@misc{Fiala1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {Extrafloral nectaries versus ant-Homoptera mutualisms : a comment on Becerra and Venable},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32948},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Nektarium},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FialaFederleMaschwitzetal.1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Federle, W. and Maschwitz, U. and Azarae, Idris},
  title     = {The first myrmecophytic 2-partner-system in the genus Macaranga: The association between Macaranga puncticulata and a Componotus (Colobopsis) in Malaysia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55144},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Fiala1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {B{\"a}ume \& Ameisen : Partnerschaften im s{\"u}dostasiatischen Regenwald},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54741},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Baum},
  language  = {de}
}
@inproceedings{FialaMaschwitzTho1991,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Maschwitz, Ulrich and Tho, Yow Pong},
  title     = {The association between Macaranga trees and ants in South-east Asia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54752},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Macaranga},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{FialaMaschwitz1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Studies on the south east asian ant-plant association Crematogaster borneensis / Macaranga: adaptations of the ant partner.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32689},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {C. borneensis (Myrmicinae) lives in dose association with several myrmecophytic species of the South East Asian pioneer tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). The ants are adapted to the plants so dosely that they do not survive away from it. The only food they utilize is provided as food bodies by the plant and honeydew from specific scale insects kept inside the hollow internodes. The anatomy of the digestive tract is also adapted to life on the host plant: the crop is very sm all and can store only minute food quantities. C. borneensis exdusively colonizes certain Macaranga species. Queens as weIl as workers are able to recognize their host plant species, probably by chemical cues. Colony founding queens swarm throughout the year, mostly during darkness. There is strong competition among queens for host plants. Queens do not carry scale insects on their nuptial flight. Worker ants are active day and night. Most of them patrol and collect food bodies on the younger parts of the host plant. An important characteristic is their deaning behaviour, which results in removal of aIl foreign objects. Even though they are rather smalI, workers respond very aggressively to certain kinds of disturbance of the host plant. The ants attack most phytophagous insects and are especially effective in killing and removing smalI, softbodied herbivores (e.g. caterpillars). They do not possess a functional sting, but apply defensive secretion and-once biting an intruder-will not let go. Their effective alarm system results in a mass attack, which provides adequate defence for the colony and the host plant. A comparison with another Crematogaster species further illustrated the special adaptations of C. borneensis to its host plant.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FialaGrunskyMaschwitzetal.1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Grunsky, Harald and Maschwitz, Ulrich and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Diversity of ant-plant interactions: Protective efficacy in Macaranga species with different degrees of ant-association.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32905},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {The pioneer tree Macaranga in SE Asia has developed manyfold associations with ants. The genus comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative relationships to obligate myrmecophytes. Only myrmecophytic Macaranga offer nesting space for ants and are associated with a specific ant partner. The nonmyrmecophytic species are visited by a variety of different ant species which are attracted by extrafloral nectaries (EFN) and food bodies. Transitional Macaranga species like M. hosei are colonized later in their development due to their stem structure. Before the colonization by their specific Crematogaster partner the young plants are visited by different ant species attracted by EFN. These nectaries are reduced and food body production starts as soon as colonization becomes possible. We demonstrated earlier that obligate ant partners can protect their Macaranga plants against herbivore damage and vine cover. In this study we focused on nonspecific interactions and studied M. tanarius and M. hosei, representing a non-myrmecophyte and a transitional species respectively. In ant exclusion experiments both M. tanarius and M. hosei suffered significantly higher mean leaf damage than controls, 37\% versus 6\% in M. hosei, 16\% versus 7\% in M. tanarius. M. tanarius offers both EFN and food bodies so that tests for different effects of these two food rewards could be conducted. Plants with food bodies removed but with EFN remaining had the lowest mean increase of herbivore damage of all experimental groups. Main herbivores on M. hosei were mites and caterpillars. Many M. tanarius plants were infested by a shootborer. Both Macaranga species were visited by various ant species. Crematogaster spp. being the most abundant. We found no evidence for any specific relationships. The results of this study strongly support the hypothesis that non-specific, facultative associations with ants can be advantageous for Macaranga plants. Food bodies appear to have lower attractive value for opportunistic ants than EFN and may require a specific dietary adaptation. This is also indicated by the fact that food body production in the transitional M. hosei does not start before stem structure allows a colonization by the obligate Crematogaster species. M. hosei thus benefits from facultative association with a variety of ants until it produces its first domatia and can be colonized by its obligate mutualist.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FialaMaschwitz1992,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Food bodies and their significance for obligate ant-association in the tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32921},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {The production of extrafloral nectar and food bodies plays an important role in many tropical ant-plant mutualisms. In Malaysia, a close association exists between ants and some species of the pioneer tree genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaccac). Macaranga is a very diverse genus which exhibits all stages ofintcraction with ants, from facultative to obligatory associations. The ants nest inside the hollow inlcrnodes and reed mainly on food budies provided by the plants. Food body production had previously been reported only in myrrnecophytic Macaranga species, where it is usually coneentrated on protected parts or the plants such as recurved stipules. We found that non-myrmecophytic Macaranga species also produce food bodies on leaves and stems, where they are collected by a variety or ants. Levels of food body production differ between facultatively and obligatorily ant-associated species but also among the various non-myrmecophytes. This may he rdated to the degree of interaction with ants. Food body production starts at a younger age in the myrmccophytic species than in the transitional or non-myrmcccophytic Macaranga. Although food bodies of the non-inhabited Macaranga species are collected by a variety of ants, there is nu evidence of association with specific ant species. Our observations suggest that food bodies enhance the evolution of ant-plant interactions. Production of food bodies alone, however, does not appear to be the most important factor for the development of obligate myrmccopllytism in Macaranga.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaschwitzFialaSawetal.1994,
  author    = {Maschwitz, Ulich and Fiala, Brigitte and Saw, L. G. and Norma-Rashid, Yusoff and Idris, Azarae Haji},
  title     = {Ficus obscura var. borneensis (Moraceae), a new non-specific ant-plant from Malesia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42926},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Ficus obscura var. borneensis is a true myrmecophyte. It spontaneously forms cavities (domatia) in parts of its twigs which open by slits, These occur in the internodes and are usually not swollen. The domatia are inhabited by a variety of non-specific tree-living ants including Crematogaster spp., Cataulacus sp., Tetramorium sp., Cardio condyla sp. and Camponotus sp.. Additionally the plant providL a su~ar-containing secretion from extrafloral nectaries on the lower surfaces of the leaves. Examination of herbarium specimens of 37 other South-east Asian Ficus species did not reveal a single specimen with domatia.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeisingFiala1992,
  author    = {Weising, Kurt and Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {Botanische Eindr{\"u}cke vom Bako-Nationalpark / Sarawak},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42947},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MaschwitzFialaLeeetal.1989,
  author    = {Maschwitz, Ulich and Fiala, Brigitte and Lee, Ying Fah and Chey, Vun Khen and Tan, Fui Lian},
  title     = {New and little-known myrmecophytic associations from Bornean rain forests},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42957},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The woody climber Millettia niuewenhuisii (Fabaceae) and the shrub Myrmeconauclea strigosa (Rubiaceae) in Sabah, Borneo are associated with ants. The hollow stems of Millettia nieuwenhuisii are regularly inhabited by an aggressive Cladomyrma sp., which keeps pseudococcids inside the stem. On Myrmeconauclea strigosa the ants live in hollow internodal swellings near the end of the branches. In this plant many different ant species use the nesting space in an opportunistic manner.},
  language  = {en}
}