@article{LeonhardtKaltenpoth2014,
  author    = {Leonhardt, Sara D. and Kaltenpoth, Martin},
  title     = {Microbial Communities of Three Sympatric Australian Stingless Bee Species},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0105718},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119341},
  pages     = {e105718},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Bacterial symbionts of insects have received increasing attention due to their prominent role in nutrient acquisition and defense. In social bees, symbiotic bacteria can maintain colony homeostasis and fitness, and the loss or alteration of the bacterial community may be associated with the ongoing bee decline observed worldwide. However, analyses of microbiota associated with bees have been largely confined to the social honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spec.), revealing - among other taxa - host-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB, genus Lactobacillus) that are not found in solitary bees. Here, we characterized the microbiota of three Australian stingless bee species (Apidae: Meliponini) of two phylogenetically distant genera (Tetragonula and Austroplebeia). Besides common plant bacteria, we find LAB in all three species, showing that LAB are shared by honeybees, bumblebees and stingless bees across geographical regions. However, while LAB of the honeybee-associated Firm4-5 clusters were present in Tetragonula, they were lacking in Austroplebeia. Instead, we found a novel clade of likely host-specific LAB in all three Australian stingless bee species which forms a sister clade to a large cluster of Halictidae-associated lactobacilli. Our findings indicate both a phylogenetic and geographical signal of host-specific LAB in stingless bees and highlight stingless bees as an interesting group to investigate the evolutionary history of the bee-LAB association.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kaltenpoth2006,
  author    = {Kaltenpoth, Martin},
  title     = {Protective bacteria and attractive pheromones - symbiosis and chemical communication in beewolves (Philanthus spp., Hymenoptera, Crabronidae)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20867},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {BACTERIAL ENDOSYMBIONTS OF BEEWOLVES Symbiotic interactions between different species are ubiquitous and essential components of the natural world and have probably affected the evolution of every living organism. Insects are the most diverse metazoan class on earth, and they benefit from the extensive metabolic potential of microorganisms in a wide variety of symbiotic associations. The vast majority of well-studied insect-microbe symbioses to date are nutritional interactions in which the symbionts provide their hosts with essential nutrients. Some cases, however, have been described in which symbiotic bacteria play an important role in intraspecific olfactory communication or serve as a defense against pathogens or parasitoids. This thesis reports on a unique and highly specialized association between a digger wasp, the European beewolf (Philanthus triangulum, Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), and actinomycete bacteria. In contrast to all other known symbioses, the beewolf bacteria are cultivated in the reservoirs of unique antennal glands in female beewolves. The female secretes the bacteria into its subterranean brood cells prior to oviposition. Several days later, when the beewolf larva has finished feeding on the paralyzed honeybees that had been provisioned by the mother, it takes up the bacteria and applies them to the cocoon silk during the spinning process. On the cocoon, the symbionts play an important role in reducing the incidence of fungal infestation and thereby significantly enhance the survival probability of the larva in the cocoon during the long and potentially very dangerous inactive phase of hibernation in the underground brood cell. Observations of beewolf larvae as well as experiments in which female beewolf larvae were reared in the absence of the bacteria suggest that the symbionts are transmitted vertically from mothers to daughters. Presumably, the bacteria are taken up from the cocoon during eclosion and incorporated into the antennal gland reservoirs. Phylogenetic analyses of hosts and symbionts as well as artificial transfer experiments are necessary to investigate whether horizontal transmission of bacteria between beewolf species may occasionally occur. Genetic analyses revealed that the symbionts constitute an undescribed species of the genus Streptomyces within the eubacterial family Actinomycetaceae. 16S rDNA primers and an oligonucletide probe were designed for the specific detection of the Philanthus endosymbionts by PCR and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). By PCR-based screening, closely related endosymbionts were found in 28 Philanthus species and subspecies. By contrast, no symbionts could be detected in closely related genera of the subfamily Philanthinae (Aphilanthops, Clypeadon, Cerceris), indicating that the symbiosis might be restricted to the genus Philanthus. Based on almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence data, the symbionts of all analyzed Philanthus species formed a monophyletic clade within the genus Streptomyces, indicating that the symbiosis is highly specific and most likely the product of a long history of coevolution and cospeciation. Sequence divergences among symbionts suggest an origin of the Philanthus- Streptomyces association about 26-67 million years ago, which may have coincided with the origin of the genus Philanthus. On the basis of 16S rDNA sequences and ultrastructural data, the new taxon 'Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi' is proposed for the antennal symbionts of Philanthus species, with symbionts from different host species being treated as ecotypes and named according to their hosts (e.g. 'Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi triangulum'). It is not yet clear how the bacteria benefit from the association with Philanthus species. Certainly, they obtain an unoccupied and presumably competition-free niche in the beewolf antennae and a reliable transmission route to the next generation. Additionally, several pieces of evidence suggest that they may also receive nutrients from their host: (1) Females secrete massive amounts of bacteria into each brood cell and sometimes construct several brood cells per day; thus, the bacteria have to grow quickly inside the antennal gland reservoirs to replenish the stock for further brood cells. (2) The reservoirs are surrounded by class 3 gland cells that may supply the bacteria with nutrients (e.g. amino acids). (3) One of the walls bordering the antennal gland is of a net-like structure, thus, possibly allowing hemolymph to enter the reservoir lumen and provide nutrients to the symbionts. This possibility is further substantiated by chemical analyses of the hydrocarbon profile of the antennal gland secretion and female hemolymph, which revealed very similar compositions. The beewolf-Streptomyces symbiosis constitutes the first known case of bacteria being cultivated in insect antennae and one of the few examples involving the pharmaceutically important group of actinomycete bacteria as insect endosymbionts. Further studies on ecological and evolutionary aspects of the symbiosis will provide valuable insights into the importance of actinomycete bacteria for pathogen defense in insects and may also identify novel secondary metabolites with antibiotic properties that might prove useful for human medicine. CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION AND MATE CHOICE IN THE EUROPEAN BEEWOLF Chemical signals constitute both the most ancient and the most common form of communication among organisms. In insects, pheromones play an essential role in mediating intraspecific communication. Many recent studies have investigated the importance of insect olfactory signals in the context of courtship and mating. However, since most of these studies have focused on female pheromones, male sex pheromones have as yet received little attention despite their potential ecological as well as evolutionary importance for mate attraction and mate choice. Male European beewolves establish and defend small territories that they mark with a secretion from cephalic glands. Presumably, the secretion acts as a sex pheromone and attracts receptive females to the territory. Since male territories are clumped around female nesting sites, females have the opportunity to choose among potential mates. The marking pheromone of male beewolves varies with kinship, and it is demonstrated here that geographic origin, age and size also affect the amount and/or composition of the pheromone. Thus, the marking secretion contains information on a variety of male characters that may be important in the context of female choice. Both genetic distance ("optimal outbreeding") and overall genetic quality ("good genes") of a male might influence female mating decisions in the European beewolf. Polymorphic microsatellite markers are presented for the European beewolf that facilitate female choice experiments by genetic paternity analysis.},
  subject      = {Philanthus},
  language  = {en}
}