@article{WeiseBasseLuesebrinkKleinschnitzetal.2011,
  author    = {Weise, Gesa and Basse-L{\"u}sebrink, Thomas C. and Kleinschnitz, Christoph and Kampf, Thomas and Jakob, Peter M. and Stoll, Guido},
  title     = {In Vivo Imaging of Stepwise Vessel Occlusion in Cerebral Photothrombosis of Mice by \(^{19}\)F MRI},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {12},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0028143},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137792},
  pages     = {e28143},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background \(^{19}\)F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was recently introduced as a promising technique for in vivo cell tracking. In the present study we compared \(^{19}\)F MRI with iron-enhanced MRI in mice with photothrombosis (PT) at 7 Tesla. PT represents a model of focal cerebral ischemia exhibiting acute vessel occlusion and delayed neuroinflammation. Methods/Principal Findings Perfluorocarbons (PFC) or superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO) were injected intravenously at different time points after photothrombotic infarction. While administration of PFC directly after PT induction led to a strong \(^{19}\)F signal throughout the entire lesion, two hours delayed application resulted in a rim-like \(^{19}\)F signal at the outer edge of the lesion. These findings closely resembled the distribution of signal loss on T2-weighted MRI seen after SPIO injection reflecting intravascular accumulation of iron particles trapped in vessel thrombi as confirmed histologically. By sequential administration of two chemically shifted PFC compounds 0 and 2 hours after illumination the different spatial distribution of the \(^{19}\)F markers (infarct core/rim) could be visualized in the same animal. When PFC were applied at day 6 the fluorine marker was only detected after long acquisition times ex vivo. SPIO-enhanced MRI showed slight signal loss in vivo which was much more prominent ex vivo indicative for neuroinflammation at this late lesion stage. Conclusion Our study shows that vessel occlusion can be followed in vivo by \(^{19}\)F and SPIO-enhanced high-field MRI while in vivo imaging of neuroinflammation remains challenging. The timing of contrast agent application was the major determinant of the underlying processes depicted by both imaging techniques. Importantly, sequential application of different PFC compounds allowed depiction of ongoing vessel occlusion from the core to the margin of the ischemic lesions in a single MRI measurement.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeibelBasseLuesebrinkHessetal.2013,
  author    = {Weibel, Stephanie and Basse-Luesebrink, Thomas Christian and Hess, Michael and Hofmann, Elisabeth and Seubert, Carolin and Langbein-Laugwitz, Johanna and Gentschev, Ivaylo and Sturm, Volker J{\"o}rg Friedrich and Ye, Yuxiang and Kampf, Thomas and Jakob, Peter Michael and Szalay, Aladar A.},
  title     = {Imaging of Intratumoral Inflammation during Oncolytic Virotherapy of Tumors by \(^{19}\)F-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0056317},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130311},
  pages     = {e56317},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background Oncolytic virotherapy of tumors is an up-coming, promising therapeutic modality of cancer therapy. Unfortunately, non-invasive techniques to evaluate the inflammatory host response to treatment are rare. Here, we evaluate \(^{19}\)F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which enables the non-invasive visualization of inflammatory processes in pathological conditions by the use of perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions (PFC) for monitoring of oncolytic virotherapy. Methodology/Principal Findings The Vaccinia virus strain GLV-1h68 was used as an oncolytic agent for the treatment of different tumor models. Systemic application of PFC emulsions followed by \(^1H\)/\(^{19}\)F MRI of mock-infected and GLV-1h68-infected tumor-bearing mice revealed a significant accumulation of the \(^{19}\)F signal in the tumor rim of virus-treated mice. Histological examination of tumors confirmed a similar spatial distribution of the \(^{19}\)F signal hot spots and \(CD68^+\)-macrophages. Thereby, the \(CD68^+\)-macrophages encapsulate the GFP-positive viral infection foci. In multiple tumor models, we specifically visualized early inflammatory cell recruitment in Vaccinia virus colonized tumors. Furthermore, we documented that the \(^{19}\)F signal correlated with the extent of viral spreading within tumors. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest \(^{19}\)F MRI as a non-invasive methodology to document the tumor-associated host immune response as well as the extent of intratumoral viral replication. Thus, \(^{19}\)F MRI represents a new platform to non-invasively investigate the role of the host immune response for therapeutic outcome of oncolytic virotherapy and individual patient response.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VogelRueckertFriedrichetal.2022,
  author    = {Vogel, Patrick and R{\"u}ckert, Martin Andreas and Friedrich, Bernhard and Tietze, Rainer and Lyer, Stefan and Kampf, Thomas and Hennig, Thomas and D{\"o}lken, Lars and Alexiou, Christoph and Behr, Volker Christian},
  title     = {Critical Offset Magnetic PArticle SpectroScopy for rapid and highly sensitive medical point-of-care diagnostics},
  series = {Nature Communications},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Nature Communications},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41467-022-34941-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300893},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been adapted for many applications, e.g., bioassays for the detection of biomarkers such as antibodies, by controlled engineering of specific surface properties. Specific measurement of such binding states is of high interest but currently limited to highly sensitive techniques such as ELISA or flow cytometry, which are relatively inflexible, difficult to handle, expensive and time-consuming. Here we report a method named COMPASS (Critical-Offset-Magnetic-Particle-SpectroScopy), which is based on a critical offset magnetic field, enabling sensitive detection to minimal changes in mobility of MNP ensembles, e.g., resulting from SARS-CoV-2 antibodies binding to the S antigen on the surface of functionalized MNPs. With a sensitivity of 0.33 fmole/50 µl (≙7 pM) for SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies, measured with a low-cost portable COMPASS device, the proposed technique is competitive with respect to sensitivity while providing flexibility, robustness, and a measurement time of seconds per sample. In addition, initial results with blood serum demonstrate high specificity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KurzKampfBuschleetal.2015,
  author    = {Kurz, Felix T. and Kampf, Thomas and Buschle, Lukas R. and Schlemmer, Heinz-Peter and Heiland, Sabine and Bendszus, Martin and Ziener, Christian H.},
  title     = {Microstructural Analysis of Peripheral Lung Tissue through CPMG Inter-Echo Time R2 Dispersion},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0141894},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-138345},
  pages     = {e0141894},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Since changes in lung microstructure are important indicators for (early stage) lung pathology, there is a need for quantifiable information of diagnostically challenging cases in a clinical setting, e.g. to evaluate early emphysematous changes in peripheral lung tissue. Considering alveoli as spherical air-spaces surrounded by a thin film of lung tissue allows deriving an expression for Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill transverse relaxation rates R-2 with a dependence on inter-echo time, local air-tissue volume fraction, diffusion coefficient and alveolar diameter, within a weak field approximation. The model relaxation rate exhibits the same hyperbolic tangent dependency as seen in the Luz-Meiboom model and limiting cases agree with Brooks et al. and Jensen et al. In addition, the model is tested against experimental data for passively deflated rat lungs: the resulting mean alveolar radius of RA = 31.46 \(\pm\) 13.15 \(\mu\)m is very close to the literature value (similar to 34 \(\mu\)m). Also, modeled radii obtained from relaxometer measurements of ageing hydrogel foam (that mimics peripheral lung tissue) are in good agreement with those obtained from mu CT images of the same foam (mean relative error: 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01). The model's ability to determine the alveolar radius and/or air volume fraction will be useful in quantifying peripheral lung microstructure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WinterKampfHelluyetal.2013,
  author    = {Winter, Patrick and Kampf, Thomas and Helluy, Xavier and Gutjahr, Fabian T. and Meyer, Cord B. and Rommel, Eberhard and Bauer, Wolfgang R. and Jakob, Peter M. and Herold, Volker},
  title     = {Fast retrospectively triggered local pulse-wave velocity measurements in mice with CMR-microscopy using a radial trajectory},
  series = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  journal   = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  doi       = {10.1186/1532-429X-15-88},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96602},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background The aortic pulse-wave velocity (PWV) is an important indicator of cardiovascular risk. In recent studies MRI methods have been developed to measure this parameter noninvasively in mice. Present techniques require additional hardware for cardiac and respiratory gating. In this work a robust self-gated measurement of the local PWV in mice without the need of triggering probes is proposed. Methods The local PWV of 6-months-old wild-type C57BL/6J mice (n=6) was measured in the abdominal aorta with a retrospectively triggered radial Phase Contrast (PC) MR sequence using the flow-area (QA) method. A navigator signal was extracted from the CMR data of highly asymmetric radial projections with short repetition time (TR=3 ms) and post-processed with high-pass and low-pass filters for retrospective cardiac and respiratory gating. The self-gating signal was used for a reconstruction of high-resolution Cine frames of the aortic motion. To assess the local PWV the volume flow Q and the cross-sectional area A of the aorta were determined. The results were compared with the values measured with a triggered Cartesian and an undersampled triggered radial PC-Cine sequence. Results In all examined animals a self-gating signal could be extracted and used for retrospective breath-gating and PC-Cine reconstruction. With the non-triggered measurement PWV values of 2.3±0.2 m/s were determined. These values are in agreement with those measured with the triggered Cartesian (2.4±0.2 m/s) and the triggered radial (2.3±0.2 m/s) measurement. Due to the strong robustness of the radial trajectory against undersampling an acceleration of more than two relative to the prospectively triggered Cartesian sampling could be achieved with the retrospective method. Conclusion With the radial flow-encoding sequence the extraction of a self-gating signal is feasible. The retrospective method enables a robust and fast measurement of the local PWV without the need of additional trigger hardware.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HorvatVogelKampfetal.2020,
  author    = {Horvat, Sonja and Vogel, Patrick and Kampf, Thomas and Brandl, Andreas and Alshamsan, Aws and Alhadlaq, Hisham A. and Ahamed, Maqusood and Albrecht, Krystyna and Behr, Volker C. and Beilhack, Andreas and Groll, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Crosslinked Coating Improves the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)},
  series = {ChemNanoMat},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {ChemNanoMat},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1002/cnma.202000009},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214718},
  pages     = {755 -- 758},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Magnetic particle imaging is an emerging tomographic method used for evaluation of the spatial distribution of iron-oxide nanoparticles. In this work, the effect of the polymer coating on the response of particles was studied. Particles with covalently crosslinked coating showed improved signal and image resolution.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AsterEvdokimovBraunetal.2022,
  author    = {Aster, Hans-Christoph and Evdokimov, Dimitar and Braun, Alexandra and {\"U}{\c{c}}eyler, Nurcan and Kampf, Thomas and Pham, Mirko and Homola, Gy{\"o}rgy A. and Sommer, Claudia},
  title     = {CNS imaging characteristics in fibromyalgia patients with and without peripheral nerve involvement},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-022-10489-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300562},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We tested the hypothesis that reduced skin innervation in fibromyalgia syndrome is associated with specific CNS changes. This prospective case-control study included 43 women diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome and 40 healthy controls. We further compared the fibromyalgia subgroups with reduced (n = 21) and normal (n = 22) skin innervation. Brains were analysed for cortical volume, for white matter integrity, and for functional connectivity. Compared to controls, cortical thickness was decreased in regions of the frontal, temporal and parietal cortex in the fibromyalgia group as a whole, and decreased in the bilateral pericalcarine cortices in the fibromyalgia subgroup with reduced skin innervation. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed a significant increase in fractional anisotropy in the corona radiata, the corpus callosum, cingulum and fornix in patients with fibromyalgia compared to healthy controls and decreased FA in parts of the internal capsule and thalamic radiation in the subgroup with reduced skin innervation. Using resting-state fMRI, the fibromyalgia group as a whole showed functional hypoconnectivity between the right midfrontal gyrus and the posterior cerebellum and the right crus cerebellum, respectively. The subgroup with reduced skin innervation showed hyperconnectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus, the angular gyrus and the posterior parietal gyrus. Our results suggest that the subgroup of fibromyalgia patients with pronounced pathology in the peripheral nervous system shows alterations in morphology, structural and functional connectivity also at the level of the encephalon. We propose considering these subgroups when conducting clinical trials.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZienerKurzBuschleetal.2015,
  author    = {Ziener, Christian H. and Kurz, Felix T. and Buschle, Lukas R. and Kampf, Thomas},
  title     = {Orthogonality, Lommel integrals and cross product zeros of linear combinations of Bessel functions},
  series = {SpringerPlus},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {SpringerPlus},
  number    = {390},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40064-015-1142-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151432},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The cylindrical Bessel differential equation and the spherical Bessel differential equation in the interval R\(\leq\)r\(\leq\)\(\gamma\)R with Neumann boundary conditions are considered. The eigenfunctions are linear combinations of the Bessel function \(\Phi\)\(_{n,ν}\)(r) = Y'\(_{ν}\) (\(\lambda\)\(_{n,ν}\))J\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{n,ν}\) r/R) - J'\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{n,ν}\))Y\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{n,ν}\)r/R) or linear combinations of the spherical Bessel functions \(\psi\)\(_{m,ν}\)(r) = y'\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{m,ν}\))j\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{m,ν}\)r/R) - j'\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{m,ν}\))y\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{m,ν}\)r/R). The orthogonality relations with analytical expressions for the normalization constant are given. Explicit expressions for the Lommel integrals in terms of Lommel functions are derived. The cross product zeros Y'\(_{ν}\)\(\lambda\)\(_{n,ν}\))J'\(_{ν}\)(\(\gamma\)\(\lambda\)\(_{n,ν}\))- J'\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{n,ν}\))Y'\(_{ν}\)(\(\gamma\)\(\lambda\)\(_{n,ν}\)) = 0 and y'\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{m,ν}\))j'\(_{ν}\)(\(\gamma\)\(\lambda\)\(_{m,ν}\)) - j'\(_{ν}\)(\(\lambda\)\(_{m,ν}\))y'\(_{ν}\)(\(\gamma\)\(\lambda\)\(_{m,ν}\)) = 0 are considered in the complex plane for real as well as complex values of the index ν and approximations for the exceptional zero \(\lambda\)\(_{1,ν}\) are obtained. A numerical scheme based on the discretization of the twodimensional and three-dimensional Laplace operator with Neumann boundary conditions is presented. Explicit representations of the radial part of the Laplace operator in form of a tridiagonal matrix allow the simple computation of the cross product zeros.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WinterAndelovicKampfetal.2021,
  author    = {Winter, Patrick M. and Andelovic, Kristina and Kampf, Thomas and Hansmann, Jan and Jakob, Peter Michael and Bauer, Wolfgang Rudolf and Zernecke, Alma and Herold, Volker},
  title     = {Simultaneous measurements of 3D wall shear stress and pulse wave velocity in the murine aortic arch},
  series = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12968-021-00725-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259152},
  pages     = {34},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Purpose Wall shear stress (WSS) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) are important parameters to characterize blood flow in the vessel wall. Their quantification with flow-sensitive phase-contrast (PC) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), however, is time-consuming. Furthermore, the measurement of WSS requires high spatial resolution, whereas high temporal resolution is necessary for PWV measurements. For these reasons, PWV and WSS are challenging to measure in one CMR session, making it difficult to directly compare these parameters. By using a retrospective approach with a flexible reconstruction framework, we here aimed to simultaneously assess both PWV and WSS in the murine aortic arch from the same 4D flow measurement. Methods Flow was measured in the aortic arch of 18-week-old wildtype (n = 5) and ApoE\(^{-/-}\) mice (n = 5) with a self-navigated radial 4D-PC-CMR sequence. Retrospective data analysis was used to reconstruct the same dataset either at low spatial and high temporal resolution (PWV analysis) or high spatial and low temporal resolution (WSS analysis). To assess WSS, the aortic lumen was labeled by semi-automatically segmenting the reconstruction with high spatial resolution. WSS was determined from the spatial velocity gradients at the lumen surface. For calculation of the PWV, segmentation data was interpolated along the temporal dimension. Subsequently, PWV was quantified from the through-plane flow data using the multiple-points transit-time method. Reconstructions with varying frame rates and spatial resolutions were performed to investigate the influence of spatiotemporal resolution on the PWV and WSS quantification. Results 4D flow measurements were conducted in an acquisition time of only 35 min. Increased peak flow and peak WSS values and lower errors in PWV estimation were observed in the reconstructions with high temporal resolution. Aortic PWV was significantly increased in ApoE\(^{-/-}\) mice compared to the control group (1.7 ± 0.2 versus 2.6 ± 0.2 m/s, p < 0.001). Mean WSS magnitude values averaged over the aortic arch were (1.17 ± 0.07) N/m\(^2\) in wildtype mice and (1.27 ± 0.10) N/m\(^2\) in ApoE\(^{-/-}\) mice. Conclusion The post processing algorithm using the flexible reconstruction framework developed in this study permitted quantification of global PWV and 3D-WSS in a single acquisition. The possibility to assess both parameters in only 35 min will markedly improve the analyses and information content of in vivo measurements.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kampf2018,
  author    = {Kampf, Thomas},
  title     = {Quantifizierung myokardialer Mikrostruktur und Perfusion mittels longitudinaler NMR Relaxation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-174261},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Ziel der Arbeit war es die Quantifizierung funktioneller bzw. mikrostruktureller Parameter des Herzmuskels mit Hilfe T1-basierter Methoden zu verbessern. Diese Methoden basieren darauf, die gew{\"u}nschte Information durch eine geeignete Pr{\"a}paration der Magnetisierung bzw. durch die Gabe von Kontrastmittel in den Zeitverlauf der longitudinalen Relaxation zu kodieren. Aus der {\"A}nderung der Relaxationszeit l{\"a}ßt sich dann die gew{\"u}nschte Information bestimmen. Daf{\"u}r sollte sowohl der Einfluß der Anatomie als auch derjenige der Meßmethodik auf die Bestimmung der longitudinalen Relaxationszeit und damit auf die Quantifizierung der Funktion bzw. Mikrostrukturparameter untersucht werden. Speziell der Einfluß der Bildgebungssequenz f{\"u}hrt dazu, daß nur eine scheinbare Relaxationszeit gemessen wird. W{\"a}hrend dies keinen Einfluß auf die T1-basierte Bestimmung der untersuchten Mikrostrukturparameter hatte, ergab sich f{\"u}r die Perfusionsquantifizierung eine deutliche Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von den Parametern der verwendeten IRLL-Sequenz. Um diesen Einfluß gerecht zu werden, wurden an die Meßmethodik angepaßte Gleichungen zur Bestimmung der Perfusion gefunden mit denen die systematischen Abweichungen korrigiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Zus{\"a}tzlich reduzieren die angepaßten Gleichungen die Anforderungen bez{\"u}glich der Inversionsqualit{\"a}t im schichtselektiven Experiment. Dies wurde in einem weiteren Projekt bei der Bestimmung der Nierenperfusion im Mausmodell ausgenutzt. Neben der Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der Meßmethode wurde auch der Einfluß der anatomischen Besonderheiten des Blutkreislaufs am Herzen auf die Parameterquantifizierung mittels T1-basierter Methoden untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß auf Grund der Anatomie des Herzens bei typischen Orientierungen der Bildgebungsschicht, auch bei der schichtselektiven Inversionspr{\"a}paration der Magnetisierung des Herzmuskels ein Anteil des Blutpools invertiert wird. Daraus folgt, daß die vereinfachende Annahme, nach welcher bei schichtselektiver Pr{\"a}paration in Folge von Perfusion nur Blut mit Gleichgewichtsmagnetisierung den Herzmuskel erreicht, nicht erf{\"u}llt ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß dies bei Perfusion zu einer deutlichen Untersch{\"a}tzung der berechneten Perfusionswertes f{\"u}hrt. Um mit diesem Problem umgehen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurde aufbauend auf einem vereinfachten Modell der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Blutmagnetisierung eine Korrektur f{\"u}r die Bestimmung der Perfusionswerte gefunden welche den Einfluß der anatomischen Besonderheiten ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Das f{\"u}r die Perfusionskorrektur eingef{\"u}hrte Model prognostiziert ebenso, daß auch bei schichtselektiver Inversion die T1-basierte Bestimmung der untersuchten Mikrostrukturparameter von der Perfusion abh{\"a}ngig wird und eine systematische {\"U}bersch{\"a}tzung der quantifizierten Werte verursacht. Da die Perfusion im Kleintier deutlich h{\"o}her ist als im Menschen, ist dieser Einfluß besonders in der pr{\"a}klinischen Forschung zu beachten. So k{\"o}nnen dort allein durch verminderte Perfusion deutliche {\"A}nderungen in den bestimmten Werten der Mikrostrukturparameter erzeugt werden, welche zu einer fehlerhaften Interpretation der Ergebnisse f{\"u}hren und somit ein falsches Bild f{\"u}r die Vorg{\"a}nge im Herzmuskel suggerieren. Dabei best{\"a}tigt der Vergleich mit experimentellen Ergebnissen aus der Literatur die Vorhersagen f{\"u}r das Rattenmodell. Beim Menschen ist der prognostizierte Effekt deutlich kleiner. Der prognostizierte Fehler bspw. im RBV-Wert liegt in diesem Fall bei etwa 10\% und wird {\"u}blicherweise in der aktuellen Forschung vernachl{\"a}ssigt. Inwieweit dies in er klinischen Forschung gerechtfertigt ist, muß in weiteren Untersuchungen gekl{\"a}rt werden. Den untersuchten Methoden zur Bestimmung von funktionellen und mikrostrukturellen Parametern ist gemein, daß sie eine exakte Quantifizierung der longitudinalen Relaxationszeit T1 ben{\"o}tigen. Dabei ist im Kleintierbereich die klassische IRLL-Methode als zuverl{\"a}ssige Sequenz zur T1-Quantifizierung etabliert. In der klinischen Bildgebung werden auf Grund der unterschiedlichen Zeitskalen und anderer technischer Voraussetzungen andere Anforderungen an die Datenakquisition gestellt. Dabei hat in den letzten Jahren die MOLLI-Sequenz große Verbreitung gefunden. Sie ist eine Abwandlung der IRLL-Sequenz, bei der mit einer bSSFP-Bildgebungssequenz getriggert ganze Bilder w{\"a}hrend eines Herzschlages aufgenommen werden. Die MOLLI-Sequenz reagiert dabei empfindlich auf die Wartezeiten zwischen den einzelnen Transienten. Um mit diese Problematik in den Griff zu bekommen und gleichzeitig die Meßzeit verk{\"u}rzen zu k{\"o}nnen wurde eine neue Methode zum Fitten der Daten entwickelt, welche die Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der scheinbaren Relaxationszeit von der Wartezeit zwischen den einzelnen Transienten, sowie der mittleren Herzrate fast vollst{\"a}ndig eliminiert. Diese Methode liefert f{\"u}r das ganze klinisch Spektrum an erwarteten T1-Zeiten, vor und nach Kontrastmittelgabe, stabile Ergebnisse und erlaubte ein deutliche Verk{\"u}rzung der Meßzeit, ohne die Anzahl der aufgenommenen Meßzeitpunkte zu reduzieren. Dies wurde in einer initialen klinischen Studie genutzt, um ECV-Werte in Patienten zu bestimmen. Ein Nachteil der Verwendung der MOLLI-Sequenz ist, daß nur die scheinbare Relaxationszeit aus den Fit der Meßdaten bestimmt wird. Die standardm{\"a}ßig genutzte Korrektur benutzt aber dem gefitteten Wert der Gleichgewichtsmagnetisierung um den wahren T1-Wert zu bestimmen. Somit ist es f{\"u}r die Bestimmung des T1-Wertes notwendig, die Qualit{\"a}t der Inversionspr{\"a}paration zu kennen. Auf Basis der neuen Fitmethode wurde eine Anpassung der MOLLI-Sequenz demonstriert, welche die Bestimmung der Gleichgewichtsmagnetisierung unabh{\"a}ngig von der Qualit{\"a}t der Inversionspr{\"a}paration erlaubt. Daf{\"u}r verl{\"a}ngert sich die Meßdauer lediglich um einen Herzschlag um in geeigneter Weise ein zus{\"a}tzliches Bild aufnehmen zu k{\"o}nnen. Abschließend wurde in dieser Arbeit der Signal-Zeit-Verlauf der MOLLI-Sequenz eingehend theoretische untersucht um ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis der getriggerten IRLL-Sequenzen zu entwickeln. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte eine einfache Interpretation der scheinbaren Relaxationszeit gefunden werden. Ebenso konnte erkl{\"a}rt werden, warum die f{\"u}r ungetriggerte IRLL-Sequenzen abgeleitete Korrekturgleichung auch im getriggerten Fall erstaunlich gute Ergebnisse liefert. Weiterhin konnten Fehlerquellen f{\"u}r die verbleibenden Abweichungen identifiziert werden, welche als Ausgangspunkt f{\"u}r die Ableitung verbesserter Korrekturgleichungen genutzt werden k{\"o}nnen.},
  subject      = {Kernspintomographie},
  language  = {de}
}