@article{HillmannWiedmannFraseretal.2015,
  author    = {Hillmann, Steffi and Wiedmann, Silke and Fraser, Alec and Baeza, Juan and Rudd, Anthony and Norrving, Bo and Asplund, Kjell and Niewada, Maciej and Dennis, Martin and Hermanek, Peter and Wolfe, Charles D. A. and Heuschmann, Peter U.},
  title     = {Temporal changes in the quality of acute stroke care in five national audits across Europe},
  series = {BioMed Research International},
  volume    = {2015},
  journal   = {BioMed Research International},
  number    = {432497},
  doi       = {10.1155/2015/432497},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149059},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Background. Data on potential variations in delivery of appropriate stroke care over time are scarce. We investigated temporal changes in the quality of acute hospital stroke care across five national audits in Europe over a period of six years. Methods. Data were derived from national stroke audits in Germany, Poland, Scotland, Sweden, and England/Wales/Northern Ireland participating within the European Implementation Score (EIS) collaboration. Temporal changes in predefined quality indicators with comparable information between the audits were investigated. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate adherence to quality indicators over time. Results. Between 2004 and 2009, individual data from 542,112 patients treated in 538 centers participating continuously over the study period were included. In most audits, the proportions of patients who were treated on a SU, were screened for dysphagia, and received thrombolytic treatment increased over time and ranged from 2-fold to almost 4-fold increase in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy in 2009 compared to 2004. Conclusions. A general trend towards a better quality of stroke care defined by standardized quality indicators was observed over time. The association between introducing a specific measure and higher adherence over time might indicate that monitoring of stroke care performance contributes to improving quality of care.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WiedmannHeuschmannHillmannetal.2014,
  author    = {Wiedmann, Silke and Heuschmann, Peter U. and Hillmann, Steffi and Busse, Otto and Wiethoelter, Horst and Walter, Georg M. and Seidel, Guenter and Misselwitz, Bjoern and Janssen, Alfred and Berger, Klaus and Burmeister, Christoph and Matthias, Christine and Kolominsky-Rabas, Peter and Hermanek, Peter},
  title     = {The Quality of Acute Stroke Care-an Analysis of Evidence-Based Indicators in 260 000 Patients},
  series = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt International},
  volume    = {111},
  journal   = {Deutsches {\"A}rzteblatt International},
  number    = {45},
  issn      = {1866-0452},
  doi       = {10.3238/arztebl.2014.0759},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114747},
  pages     = {759-765},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Stroke patients should be cared for in accordance with evidence-based guidelines. The extent of implementation of guidelines for the acute care of stroke patients in Germany has been unclear to date. Methods: The regional quality assurance projects that cooperate in the framework of the German Stroke Registers Study Group (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Schlaganfall-Register, ADSR) collected data on the care of stroke patients in 627 hospitals in 2012. The quality of the acute hospital care of patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) was assessed on the basis of 15 standardized, evidence-based quality indicators and compared across the nine participating regional quality assurance projects. Results: Data were obtained on more than 260 000 patients nationwide. Intravenous thrombolysis was performed in 59.7\% of eligible ischemic stroke patients patients (range among participating projects, 49.7-63.6\%). Dysphagia screening was documented in 86.2\% (range, 74.8-93.1\%). For the following indicators, the defined targets were not reached for all of Germany: antiaggregation within 48 hours, 93.4\% (range, 86.6-96.4\%); anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, 77.6\% (range, 72.4-80.1\%); standardized dysphagia screening, 86.2\% (range, 74.8-93.1\%); oral and written information of the patients or their relatives, 86.1\% (range, 75.4-91.5\%). The rate of patients examined or treated by a speech therapist was in the target range. Conclusion: The defined targets were reached for most of the quality indicators. Some indicators, however, varied widely across regional quality assurance projects. This implies that the standardization of care for stroke patients in Germany has not yet been fully achieved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GabrielJirůHillmannKraftetal.2020,
  author    = {Gabriel, Katharina M. A. and J{\´i}rů-Hillmann, Steffi and Kraft, Peter and Selig, Udo and R{\"u}cker, Victoria and M{\"u}hler, Johannes and D{\"o}tter, Klaus and Keidel, Matthias and Soda, Hassan and Rascher, Alexandra and Schneider, Rolf and Pfau, Mathias and Hoffmann, Roy and Stenzel, Joachim and Benghebrid, Mohamed and Goebel, Tobias and Doerck, Sebastian and Kramer, Daniela and Haeusler, Karl Georg and Volkmann, Jens and Heuschmann, Peter U. and Fluri, Felix},
  title     = {Two years' experience of implementing a comprehensive telemedical stroke network comprising in mainly rural region: the Transregional Network for Stroke Intervention with Telemedicine (TRANSIT-Stroke)},
  series = {BMC Neurology},
  volume    = {20},
  journal   = {BMC Neurology},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12883-020-01676-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229214},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background Telemedicine improves the quality of acute stroke care in rural regions with limited access to specialized stroke care. We report the first 2 years' experience of implementing a comprehensive telemedical stroke network comprising all levels of stroke care in a defined region. Methods The TRANSIT-Stroke network covers a mainly rural region in north-western Bavaria (Germany). All hospitals providing acute stroke care in this region participate in TRANSIT-Stroke, including four hospitals with a supra-regional certified stroke unit (SU) care (level III), three of those providing teleconsultation to two hospitals with a regional certified SU (level II) and five hospitals without specialized SU care (level I). For a two-year-period (01/2015 to 12/2016), data of eight of these hospitals were available; 13 evidence-based quality indicators (QIs) related to processes during hospitalisation were evaluated quarterly and compared according to predefined target values between level-I- and level-II/III-hospitals. Results Overall, 7881 patients were included (mean age 74.6 years +/- 12.8; 48.4\% female). In level-II/III-hospitals adherence of all QIs to predefined targets was high ab initio. In level-I-hospitals, three patterns of QI-development were observed: a) high adherence ab initio (31\%), mainly in secondary stroke prevention; b) improvement over time (44\%), predominantly related to stroke specific diagnosis and in-hospital organization; c) no clear time trends (25\%). Overall, 10 out of 13 QIs reached predefined target values of quality of care at the end of the observation period. Conclusion The implementation of the comprehensive TRANSIT-Stroke network resulted in an improvement of quality of care in level-I-hospitals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{JiruHillmann2022,
  author    = {Jir{\`u}-Hillmann, Steffi},
  title     = {Schlaganfallversorgung: Europ{\"a}ische, deutsche und regionale Perspektiven},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-26144},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261445},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre wurden nationale und regionale Schlaganfallregister in Europa etabliert, die Auskunft {\"u}ber die Versorgungsqualit{\"a}t von Schlaganfallpatienten geben. Bislang lagen nur wenige Daten zu zeitlichen Trends der akuten Schlaganfallversorgung vor. Diese sind jedoch essentiell, um beispielsweise Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen der Einf{\"u}hrung potentiell qualit{\"a}tsverbessernder Maßnahmen und der Entwicklung der Versorgungsqualit{\"a}t feststellen zu k{\"o}nnen. Die Behandlung von Schlaganfallpatienten auf Stroke Units ist aufgrund der eindeutigen Evidenz aus randomisierten- und Beobachtungsstudien zum Standard geworden. Bislang war unklar, ob demografische und klinische Charakteristika die direkte Aufnahme auf eine Stroke Unit beeinflussen. Zudem war nicht bekannt, ob und wenn ja, in welchem Ausmaß strukturelle Kriterien und der Anteil der Patienten, der auf eine Stroke Unit aufgenommen wurde, die Qualit{\"a}t der Stroke Unit Versorgung beeinflussen. Im Anschluss an die Akutbehandlung im Krankenhaus bzw. nach geeigneten Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen {\"u}bernehmen pflegende Angeh{\"o}rige h{\"a}ufig die Versorgung der Schlaganfallpatienten im h{\"a}uslichen Umfeld. Die aktuelle Situation der pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen von Schlaganfallpatienten in Deutschland ist bisher jedoch nur unzureichend evaluiert. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden zun{\"a}chst im Rahmen des „European Implementation Score"-Projektes zeitliche Trends der Qualit{\"a}t der akuten Schlaganfallversorgung in f{\"u}nf nationalen europ{\"a}ischen Schlaganfallregistern aus Deutschland, England/Wales/Nordirland, Polen, Schottland und Schweden nach zuvor definierten evidenzbasierten Qualit{\"a}tsindikatoren berechnet. Im zweiten Schritt wurde anhand von Daten der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Schlaganfall Register (ADSR) evaluiert, ob demografische und klinische Patientencharakteristika die direkte Aufnahme auf eine Stroke Unit in Deutschland beeinflussen. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss struktureller Charakteristika auf die Erf{\"u}llung von 11 evidenzbasierter Qualit{\"a}tsindikatoren in Krankenh{\"a}usern, die {\"u}ber eine regionale oder {\"u}berregionale Stroke Unit verf{\"u}gen, untersucht. Abschließend wurden im Rahmen des regionalen Telemedizinnetzwerkes TRANSIT-Stroke demografische und klinische Charakteristika von Schlaganfallpatienten, die 3 Monate nach dem Schlaganfall mit dem Erhalt von Pflege durch einen Angeh{\"o}rigen assoziiert waren, identifiziert. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden mit standardisierten Erhebungsinstrumenten positive und negative Erfahrungen der Pflege eines Schlaganfallpatienten sowie die selbsteingesch{\"a}tzte Belastung (deutsche Version des Caregiver Reaction Assessment und Self-Rated Burden Scale) ausgewertet sowie Faktoren, die mit den Pflegeerfahrungen und Belastungen assoziiert sind, evaluiert. Auf europ{\"a}ischer Ebene konnten wir einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Einf{\"u}hrung eines neuen Qualit{\"a}tsindikators und der Verbesserung der Qualit{\"a}t beobachten. Dies galt insbesondere f{\"u}r die erstmalige Einf{\"u}hrung des Qualit{\"a}tsindikators Dysphagiescreening im deutschen -(2006) und schwedischen Schlaganfallregister (2007). Somit gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass das Monitoring der Qualit{\"a}t der Schlaganfallversorgung zu Qualit{\"a}tsverbesserungen bzw. auch zu einer vollst{\"a}ndigeren Dokumentation f{\"u}hrt. Insgesamt konnten wir ein qualitativ hohes Niveau der akuten Schlaganfallversorgung auf Stroke Units in Deutschland gem{\"a}ß evidenzbasierter Qualit{\"a}tsindikatoren feststellen. Patienten mit einem isch{\"a}mischen Schlaganfall, die am Wochenende aufgenommen wurden (p<0,0001), innerhalb von 3 Stunden nach Symptombeginn im Krankenhaus aufgenommen wurden (p<0,0001), hypertensiv waren (p<0,0001), unter einer Hyperlipid{\"a}mie (p<0,0001) litten, wurden mit einer h{\"o}heren Wahrscheinlichkeit auf einer Stroke Unit aufgenommen. Dagegen hatten Patienten mit einem schwereren Schlaganfall (NIHSS>15) eine geringere Chance, auf einer Stroke Unit aufgenommen zu werden (p<0,0001). Der Einfluss struktureller Charakteristika auf die Qualit{\"a}t der Stroke Unit Versorgung war gering. Eine Verbesserung der Qualit{\"a}t k{\"o}nnte noch durch einen h{\"o}heren Anteil der auf einer Stroke Unit aufgenommenen Patienten erreicht werden. Im Rahmen der Nachbefragung von Patienten im regionalen Telemedizinnetzwerk TRANSIT-Stroke stellten Frauen mit 70,1\% den gr{\"o}ßten Anteil der pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen dar. 74,4\% der pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen war {\"a}lter als 55 Jahre. In univariablen und multivariablen logistischen Regressionsanalysen waren ein hohes Alter, ein niedriger Barthel-Index bei Entlassung sowie das Vorliegen von Diabetes signifikant mit einer h{\"o}heren Wahrscheinlichkeit assoziiert, Pflege von einem Angeh{\"o}rigen zu erhalten. Der Großteil der pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen m{\"o}chte den Angeh{\"o}rigen pflegen und ist gleichzeitig dem Risiko gesundheitlicher Probleme ausgesetzt. Circa ein F{\"u}nftel der pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen berichtete finanzielle Belastungen aufgrund der Pflegesituation. Depressive Symptome der Patienten waren mit einer h{\"o}heren Belastung der pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen hinsichtlich der selbsteingesch{\"a}tzten Belastung und den positiven und negativen Erfahrungen assoziiert. J{\"u}ngere, m{\"a}nnliche Schlaganfallpatienten, mit einem milderen Schlaganfall, die mit einer Partnerin oder Ehepartnerin zusammenleben, scheinen sich oft nicht bewusst zu sein, dass sie Pflege erhalten. M{\"o}glich ist hier, dass sie die Unterst{\"u}tzung und Pflege als „normal" betrachten, w{\"a}hrend der Partner bzw. die Partnerin dies als tats{\"a}chliche Pflege wertet. Schlaganfallregister eignen sich, um die Qualit{\"a}t der Akutversorgung im Zeitverlauf zu monitorieren und Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen der Einf{\"u}hrung potentiell qualit{\"a}tsverbessernder Maßnahmen und der tats{\"a}chlichen Qualit{\"a}t darstellen zu k{\"o}nnen. Die Qualit{\"a}t der Stroke Unit Versorgung in Deutschland ist auf einem hohen Niveau. Eine Verbesserung der Qualit{\"a}t k{\"o}nnte noch durch einen h{\"o}heren Anteil der auf einer Stroke Unit aufgenommenen Patienten erreicht werden. Ein Großteil der Schlaganfallpatienten lebt im Anschluss an die Akutversorgung im h{\"a}uslichen Umfeld, in dem pflegende Angeh{\"o}rige eine wichtige Rolle bei der Versorgung spielen. Pflegenden Angeh{\"o}rigen ist ihre Aufgabe wichtig, sind jedoch aufgrund der Pflege zugleich Belastungen hinsichtlich ihrer Gesundheit, der Gestaltung ihres t{\"a}glichen Zeitplans und der Finanzen ausgesetzt.},
  subject      = {Schlaganfall},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HillmannWiedmannRueckeretal.2017,
  author    = {Hillmann, Steffi and Wiedmann, Silke and R{\"u}cker, Viktoria and Berger, Klaus and Nabavi, Darius and Bruder, Ingo and Koennecke, Hans-Christian and Seidel, G{\"u}nter and Misselwitz, Bj{\"o}rn and Janssen, Alfred and Burmeister, Christoph and Matthis, Christine and Busse, Otto and Hermanek, Peter and Heuschmann, Peter Ulrich},
  title     = {Stroke unit care in Germany: the German stroke registers study group (ADSR)},
  series = {BMC Neurology},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {BMC Neurology},
  number    = {49},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12883-017-0819-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159447},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: Factors influencing access to stroke unit (SU) care and data on quality of SU care in Germany are scarce. We investigated characteristics of patients directly admitted to a SU as well as patient-related and structural factors influencing adherence to predefined indicators of quality of acute stroke care across hospitals providing SU care. Methods: Data were derived from the German Stroke Registers Study Group (ADSR), a voluntary network of 9 regional registers for monitoring quality of acute stroke care in Germany. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate characteristics influencing direct admission to SU. Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) were used to estimate the influence of structural hospital characteristics (percentage of patients admitted to SU, year of SU-certification, and number of stroke and TIA patients treated per year) on adherence to predefined quality indicators. Results: In 2012 180,887 patients were treated in 255 hospitals providing certified SU care participating within the ADSR were included in the analysis; of those 82.4\% were directly admitted to a SU. Ischemic stroke patients without disturbances of consciousness (p < .0001), an interval onset to admission time ≤3 h (p < .0001), and weekend admission (p < .0001) were more likely to be directly admitted to a SU. A higher proportion of quality indicators within predefined target ranges were achieved in hospitals with a higher proportion of SU admission (p = 0.0002). Quality of stroke care could be maintained even if certification was several years ago. Conclusions: Differences in demographical and clinical characteristics regarding the probability of SU admission were observed. The influence of structural characteristics on adherence to evidence-based quality indicators was low.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JirůHillmannGabrielSchuleretal.2022,
  author    = {J{\´i}rů-Hillmann, Steffi and Gabriel, Katharina M. A. and Schuler, Michael and Wiedmann, Silke and M{\"u}hler, Johannes and D{\"o}tter, Klaus and Soda, Hassan and Rascher, Alexandra and Benesch, Sonka and Kraft, Peter and Pfau, Mathias and Stenzel, Joachim and von Nippold, Karin and Benghebrid, Mohamed and Schulte, Kerstin and Meinck, Ralf and Volkmann, Jens and Haeusler, Karl Georg and Heuschmann, Peter U.},
  title     = {Experiences of family caregivers 3-months after stroke: results of the prospective trans-regional network for stroke intervention with telemedicine registry (TRANSIT-Stroke)},
  series = {BMC Geriatrics},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {BMC Geriatrics},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12877-022-02919-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313330},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background Long-term support of stroke patients living at home is often delivered by family caregivers (FC). We identified characteristics of stroke patients being associated with receiving care by a FC 3-months (3 M) after stroke, assessed positive and negative experiences and individual burden of FC caring for stroke patients and determined factors associated with caregiving experiences and burden of FC 3 M after stroke. Methods Data were collected within TRANSIT-Stroke, a regional telemedical stroke-network comprising 12 hospitals in Germany. Patients with stroke/TIA providing informed consent were followed up 3 M after the index event. The postal patient-questionnaire was accompanied by an anonymous questionnaire for FC comprising information on positive and negative experiences of FC as well as on burden of caregiving operationalized by the Caregiver Reaction Assessment and a self-rated burden-scale, respectively. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. Results Between 01/2016 and 06/2019, 3532 patients provided baseline and 3 M-follow-up- data and 1044 FC responded to questionnaires regarding positive and negative caregiving experiences and caregiving burden. 74.4\% of FC were older than 55 years, 70.1\% were women and 67.5\% were spouses. Older age, diabetes and lower Barthel-Index in patients were significantly associated with a higher probability of receiving care by a FC at 3 M. Positive experiences of FC comprised the importance (81.5\%) and the privilege (70.0\%) of caring for their relative; negative experiences of FC included financial difficulties associated with caregiving (20.4\%). Median overall self-rated burden was 30 (IQR: 0-50; range 0-100). Older age of stroke patients was associated with a lower caregiver burden, whereas younger age of FC led to higher burden. More than half of the stroke patients in whom a FC questionnaire was completed did self-report that they are not being cared by a FC. This stroke patient group tended to be younger, more often male with less severe stroke and less comorbidities who lived more often with a partner. Conclusions The majority of caregivers wanted to care for their relatives but experienced burden at the same time. Elderly patients, patients with a lower Barthel Index at discharge and diabetes are at higher risk of needing care by a family caregiver. Trial registration The study was registered at "German Clinical Trial Register": DRKS00011696. https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML\&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00011696},
  language  = {en}
}