HIV-1 subtype C proviral molecular clone that can be used for in vitro assays based on circulating strains in South Africa. Therefore, I characterized an early primary HIV-1 subtype C isolate from Cape Town, South Africa and created a new infectious subtype C proviral molecular clone (pZAC). The new pZAC virus has a significantly higher transient viral titer after transfection and replication rate than the previously published HIV-1 subtype C virus from Botswana. The optimized proviral molecular clone, pZAC could be used in future cell culture and phenotypic HIV resistance assays regarding HIV-1 subtype C.},
  subject      = {HIV},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Weissflog2011,
  author    = {Weißflog, Lena},
  title     = {Molecular Genetics of Emotional Dysregulation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69345},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a genetically complex childhood onset neurodevelopmental disorder which is highly persistent into adulthood. Several chromo-somal regions associated with this disorder were identified previously in genome-wide linkage scans, association (GWA) and copy number variation (CNV) studies. In this work the results of case-control and family-based association studies using a can-didate gene approach are presented. For this purpose, possible candidate genes for ADHD have been finemapped using mass array-based SNP genotyping. The genes KCNIP4, CDH13 and DIRAS2 have been found to be associated with ADHD and, in addition, with cluster B and cluster C personality disorders (PD) which are known to be related to ADHD. Most of the associations found in this work would not withstand correction for multiple testing. However, a replication in several independent populations has been achieved and in conjunction with previous evidence from linkage, GWA and CNV studies, it is assumed that there are true associations between those genes and ADHD. Further investigation of DIRAS2 by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed expression in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellum of the human brain and a significant increase in Diras2 expression in the mouse brain during early development. In situ hybrid-izations on murine brain slices confirmed the results gained by qPCR in the human brain. Moreover, Diras2 is expressed in the basolateral amygdala, structures of the olfactory system and several other brain regions which have been implicated in the psychopatholo-gy of ADHD. In conclusion, the results of this work provide further support to the existence of a strong genetic component in the pathophysiology of ADHD and related disorders. KCNIP4, CDH13 and DIRAS2 are promising candidates and need to be further examined to get more knowledge about the neurobiological basis of this common disease. This knowledge is essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of this disorder and for the development of new treatment strategies.},
  subject      = {Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Halder2011,
  author    = {Halder, Partho},
  title     = {Identification and characterization of synaptic proteins of Drosophila melanogaster using monoclonal antibodies of the Wuerzburg Hybridoma Library},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67325},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {For a large fraction of the proteins expressed in the human brain only the primary structure is known from the genome project. Proteins conserved in evolution can be studied in genetic models such as Drosophila. In this doctoral thesis monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the Wuerzburg Hybridoma library are produced and characterized with the aim to identify the target antigen. The mAb ab52 was found to be an IgM which recognized a cytosolic protein of Mr ~110 kDa on Western blots. The antigen was resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) as a single distinct spot. Mass spectrometric analysis of this spot revealed EPS-15 (epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate clone 15) to be a strong candidate. Another mAb from the library, aa2, was already found to recognize EPS-15, and comparison of the signal of both mAbs on Western blots of 1D and 2D electrophoretic separations revealed similar patterns, hence indicating that both antigens could represent the same protein. Finally absence of the wild-type signal in homozygous Eps15 mutants in a Western blot with ab52 confirmed the ab52 antigen to be EPS-15. Thus both the mAbs aa2 and ab52 recognize the Drosophila homologue of EPS-15. The mAb aa2, being an IgG, is more suitable for applications like immunoprecipitation (IP). It has already been submitted to the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB) to be easily available for the entire research community. The mAb na21 was also found to be an IgM. It recognizes a membrane associated antigen of Mr ~10 kDa on Western blots. Due to the membrane associated nature of the protein, it was not possible to resolve it by 2DE and due to the IgM nature of the mAb it was not possible to enrich the antigen by IP. Preliminary attempts to biochemically purify the endogenously expressed protein from the tissue, gave promising results but could not be completed due to lack of time. Thus biochemical purification of the protein seems possible in order to facilitate its identification by mass spectrometry. Several other mAbs were studied for their staining pattern on cryosections and whole mounts of Drosophila brains. However, many of these mAbs stained very few structures in the brain, which indicated that only a very limited amount of protein would be available as starting material. Because these antibodies did not produce signals on Western blots, which made it impossible to enrich the antigens by electrophoretic methods, we did not attempt their purification. However, the specific localization of these proteins makes them highly interesting and calls for their further characterization, as they may play a highly specialized role in the development and/or function of the neural circuits they are present in. The purification and identification of such low expression proteins would need novel methods of enrichment of the stained structures.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Joseph2011,
  author    = {Joseph, Julie},
  title     = {Studying the role of Th17 cells in autoimmune diabetes and generation of a beta cell reporter mouse by lentiviral transgenesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66571},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Type 1 diabetes affects around 0.5\% of the population in developed countries and the incidence rates have been rising over the years. The destruction of beta cells is irreversible and the current therapy available to patients only manages the symptoms and does not prevent the associated pathological manifestations. The patients need lifelong therapy and intensive research is being carried out to identify ways to eliminate autoimmune responses directed against pancreatic beta cells and to replace or regenerate beta cells. The work presented herein aimed at analyzing the role of the Th17 T cell subset, characterized by secretion of the pro- inflammatory cytokine IL-17A, in autoimmune diabetes and also at generating a beta cell reporter mouse line in the NOD background, the most widely- used mouse model for type 1 diabetes. We generated IL- 17A knockdown (KD) NOD mice, using RNAi in combination with lentiviral transgenesis. We analyzed diabetes frequency in IL-17A deficient mice and found that the loss of IL-17A did not protect the transgenic mice from diabetes. Based on these observations, we believe that Th17 cells do not play a critical role in type 1 diabetes through the IL-17A pathway, though they might still be involved in the disease process through alternate pathways. We also generated NOD and NOD-SCID mice with a transgene that drives the beta cell specific expression of a luciferase reporter gene. We used a lentiviral construct, which combined a luciferase sequence and a short- hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression cassette, allowing gene- knockdown under the beta cell specific rat insulin promoter (RIP). These mice will be of use in studying beta cell phenotypes resulting from the knockdown of target genes, using non- invasive bioimaging. We believe that the generation of these reporter mouse lines for diabetes studies will prove valuable in future investigations. Furthermore, the demonstration that the loss of IL-17A does not alter susceptibility to type 1 diabetes should help clarify the controversial involvement of Th17 cells in this disease.},
  subject      = {Diabetes mellitus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Saumweber2011,
  author    = {Saumweber, Timo},
  title     = {Mechanism of Learning and Plasticity in Larval Drosophila},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66354},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {According to a changing environment it is crucial for animals to make experience and learn about it. Sensing, integrating and learning to associate different kinds of modalities enables animals to expect future events and to adjust behavior in the way, expected as the most profitable. Complex processes as memory formation and storage make it necessary to investigate learning and memory on different levels. In this context Drosophila melanogaster represents a powerful model organism. As the adult brain of the fly is still quite complex, I chose the third instar larva as model - the more simple the system, the easier to isolate single, fundamental principles of learning. In this thesis I addressed several kinds of questions on different mechanism of olfactory associative and synaptic plasiticity in Drosophila larvae. I focused on short-term memory throughout my thesis. First, investigating larval learning on behavioral level, I developed a one-odor paradigm for olfactory associative conditioning. This enables to estimate the learnability of single odors, reduces the complexity of the task and simplify analyses of "learning mutants". It further allows to balance learnability of odors for generalization-type experiments to describe the olfactory "coding space". Furthermore I could show that innate attractiveness and learnability can be dissociated and found finally that paired presentation of a given odor with reward increase performance, whereas unpaired presentations of these two stimuli decrease performance, indicating that larva are able to learn about the presence as well as about the absence of a reward. Second, on behavioral level, together with Thomas Niewalda and colleagues we focussed on salt processing in the context of choice, feeding and learning. Salt is required in several physiological processes, but can neither be synthesized nor stored. Various salt concentrations shift the valence from attraction to repulsion in reflexive behaviour. Interestingly, the reinforcing effect of salt in learning is shifted by more than one order of magnitude toward higher concentrations. Thus, the input pathways for gustatory behavior appear to be more sensitive than the ones supporting gustatory reinforcement, which is may be due to the dissociation of the reflexive and the reinforcing signalling pathways of salt. Third, in cooperation with Michael Schleyer we performed a series of behavioral gustatory, olfactory preference tests and larval learning experiments. Based on the available neuroanatomical and behavioral data we propose a model regarding chemosensory processing, odor-tastant memory trace formation and the 'decision' like process. It incorporates putative sites of interaction between olfactory and gustatory pathways during the establishment as well as behavioral expression of odor-tastant memory. We claim that innate olfactory behavior is responsive in nature and suggest that associative conditioned behavior is not a simple substitution like process, but driven more likely by the expectation of its outcome. Fourth, together with Birgit Michels and colleagues we investigated the cellular site and molecular mode of Synapsin, an evolutionarily conserved, presynaptic vesicular phosphoprotein and its action in larval learning. We confirmed a previously described learning impairment upon loss of Synapsin. We localized this Synapsin dependent memory trace in the mushroom bodies, a third-order "cortical" brain region, and could further show on molecular level, that Synapsin is as a downstream element of the AC-cAMP-PKA signalling cascade. This study provides a comprehensive chain of explanation from the molecular level to an associative behavioral change. Fifth, in the main part of my thesis I focused on molecular level on another synaptic protein, the Synapse associated protein of 47kDa (Sap47) and its role in larval behavior. As a member of a phylogenetically conserved gene family of hitherto unknown function. It is localized throughout the whole neuropil of larval brains and associated with presynaptic vesicles. Upon loss of Sap47 larvae exhibit normal sensory detection of the to-be-associated stimuli as well as normal motor performance and basic synaptic transmission. Interestingly, short-term plasticity is distorted and odorant-tastant associative learning ability is reduced. This defect in associative function could be rescued by restoring Sap47 expression. Therefore, this report is the first to suggest a function for Sap47 and specifically argues that Sap47 is required for synaptic as well as for behavioral plasticity in Drosophila larva. This prompts the question whether its homologs are required for synaptic and behavioral plasticity also in other species. Further in the last part of my thesis I contributed to the study of Ayse Yarali. Her central topic was the role of the White protein in punishment and relief learning in adult flies. Whereas stimuli that precede shock during training are subsequently avoided as predictors for punishment, stimuli that follow shock during training are later on approached, as they predict relief. Concerning the loss of White we report that pain-relief learning as well as punishment learning is changed. My contribution was a comparison between wild type and the white1118 mutant larvae in odor-reward learning. It turned out that a loss of White has no effect on larval odorant-tastant learning. This study, regarding painrelief learning provides the very first hints concerning the genetic determinants of this form of learning.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pahl2011,
  author    = {Pahl, Mario},
  title     = {Honeybee Cognition: Aspects of Learning, Memory and Navigation in a Social Insect},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66165},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Honeybees (Apis mellifera) forage on a great variety of plant species, navigate over large distances to crucial resources, and return to communicate the locations of food sources and potential new nest sites to nest mates using a symbolic dance language. In order to achieve this, honeybees have evolved a rich repertoire of adaptive behaviours, some of which were earlier believed to be restricted to vertebrates. In this thesis, I explore the mechanisms involved in honeybee learning, memory, numerical competence and navigation. The findings acquired in this thesis show that honeybees are not the simple reflex automats they were once believed to be. The level of sophistication I found in the bees' memory, their learning ability, their time sense, their numerical competence and their navigational abilities are surprisingly similar to the results obtained in comparable experiments with vertebrates. Thus, we should reconsider the notion that a bigger brain automatically indicates higher intelligence.},
  subject      = {Biene},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dieler2011,
  author    = {Dieler, Alica Christina},
  title     = {Investigation of variables influencing cognitive inhibition: from the behavioral to the molecular level},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65955},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The present work investigated the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inhibition/thought suppression in Anderson's and Green's Think/No-Think paradigm (TNT), as well as different variables influencing these mechanisms at the cognitive, the neurophysiological, the electrophysiological and the molecular level. Neurophysiological data collected with fNIRS and fMRI have added up to the existing evidence of a fronto-hippocampal network interacting during the inhibition of unwanted thoughts. Some evidence has been presented suggesting that by means of external stimulation of the right dlPFC through iTBS thought suppression might be improved, providing further evidence for an implication of this region in the TNT. A combination of fNIRS with ERP has delivered evidence of a dissociation of early condition-independent attentional and later suppression-specific processes within the dlPFC, both contributing to suppression performance. Due to inconsistencies in the previous literature it was considered how stimulus valence would influence thought suppression by manipulating the emotional content of the to-be-suppressed stimuli. Findings of the current work regarding the ability to suppress negative word or picture stimuli have, however, been inconclusive as well. It has been hypothesized that performance in the TNT might depend on the combination of valence conditions included in the paradigm. Alternatively, it has been suggested that inconsistent findings regarding the suppression of negative stimuli or suppression at all might be due to certain personality traits and/or genetic variables, found in the present work to contribute to thought inhibition in the TNT. Rumination has been shown to be a valid predictor of thought suppression performance. Increased ruminative tendencies led to worse suppression performance which, in the present work, has been linked to less effective recruitment of the dlPFC and in turn less effective down-regulation of hippocampal activity during suppression trials. Trait anxiety has also been shown to interrupt thought suppression despite higher, however, inefficient recruitment of the dlPFC. Complementing the findings regarding ruminative tendencies and decreased thought inhibition a functional polymorphism in the KCNJ6 gene, encompassing a G-to-A transition, has been shown to disrupt thought suppression despite increased activation of the dlPFC. Through the investigation of thought suppression at different levels, the current work adds further evidence to the idea that the TNT reflects an executive control mechanism, which is sensitive to alterations in stimulus valence to some extent, neurophysiological functioning as indicated by its sensitivity to iTBS, functional modulations at the molecular level and personality traits, such as rumination and trait anxiety.},
  subject      = {Kognitiver Prozess},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{OenalHartmann2011,
  author    = {{\"O}nal-Hartmann, Cigdem},
  title     = {Emotional Modulation of Motor Memory Formation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-64838},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Hintergr{\"u}nde: Wie eine Vielzahl von Studien belegt, kann das explizite Ged{\"a}chtnis, das die bewusste Erinnerung an enkodierte Informationen beinhaltet, durch Emotionen beeinflusst werden, und zwar {\"u}ber den Einfluss auf verschiedene Verarbeitungsebenen (Enkodierung, Konsolidierung, Abruf usw.). Bisher wenig untersucht ist, ob und wie Emotionen Vorg{\"a}nge der motorischen Ged{\"a}chtnisbildung, die nicht auf bewusster Erinnerung beruhen und sich stattdessen durch Ver{\"a}nderungen im Verhalten darstellen, modulieren. Experiment 1: Das Ziel des ersten Experimentes war es, den Einfluss von Emotionen auf motorisches Lernen zu untersuchen. Vier Gruppen von Probanden mussten in einer motorischen Lernaufgabe schnelle, seitliche Bewegungen mit dem Daumen ausf{\"u}hren. W{\"a}hrend dieser Aufgabe h{\"o}rten die Probanden emotionale Kl{\"a}nge, die in Valenz und Arousal variierten: 1. Valenz negativ/ Arousal niedrig (V-/A-), 2. Valenz negativ/ Arousal hoch (V-/A+), 3. Valenz positiv/ Arousal niedrig (V+/A-), 4. Valenz positiv/ Arousal hoch (V+/A+). Die deskriptive Analyse aller Daten sprach f{\"u}r beste Ergebnisse f{\"u}r das motorische Lernen in der Bedingung V-/A-, aber die Unterschiede zwischen den Bedingungen waren nicht signifikant. Die Interaktion zwischen Valenz und Arousal emotionaler T{\"o}ne scheint demnach motorische Enkodierungsprozesse zu modulieren, jedoch m{\"u}ssen zuk{\"u}nftige Studien mit unterschiedlichen emotionalen Stimuli die Annahme weiter untersuchen, dass negative Stimuli mit niedrigem Arousal w{\"a}hrend der Enkodierung einen f{\"o}rdernden Effekt auf das motorische Kurzzeitged{\"a}chtnis haben. Experiment 2: Die Absicht des zweiten Experimentes war es, die Auswirkungen emotionaler Interferenzen auf die Konsolidierung beim Sequenzlernen zu untersuchen. Sechs Gruppen von Probanden trainierten zuerst in getrennten Sitzungen eine SRTT-Aufgabe (serial reaction time task). Um die Konsolidierung der neu erlernten Fertigkeit zu modulieren, wurden die Probanden nach dem Training einer von drei unterschiedlichen Klassen emotionaler Stimuli (positiv, negativ oder neutral) ausgesetzt. Diese bestanden aus einem Set emotionaler Bilder, die mit emotional kongruenten Musikst{\"u}cken oder neutralen Kl{\"a}ngen kombiniert waren. Bei den Probandengruppen wurde die emotionale Interferenz nach zwei unterschiedlichen Zeitintervallen realisiert, entweder direkt nach der Trainingssitzung oder sechs Stunden sp{\"a}ter. 72 Stunden nach der Trainingssitzung wurde jede Gruppe erneut mit der SRTT-Aufgabe getestet. Die Leistung in diesem Nachtest wurde mittels Reaktionszeit und Genauigkeit bei der Ausf{\"u}hrung der Zielsequenz analysiert. Die emotionale Interferenz beeinflusste weder die Nachtestergebnisse f{\"u}r die Reaktionszeit noch die f{\"u}r die Genauigkeit. Allerdings konnte eine Steigerung der expliziten Sequenzerkennung durch erregende negative Stimuli festgestellt werden, wenn diese direkt nach der ersten Trainingseinheit (0h) dargeboten wurden. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die Konsolidierung der expliziten Aspekte prozeduralen Lernens in einer st{\"a}rkeren Wechselwirkung mit emotionalen Interferenzen stehen k{\"o}nnte als die der impliziten Aspekte. Die Konsolidierung unterschiedlicher Ebenen des Fertigkeitserwerbs k{\"o}nnte demnach von unterschiedlichen Mechanismen gesteuert werden. Da Performanz und explizites Sequenzerkennen nicht korrelierten, vermuten wir, dass implizite und explizite Modalit{\"a}ten bei der Durchf{\"u}hrung der SRTT-Aufgabe nicht komplement{\"a}r sind. Experiment 3: Es sollte untersucht werden, ob es eine Pr{\"a}ferenz der linken Gehirnhemisph{\"a}re bei der Kontrolle von Flexionsreaktionen auf positive Stimuli gibt und der rechten Hemisph{\"a}re bei der Kontrolle von Extensionsreaktionen auf negative Stimuli. Zu diesem Zweck sollten rechtsh{\"a}ndige Probanden einen Joystick zu sich ziehen oder von sich weg dr{\"u}cken, nachdem sie einen positiven oder negativen Stimulus in ihrem linken oder rechten Gesichtsfeld gesehen hatten. Die Flexionsreaktionen waren bei positiven Stimuli schneller, Extensionsreaktion hingegen bei negativen Stimuli. Insgesamt war die Performanz am schnellsten, wenn die emotionalen Stimuli im linken Gesichtsfeld pr{\"a}sentiert wurden. Dieser Vorrang der rechten Gehirnhemisph{\"a}re war besonders deutlich f{\"u}r negative Stimuli, wohingegen die Reaktionszeiten auf positive Bilder keine hemisph{\"a}rische Differenzierung zeigten. Wir konnten keine Interaktion zwischen Gesichtsfeld und Reaktionstyp belegen, auch fand sich keine Dreifachinteraktion zwischen Valenz, Gesichtsfeld und Reaktionstyp. In unserem experimentellen Kontext scheint die Interaktion zwischen Valenz und Gesichtsfeld st{\"a}rker zu sein als die Interaktion zwischen Valenz und motorischem Verhalten. Auf Grund dieser Ergebnisse vermuten wir, dass unter gewissen Bedingungen eine Hierarchisierung der asymmetrischen Muster Vorrang hat, die m{\"o}glicherweise andere vorhandene Asymmetrien maskieren k{\"o}nnte.},
  subject      = {Motorisches Lernen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Deb2011,
  author    = {Deb, Jolly},
  title     = {Role of Transcription Factor NFATc1 in Development, Survival and Function of B Lymphocytes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57050},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Die Transkriptionsfaktoren der NFAT-Proteinfamilie (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells, NFATc1-4) sind an entscheidender Stelle in die Regulation des Zellzyklus, des programmierten Zelltodes und der Kanzerogenese involviert. NFATc1 nimmt innerhalb dieser Familie eine Sonderrolle ein, da dessen Aktivit{\"a}t auch durch eine stark induzierbare Expression gesteigert werden kann. Dies ist insbesondere f{\"u}r die Differenzierung und Funktion von T- und B-Lymphozyten von Bedeutung. Weiterhin ist NFATc1 f{\"u}r die Muskel- oder Herzentwicklung notwendig. Eine Reihe von Arbeiten belegen dar{\"u}ber hinaus eine Beteiligung dieses Transkriptionsfaktors an der Entstehung von Leuk{\"a}mien und Lymphomen. W{\"a}hrend klassische Hodgkin-Lymphome allerdings durch eine abgeschaltete NFATc1-Expression gekennzeichnet sind, wird f{\"u}r T-ALL (Akute Lymphatische Leuk{\"a}mie der T-Zelle) eine {\"U}berexpression beschrieben. Die Kernlokalisation dieses Transkriptionsfaktors erfolgt nach Dephosphorylierung des zytoplasmatischen Proteins durch die Phosphatase Calcineurin. Deren Phosphataseaktivit{\"a}t wird durch einen Anstieg des intrazellul{\"a}ren Ca++-Spiegels aktiviert. Inwiefern die Calcineurin-abh{\"a}ngige Kerntranslokalisation den einzigen Aktivierungsmechanismus f{\"u}r NFAT-Faktoren darstellt, ist noch nicht eindeutig gekl{\"a}rt. Nach optimaler Aktivierung von T- bzw. B-Zellen ist die kurze, induzierbare Isoform NFATc1/A das Hauptprodukt des NFATc1-Gens. In dieser Arbeit wurden f{\"u}r die gezielte Deletion des NFATc1-Gens in der Maus zwei verschiedene konditionelle Systeme verwandt. Hierzu wurden Tiere, die ein mit „flox"-Sequenzen versehenes drittes Exon des NFATc1-Gens in der Keimbahn tragen, mit verschiedenen Cre-Rekombinase expremierenden Linien verkreuzt. Der Verlust funktionellen NFATc1-Proteins erfolgt dann fr{\"u}h in der B-Zell-Differenzierung im Knochenmark (Cd79a/mb-1-cre x Nfatc1flx/fl) bzw. in reifen B-Zellen (Cd23-cre x Nfatc1flx/flx). W{\"a}hrend in keiner dieser Linien signifikante Defekte in der Differenzierung "konventioneller B2" B-Lymphozyten beobachtet wurden, hatte die fr{\"u}he Inaktivierung des NFATc1-Gens im Knochenmark den Verlust der B1a-Zell-Population im Peritoneum zur Folge. In vitro zeigten NFATc1-/--B-Zellen aus der Milz nach Aktivierung {\"u}ber den B-Zell-Rezeptor deutliche Defekte in der Zellteilung bei einer gleichzeitigen Zunahme des aktivierungsinduzierten Zelltodes (AICD, activation induced cell death). Die vergleichende Transkriptomanalyse identifizierte wichtige Gene des Ca++/Calcineurin-Signalweges als NFATc1-Zielgene und mitverantwortlich f{\"u}r die Proliferationsdefekte. In NFATc1-defizienten B-Zellen konnte Re-Expression von NFATc1 in geringer Konzentration den aktivierten Zelltod inhibieren, wohingegen hohe Konzentrationen diesen noch weiter f{\"o}rderten. Zusammengenommen l{\"a}sst sich daher schließen, dass NFATc1 entscheidend an der Kontrolle von Proliferation und Zelltod peripherer B-Lymphozyten beteiligt ist. Eine weitere wichtige Funktion kommt NFATc1 beim Klassenwechsel im Immunglobulin-Lokus zu. In den untersuchten M{\"a}usen war die IgG3-Produktion nach Immunisierung mit NP-Ficoll (einem T-Zell-unabh{\"a}ngigen Antigen des Typs II) deutlich reduziert, wenn das NFATc1-Gen in den B-Lymphozyten funktionslos war. Auch die Bildung von IgG3+-Plasmablasten war gehemmt. Zu {\"a}hnlichen Ergebnissen f{\"u}hrten Untersuchungen an isolierten B-Lymphozyten in einem in vitro Klassenwechsel-Modell. Demgegen{\"u}ber zeigten Immunisierungen der Tiere mit NP-KLH (einem T-Zell-abh{\"a}ngigen Antigen) keine signifikanten Abweichungen im Klassenwechsel. Zusammengefasst zeigen diese Daten die große Bedeutung des Transkriptionsfaktors NFATc1 f{\"u}r das {\"U}berleben und die Funktion peripherer B-Lymphozyten.},
  subject      = {NFATc1},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Polzien2011,
  author    = {Polzien, Lisa},
  title     = {BAD Phosphorylation: A Novel Link between Apoptosis and Cancer},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56919},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {BAD (Bcl-2 antagonist of cell death, Bcl-2 associated death promoter) is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family that is regulated by phosphorylation in response to survival factors. Although much attention has been devoted to the identification of phosphorylation sites in murine BAD (mBAD), little data are available with respect to phosphorylation of human BAD (hBAD) protein. In this work, we investigated the quantitative contribution of BAD targeting kinases in phosphorylating serines 75, 99 and 118 of hBAD (Chapter 3.1). Our results indicate that RAF kinases phosphorylate hBAD in vivo at these established serine residues. RAF-induced phosphorylation of hBAD was not prevented by MEK inhibitors but could be reduced to control levels by use of the RAF inhibitor Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006). Consistently, expression of active RAF suppressed apoptosis induced by hBAD and the inhibition of colony formation caused by hBAD could be prevented by RAF. In addition, using surface plasmon resonance technique we analyzed the direct consequences of hBAD phosphorylation by RAF with respect to complex formation of BAD with 14-3-3 proteins and Bcl-XL. Phosphorylation of hBAD by active RAF promotes 14-3-3 protein association, whereby the phosphoserine 99 represents the major binding site. Furthermore, we demonstrate in this work that hBAD forms channels in planar bilayer membranes in vitro. This pore-forming capacity is dependent on phosphorylation status and interaction with 14-3-3 proteins. Additionally, we show that hBAD pores possess a funnel-shaped geometry that can be entered by ions and non-charged molecules up to 200 Da (Chapter 3.2). Since both lipid binding domains of hBAD (LBD1 and LBD2) are located within the C-terminal region, we investigated this part of the protein with respect to its structural properties (Chapter 3.3). Our results demonstrate that the C-terminus of hBAD possesses an ordered β-sheet structure in aqueous solution that adopts helical disposition upon interaction with lipid membranes. Additionally, we show that the interaction of the C-terminal segment of hBAD with the BH3 domain results in the formation of permanently open pores, whereby the phosphorylation of serine 118 proved to be necessary for effective pore-formation. In contrast, phosphorylation of serine 99 in combination with 14-3-3 association suppresses formation of channels. These results indicate that the C-terminal part of hBAD controls hBAD function by structural transitions, lipid binding and phosphorylation. Using mass spectrometry we identified in this work, besides the established in vivo phosphorylation sites at serines 75, 99 and 118, several novel hBAD phosphorylation sites (serines 25, 32/34, 97, 124 and 134, Chapter 3.1). To further analyze the regulation of hBAD function, we investigated the role of these newly identified phosphorylation sites on BAD-mediated apoptosis. We found that in contrast to the N-terminal phosphorylation sites, the C-terminal serines 124 and 134 act in an anti-apoptotic manner (Chapter 3.4). Our results further indicate that RAF kinases and PAK1 effectively phosphorylate BAD at serine 134. Notably, in the presence of wild type hBAD, co-expression of survival kinases, such as RAF and PAK1, leads to a strongly increased proliferation, whereas substitution of serine 134 by alanine abolishes this process. Furthermore, we identified hBAD serine 134 to be strongly involved in survival signaling in B-RAF-V600E containing tumor cells and found phosphorylation of this residue to be crucial for efficient proliferation in these cells. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the regulation of hBAD function by phosphorylation and its role in cancer signaling.},
  subject      = {Krebs <Medizin>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Heisig2010,
  author    = {Heisig, Martin},
  title     = {Development of novel Listeria monocytogenes strains as therapeutic agents for targeted tumor therapy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48628},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Despite marked progress in development and improvement of cancer therapies the rate of cancer related death remained stable over the last years. Especially in treating metastases alternative approaches supporting current therapies are required. Bacterial and viral vectors have been advanced from crude tools into highly sophisticated therapeutic agents detecting and treating neoplastic leasions. They might be potent enough to fill in this therapeutic demand. In this thesis Listeria monocytogenes was investigated as carrier for targeted bacterial cancer therapy. One part of the study focussed on modification of a functional bacterial mRNA delivery system. Genomic integration of T7 RNA polymerase driving mRNA production allowed reduction to an one-plasmid-system and thereby partially relieved the growth retardation exerted by mRNA delivery. Importantly the integration allowed metabolic attenuation of the mRNA delivery mutant potentially enabling in vivo applications. Further expansion of the bacterial RNA delivery system for transfer of shRNAs was examined. Bacterial mutants producing high amounts of RNA containing shRNA sequences were constructed, however a functional proof of gene silencing on delivery in eukaryotic cell lines was not achieved. The second part of this thesis focussed on increasing tumor colonization by Listeria monocytogenes in vivo. Coating bacteria with antibodies against receptors overexpressed on distinct tumor cell lines enabled specific bacterial internalization into these cells in vitro. Optimization of the bacterial antibody coating process resulted in an up to 104-fold increase of intracellular bacteria. Combination of this antibody-mediated targeting with the delivery of prodrug-converting enzymes showed a cytotoxic effect in cell lines treated with the corresponding prodrug. Since incubation in murine serum completely abrogated antibodymediated bacterial internalization the antibodies were covalently linked to the bacteria for application in xenografted tumor mice. Bacteria coated and crosslinked in this manner showed enhanced tumor targeting in a murine tumor model demonstrating antibodymediated bacterial tumor targeting in vivo. Independent of antibody-mediated tumor targeting the intrinsic tumor colonization of different Listeria monocytogenes mutants was examined. Listeria monocytogenes \&\#916;aroA \&\#916;inlGHE colonized murine melanoma xenografts highly efficient, reaching up to 108 CFU per gram of tumor mass 7 days post infection. Taken together the presented data shows highly promising aspects for potential bacterial application in future tumor therapies. Combination of the delivery systems with antibodymediated- and intrinsic bacterial tumor targeting might open novel dimensions utilizing Listeria monocytogenes as therapeutic vector in targeted tumor therapy.},
  subject      = {Krebs <Medizin>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{MonzonCasanova2010,
  author    = {Monz{\´o}n Casanova, Elisa},
  title     = {Rat iNKT Cells: Phenotype and Function},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56526},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {iNKT cells are a population of T cells with unique characteristics. In contrast to most αβ T cells which recognize peptides presented by highly polymorphic MHC molecules, iNKT cells are reactive to glycolipids presented by CD1d, a non-polymorphic MHC-I like molecule. Moreover, whereas MHC-restricted αβ T cells bear highly variable receptors (TCRs) formed after somatic recombination of the V(D)J gene segments, the TCR of iNKT cells is formed by an invariant α chain, which always contains the same gene segments: AV14 and AJ18; and a β chain of limited BV gene usage: BV8S2, BV7 or BV2, in the mouse. This invariant α chain is the reason for which these cells are named "i" and the NK part of their name refers to the expression of receptors typical of natural killer (NK) cells. iNKT cells recognize glycolipids of endogenous and microbial origin. After activation they secrete large amounts of very different cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-4 and thus influence immune responses and pathological conditions. One of the most potent iNKT cell agonists, recognized by the semi-invariant TCR, is the synthetic glycolipid α-Galactosylceramide (α-Gal). iNKT cells can be visualized using CD1d-multimeric complexes loaded with α-Gal and flow cytometry, since this reagent has enough avidity to stain these cells. Interestingly, mouse iNKT cells can be stained with human α-Gal-loaded CD1d oligomers and human iNKT cells can also be visualized with mouse α-Gal-loaded CD1d oligomers, indicating a high degree of conservation of the recognition of α-Gal presented by CD1d through evolution. Previous studies showed that rats have the genes necessary to build semi-invariant TCRs: They have a CD1d homologue; one or two BV8S2 homologues and interestingly, up to ten AV14 gene segments, which are highly conserved when compared to the mouse genes. Importantly, it has been shown at least for two of these AV14 gene segments that they can produce invariant TCRα chains which, when coexpressed with BV8-containing β chains, react to α-Gal presented by rat CD1d. Furthermore, ex vivo stimulation of primary splenocytes with α-Gal results in the secretion of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Surprisingly, rat semi-invariant TCRs do not recognize α-Gal presented by mouse CD1d and accordingly, mouse α-Gal-loaded CD1d tetramers failed to stain a discrete population of rat iNKT cells. Taking all together, despite that strong evidence suggested that iNKT cells are present in the rat, the direct identification of such population and the analysis of CD1d-restricted immune responses were still pending for this species. Hence the work presented in this doctoral thesis was aimed to identify iNKT cells, to analyze their phenotype and also to study the distribution and function of CD1d in the rat. For these purposes, we produced essential reagents which were still lacking such as rat specific anti-CD1d monoclonal antibodies and rat CD1d oligomers. Importantly, two of three anti-rat CD1d monoclonal antibodies (all of them generated in our laboratory before this thesis was initiated) also recognized mouse CD1d and therefore allowed a direct comparison of CD1d expression between rat and mouse. Whereas CD1d distribution in the hematopoietic system was found to be extremely similar between these two species; in non-lymphatic tissues important differences were observed. Interestingly, CD1d protein was detected at not yet described sites such as the rat exocrine pancreas and rat and mouse Paneth cells. These monoclonal antibodies did not only allowed the analysis of CD1d expression, but also the first demonstration of the function of rat CD1d as an antigen presenting molecule, since cytokine release in response to α-Gal was blocked when they were added to ex vivo cultures of rat primary cells. Staining of primary rat iNKT cells (possible now with the newly generated rat CD1d oligomers) revealed interesting similarities with human iNKT cells. First, we observed that rat iNKT cells are only a minority among all NKR-P1A/B positive T cells. Human iNKT cells constitute also a very small proportion of NKR-P1A (CD161) expressing T cells, whereas in mice inbred strains which express NKR-P1C (NK1.1), most of NKRP1C expressing T cells are iNKT cells. Second, the majority of rat iNKT cells are either CD4 or DN and only a small proportion expresses CD8β. These findings are similar to humans and different to mice which lack CD8+ iNKT cells. Third, analysis of various inbred rat strains demonstrated different iNKT cell frequencies which correlated with cytokine secretion after α-Gal stimulation of primary cells. In comparison to mice, iNKT cell numbers are markedly reduced in rats. In F344 rats, inbred rat strain which released the highest cytokine amounts after α-Gal stimulation, approximately 0.25\% and 0.1\% of total liver and spleen lymphocytes, respectively, are iNKT cells. In contrast, in LEW rats iNKT cells were practically absent and neither IL-4 nor IFN-γ were detected after stimulation of primary cells with α-Gal. Once more, these frequencies are very close to those observed in humans. Last, as reported for human peripheral blood cells, rat iNKT cells could be easily expanded in vitro by adding α-Gal to cultures of intrahepatic lymphocytes, whereas the expansion of mouse iNKT cells was not possible using the same protocol. The presence of a multimember AV14 gene segment family in the rat is an intriguing characteristic. These AV14 gene segments are extremely homologous except in the CDR2α region. Based on the amino acid sequence of this region they have been divided into two different types: Type I and II. A specific tissue distribution of the different types was proposed in the first study where the presence of several AV14 gene segments was described. We also analyzed the AV14 gene segment usage in F344 and LEW inbred rat strains. In F344 rats we found no preferential usage of either AV14 gene segment type in the spleen and the liver but type II AV14 gene segments appeared more frequently in the thymus. In contrast, LEW rats show a preferential usage of type I AV14 gene segments in all three compartments analyzed: Thymus, spleen and liver. Taken all together, the usage of newly generated reagents allowed to gain novel insights into CD1d expression in the rat and in the mouse and to directly identify rat iNKT cells for the first time. The phenotypic and functional analysis of rat iNKT cells revealed numerous similarities with human iNKT cells. These are of special interest, since rats serve to investigate several pathological conditions including models for autoimmune diseases. The possibility now to analyze iNKT cells and CD1d-restricted T cell responses in the rat might help to understand the pathogenesis of such diseases. In addition, the uncomplicated in vitro expansion and culture of rat iNKT cells should facilitate the analysis of the immunomoldulatory capacities of these cells.},
  subject      = {Ratte},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Brandstaetter2010,
  author    = {Brandstaetter, Andreas Simon},
  title     = {Neuronal correlates of nestmate recognition in the carpenter ant, Camponotus floridanus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55963},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Cooperation is beneficial for social groups and is exemplified in its most sophisticated form in social insects. In particular, eusocial Hymenoptera, like ants and honey bees, exhibit a level of cooperation only rarely matched by other animals. To assure effective defense of group members, foes need to be recognized reliably. Ants use low-volatile, colony-specific profiles of cuticular hydrocarbons (colony odor) to discriminate colony members (nestmates) from foreign workers (non-nestmates). For colony recognition, it is assumed that multi-component colony odors are compared to a neuronal template, located in a so far unidentified part of the nervous system, where a mismatch results in aggression. Alternatively, a sensory filter in the periphery of the nervous system has been suggested to act as a template, causing specific anosmia to nestmate colony odor due to sensory adaptation and effectively blocking perception of nestmates. Colony odors are not stable, but change over time due to environmental influences. To adjust for this, the recognition system has to be constantly updated (template reformation). In this thesis, I provide evidence that template reformation can be induced artificially, by modifying the sensory experience of carpenter ants (Camponotus floridanus; Chapter 1). The results of the experiments showed that template reformation is a relatively slow process taking several hours and this contradicts the adaptation-based sensory filter hypothesis. This finding is supported by first in-vivo measurements describing the neuronal processes underlying template reformation (Chapter 5). Neurophysiological measurements were impeded at the beginning of this study by the lack of adequate technical means to present colony odors. In a behavioral assay, I showed that tactile interaction is not necessary for colony recognition, although colony odors are of very low volatility (Chapter 2). I developed a novel stimulation technique (dummy-delivered stimulation) and tested its suitability for neurophysiological experiments (Chapter 3). My experiments showed that dummy-delivered stimulation is especially advantageous for presentation of low-volatile odors. Colony odor concentration in headspace was further increased by moderately heating the dummies, and this allowed me to measure neuronal correlates of colony odors in the peripheral and the central nervous system using electroantennography and calcium imaging, respectively (Chapter 4). Nestmate and non-nestmate colony odor elicited strong neuronal responses in olfactory receptor neurons of the antenna and in the functional units of the first olfactory neuropile of the ant brain, the glomeruli of the antennal lobe (AL). My results show that ants are not anosmic to nestmate colony odor and this clearly invalidates the previously suggested sensory filter hypothesis. Advanced two-photon microscopy allowed me to investigate the neuronal representation of colony odors in different neuroanatomical compartments of the AL (Chapter 5). Although neuronal activity was distributed inhomogeneously, I did not find exclusive representation restricted to a single AL compartment. This result indicates that information about colony odors is processed in parallel, using the computational power of the whole AL network. In the AL, the patterns of glomerular activity (spatial activity patterns) were variable, even in response to repeated stimulation with the same colony odor (Chapter 4\&5). This finding is surprising, as earlier studies indicated that spatial activity patterns in the AL reflect how an odor is perceived by an animal (odor quality). Under natural conditions, multi-component odors constitute varying and fluctuating stimuli, and most probably animals are generally faced with the problem that these elicit variable neuronal responses. Two-photon microscopy revealed that variability was higher in response to nestmate than to non-nestmate colony odor (Chapter 5), possibly reflecting plasticity of the AL network, which allows template reformation. Due to their high variability, spatial activity patterns in response to different colony odors were not sufficiently distinct to allow attribution of odor qualities like 'friend' or 'foe'. This finding challenges our current notion of how odor quality of complex, multi-component odors is coded. Additional neuronal parameters, e.g. precise timing of neuronal activity, are most likely necessary to allow discrimination. The lower variability of activity patterns elicited by non-nestmate compared to nestmate colony odor might facilitate recognition of non-nestmates at the next level of the olfactory pathway. My research efforts made the colony recognition system accessible for direct neurophysiological investigations. My results show that ants can perceive their own nestmates. The neuronal representation of colony odors is distributed across AL compartments, indicating parallel processing. Surprisingly, the spatial activity patterns in response to colony are highly variable, raising the question how odor quality is coded in this system. The experimental advance presented in this thesis will be useful to gain further insights into how social insects discriminate friends and foes. Furthermore, my work will be beneficial for the research field of insect olfaction as colony recognition in social insects is an excellent model system to study the coding of odor quality and long-term memory mechanisms underlying recognition of complex, multi-component odors.},
  subject      = {Neuroethologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hartmann2010,
  author    = {Hartmann, Thomas},
  title     = {Nitrogen metabolism in Aspergillus fumigatus with emphasis on the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) gene family},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54027},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The saprophytic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been gaining importance as an opportunistic human pathogen over the past decades. Advances in modern medicine have created a growing group of patients susceptible to infection with A. fumigatus, often contracting potentially deadly invasive aspergillosis. The virulence of this pathogen appears to be a multifactorial trait, a combination of physiological characteristics that enables the fungus to infect immunocompromised humans. This work concentrates on the nitrogen metabolism of A. fumigatus, which is essential for meeting the nutritional needs inside the human host. Using DNA microarrays, the transcriptional response during growth on three different secondary nitrogen sources was examined, which revealed the metabolic versatility of A. fumigatus, especially when challenged with proteins as the sole source of nitrogen. In-depth transcriptional profiling of the eight-member oligopeptide transporter (OPT) gene family underlined the importance of oligopeptide transport for growth on complex nitrogen sources like BSA or collagen. Heterologous expression of the opt genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed their functionality as oligopeptide transporters, and characterized their substrate specificity. Using a Cre/loxP based genetic tool, a complete deletion of all opt genes in A. fumigatus was achieved. The resultant strain exhibited diminished growth on medium where the oligopeptide GPGG was the sole nitrogen source, but did not show any other in vitro phenotype. The opt deletion strain was not attenuated in virulence in a murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis, suggesting that the OPT gene family is not necessary for successful infection. The connection of oligopeptide transport and extracellular proteolytic activity was investigated by deleting the genes encoding Dpp4 and Dpp5, two dipeptidyl peptidases, or PrtT, the transcriptional regulator of major secreted proteases, in the complete opt deletion background. In contrast to the deletion of dpp4 and dpp5, which did not result in any additional phenotype, the absence of prtT led to a drastic growth defect on porcine lung agar. This suggests a synergistic action of extracellular proteolytic digest of proteins and transport of oligopeptide degradation products into the cell. Finally, this work established the bacterial β-Rec/six site-specific recombination system as a novel genetic tool for targeted gene deletion in A. fumigatus.},
  subject      = {Aspergillus fumigatus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fazeli2010,
  author    = {Fazeli, Gholamreza},
  title     = {Signaling in the induction of genomic damage by endogenous compounds},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55634},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated in cells and are involved in physiological processes including signal transduction but also their damaging effects on biological molecules have been well described. A number of reports in the literature implicate excessive oxidative stress and/or inadequate antioxidant defense in the pathogenesis of cancer, atherosclerosis, chronic and age related disorders. Several studies have indicated that activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system can lead to the formation of ROS. Epidemiological studies have revealed higher renal cell cancer incidences and also higher cancer mortalities in hypertensive individuals. Recently, our group has shown that perfusion of the isolated mouse kidney with Ang II or treatment of several cell lines with Ang II leads to formation of DNA damage and oxidative base modifications. Here, we tried to scrutinize the pathway involved in genotoxicity of Ang II. We confirmed the genotoxicity of Ang II in two kidney cell lines of human origin. Ang II treatment led to the production of superoxide anions which we could hinder when we used the membrane permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic TEMPOL. One of the enzymes which is activated in the cells after Ang II treatment and is able to produce ROS is NADPH oxidase. We demonstrated the activation of NADPH oxidase in response to Ang II by upregulation of its p47 subunit using RT-PCR. Also, pPhosphorylation of p47 subunit of NADPH oxidase after Ang II treatment was enhanced. Using two inhibitors we showed that NADPH oxidase inhibition completely prevents DNA damage by Ang II treatment. To differentiate between Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms of NADPH oxidase subunits in the genotoxicity of Ang II, we performed siRNA inhibition and found a role only for Nox4, while Nox2 was not involved. Next, we investigated PKC as a potential activator of NADPH oxidase. We showed that PKC becomes phosphorylated after Ang II treatment and also that inhibition of PKC hinders Ang II from damaging the cells. Our results from using several inhibitors of different parts of the pathway revealed that PKC activation in this pathway is dependent on the action of PLC on membrane phospholipids and production of IP3. IP3 binds to its receptor at endoplasmic reticulum (ER), opening a channel which allows calcium efflux into the cytoplasm. In this manner, both ER calcium stores and extracellular calcium cooperate so that Ang II can exert its genotoxic effect. PLC is activated by AT1R stimulation. We could also show that the genotoxicity of Ang II is mediated via AT1R signaling using the AT1R antagonist candesartan. In conclusion, here we have shown that Ang II is able to damage genomic damage in cell lines of kidney origin. The observed damage is associated with production of ROS. A decrease in Ang II-induced DNA damage was observed after inhibition of G-proteins, PLC, PKC and NADPH oxidase and interfering with intra- as well as extracellular calcium signaling. This leads to the following preliminary model of signaling in Ang II-induced DNA damage: binding of Ang II to the AT1 receptor activates PLC via stimulation of G-proteins, resulting in the activation of PKC in a calcium dependent manner which in turn, activates NADPH oxidase. NADPH oxidase with involvement of its Nox4 subunit then produces reactive oxygen species which cause DNA damage. Dopamine content and metabolism in the peripheral lymphocytes of PD patients are influenced by L-Dopa administration. The PD patients receiving a high dose of L-Dopa show a significantly higher content of dopamine in their lymphocytes compared to PD patients who received a low dose of L-Dopa or the healthy control. Central to many of the processes involved in oxidative stress and oxidative damage in PD are the actions of monoamine oxidase (MAO), the enzyme which is responsible for the enzymatic oxidation of dopamine which leadsing to production of H2O2 as a by-product. We investigated whether dopamine oxidation can cause genotoxicity in lymphocytes of PD patents who were under high dose L-Dopa therapy and afterward questioned the occurrence of DNA damage after dopamine treatment in vitro and tried to reveal the mechanism by which dopamine exerts its genotoxic effect. The frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the PD patients was not elevated compared to healthy age-matched individuals, although the formation of micronuclei revealed a positive correlation with the daily dose of L-Dopa administration in patients who received L-Dopa therapy together with dopamine receptor agonists. In vitro, we describe an induction of genomic damage detected as micronucleus formation by low micromolar concentrations in cell lines with of different tissue origins. The genotoxic effect of dopamine was reduced by addition of the antioxidants TEMPOL and dimethylthiourea which proved the involvement of ROS production in dopamine-induced DNA damage. To determine whether oxidation of dopamine by MAO is relevant in its genotoxicity, we inhibited MAO with two inhibitors, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine hydrochloride (PCPA) and Ro 16-6491 which both reduced the formation of micronuclei in PC-12 cells. We also studied the role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine type 2 receptor (D2R) signaling in the genotoxicity of dopamine. Inhibitors of the DAT, GBR-12909 and nomifensine, hindered dopamine-induced genotoxicity. These results were confirmed by treatment of MDCK and MDCK-DAT cells, the latter containing the human DAT gene, with dopamine. Only MDCK-DAT cells showed elevated chromosomal damage and dopamine uptake. Although stimulation of D2R with quinpirole in the absence of dopamine did not induce genotoxicity in PC-12 cells, interference with D2R signaling using D2R antagonist and inhibition of G-proteins, phosphoinositide 3 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases reduced dopamine-induced genotoxicity and affected the ability of DAT to take up dopamine. Furthermore, the D2R antagonist sulpiride inhibited the dopamine-induced migration of DAT from cytosol to cell membrane. Overall, the neurotransmitter dopamine causes DNA damage and oxidative stress in vitro. There are also indications that high dose L-Dopa therapy might lead to oxidative stress. Dopamine exerts its genotoxicity in vitro upon transport into the cells and oxidization oxidation by MAO. Transport of dopamine by DAT has the central role in this process. D2R signaling is involved in the genotoxicity of dopamine by affecting activation and cell surface expression of DAT and hence modulating dopamine uptake. We provided evidences for receptor-mediated genotoxicity of two compounds with different mechanism of actions. The involvement of these receptors in many human complications urges more investigations to reveal whether abnormalities in the endogenous compounds-mediated signaling can play a role in the initiation of new conditions like carcinogenesis.},
  subject      = {Angiotensin II},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{BarcenaUribarri2010,
  author    = {Barcena Uribarri, Ivan},
  title     = {Porins in the genus Borrelia : Characterization of P66 and P13},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55339},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Die Gattung Borrelia geh{\"o}rt zur Familie der Spirochaetes, welche sich den Gram-negativen Bakterien zuordnen lassen. F{\"u}r diese Familie charakteristisch ist eine l{\"a}ngliche, helikale Form, die L{\"a}ngen von 5 - 250 µm erreichen kann. Den Spirochaeten geh{\"o}ren diverse Pathogene an wie Treponema und Leptospira, die Erreger der Syphillis und der Leptospirose. Borrelien verursachen beim Menschen zwei schwere Krankheiten: Die Lyme-Borreliose (LB) und das R{\"u}ckfallfieber (RF). Als Pathogen besitzen Borrelien einen Lebenszyclus, in dem sie zwischen Gliederf{\"u}ßern als Vektoren und S{\"a}ugetieren (oft kleinen Nagetieren) als Wirt wechseln. Um das {\"U}berleben in derart unterschiedlichen Organismen zu sichern und die Immunantwort des Wirtes zu unterdr{\"u}cken, ben{\"o}tigt ein Organismus mit einem solch komplexen Lebenszyklus eine außergew{\"o}hnliche Regulierung der Proteinexpression. Die Lyme-Borelliose stellt eine multisystemische Krankheit dar, die verschiedene Organe, wie Haut, Gelenke und das Nervensystem betreffen kann. H{\"a}ufig kommt es zu einer sich kreisf{\"o}rmig ausbreitenden R{\"o}tung, die erythema migrans genannt wird, die zur klinischen Diagnose genutzt wird. Sie erscheint nach einem Zeckenbiss und kann einen Durchmesser von bis zu 15 cm weit erreichen. R{\"u}ckfallfieber erkennt man an pl{\"o}tzlich auftretenden Fiebersch{\"u}ben, die von weiteren Symptomen wie Sch{\"u}ttelfrost, Kopfschmerzen, Muskel und Gelenkschmerzen oder {\"U}belkeit begleitet werden. Beide Krankheiten k{\"o}nnen in fr{\"u}hen Stadien der Infektion leicht mit der Gabe von Antibiotika behandelt werden. Die verschiedenen Arten der Gattung Borrelia besitzen ein relativ kleines Genom. Da außerdem viele der vorhandenen Gene f{\"u}r Virulenzfaktoren und wirtsspezifische Anpassungen codieren, fehlen den Borrelien wichtige Genen f{\"u}r die Biosynthese von Aminos{\"a}uren, Fetts{\"a}uren oder Nukleotiden. Diese metabolischen Defizite werden durch die Aufnahme von durch den Wirt produzierten N{\"a}hrstoffen ausgeglichen. Den ersten Schritt der N{\"a}hrstoffaufnahme {\"u}bernehmen Porine. Dies sind wassergef{\"u}llte Kan{\"a}le, die die Aufnahme und den Transport von essentiellen Molek{\"u}len {\"u}ber die {\"a}ußere Membran erm{\"o}glichen. P66, P13 und Oms28 wurden bei Borrelia burgdorferi, Oms38 bei R{\"u}ckfallfieber verursachenden Spirochaeten gefunden. P66 ist ein einzelnes Porin mit einer extrem hohen Leitf{\"a}higkeit von 11 nS. P13 ist ein kleines Protein (13kDa) mit einer α helikalen Sekund{\"a}rstruktur, die keinerlei {\"A}hnlichkeit zu den bisherigen Modellen von bekannten Porinen aufweist. Aufgrund seiner Assoziation mit der periplasmatischen Seite der Membran wurde die Funktion als Porin f{\"u}r Oms28 in letzter Zeit stark angezweifelt. Oms38 ist ein Dicarboxylat-spezifisches Porin mit Homologen bei Lyme-Borreliose verursachenden Arten. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war das vorhandene Wissen {\"u}ber P66 und P13 als Porine der Gattung Borrelia zu erweitern. Die beiden Proteine unterscheiden sich strukturell stark von den bisher bekannten Porine Gram-negativer Bakterien und sind daher geeignete Forschungsobjekte, um die speziellen Anforderungen an Borrelienporinen zu erforschen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Erforschung der beiden in Borrelien beschriebenen Proteine P66 und P13. Gerade weil sich beide in Aufbau und Gr{\"o}ße von bekannten Porinen Gram-negativer Bakterien unterscheiden und somit in spezifische Prozesse bei der Gattung Borrelia involviert sein k{\"o}nnten, ist die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet auch weiterhin von h{\"o}chstem Interesse. Im ersten Projekt dieser Arbeit wurden das Vorkommen und die porenformende Aktivit{\"a}t von P66 in verschiedenen Borrelia-Arten (Lyme-Borreliose und R{\"u}ckfallfieber) untersucht. Bei P66 handelt es sich um das am besten untersuchte Porin der Borrelien, das eine Doppelfunktion als Porin und als Adhesin besitzt. Da sich alle bisherigen Ergebnisse auf B. burgdorferi beziehen, ist wenig bis gar nichts {\"u}ber homologe Proteine in anderen Borrelien-Arten bekannt. Deswegen wurden jeweils drei Arten, die Lyme-Borreliose und R{\"u}ckfallfieber verursachen, ausgew{\"a}hlt und an deren P66-Homologe die porenformende Aktivit{\"a}t {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. F{\"u}nf von sechs zeigten dabei eine {\"a}hnliche Einzelkanalleitf{\"a}higkeit wie P66, die im Bereich von 9 - 11 nS lagen, bei gleichzeitig kaum vorhandener Selektivit{\"a}t f{\"u}r eine bestimmte Ionensorte. Auch eine Spannungsabh{\"a}ngigkeit, die bei 30 - 70 mV begann, war messbar. Nur im Fall von B. hermsii konnten keine Poren gefunden werden. Dabei ist noch nicht gekl{\"a}rt, ob das Fehlen der porenbildenden Aktivit{\"a}t einem evolution{\"a}ren Verlust der Funktion als Pore oder einer h{\"o}heren Anf{\"a}lligkeit gegen{\"u}ber den verwendeten Detergenzien geschuldet ist. In einem weiteren Projekt wurde der kontrovers diskutierte Porendurchmesser von P66 aus B.burgdorferi mit empirischen Mitteln analysiert. In fr{\"u}heren theoretischen Studien wurde der Kanaldurchmesser auf 2,6 nm gesch{\"a}tzt. Dieser sehr große Durchmesser w{\"u}rde allerdings die Schutzfunktion der Außenmembran verhindern. Mit Hilfe von ungeladenen Substanzen gelang eine Bestimmung des Innendurchmessers von P66 auf 1,8 nm am Eingang und 0,8 nm an der Engstelle der Pore. Zus{\"a}tzlich f{\"u}hrte eine unerwartete Blockierung der Pore durch einige dieser Substanzen zu der Erkenntnis, dass P66 einen oligomeren (wahrscheinlich oktameren) Aufbau besitzt. Ein solcher Aufbau konnte bisher noch nie nachgewiesen werden und k{\"o}nnte von daher ein einzigartiges Merkmal von Borrelien oder Spirochaeten sein. Das dritte Projekt besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit der rekombinanten Produktion eines Proteins von B. burgdorferi mit immunogenen Eigenschaften. Dieses k{\"o}nnte dazu verwendet werden, neue Diagnose Tests und Therapien zu entwickeln. P13 kommt in verschiedenen LB- und RF-Arten vor und besitzt kein bekanntes bakterielles Homolog. Diese Fakten machen aus P13 einen geeigneten Kandidaten als therapeutisches Ziel. Aus diesem Grund wurde das P13-Gen in zwei unterschiedliche Organismen kloniert. Zum einen in E. coli, wo zwei verschiedene Konstrukte zur Kl{\"a}rung der Rolle des periplasmatisch verdauten C-Terminus dienen sollten. Zum anderen in Tabakpflanzen {\"u}ber Agrobacterium tumefaciens, mittels eines Virus. Dabei vermehrt sich der Vektor in den Zellen der Pflanze, breitet sich aus und produziert gleichzeitig das gew{\"u}nschte Protein. Mit Hilfe dieser zweiten Expressionsmethode sollte es m{\"o}glich sein, große Mengen des rekombinanten Proteins zu erzeugen und gleichzeitig die Kosten und den Zeitbedarf zu senken. Das letzte Projekt besch{\"a}ftigte sich mit dem Außenmembran-Komplexom von B. burgdorferi und konzentrierte sich dabei auf die Komplexe von P13 und P66. Blue Native PAGE und 2D-SDS PAGE wurden als Techniken ausgew{\"a}hlt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass P66 das einzige Protein ist, das am vermutlich oktameren Aufbau der 11 nS Pore beteiligt ist. Zus{\"a}tzlich gelang es, den Komplex in zwei H{\"a}lften zu spalten, die ungef{\"a}hr das halbe Molekulargewicht bei einer Leif{\"a}higkeit von 5,5 nS zeigten. Im Fall des P13-Komplexes konnte eine m{\"o}gliche Verkn{\"u}pfung mit OspC entdeckt werden. Die Gelelution des Komplexes und anschließende Tests mit Hilfe der Black-Lipid-Bilayer-Methode ergaben eine Aktivit{\"a}t von 0,6 nS. Dies steht im starken Gegensatz zu der vorher f{\"u}r P13beschriebenen Gr{\"o}ße von 3,5 nS. Zusammenfassend l{\"a}sst sich sagen, dass P66 ein in vielen Borrelienarten vorkommendes und damit weit verbreitetes Porin mit Homologen in LB- und RF-Spezies ist, die {\"a}hnliche Charakteristika besitzen. Der Durchmesser dieser Pore konnte unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der Eigenschaften eines molekularen Siebes genauer bestimmt werden. Im Fall von P13 k{\"o}nnte dessen rekombinante Produktion es erlauben, dieses Protein als Hilfsmittel zur Diagnose und zur medizinischen Therapie einzusetzen. Zus{\"a}tzlich k{\"o}nnte der gefundene Bezug zu OspC dazu beitragen, in Zukunft mehr {\"u}ber die Funktion dieses interessanten Proteins herauszufinden.},
  subject      = {Porins},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{TranVan2010,
  author    = {Tran-Van, Hieu},
  title     = {Semaphorin receptors in the immunological synapse: regulation and measles virus-driven modulation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53926},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {J{\"a}hrlich gehen ca. 164000 Todesf{\"a}lle (WHO, 2008) auf eine Infektion mit Masernviren (MV) zur{\"u}ck. Die Hauptursache f{\"u}r den t{\"o}dlichen Verlauf der Krankheit ist die MV-induzierte Immunsuppression, deren zugrunde liegende Mechanismen noch nicht v{\"o}llig aufgekl{\"a}rt sind. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass MV einerseits die Funktionalit{\"a}t von T-Zellen beeintr{\"a}chtigt, indem es die Aktindynamik behindert, und andererseits dendritische Zellen (DC) infiziert, was dazu f{\"u}hrt, dass sie T-Zellen nicht mehr vollst{\"a}ndig aktivieren k{\"o}nnen. W{\"a}hrend der Entwicklung bzw. des Wachstums von Neuronen kommt es zum Kollaps wachsender Dendriten, wenn Semaphorine (insbesondere SEMA3A) an den Rezeptor Plexin-A1 (plexA1) und seinem Korezeptor Neuropilin-1 (NP-1) binden. Dieser Kollaps wird durch interferenz mit der Aktindynamik verursacht. In dieser Studie wurde die Funktion dieser drei Molek{\"u}le in Immunzellen bzw. ihre Rolle in der MV-induzierten Immunsuppression untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass plexA1 eine wichtige Komponente der humanen immunologischen Synapse (IS) ist. Nach CD3/CD28-Ligation kommt es zur transienten Translokation zur T-Zelloberfl{\"a}che und zur Akkumulation an der Kontaktfl{\"a}che zwischen T-Zelle und DC bzw. α-CD3/CD28 beschichteten Mikropartikeln. Wird die plexA1-Expression inhibiert (RNAi) oder die plexA1-Funktion gest{\"o}rt (exogenes Blockieren oder Expression einer dominant negativen Mutante), ist die T-Zellexpansion reduziert. Nach MV-Exposition ist die Translokation von plexA1 und NP-1, ebenfalls einem wichtigen Bestandteil der immunologischen Synapse, zur Kontaktfl{\"a}che auf T-Zellseite gest{\"o}rt. Des Weiteren behindert eine MV-Infektion den plexA1/NP-1-Metabolismus in reifenden DC und f{\"u}hrt zus{\"a}tzlich zu einer fr{\"u}hen und starken Aussch{\"u}ttung von SEMA3A durch DC, insbesondere in Gegenwart allogener T-Zellen. Durch rasterelektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen wurde gezeigt, dass SEMA3A einen transienten Verlust aktinbasierter Zellforts{\"a}tze bei T-Zellen zur Folge hat. Zus{\"a}tzlich reduziert SEMA3A das chemotaktische Migrationsverhalten von DC und T Zell und die Frequenz ihrer Konjugat-Bildung. Zusammenfassend stellt sich die Situation so dar, dass MV die Semaphorinrezeptorfunktion zum einen dadurch beeintr{\"a}chtigt, dass es die Rekrutierung der Rezeptoren zur IS verhindert und zum anderen zur verfr{\"u}hten Aussch{\"u}ttung des kollapsinduzierenden Liganden SEMA3A f{\"u}hrt. Beide Ph{\"a}nomene k{\"o}nnten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur MV-induzierten Immunsuppression leisten.},
  subject      = {Masernvirus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Obier2010,
  author    = {Obier, Nadine},
  title     = {Defining the end of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53722},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Stammzellen mit ihrer besonderen F{\"a}higkeit sich selbst zu erneuern und zu differenzieren stellen einen faszinierenden Zelltyp f{\"u}r Grundlagenforschung und angewandte Wissenschaften dar. Pluripotente embryonale Stammzellen (ES Zellen), die aus Zellen der inneren Zellmasse von Pr{\"a}implantationsembryonen etabliert werden, k{\"o}nnen ekto-, meso- und endodermale Zelltypen sowie Keimzellen hervorbringen. Im Gegensatz dazu sind multipotente adulte Stammzellen in ihrem Entwicklungspotential eingeschr{\"a}nkt, sie differenzieren sich zu allen Zelltypen ihres Gewebes. Zum Beispiel h{\"a}matopoetische Stammzellen (HSZs), die sich in Blut-bildenden Geweben wie dem Knochenmark befinden, verm{\"o}gen sich in alle Blutzellen zu differenzieren. W{\"a}hrend der Differenzierung von Stammzellen {\"a}ndert sich nicht deren Genom, sondern ihre epigenetische Regulation. Durch epigenetische Mechanismen werden Zelltypen mit verschiedensten Ph{\"a}notypen und Funktionen generiert. F{\"u}r Stammzelltherapien ist ein tieferes Verst{\"a}ndnis des Zusammenhangs von Epigenom und zellul{\"a}rer Funktion wichtig. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation war es mein Ziel, differenzierende Stammzellkulturen auf ihre Genexpression, ihre Chromatinregulation und ihr Differenzierungspotiential hin zu analysieren. Um Histonmodifikationen, die einen m{\"o}glichen Mechanismus epigenetischer Regulation darstellen, global untersuchen zu k{\"o}nnen, sind zun{\"a}chst, durchusszytometrische Protokolle etabliert worden, die die Analyse einzelner Zellen erm{\"o}glichen sollten. Mit dieser Methode konnten reduzierte Levels von Histonazetylierung in differenzierten ES Zellen gezeigt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu beobachtete ich vergleichbare Levels von Histonazetylierung in unreifen und reifen Knochenmarkzellen. Zus{\"a}tzlich untersuchte ich die Wirkung des Histondeazetylase-Inhibitors (HDI) Trichostatin A (TSA) auf Knochenmarkzellkulturen, in denen auch HSZs enhalten sind. Nach Behandlung mit TSA erh{\"o}hte sich der Anteil von Zellen mit in vitro und in vivo h{\"a}matopoetischer Aktivit{\"a}t, w{\"a}hrend vor allem differenzierte Zellen in Apoptose gingen. Außerdem wurde der Verlust der Pluripotenz in differenzierenden ES Zellkulturen untersucht. Marker-basierte Analysen und funktionelle Tests wurden mit ES Zellen durchgef{\"u}hrt, die kurzfristig in vitro differenziert wurden. Es stellte sich heraus, dass nach funktionellen Gesichtspunkten die Pluripotenz bereits nach 2 Tagen Differenzierung deutlich reduziert war, beurteilt anhand der F{\"a}higkeit Kolonien zu bilden, embryoide K{\"o}rperchen (EK) zu formieren und zu kontrahierenden Herzmuskelzelltypen zu differenzieren. Im Gegensatz dazu verringerte sich die Expression von Pluripotenzmarkern erst zu sp{\"a}teren Zeitpunkten. Ich habe weiterhin beobachten k{\"o}nnen, dass die Wahl des Differenzierungssystems (Aggregations-EK, klonale EKs oder als adh{\"a}rente Einzelzellschicht) einen Einfluss auf den Fortschritt und die Homogenit{\"a}t der Differenzierung hatte. Um das Ende der Pluripotenz genauer zu untersuchen, wurden differenzierte ES Zellen zur{\"u}ck in ES Zellkulturbedingungen gebracht. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, dass 3 Tage differenzierte ES Zellen einen Punkt {\"u}berschritten haben, an dem eine R{\"u}ckkehr zur Pluripotenz allein durch Kulturbedingungen noch m{\"o}glich ist. Durch die Behandlung mit HDIs starben selektiv differenzierte ES Zellen. Des Weiteren war es Ziel dieser Arbeit, den Einuss von EED - einer essentiellen Untereinheit des Histon-methylierenden Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) - auf das Chromatin und die Funktion von ES Zellen hin zu analysieren. ES Zellen ohne EED wiesen neben dem bereits bekannten Verlust der Trimethylierung von Histon 3 an Lysin 27 (H3K27me3), global reduzierte H3K9me3 Levels sowie erh{\"o}hte Histonazetylierung auf. Trotz typischer ES Zell-Morphologie und normaler Expression von Pluripotenzgenen, besaßen EED knockout (KO)ES Zellen eine ver{\"a}nderte Organisation der Heterochromatinstruktur im Zellkern, eine verlangsamte Chromatinmobilit{\"a}t und Probleme bei der Differenzierung. Zusammenfassend gew{\"a}hren meine Daten Einblick in die epigenetische Regulation von Stammzellen. Im Besonderen konnte ich zeigen, dass die Behandlung mit HDIs f{\"u}r differenzierende Knochenmarkzellen und differenzierende ES Zellen nachteilig war und zu deren selektivem Zelltod f{\"u}hrte. Die hier durchgef{\"u}hrten Analysen ergaben, dass ES Zellen nach 3 Tagen Differenzierung das Ende der Pluripotenz erreicht hatten. Schließlich zeigten die Versuche mit EED KO ES Zellen, dass sie sich zwar selbst erneuerten und morphologisch identisch mit wildtypischen ES Zellen waren, jedoch Defekte bei der Differenzierung besaßen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass EED nicht nur f{\"u}r undifferenzierte ES Zellen wichtig ist, sondern auch w{\"a}hrend der Differenzierung von Bedeutung ist.},
  subject      = {Stammzelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Abdelmohsen2010,
  author    = {Abdelmohsen, Usama Ramadan},
  title     = {Antimicrobial Activities from Plant Cell Cultures and Marine Sponge-Associated Actinomycetes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51483},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {This thesis is divided into three parts with the main goal allocating novel antimicrobial compounds that could be used as future antibiotics. The first part aimed to evaluate the potential of plant suspension cultures for the production of antimicrobial proteins. The extracellular, intracellular and cell wall bound fractions of seven heterotrophic and photomixotrophic plant cell suspension cultures treated with nine different elicitors were tested for the elicitor dependent production of antimicrobial proteins. Bioactivities were tested against a selected panel of human isolates including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi using the disc diffusion assay. The intracellular fractions of elicited cell cultures were more active than extracellular fractions while the cell wall bound fractions showed lowest activities. Among the 21 fractions tested, the intracellular fraction of Lavendula angustifolia elicited with DC3000 was most active against Candida maltosa. The second most active fraction was the intracellular fraction of Arabidopsis thaliana elicited with salicylic acid which was moreover active against all test strains. The antimicrobial activity of elicited Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures was tested by bioautography to locate the antimicrobial proteins in the crude extract. The intracellular fraction of photomixotrophic Arabidopsis thaliana cells elicited with salicylic acid was selected for further gel filtration chromatography on S-200 column leading to the purification of one 19 kDa antimicrobially active protein, designated, AtAMP. Our findings suggest that elicited plant cell cultures may present a new promising alternative source of antimicrobial proteins. The second part comprises the isolation of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges and testing the bioactivities of new species for further investigations. Actinobacterial communities of eleven taxonomically different sponges that had been collected from offshore Ras Mohamed (Egypt) and from Rovinj (Croatia) were investigated by a culture-based approach using different standard media for isolation of actinomycetes and media enriched with aqueous sponge extract to target rare and new actinomycete species. Phylogenetic characterization of 52 representative isolates out of 90 based on almost complete sequences of genes encoding 16S rRNA supported their assignment to 18 different actinomycete genera. Altogether 14 putatively new species were identified based on sequence similarity values below 98.2\% to other strains in the NCBI database. The use of M1 agar amended with aqueous sponge extract yielded a putative new genus related to Rubrobacter which highlighting the need for innovative cultivation protocols. Biological activity testing showed that five isolates were active against Gram-positives only, one isolate was active against Candida albicans only and one isolate showed activity against both groups of pathogens. Moreover, the antiparasistic activity was documented for four isolates. These results showed a high diversity of actinomycetes associated with marine sponges as well as highlighted their potential to produce anti-infective agents. The third part of the thesis focused on the isolation and structure elucidation of new bioactive compounds. Streptomyces strain RV15 recovered from sponge Dysidea tupha, was selected for further chemical analysis by virtue of the fact that it exhibited the greatest antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus as well as Candida albicans among the all tested strains. Moreover, members of the genus Streptomyces are well known as prolific producers of interesting pharmacologically active metabolites. Chemical analysis of the methanolic crude extract using different chromatographic tools yielded four new compounds. The structures of the new compounds were spectroscopically elucidated to be four new cyclic peptides, namely, cyclodysidins A-D. Their bioactivity was tested against different proteases, bacteria and Candida as well as tumor cell lines. The compounds did not show any significant activities at this point.},
  subject      = {Antimikrobieller Wirkstoff},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Matuschek2010,
  author    = {Matuschek, Anja},
  title     = {Characterization of tolerogenic rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and regulatory T cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51708},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Tolerogene Dendritische Zellen (DZ) und regulatorische T-Lymphozyten (Treg) verf{\"u}gen {\"u}ber die F{\"a}higkeit, destruktive Immunantworten zu verhindern. Die Hoffnung besteht, solche Zellen in naher Zukunft f{\"u}r therapeutische Zwecke einzusetzen, um z. B. Immunantworten nach Transplantation, aber auch bei Autoimmunit{\"a}t und Allergie antigenspezifisch zu supprimieren. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist die Generierung solcher Zellen aufwendig und noch nicht f{\"u}r die klinische Routine geeignet. Zudem sind die Mechanismen noch wenig verstanden, wie diese Zellen eine gew{\"u}nschte Immunhemmung in vivo auszul{\"o}sen und wie der m{\"o}glichen Gefahr einer zu starken Immunhemmung zu begegnen ist. Das Kleinnagermodell Ratte ist f{\"u}r die biomedizinische Forschung noch immer von großer Bedeutung, umso {\"u}berraschender ist es, dass insbesondere tolerogene DZ und Treg in diesem Modell bisher nur unzureichend untersucht wurden. Das Ziel der Arbeit war deshalb, diese Immunzellen umfassend zu charakterisieren und ihre Funktion auf das Immunsystem zu untersuchen. Tolerogene DZ wurden mit GM-CSF und IL-4 aus Knochenmarkvorl{\"a}uferzellen generiert (= IL-4 DC). Der Anteil an nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Treg mit einem Ph{\"a}notyp CD4posCD25posFoxp3pos umfasst ca. 5-8\% der peripheren naiven CD4pos TLymphozyten. Die Charakterisierung der IL-4 DC zeigte im Vergleich zu reifen DZ der Milz eine bis zu 26-fach geringere Expression von Oberfl{\"a}chenmolek{\"u}len wie MHC-Klasse II Molek{\"u}l, CD80, CD86, ICAM-1 und CD25. Diese geringe Expression {\"a}nderte sich auch nicht, wenn die Zellen verschiedensten Reifungssignalen wie das Replattieren,LPS, TNF-α und CD40L ausgesetzt wurden. IL-4 DC verf{\"u}gen somit {\"u}ber einen robusten und gegen{\"u}ber Reifungssignalen {\"u}beraus resistenten Ph{\"a}notyp. IL-4 DC nehmen Antigene durch Endozytose auf und sind unf{\"a}hig, sowohl naive TLymphozyten zu aktivieren, als auch antigenspezifische T-Lymphozyten zu restimulieren. Zudem sind sie in der Lage, die Aktivierung naiver T-Lymphozyten und die Restimulierung antigenspezifischer T-Lymphozyten durch reife Milz-DZ zu bzw. zu verz{\"o}gern. Dabei verringerte sich die Proliferation der TLymphozyten um bis zu 95\%. Diese Beeinflussung der Proliferation ist nach Zugabe der IL-4 DC bereits innerhalb von 24 Stunden zu messen. Die verringerte Aktivierung geht zu dem mit einer verringerten Zytokinaussch{\"u}ttung (IL-2 um 49\% und IFN-γ um 92\%) einher. Die inhibitorischen Eigenschaften der IL-4 DC scheinen aber nicht ausschließlich auf der verringerten Expression kostimulatorischer Molek{\"u}le zu beruhen. Der Nachweis der beiden inhibitorischen Oberfl{\"a}chenmolek{\"u}le PD-L1 und PD-L2 auf IL-4 DC l{\"a}sst ebenfalls eine Bedeutung dieser Molek{\"u}le bei der Vermittlung inhibierender Signale vermuten. Auch die suppressive Wirkung l{\"o}slicher Faktoren wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt. {\"U}berst{\"a}nde einer 24-st{\"u}ndigen Kultur mit einer Million IL-4 DC hemmten die Aktivierung naiver T-Lymphozyten durch reife Milz-DZ um etwa 90\%. F{\"u}r diese Immunhemmung scheint das in diesen {\"U}berst{\"a}nden nachgewiesene Zytokin TGF-β (bis 300 pg/ml) verantwortlich zu sein. Im Vergleich dazu wiesen {\"U}berst{\"a}nde reifer Milz-DZ, die nicht die Aktivierung von T-Lymphozyten hemmten, eine TGF-β Konzentrationen von bis 100 pg/ml auf. Im Gegensatz dazu scheint zelltoxisches Stickstoffmonoxid nur eine geringe Rolle bei der Inhibierung der T-Zellproliferation zu spielen. Die Zugabe des NO Synthase-Inhibitors NMMA verringerte zwar den Anteil an NO um ca. 50\%, doch f{\"u}hrte dies nicht zu einer Steigerung der Proliferation von T-Lymphozyten. IL-4 DC sind zwar nicht in der Lage, T-Lymphozyten zur Proliferation zu bringen, doch bedeutet dies nicht, dass keinerlei Ver{\"a}nderungen auf molekularer Ebene festzustellen w{\"a}ren. So sind T-Lymphozyten nach ihrer Inkubation mit IL-4 DC nicht in der Lage, in Gegenwart von reifen Milz-DZ zu proliferieren. Dieser anergische Zustand wurde nach Zugabe von IL-2 aufgehoben. Zudem k{\"o}nnen diese TLymphozyten nach ihrer Inkubation mit IL-4 DC die Aktivierung na{\"i}ver TLymphozyten hemmen. Na{\"i}ve und aktivierte T-Lymphozyten k{\"o}nnen dies nicht. Diese Beobachtung, die auf eine Induktion von Treg schließen l{\"a}sst, wurde genauer untersucht. In der Tat zeigten durchflusszytometrische Analysen eine 1,6-fach verst{\"a}rkte Expansion von CD4posCD25posFoxp3pos T-Lymphozyten aus nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Treg in Gegenwart von IL-4 DC. Dabei erfolgte die Expansion von CD4posCD25posFoxp3pos T-Lymphozyten unabh{\"a}ngig vom Reifegrad der DZ. So waren auch reife Milz-DZ dazu in der Lage, die Zahl der nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Treg zu erh{\"o}hen. Doch wiesen diese mit Milz-DZ inkubierten Treg einen verminderten inhibitorischen Effekt auf. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die mit IL-4 DC inkubierten Treg in der Lage die Aktivierung naiver T-Lymphozyten zu hemmen. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass sich das regulatorische Potential von DZ nicht ausschließlich vom Ph{\"a}notyp bzw. ihrem Reifegrad ableiten l{\"a}sst, sondern dass hierzu auch ihre funktionellen Eigenschaften zu untersuchen sind. Die Induktion von Treg mit suppressiven Eigenschaften durch in vitro generierte tolerogene IL-4 DC k{\"o}nnte ein wichtiger Mechanismus zur Aufrechterhaltung der peripheren Toleranz darstellen. Vor einer klinischen Umsetzung sind aber noch weitergehende Untersuchungen notwendig, um das Zusammenspiel zwischen tolerogenen DZ und Treg zu verstehen, aber auch um die Auswirkungen eines Transfers großer Mengen regulatorischer Zellen auf das Immunsystem des Empf{\"a}ngers zu untersuchen.},
  subject      = {Dendritische Zelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Leonhardt2010,
  author    = {Leonhardt, Sara Diana},
  title     = {Resin collection and use in stingless bees},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51588},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Harz ist ein klebriges Pflanzenprodukt mit einem oft intensiven aromatischen Geruch. Es wird von B{\"a}umen produziert, um Wunden zu verschließen und sch{\"a}dliche Besucher abzuwehren. Einige Insektenarten haben jedoch die erstaunliche F{\"a}higkeit entwickelt, mit der klebrigen Substanz umzugehen und sie sich gar zu Nutzen zu machen. So verwenden Bienen Harz beispielsweise zum Nestbau und zur Verteidigung ihrer Kolonien. W{\"a}hrend allgemein bekannt ist, dass Bienen Pollen und Nektar sammeln, wird der Tatsache, dass sie auch Harz sammlen, allerdings sehr viel weniger Beachtung geschenkt. Ziel meiner Dissertation war es daher, herauszufinden, warum, wie und wo stachellose Bienen in Borneo (sieben untersuchte Bienenarten), Australien (acht Arten) und Costa Rica (27 Arten) Pflanzenharze sammeln und verwerten. Diese Arbeit behandelt somit die enge Beziehung zwischen einer eusozialen Insektengattung und einem chemisch und physiologisch hoch komplexen Pflanzenprodukt, das Bienen nicht nur als Nestmaterial und zur Verteidigung dient, sondern auch eine wesentliche Bedeutung f{\"u}r deren chemische Diversit{\"a}t hat. Stachellose Bienen verhalten sich hochgradig opportunistisch, wenn sie Harz sammeln, d.h. verschiedene Bienenarten sammeln Harz von denselben Baumarten, wobei sie nahezu jede verf{\"u}gbare Harzquelle nutzen. Dabei finden und erkennen sie Harzquellen anhand einiger charakteristischer Mono- und Sesquiterpene, nutzen jedoch nicht das gesamte Harz-Bouquet. Die Menge an eingetragenem Harz unterscheidet sich zwischen verschiedenen Bienenarten und kolonien und varriert mit verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen. Insbesondere eine Bedrohung durch Fressfeinde (z. B. Ameisen) f{\"u}hrt zu einer massiven Steigerung des Harzeintrages; eine manuelle Zerst{\"o}rung des Nesteinganges hat dagegen relativ wenig Einfluss. Das eingetragene Harz wird zum Nestbau und zur Verteidigung gegen Fressfeinde und Mikroben genutzt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus dient es als Quelle f{\"u}r Terpene, die von den Bienen in ihre chemischen Oberfl{\"a}chenprofile eingebaut werden (kutikul{\"a}re Terpene). Dabei {\"u}bertragen sie nur einen Bruchteil (8 \%) der gewaltigen Menge (>> 1000) an Terpenen, die man im Harz von B{\"a}umen findet, auf ihre Oberfl{\"a}che. Die {\"u}bertragenen Terpene bleiben in ihrer Struktur unver{\"a}ndert, allerdings unterscheiden sich die Bienenarten in der Zusammensetzung der Terpenprofile auf ihrer Oberfl{\"a}che, obwohl alle untersuchten Arten Harz von denselben B{\"a}umen sammeln. Die unterschiedlichen Terpenprofile sowie die Tatsache, dass nur wenige Terpene aus dem Harz aufgenommen werden, deuten auf einen artspezifischen und bisher unbekannten Filterungsmechanismus bei stachellosen Bienen hin. Auch {\"u}bersteigt durch die Aufnahme von Terpenen die chemische Diversit{\"a}t der Oberfl{\"a}chenprofile von stachellosen Bienen die zahlreicher anderer Hymenopteren. Da Bienen die Terpene aus dem Harz nur „filtern", sie dabei aber nicht ver{\"a}ndern, sind s{\"a}mtliche Bienenarten aus Borneo, Australien und Costa den charakteristischen Harzprofilen von B{\"a}umen aus ihren Ursprungsgebieten chemisch sehr {\"a}hnlich. Da in jeder tropischen Region andere Baumarten vorkommen, varriert die chemische Zusammensetzung der vorkommenden Harze und damit der kutikul{\"a}ren Terpene von dort vorkommenden Bienen. Die meisten Bienenarten mit kutikul{\"a}ren Terpenen findet man in Borneo, wo nahezu 100 \% der untersuchten Arten aus Baumharzen gewonnene Terpene in ihre chemischen Profilen einbauen. Im Gegensatz dazu sind es in Costa Rica nur 40 \% der untersuchten Arten. Auch sammeln in Borneo gelegentlich 9 von 10 Arbeiterinnen einer Tetragonilla collina Kolonie Harz, wohingegen in Australien maximal 10 \% und in Costa Rica maximal 40 \% der Arbeiterinnen einer Kolonie Harz sammeln. Das Vorherrschen von Harz und aus Harz gewonnenen Terpenen in der chemischen {\"O}kologie von Bienen auf Borneo spiegelt das Vorherrschen einer bestimmten s{\"u}dostasiatischen Baumfamilie wieder: der Dipterocarpaceen, deren Holz ungew{\"o}hnlich harzig ist. Ein solch enger Zusammenhang zwischen der Chemie von Bienen und der von Baumharzen verdeutlicht die enge Beziehung zwischen stachellosen Bienen und den B{\"a}umen in ihrem Habitat. Die kutikul{\"a}ren Terpene sch{\"u}tzen ihre Tr{\"a}ger vor Angreifern (z.B. Ameisen) und Mikrobenbefall. Dabei variiert eine bestimmte Gruppe - Sesquiterpene - am meisten zwischen den Arten. Diese Terpengruppe manipuliert die nat{\"u}rlichweise auftretende zwischen-artliche Aggression, indem sie letztere bei jenen Arten verringert, die selbst keine Sesquiterpene in ihrem Profil haben. Aggressionsminderung durch chemische Komponenten, welche aus der Umwelt aufgenommen werden, stellt somit einen bisher unbekannten Mechanismus dar, um Toleranz zwischen sonst aggressiven Arten zu erreichen. Eine derarte Herabsetzung von aggressiven Verhalten bei stachellosen Bienen kann dar{\"u}ber hinaus ein entscheidender Faktor f{\"u}r das Entstehen sogenannter Nestaggregationen sein. Dabei nisten Kolonien von Bienenarten mit und Bienenarten ohne Sesquiterpene in ihrem chemischen Profil in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft, ohne gegeneinander aggressiv zu sein. Im Hinblick auf die zahlreichen Funktionen, die Harze und/oder aus dem Harz gewonnene Substanzen f{\"u}r stachellose Bienen haben, stellt Harz zweifelsohne eine bedeutende Ressource in der Welt der Bienen dar - eine Ressource, die einen direkten Einfluss auf deren chemische {\"O}kologie, Verteidigungsmechanismen und zwischen-artliche Kommunikation aus{\"u}bt. Wie genau die Bienen ihre artspezifischen Terpenprofile erzeugen, insbesondere, wie es ihnen gelingt, dabei ganze Terpengruppen auszuschließen, muss in zuk{\"u}nftigen Studien genauer untersucht werden. Auch stellt sich die Frage, wie wichtig eine hohe Diversit{\"a}t an Harzquellen und damit Baumarten f{\"u}r die Bienen ist! Es ist durchaus m{\"o}glich, dass neben einer Vielfalt an Bl{\"u}tenpflanzenarten auch der „Harzreichtum" f{\"u}r das Wohlergehen der Bienen eine entscheidende Rolle spielt.},
  subject      = {stachellose Biene},
  language  = {en}
}