@article{SendtnerStoeckliThoenenetal.1992,
  author    = {Sendtner, Michael and St{\"o}ckli, Kurt A. and Thoenen, Hans and Schmalbruch, H. and Carroll, P. and Kreutzberg, Georg W.},
  title     = {Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents the degeneration of motor neurons in mouse mutant progressive motor neuronopathy},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42563},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {CILIARY neurotrophic factor (CNTF) supports the survival of embryonic motor neurons in vitro and in vivo and prevents lesion-mediated degeneration of rat motor neuron~ during early post-natal stages. Here we report that CNTF greatly reduces all the functional and morphological changes in pmnlpmn mice5, an autosomal recessive mutant leading to progressive caudo-cranial motor neuron degeneration. The first manifestations of progressive motor neuronopathy in homozygous pmnl pmn mice become apparent in the hind limbs at the end of the third post-natal week and all the mice die up to 6 or 7 weeks after birth from respiratory paralysis. Treatment with CNTF prolongs- survival- and greatly Impoves motor function of these mice. Moreover, morphological manifestations, such as loss of motor axons in the phrenic nerve and degeneration of facial motor neurons, were greatly reduced by CNTF, although the treatment did not start until the first symptoms of the disease had already become apparent and substantial degenerative changes were already present. The protective and restorative effects of CNTF in this mouse mutant give new perspectives for the treatment of human degenerative motor neuron diseases with CNTF.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SendtnerArakawaStoecklietal.1991,
  author    = {Sendtner, Michael and Arakawa, Yoshihiro and St{\"o}ckli, Kurt A. and Kreutzberg, Georg W. and Thoenen, Hans},
  title     = {Effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on motoneuron survival},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33048},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {We have demonstrated that the extensive degeneration of motoneurons in the rat facial nucleus after transection of the facial nerve in newborn rats can be prevented by local ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) administration. CNTF differs distinctly from known neurotrophic molecules such as NGF, BDNF and NT-3 in both its molecular characteristics (CNTF is a cytosolic rather than a secretory molecule) and its broad spectrum of biological activities. CNTF is expressed selectively by Schwann cells and astrocytes of the peripheral and central nervous system, respectively, but not by target tissues of the great variety of CNTF -responsive neurons. CNTF mRNA is not detectable by Northern blot or PCR analysis during embryonic development and immediately after birth. However, during the second post-natal week, a more than 30-fold increase in CNTF mRNA and pro tein occurs in the sciatic nerve. Since the period of low CNTF levels in peripheral nerves coincides with that of high vulnerability of motoneurons (i.e. axonallesion results in degeneration of motoneuron cell bodies), insufficient availability of CNTF may be the reason for the rate of lesioninduced cell death of early post-natal motoneurons. Highly enriched embryonic chick motoneurons in culture are supported at survival rates higher than 60\% by CNTF, even in single cell cultures, indicating that CNTF acts directly on motoneurons. In contrast to CNTF, the members of the neurotrophin gene family (NGF, BDNF and NT-3) do not support the survival of motoneurons in culture. However, aFGF and bFGF show distinct survival activities which are additive to those of CNTF, resulting in the survival of virtually all motoneurons cultured in the presence of CNTF and bFGF.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SendtnerStoeckliCarrolletal.1992,
  author    = {Sendtner, Michael and St{\"o}ckli, Kurt A. and Carroll, Patrick and Kreutzberg, Georg W. and Thoenen, Hans},
  title     = {More on motor neurons},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42598},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaupmannSendtnerStoecklietal.1991,
  author    = {Kaupmann, Klemens and Sendtner, Michael and St{\"o}ckli, Kurt A. and Jockusch, Harald},
  title     = {The gene of ciliary neurotrophic factor (cntf) maps to murine chromosome 19 and its expression is not affected in the hereditary motoneuron disease 'wobbler' of the mouse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42626},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {The cDNA for ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a polypeptide involved in the survival of motoneurons in mammals, has recently been cloned (St{\"o}ckli et al., Nature, 342, 920 - 923, 1989; Lin et al. Science, 246, 1023 - 1025, 1989). We have now localized the corresponding gene Cntf to chromosome 19 in the mouse, using an interspecific cross between Mus spretus and Mus musculus domesticus. The latter was carrying the gene wobbler (wr) for spinal muscular atrophy. DNA was prepared from backcross individuals and typed for the segregation of species-specific Cntf restriction fragments in relation to DNA markers of known chromosomal location. The M.spretus allele of Cntf cosegregated with chromosome 19 markers and mapped closely to Ly-1, to a region of mouse chromosome 19 with conserved synteny to human chromosome 11q. Cntf is not linked to wr, and the expression of CNTF mRNA and protein appears close to normal in facial and sciatic nerves, of affected (wr/wr) mice, suggesting that motoneuron degeneration of wobbler mice has its origin in defects other than reduced CNTF expression.},
  language  = {en}
}