@article{FrantzFalcaoPiresBalligandetal.2018,
  author    = {Frantz, Stefan and Falcao-Pires, Ines and Balligand, Jean-Luc and Bauersachs, Johann and Brutsaert, Dirk and Ciccarelli, Michele and Dawson, Dana and de Windt, Leon J. and Giacca, Mauro and Hamdani, Nazha and Hilfiker-Kleiner, Denise and Hirsch, Emilio and Leite-Moreira, Adelino and Mayr, Manuel and Thum, Thomas and Tocchetti, Carlo G. and van der Velden, Jolanda and Varricchi, Gilda and Heymans, Stephane},
  title     = {The innate immune system in chronic cardiomyopathy: a European Society of Cardiology (ESC) scientific statement from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the ESC},
  series = {European Journal of Heart Failure},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {European Journal of Heart Failure},
  doi       = {10.1002/ejhf.1138},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229091},
  pages     = {445-459},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Activation of the immune system in heart failure (HF) has been recognized for over 20 years. Initially, experimental studies demonstrated a maladaptive role of the immune system. However, several phase III trials failed to show beneficial effects in HF with therapies directed against an immune activation. Preclinical studies today describe positive and negative effects of immune activation in HF. These different effects depend on timing and aetiology of HF. Therefore, herein we give a detailed review on immune mechanisms and their importance for the development of HF with a special focus on commonalities and differences between different forms of cardiomyopathies. The role of the immune system in ischaemic, hypertensive, diabetic, toxic, viral, genetic, peripartum, and autoimmune cardiomyopathy is discussed in depth. Overall, initial damage to the heart leads to disease specific activation of the immune system whereas in the chronic phase of HF overlapping mechanisms occur in different aetiologies.},
  language  = {en}
}