@inproceedings{WernerHayakawaAriasLozaetal.2017,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf and Hayakawa, Nobuyuki and Arias-Loza, Paula-Anah and Wakabayashi, Hiroshi and Shinaji, Tetsuya and Lapa, Constantin and Pelzer, Theo and Higuchi, Takahiro},
  title     = {Bildgebung der fr{\"u}hen linksventrikul{\"a}ren Dysfunktion mit ECG-gated F-18-FDG PET in einem Diabetes-Ratten-Modell},
  series = {Nuklearmedizin},
  volume    = {56},
  booktitle = {Nuklearmedizin},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Schattauer Verlag},
  issn      = {0029-5566},
  doi       = {10.3413/Nukmed-0880-17-02},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161396},
  pages     = {Abstract Nr.: V119},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Einleitung: Die linksventrikul{\"a}re diastolische Dysfunktion (LVDD) ist bei Diabetikern noch vor Entwicklung einer klinisch apparenten Herzinsuffizienz eines der ersten Anzeichen einer kardialen Beteiligung. Daher soll in dieser Studie untersucht werden, ob die LVDD mit ECG-gated F-18-FDG PET in einem Diabetes-Rattenmodell dargestellt werden kann. Methodik: Es wurden F-18-FDG PET Scans in einem Typ-2-Diabetes Rattenmodell (ZDF fa/fa, n=6) und in ZL Kontrollen (n=6) vorgenommen (Alter, jeweils 13 Wochen). Unter Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp-Technik wurden 37 MBq 18F-FDG {\"u}ber die Schwanzvene appliziert. 15-35 Minuten nach Tracergabe wurden mittels eines Kleintier-PET-Scanners sowie unter EKG-Ableitung PET Scans angefertigt (16 frames/cardiac cycle). Die linksventrikul{\"a}re Ejektionsfraktion (EF) und die Peak F{\"u}llrate (PFR) wurden mittels einer geeigneten Software (Heart Function View) gemessen, wobei die Software an die Gr{\"o}ße des Rattenherzes angepasst wurde. Ergebnisse: Im Alter von 13 Wochen entwickeln ZDF Diabetes-Ratten eine im Vergleich zu Kontrolltieren eine signifikante myokardiale Hypertrophie, best{\"a}tigt durch post-mortem Analyse des Herzgewichtes (994±78mg vs. 871±44mg in ZDF Diabetes-Ratten vs. ZL Kontrollen, p<0.01). ECG-gated PET zeigte eine signifikante Abnahme der LV diastolischen PFR (10.4±0.5 vs. 11.8±0.4 EDV/sec in ZDF Diabetes-Ratten vs. ZL Kontrollen, p<0.001), jedoch zeigte sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen LVEF und der Herzfrequenz in den untersuchten ZDF Diabetes-Ratten und Kontrollen (LVEF: 60.0±4.5 vs. 63.7±4.1\%, n.s. und HR: 305±25 vs. 323±24 bpm, n.s.). Schlussfolgerung: Im Diabetes-Ratten-Modell kann unter Verwendung eines ECG-gated FDG-PET Protokolls die diastolische Dysfunktion als Parameter der fr{\"u}hen diabetischen Kardiomyopathie nachgewiesen werden.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {de}
}
@unpublished{YinWernerHiguchietal.2018,
  author    = {Yin, Yafu and Werner, Rudolf A. and Higuchi, Takahiro and Lapa, Constantin and Pienta, Kenneth J. and Pomper, Martin G. and Gorin, Michael A. and Rowe, Steven P.},
  title     = {Follow-Up of Lesions with Equivocal Radiotracer Uptake on PSMA-Targeted PET in Patients with Prostate Cancer: Predictive Values of the PSMA-RADS-3A and PSMARADS- 3B Categories},
  series = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  journal   = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  issn      = {0161-5505},
  doi       = {10.2967/jnumed.118.217653},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167594},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Purpose: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has become commonly utilized in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). The PSMA reporting and data system version 1.0 (PSMA-RADS version 1.0) categorizes lesions on the basis of the likelihood of PCa involvement, with PSMA-RADS-3A (soft tissue) and PSMA-RADS-3B (bone) lesions being indeterminate for the presence of disease. We retrospectively reviewed the imaging follow-up of such lesions to determine the rate at which they underwent changes suggestive of underlying PCa. Methods: PET/CT imaging with \(^{18}\)F-DCFPyL was carried out in 110 patients with PCa and lesions were categorized according to PSMA-RADS Version 1.0. 56/110 (50.9\%) patients were determined to have indeterminate PSMA-RADS-3A or PSMA-RADS-3B lesions and 22/56 (39.3\%) patients had adequate follow-up to be included in the analysis. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUV\(_{max}\)) of the lesions were obtained and the ratios of SUV\(_{max}\) of the lesions to SUV\(_{mean}\) of blood pool (SUV\(_{max}\)-lesion/SUV\(_{mean}\)-bloodpool) were calculated. Pre-determined criteria were used to evaluate the PSMA-RADS-3A and PSMA-RADS-3B lesions on follow-up imaging to determine if they demonstrated evidence of underlying malignancy. Results: A total of 46 lesions in 22 patients were considered indeterminate for PCa (i.e. PSMA-RADS-3A (32 lesions) or PSMA-RADS-3B (14 lesions)) and were evaluable on follow-up imaging. 27/46 (58.7\%) lesions demonstrated changes on follow-up imaging consistent with the presence of underlying PCa at baseline. These lesions included 24/32 (75.0\%) PSMA-RADS-3A lesions and 3/14 (21.4\%) lesions categorized as PSMA-RADS-3B. The ranges of SUVmax and SUVmax-lesion/SUVmean-bloodpool overlapped between those lesions demonstrating changes consistent with malignancy on follow-up imaging and those lesions that remained unchanged on follow-up. Conclusion: PSMA-RADS-3A and PSMA-RADS-3B lesions are truly indeterminate in that proportions of findings in both categories demonstrate evidence of malignancy on follow-up imaging. Overall, PSMA-RADS-3A lesions are more likely than PSMA-RADS-3B lesions to represent sites of PCa and this information should be taken into when guiding patient therapy.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WernerWakabyashiChenetal.2018,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf and Wakabyashi, Hiroshi and Chen, Xinyu and Hirano, Mitsuru and Shinaji, Tetsuya and Lapa, Constantin and Rowe, Steven and Javadi, Mehrbod and Higuchi, Takahiro},
  title     = {Functional renal imaging with \(^{18}\)F-FDS PET in rat models of renal disorders},
  series = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  journal   = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  issn      = {0161-5505},
  doi       = {10.2967/jnumed.117.203828},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161279},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Precise regional quantitative assessment of renal function is limited with conventional \(^{99m}\)Tc-labeled renal radiotracers. A recent study reported that the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-(\(^{18}\)F-fluorosorbitol (\(^{18}\)F-FDS) has ideal pharmacokinetics for functional renal imaging. Furthermore, (\(^{18}\)F-FDS is available via simple reduction from routinely used 2-deoxy-2-(\(^{18}\)F-fluoro-D-glucose ((\(^{18}\)F-FDG). We aimed to further investigate the potential of (\(^{18}\)F-FDS PET as a functional renal imaging agent using rat models of kidney diseases. Methods: Two different rat models of renal impairment were investigated: Glycerol induced acute renal failure (ARF) by intramuscular administration of glycerol in hind legs and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) by ligation of the left ureter. 24h after these treatments, dynamic 30 min 18F-FDS PET data were acquired using a dedicated small animal PET system. Urine 18F-FDS radioactivity 30 min after radiotracer injection was measured together with co-injected \(^{99m}\)Tc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (\(^{99m}\)Tc-DTPA) urine activity. Results: Dynamic PET imaging demonstrated rapid (\(^{18}\)F-FDS accumulation in the renal cortex and rapid radiotracer excretion via kidneys in control healthy rats. On the other hand, significantly delayed renal radiotracer uptake (continuous slow uptake) was observed in ARF rats and UUO-treated kidneys. Measured urine radiotracer concentrations of (\(^{18}\)F-FDS and \(^{99m}\)Tc-DTPA were well correlated (R=0.84, P<0.05). Conclusions: (\(^{18}\)F-FDS PET demonstrated favorable kinetics for functional renal imaging in rat models of kidney diseases. Advantages of high spatiotemporal resolution of PET imaging and simple tracer production could potentially complement or replace conventional renal scintigraphy in select cases and significantly improve the diagnostic performance of renal functional imaging.},
  subject      = {Nierenfunktionsst{\"o}rung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WernerWeichHiguchietal.2017,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf A. and Weich, Alexander and Higuchi, Takahiro and Schmid, Jan S. and Schirbel, Andreas and Lassmann, Michael and Wild, Vanessa and Rudelius, Martina and Kudlich, Theodor and Herrmann, Ken and Scheurlen, Michael and Buck, Andreas K. and Kropf, Saskia and Wester, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and Lapa, Constantin},
  title     = {Imaging of Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in Neuroendocrine Tumors - a Triple Tracer Comparative Approach},
  series = {Theranostics},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Theranostics},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.7150/thno.18754},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158008},
  pages     = {1489-1498},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and somatostatin receptors (SSTR) are overexpressed in gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the feasibility of non-invasive CXCR4 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in GEP-NET patients using [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor in comparison to \(^{68}\)Ga-DOTA-D-Phe-Tyr3-octreotide ([\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC) and \(^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([\(^{18}\)F]FDG). Twelve patients with histologically proven GEP-NET (3xG1, 4xG2, 5xG3) underwent [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC, [\(^{18}\)F]FDG, and [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT for staging and planning of the therapeutic management. Scans were analyzed on a patient as well as on a lesion basis and compared to immunohistochemical staining patterns of CXCR4 and somatostatin receptors SSTR2a and SSTR5. [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor visualized tumor lesions in 6/12 subjects, whereas [\(^{18}\)F]FDG revealed sites of disease in 10/12 and [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC in 11/12 patients, respectively. Regarding sensitivity, SSTR-directed PET was the superior imaging modality in all G1 and G2 NET. CXCR4-directed PET was negative in all G1 NET. In contrast, 50\% of G2 and 80\% of G3 patients exhibited [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor-positive tumor lesions. Whereas CXCR4 seems to play only a limited role in detecting well-differentiated NET, increasing receptor expression could be non-invasively observed with increasing tumor grade. Thus, [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT might serve as non-invasive read-out for evaluating the possibility of CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapy in advanced dedifferentiated SSTR-negative tumors.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WernerHaenscheidLealetal.2018,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf and H{\"a}nscheid, Heribert and Leal, Jeffrey P. and Javadi, Mehrbod S. and Higuchi, Takahiro and Lodge, Martin A. and Buck, Andreas K. and Pomper, Martin G. and Lapa, Constantin and Rowe, Steven P.},
  title     = {Impact of Tumor Burden on Quantitative [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC Biodistribution},
  series = {Molecular Imaging and Biology},
  journal   = {Molecular Imaging and Biology},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170280},
  pages     = {1-9},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Purpose: As has been previously reported, the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) imaging agent [\(^{68}\)Ga]-labeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid-d-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotate ([\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATATE) demonstrates lower uptake in normal organs in patients with a high neuroendocrine tumor (NET) burden. Given the higher SSTR affinity of [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATATE, we aimed to quantitatively investigate the biodistribution of [\(^{68}\)Ga]-labeled 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid-d-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide ([68Ga]DOTATOC) to determine a potential correlation between uptake in normal organs and NET burden. Procedures: Of the 44 included patients, 36/44 (82\%) patients demonstrated suspicious radiotracer uptake on [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC positron emission tomography (PET)/x-ray computed tomography (CT). Volumes of Interest (VOIs) were defined for tumor lesions and normal organs (spleen, liver, kidneys, adrenals). Mean body weight corrected standardized uptake value (SUV\(_{mean}\)) for normal organs was assessed and was used to calculate the corresponding mean specific activity uptake (Upt: fraction of injected activity per kg of tissue). For the entire tumor burden, SUV\(_{mean}\), maximum standardized uptake value (SUV\(_{max}\)), and the total mass (TBM) was calculated and the decay corrected tumor fractional uptake (TBU) was assessed. A Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlations between normal organ uptake and tumor burden. Results: The median SUV\(_{mean}\) was 18.7 for the spleen (kidneys, 9.2; adrenals, 6.8; liver, 5.6). For tumor burden, the median values were SUV\(_{mean}\) 6.9, SUV\(_{max}\) 35.5, TBM 42.6g, and TBU 1.2\%. With increasing volume of distribution, represented by lean body mass and body surface area (BSA), Upt decreased in kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands and SUV\(_{mean}\) increased in the spleen. Correlation improved only for both kidneys and adrenals when the influence of the tumor uptake on the activity available for organ uptake was taken into account by the factor 1/(1-TBU). TBU was neither predictive for SUV\(_{mean}\) nor for Upt in any of the organs. The distribution of organ Upt vs. BSA/(1-TBU) were not different for patients with minor TBU (<3\%) vs. higher TBU (>7\%), indicating that the correlations observed in the present study are explainable by the body size effect. High tumor mass and uptake mitigated against G1 NET. Conclusions: There is no significant impact on normal organ biodistribution with increasing tumor burden on [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC PET/CT. Potential implications include increased normal organ dose with [\(^{177}\)Lu-DOTA]\(^0\)-D-Phe\(^1\)-Tyr\(^3\)-Octreotide and decreased absolute lesion detection with [\(^{68}\)Ga]DOTATOC in high NET burden.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{WernerBundschuhBundschuhetal.2018,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf A. and Bundschuh, Ralph A. and Bundschuh, Lena and Javadi, Mehrbod S. and Leal, Jeffrey P. and Higuchi, Takahiro and Pienta, Kenneth J. and Buck, Andreas K. and Pomper, Martin G. and Gorin, Michael A. and Lapa, Constantin and Rowe, Steven P.},
  title     = {Interobserver Agreement for the Standardized Reporting System PSMA-RADS 1.0 on \(^{18}\)F-DCFPyL PET/CT Imaging},
  series = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  journal   = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  issn      = {0161-5505},
  doi       = {10.2967/jnumed.118.217588},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167788},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Objectives: Recently, the standardized reporting and data system for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies, termed PSMA-RADS version 1.0, was introduced. We aimed to determine the interobserver agreement for applying PSMA-RADS to imaging interpretation of 18F-DCFPyL PET examinations in a prospective setting mimicking the typical clinical work-flow at a prostate cancer referral center. Methods: Four readers (two experienced readers (ER, > 3 years of PSMA-targeted PET interpretation experience) and two inexperienced readers (IR, < 1 year of experience)), who had all read the initial publication on PSMA-RADS 1.0, assessed 50 18F-DCFPyL PET/computed tomography (CT) studies independently. Per scan, a maximum of 5 target lesions were selected by the observers and a PSMA-RADS score for every target lesion was recorded. No specific pre-existing conditions were placed on the selection of the target lesions, although PSMA-RADS 1.0 suggests that readers focus on the most highly avid or largest lesions. An overall scan impression based on PSMA-RADS was indicated and interobserver agreement rates on a target lesion-based, on an organ-based, and on an overall PSMA-RADS score-based level were computed. Results: The number of target lesions identified by each observer were as follows: ER 1, 123; ER 2, 134; IR 1, 123; and IR 2, 120. Among those selected target lesions, 125 were chosen by at least two individual observers (all four readers selected the same target lesion in 58/125 (46.4\%) instances, three readers in 40/125 (32\%) and two observers in 27/125 (21.6\%) instances). The interobserver agreement for PSMA-RADS scoring among identical target lesions was good (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for four, three and two identical target lesions, ≥0.60, respectively). For lymph nodes, an excellent interobserver agreement was derived (ICC=0.79). The interobserver agreement for an overall scan impression based on PSMA-RADS was also excellent (ICC=0.84), with a significant difference for ER (ICC=0.97) vs. IR (ICC=0.74, P=0.005). Conclusions: PSMA-RADS demonstrates a high concordance rate in this study, even among readers with different levels of experience. This suggests that PSMA-RADS can be effectively used for communication with clinicians and can be implemented in the collection of data for large prospective trials.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WernerBundschuhBundschuhetal.2018,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf A. and Bundschuh, Ralph A. and Bundschuh, Lena and Javadi, Mehrbod S. and Higuchi, Takahiro and Weich, Alexander and Sheikhbahaei, Sara and Pienta, Kenneth J. and Buck, Andreas K. and Pomper, Martin G. and Gorin, Michael A. and Lapa, Constantin and Rowe, Steven P.},
  title     = {MI-RADS: Molecular Imaging Reporting and Data Systems - A Generalizable Framework for Targeted Radiotracers with Theranostic Implications},
  series = {Annals of Nuclear Medicine},
  journal   = {Annals of Nuclear Medicine},
  issn      = {0914-7187},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12149-018-1291-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166995},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Both prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)- and somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents for staging and restaging of prostate carcinoma or neuroendocrine tumors, respectively, are seeing rapidly expanding use. In addition to diagnostic applications, both classes of radiotracers can be used to triage patients for theranostic endoradiotherapy. While interpreting PSMA- or SSTR-targeted PET/computed tomography (CT) scans, the reader has to be aware of certain pitfalls. Adding to the complexity of the interpretation of those imaging agents, both normal biodistribution, and also false-positive and -negative findings differ between PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET radiotracers. Herein summarized under the umbrella term molecular imaging reporting and data systems (MI-RADS), two novel RADS classifications for PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET imaging are described (PSMA- and SSTR-RADS). Both framework systems may contribute to increase the level of a reader's confidence and to navigate the imaging interpreter through indeterminate lesions, so that appropriate workup for equivocal findings can be pursued. Notably, PSMA- and SSTR-RADS are structured in a reciprocal fashion, i.e. if the reader is familiar with one system, the other system can readily be applied as well. In the present review we will discuss the most common pitfalls on PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET/CT, briefly introduce PSMA- and SSTR-RADS, and define a future role of the umbrella framework MI-RADS compared to other harmonization systems.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WernerOrdonezSanchezBautistaetal.2019,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf A. and Ordonez, Alvaro A. and Sanchez-Bautista, Julian and Marcus, Charles and Lapa, Constantin and Rowe, Steven P. and Pomper, Martin G. and Leal, Jeffrey P. and Lodge, Martin A. and Javadi, Mehrbod S. and Jain, Sanjay K. and Higuchi, Takahiro},
  title     = {Novel functional renal PET imaging with 18F-FDS in human subjects},
  series = {Clinical Nuclear Medicine},
  volume    = {44},
  journal   = {Clinical Nuclear Medicine},
  number    = {5},
  issn      = {0363-9762},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-174634},
  pages     = {410-411},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The novel PET probe 2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-D-sorbitol (18F-FDS) has demonstrated favorable renal kinetics in animals. We aimed to elucidate its imaging properties in two human volunteers. 18F-FDS was produced by a simple one-step reduction from 18F-FDG. On dynamic renal PET, the cortex was delineated and activity gradually transited in the parenchyma, followed by radiotracer excretion. No adverse effects were reported. Given the higher spatiotemporal resolution of PET relative to conventional scintigraphy, 18F-FDS PET offers a more thorough evaluation of human renal kinetics. Due to its simple production from 18F-FDG, 18F-FDS is virtually available at any PET facility with radiochemistry infrastructure.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{WernerBundschuhBundschuhetal.2019,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf A. and Bundschuh, Ralph A. and Bundschuh, Lena and Fanti, Stefano and Javadi, Mehrbod S. and Higuchi, Takahiro and Weich, A. and Pienta, Kenneth J. and Buck, Andreas K. and Pomper, Martin G. and Gorin, Michael A. and Herrmann, Ken and Lapa, Constantin and Rowe, Steven P.},
  title     = {Novel Structured Reporting Systems for Theranostic Radiotracers},
  series = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  journal   = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
  issn      = {0161-5505},
  doi       = {10.2967/jnumed.118.223537},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-174629},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Standardized reporting is more and more routinely implemented in clinical practice and such structured reports have a major impact on a large variety of medical fields, e.g. laboratory medicine, pathology, and, recently, radiology. Notably, the field of nuclear medicine is constantly evolving, as novel radiotracers for numerous clinical applications are developed. Thus, framework systems for standardized reporting in this field may a) increase clinical acceptance of new radiotracers, b) allow for inter- and intra-center comparisons for quality assurance, and c) may be used in (global) multi-center studies to ensure comparable results and enable efficient data abstraction. In the last two years, several standardized framework systems for positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers with potential theranostic applications have been proposed. These include systems for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted PET agents for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) and somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted PET agents for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasias. In the present review, those standardized framework systems for PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET will be briefly introduced followed by an overview of their advantages and limitations. In addition, potential applications will be defined, approaches to validate such concepts will be proposed, and future perspectives will be discussed.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WernerSheikhbahaeiJonesetal.2017,
  author    = {Werner, Rudolf A. and Sheikhbahaei, Sara and Jones, Krystyna M. and Javadi, Mehrbod S. and Solnes, Lilja B. and Ross, Ashley E. and Allaf, Mohamad E. and Pienta, Kenneth J. and Lapa, Constantin and Buck, Andreas K. and Higuchi, Takahiro and Pomper, Martin G. and Gorin, Micheal A. and Rowe, Steven P.},
  title     = {Patterns of uptake of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted \(^{18}\)F-DCFPyL in peripheral ganglia},
  series = {Annals of Nuclear Medicine},
  volume    = {31},
  journal   = {Annals of Nuclear Medicine},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {0914-7187},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12149-017-1201-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166971},
  pages     = {696-702},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Objective: Radiotracers targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have increasingly been recognized as showing uptake in a number of normal structures, anatomic variants, and non-prostate-cancer pathologies. We aimed to explore the frequency and degree of uptake in peripheral ganglia in patients undergoing PET with the PSMA-targeted agent \(^{18}\)F-DCFPyL. Methods: A total of 98 patients who underwent \(^{18}\)F-DCFPyL PET/CT imaging were retrospectively analyzed. This included 76 men with prostate cancer (PCa) and 22 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC; 13 men, 9 women). Scans were evaluated for uptake in the cervical, stellate, celiac, lumbar and sacral ganglia. Maximum standardized uptake value corrected to body weight (SUV\(_{max}\)), and maximum standardized uptake value corrected to lean body mass (SUL\(_{max}\)) were recorded for all ganglia with visible uptake above background. Ganglia-to-background ratios were calculated by dividing the SUV\(_{max}\) and SUL\(_{max}\) values by the mean uptake in the ascending aorta (Aortamean) and the right gluteus muscle (Gluteusmean). Results: Overall, 95 of 98 (96.9\%) patients demonstrated uptake in at least one of the evaluated peripheral ganglia. With regard to the PCa cohort, the most frequent sites of radiotracer accumulation were lumbar ganglia (55/76, 72.4\%), followed by the cervical ganglia (51/76, 67.1\%). Bilateral uptake was found in the majority of cases [lumbar 44/55 (80\%) and cervical 30/51 (58.8\%)]. Additionally, discernible radiotracer uptake was recorded in 50/76 (65.8\%) of the analyzed stellate ganglia and in 45/76 (59.2\%) of the celiac ganglia, whereas only 5/76 (6.6\%) of the sacral ganglia demonstrated \(^{18}\)F-DCFPyL accumulation. Similar findings were observed for patients with RCC, with the most frequent locations of radiotracer uptake in both the lumbar (20/22, 90.9\%) and cervical ganglia (19/ 22, 86.4\%). No laterality preference was found in mean PSMA-ligand uptake for either the PCa or RCC cohorts. Conclusion: As PSMA-targeted agents become more widely disseminated, the patterns of uptake in structures that are not directly relevant to patients' cancers must be understood. This is the first systematic evaluation of the uptake of \(^{18}\)F-DCFPyL in ganglia demonstrating a general trend with a descending frequency of radiotracer accumulation in lumbar, cervical, stellate, celiac, and sacral ganglia. The underlying biology that leads to variability of PSMA-targeted radiotracers in peripheral ganglia is not currently understood, but may provide opportunities for future research.},
  subject      = {Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie},
  language  = {en}
}