@article{LinsenmairLinsenmair1971,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Linsenmair, Christa},
  title     = {Paarbildung und Paarzusammenhalt bei der monogamen W{\"u}stenassel Hemilepistus reaumuri (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscoidea)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33937},
  year      = {1971},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HsiehLinsenmair2012,
  author    = {Hsieh, Yu-Lung and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Seasonal dynamics of arboreal spider diversity in a temperate forest},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75158},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Measuring and estimating biodiversity patterns is a fundamental task of the scientist working to support conservation and informmanagement decisions.Most biodiversity studies in temperate regions were often carried out over a very short period of time (e.g., a single season) and it is often—at least tacitly—assumed that these short-termfindings are representative of long-termgeneral patterns.However, should the studied biodiversity pattern in fact contain significant temporal dynamics, perhaps leading to contradictory conclusions. Here, we studied the seasonal diversity dynamics of arboreal spider communities dwelling in 216 European beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) to assess the spider community composition in the following seasons: two cold seasons (I:November 2005-January 2006; II: February-April) and two warm seasons (III: May-July; IV: August-October). We show that the usually measured diversity of the warmseason community (IV: 58 estimated species) alone did not deliver a reliable image of the overall diversity present in these trees, and therefore, we recommend it should not be used for sampling protocols aimed at providing a full picture of a forest's biodiversity in the temperate zones. In particular, when the additional samplings of other seasons (I, II, III) were included, the estimated species richness nearly doubled (108). Community I possessed the lowest diversity and evenness due to the harsh winter conditions: this community was comprised of one dominant species together with several species low in abundance. Similarity was lowest (38.6\%) between seasonal communities I and III, indicating a significant species turnover due to recolonization, so that community III had the highest diversity. Finally, using nonparametric estimators, we found that further sampling in late winter (February-April) is most needed to complete our inventory. Our study clearly demonstrates that seasonal dynamics of communities should be taken into account when studying biodiversity patterns of spiders, and probably forest arthropods in general.},
  subject      = {Biologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FialaGrunskyMaschwitzetal.1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Grunsky, Harald and Maschwitz, Ulrich and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Diversity of ant-plant interactions: Protective efficacy in Macaranga species with different degrees of ant-association.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32905},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {The pioneer tree Macaranga in SE Asia has developed manyfold associations with ants. The genus comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative relationships to obligate myrmecophytes. Only myrmecophytic Macaranga offer nesting space for ants and are associated with a specific ant partner. The nonmyrmecophytic species are visited by a variety of different ant species which are attracted by extrafloral nectaries (EFN) and food bodies. Transitional Macaranga species like M. hosei are colonized later in their development due to their stem structure. Before the colonization by their specific Crematogaster partner the young plants are visited by different ant species attracted by EFN. These nectaries are reduced and food body production starts as soon as colonization becomes possible. We demonstrated earlier that obligate ant partners can protect their Macaranga plants against herbivore damage and vine cover. In this study we focused on nonspecific interactions and studied M. tanarius and M. hosei, representing a non-myrmecophyte and a transitional species respectively. In ant exclusion experiments both M. tanarius and M. hosei suffered significantly higher mean leaf damage than controls, 37\% versus 6\% in M. hosei, 16\% versus 7\% in M. tanarius. M. tanarius offers both EFN and food bodies so that tests for different effects of these two food rewards could be conducted. Plants with food bodies removed but with EFN remaining had the lowest mean increase of herbivore damage of all experimental groups. Main herbivores on M. hosei were mites and caterpillars. Many M. tanarius plants were infested by a shootborer. Both Macaranga species were visited by various ant species. Crematogaster spp. being the most abundant. We found no evidence for any specific relationships. The results of this study strongly support the hypothesis that non-specific, facultative associations with ants can be advantageous for Macaranga plants. Food bodies appear to have lower attractive value for opportunistic ants than EFN and may require a specific dietary adaptation. This is also indicated by the fact that food body production in the transitional M. hosei does not start before stem structure allows a colonization by the obligate Crematogaster species. M. hosei thus benefits from facultative association with a variety of ants until it produces its first domatia and can be colonized by its obligate mutualist.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1961,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Gefangenschafts-Bruterfahrungen mit Rotkehlchen, Schwarzkelchen und Sommergoldh{\"a}hnchen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44675},
  year      = {1961},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@incollection{LinsenmairMikula1988,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Mikula, Gerold},
  title     = {Soziale Einfl{\"u}sse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44469},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1968,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Anemomenotaktische Orientierung bei Skorpionen (Chelicerata, Scorpiones)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44589},
  year      = {1968},
  abstract  = {1. Scorpions can orient menotactically to horizontal air currents (Fig. 1). 2. Changing the wind velocity from 0,05-0,1 m/sec to 3--5 m/sec has no influence on the menotactic angle kept by an anemomenotactic oriented scorpion (Fig. 2). 3. The receptors percieving the direction of air currents are the trichobothria. 4. Orientation to horizon landmarks, anemomenotactic and astromenotactic orientation does not exclude each other but complete themthelves mutually: a) A scorpion orienting to horizon landmarks learns the corresponding anemomenotactic and astromenotactic angle (Fig. 4). b) While orienting anemomenotactically (which is normally the main means of orientation when landmarks are absent) they continously learn new astromenotactical angles (Fig. 5), thus compensating for the movement of the moon or sun which can not be compensated otherwise. c) Short calms and short changes of wind direction can be overcome by astrotaxis.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1967,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Konstruktion und Signalfunktion der Sandpyramide der Reiterkrabbe Ocypode saratan forsk (Decapoda Brachyura Ocypodidae)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44590},
  year      = {1967},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1965,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {V{\"o}gel am Roten Meer},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44604},
  year      = {1965},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KiepenheuerLinsenmair1965,
  author    = {Kiepenheuer, Jacob and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Vogelzug an der nordfrikanischen K{\"u}ste von Tunesien bis Rotes Meer nach Tag- und Nachtbeobachtungen 1963 und 1964.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44616},
  year      = {1965},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1965,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Optische Signalisierung der Kopulationsh{\"o}hle bei der Reiterkrabbe Ocypode saratan Forsk (Decapoda brachyura Ocypodidae)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44626},
  year      = {1965},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1964,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Vogelzwerge des Waldes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44632},
  year      = {1964},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1968,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Zur Lichtorientierung der Walzenspinnen (Arachnida, Solifugae)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46869},
  year      = {1968},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{Linsenmair1971,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Hvorfor synger fuglene?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44530},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1971},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {mul}
}
@article{Linsenmair1968,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Pyramidenbau - Ausdruck des Imponierverhaltens von Reiterkrabben am Roten Meer},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44579},
  year      = {1968},
  abstract  = {Werben und Drohen geh{\"o}ren zu den Verhaltensweisen mit Mitteilungswert, die besonders h{\"a}ufig - im Dienste ihrer SignalIunktion umgestaltet - zu Ausl{\"o}sern werden. Solche Ausl{\"o}ser, seien es nun besondere Bewegungsweisen und/oder spezielle morphologische Strukturen, sind an das Individuum gebunden. Eine optische Werbung oder ein Drohen mit k{\"o}rperfremden Mitteln, stellvertretend f{\"u}r ein Individuum, galt bislang als Privileg des Menschen. Die folgenden Ausf{\"u}hrungen werden aber zeigen, daß auch andere Lebewesen derartige "Aush{\"a}ngeschilder" gebrauchen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{Linsenmair1972,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Varf{\"o}r sjunger faglarna? : F{\aa}gels{\aa}ngens formeroch funktioner},
  isbn      = {91-27-24248-X},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44521},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1972},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {mul}
}
@article{Linsenmair1969,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Anemomenotaktische Orientierung bei Tenebrioniden und Mistk{\"a}fern (Insecta, Coleoptera)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44512},
  year      = {1969},
  abstract  = {1. Die Feistk{\"a}fer Pimelia grossa, P. tenuicornis, der Mehlk{\"a}fer Tenebrio molitor, die Mistk{\"a}fer Geotrupes silvaticus und G. stercorarius konnen sich unter entsprechenden Bedingungen rein anemomenotaktisch orientieren (Abb. 1-8). Sie bevorzugen Laufwinkel, die in relativ enge Winkelbereiche rechts und links der beiden Grundrichtungen f{\"u}hren (Abb. 3, 4, 26). 2. Die Bevorzugung bestimmter Winkelgr{\"o}ßen andert sich bei Geotrupes nicht gesetzmig mit der Tageszeit, der Temperatur (im Bereich 18-28° C) oder dem F{\"u}tterungszustand (Abb. 8-11). 3. Die untere Grenze der Windst{\"a}rke, die eine menotaktische Einstellung erm{\"o}glicht, liegt f{\"u}r die Mistk{\"a}fer bei etwa 0,15 m/sec, f{\"u}r die Feistk{\"a}fer bei etwa 0,4 m/sec. Die obere Grenze befindet sich bei Geschwindigkeiten, die den K{\"a}fern ein Vorw{\"a}rtskommen unm{\"o}glich machen. 4. Bei der menotaktischen Einstellung wird nur die Reizrichtung nicht aber die Reizstarke bewertet (Abb. 13-15). 5. Die Kontinuitat des Luftstroms ist keine Voraussetzung f{\"u}r die anemomenotaktische Orientierung: Die K{\"a}fer orientieren sich auch nach kurzen Windst{\"o}ßen (Abb. 17, 19, 21). W{\"a}hrend der Windstille kommt es zu regelhaften Abweichungen von dem bei Wind eingehaltenen Kurs (Abb. 18). Das Ausmaß dieser Abweichungen wird nach h{\"a}ufigen Windunterbrechungen stark verringert (Abb. 20). 6. Gegen Turbulenzen des Luftstroms, wie sie {\"u}ber unebenem Untergrund entstehen, ist die Anemomenotaxis der K{\"a}fer nicht sehr anf{\"a}llig (Abb. 22). 7. Die Sinnesorgane, die dem intakten K{\"a}fer die Windrichtungsbestimmung erm{\"o}glichen, sprechen auf Bewegungen im Pedicellus-Flagellumgelenk an. Ein Verlust der Endkolben hat beim Mistk{\"a}fer keinen Einfluß auf die Richtungs- und Winkelgr{\"o}ßenwahl, auch die Streuung wird nicht signifikant gr{\"o}ßer. 2 Flagellenglieder pro Antenne erm{\"o}glichen bei Windgeschwindigkeiten um oder {\"u}ber 1 m/sec noch eine anemomenotaktische Orientierung (Tabelle 3). 8. Bei 3 Mistk{\"a}fern, deren F{\"u}hler 4 Wochen bzw. 4 Monate vor dem Versuch entfernt worden waren, konnte wieder eine Orientierung nach der Windrichtung nachgewiesen werden (Abb. 23, Tabelle 1). 9. Die Kafer konnen Laufwinkel intramodal vierdeutig transponieren (z.B. Abb. 28, 29). Am deutlichsten tritt diese F{\"a}higkeit bei Versuchsneulingen zutage, deren Laufe rein fluchtmotiviert sind: Sie w{\"a}hlen normalerweise denjenigen der 4 m{\"o}glichen Laufwinkel, der der Aufsetzrichtung am n{\"a}chsten liegt (vgl. Abb. 25, 26). 10. Die Existenz und die Wirkungsrichtung eines Drehkommandos, sowie die Beteiligung beider Grundorientierungen an der Anemomenotaxis werden nachgewiesen (Abb. 31). Die F{\"a}higkeit, eine gleichbleibende Drehkommandogr{\"o}ße (die nie zu einer st{\"a}rkeren Abweichung als 90° von einer Grundrichtung f{\"u}hren kann) mit verschiedenem Vorzeichen der Drehrichtung versehen zu konnen und die M{\"o}glichkeit zur Taxisumkehr (Abb. 32) erkl{\"a}ren die orientierungsphysiologische Seite des vierdeutigen intramodalen Transponierens. 11. Versuchsergebnisse, die Aussagen uber den physiologischen Mechanismus der Anemomenotaxis der K{\"a}fer zulassen, sprechen f{\"u}r einen Kompensationsmechanismus. Die gegen die Kompensationstheorie der Menotaxis (JANDER, 1957) vorgebrachten Argumente werden im Rahmen der bisherigen Resultate kurz diskutiert. 12. Die m{\"o}glichen biologischen Bedeutungen der Anemomenotaxis werden besprochen. Es wird angenommen, daß sie beim Appetenzverhalten des nach geruchlichen Schl{\"u}sselreizen "suchenden" K{\"a}fers ihre biologisch wichtigste Aufgabe erf{\"u}llt. Sie kann auch die basalen Aufgaben einer Raumorientierung {\"u}bernehmen und so z.B. kompaßtreue Fluchtkurse steuern.},
  language  = {de}
}
@incollection{LinsenmairTyrellSchulzeetal.1988,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Tyrell, Hartmann and Schulze, Hans-Joachim and M{\"u}ller, Klaus E.},
  title     = {Familie und Kleingruppen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44451},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Psychobiologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@incollection{WarburgLinsenmairBercovitz1984,
  author    = {Warburg, M. R. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Bercovitz, K.},
  title     = {The effect of climate on the distribution and abundance of isopods},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44473},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Climate affects both the distribution and abundance of isopods. Humidity and moisture affect their activity and distribution. Survival of juveniles is largely dependent on moisture. The reproductive pattern is affected by temperature and light. Food affects growth and thus, indirectly, also reproduction, as larger females tend to produce larger broods and more frequent broods than smaller ones. Generally in isopods there is little evidence to suggest that food is a very important factor affecting their abundance. Both semelparity and iteroparity are found in isopods and both reproductive strategies are apparently successful. Mortality factors affect the oocytes, the marsupial stages, and most of all the newly released individuals . Apart from climatic factors, predation and, to a lesser extent, parasitism are the main causes of mortality. Longevity of isopods ranges from one to five years. Occasional population explosions ofisopods are known to take place, their cause being unknown.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1974,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Some adaptations of the desert woodlouse Hemilepistus reaumuri (Isopoda, Oniscoidea) to desert environment},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44483},
  year      = {1974},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1973,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Die W{\"u}stenassel: Sozialverhalten und Lebensraum.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44493},
  year      = {1973},
  abstract  = {Unter den Krebsen ist als gr{\"o}ßerer Gruppe allein den Landasseln (Oniscoidea) eine Eroberung des Festlandes gelungen. Ihre Anpassung an das Landleben blieb aber bislang recht mangelhaft, z. B. fehlt ein wirksamer Verdunstungsschutz. Wie zu erwarten, bewohnen daher die meisten Landasselarten feuchte Lebensst{\"a}tten. Zu den wenigen Ausnahmen z{\"a}hlt die W{\"u}stenassel Hemilepistus reaumuri, die nordafrikanische und kleinasiatische Halbw{\"u}sten - stellenweise auch echte W{\"u}stengebiete - besiedelt. Es sind vor allem Verhaltensanpassungen, die den W{\"u}stenasseln in diesen w{\"a}hrend vieler Monate trockenheißen Extrembiotopen nicht nur ein Oberleben erlauben, sondern sie dar{\"u}ber hinaus noch vielerorts zum erfolgreichsten Faunenelement machen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1970,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Die Interaktion der paarigen antennalen Sinnesorgane bei der Windorientierung laufender Mist- und Schwarzk{\"a}fer (Insecta, Coleoptera)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44507},
  year      = {1970},
  abstract  = {1. Bei der Anemomenotaxis arbeiten die Windrichtungen perzipierenden, paarigen Sinnesorgane der Antennen - vermutlich die Johnstonschen Organe - als Synergisten zusammen. Der Ausfall der f{\"u}r die Windrichtung spezifischen afferenten Meldungen eines F{\"u}hlers f{\"u}hrt zu einer Halbierung der Drehtendenzst{\"a}rke (Abb.I-ll). Es konnten keine Anhaltspunkte gefunden werden, die auf eine direkte zentrale Kompensation dieses Effektes hinweisen. Verschiedene Arten der Ausschaltung, totalc (Abb.2) oder teilweise (Abb. 4) Amputation (bei der der Pedicellus unverletzt bleibt) oder Blockierung des Pedicellus-Flagellumgelenks durch Lackierung (Abb.3), bewirken dieselben {\"A}nderungen im Orientierungsverhalten. 2. Der einzelne F{\"u}hler fungiert bei der Anemomenotaxis als "zweisinniger Lenker". Ein K{\"a}fer mit nur einem F{\"u}hler ist - nach einer gen{\"u}gend langen Erholungszeit - noch f{\"a}hig, die Windrichtung festzustellen und zu ihr eindeutige menotaktische Kurse zu steuern (vgl. z. B. Abb. 1, 9). Außerdem kann er sich wie ein intakter K{\"a}fer (Abb. 14) bei pl{\"o}tzlicher Anderung der Reizrichtung um den kleineren Winkelbetrag zu seiner Sollrichtung zur{\"u}ckdrehen (Abb. 15). 3. Zwischen Drehtendenzst{\"a}rke und Reizrichtung besteht nach den Ergebnissen der Ausschaltversuche eine Sinusfunktion. Gleichgroße Rechts- oder Linksabweichungen des K{\"a}fers von der positiven oder negativen Grundrichtung werden von rechtem und linkem F{\"u}hler mit der gleichen Drehtendenzst{\"a}rke bewertet (Abb. 13). Es ist deshalb naheliegend, anzunehmen, daß jeder F{\"u}hler bei der Reizrichtungsbewertung seinen Abweichungsbetrag von der n{\"a}chsten der beiden Grundstellungen mißt. In einer Grundstellung befindet sich der F{\"u}hler jeweils dann, wenn sich der K{\"a}fer genau gegen oder mit dem Wind eingestellt hat. 4. Afferente Drehtendenz und efferentes Drehkommando sind Dreherregungsgr{\"o}ßen, die sich bei Einstellung des Sollwinkels durch ihre antagonistische Wirkung aufheben. Halbierung der Drehtendenzst{\"a}rke durch Ausschaltung eines F{\"u}hlers f{\"u}hrt demnach erwartungsgem{\"a}ß zu einer Verdopplung der Drehkommandowirkung. Daraus und aus der Sinusf{\"o}rmigkeit der Drehtendenzst{\"a}rkenkurve ergibt sich, daß Drehkommandogr{\"o}ßen, die beim intakten K{\"a}fer die Einhaltung von Menotaxiswinkeln von > 30° zur Folge haben, von der halbierten Drehtendenz nicht mehr kompensiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Die K{\"a}fer k{\"o}nnen dann Dauerrotationen vermeiden, indem sie das Drehkommando soweit abschw{\"a}chen, daß es von der halbierten Drehtendenz wieder kompensiert wird (Abb. 8). 5. Standardabweichung und mittlere Laufwinkelgr{\"o}ße sind miteinander korreliert. Die Korrelation gilt in gleicher Weise f{\"u}r das intakte und das einseitig antennenamputierte Versuchstier. 6. Nach einer einseitigen F{\"u}hlerausschaltung bevorzugen Tenebrio molitor und Scaurus dubius anf{\"a}nglich Laufrichtungen zur Seite der intakten Antenne hin. Bei allen VT-Arten nimmt die Neigung zum intramodalen Winkeltransponieren nach F{\"u}hlerausschaltung sehr stark zu (Abb. 12). 7. Den Grundorientierungen - positive und negative Anemotaxis - liegt, wie auch der Menotaxis, kein tropotaktischer Mechanismus der F{\"u}hlerverschaltung zugrunde. Anemotaxis und Anemomenotaxis unterscheiden sich lediglich dadurch, daß bei letzterer ein efferentes Drehkommando die Sollrichtung verstellt. 8. Die experimentellen Befunde werden im Hinblick auf den, der Anemomenotaxis zugrunde liegenden, physiologischen Mechanismus diskutiert: Sie lassen sich alle widerspruchslos mit einem Kompensationsmechanismus vereinen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SteinCoulibalyBalimaetal.2020,
  author    = {Stein, Katharina and Coulibaly, Drissa and Balima, Larba Hubert and Goetze, Dethardt and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Porembski, Stefan and Stenchly, Kathrin and Theodorou, Panagiotis},
  title     = {Plant-pollinator networks in savannas of Burkina Faso, West Africa},
  series = {Diversity},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Diversity},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1424-2818},
  doi       = {10.3390/d13010001},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220157},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {West African savannas are severely threatened with intensified land use and increasing degradation. Bees are important for terrestrial biodiversity as they provide native plant species with pollination services. However, little information is available regarding their mutualistic interactions with woody plant species. In the first network study from sub-Saharan West Africa, we investigated the effects of land-use intensity and climatic seasonality on plant-bee communities and their interaction networks. In total, we recorded 5686 interactions between 53 flowering woody plant species and 100 bee species. Bee-species richness and the number of interactions were higher in the low compared to medium and high land-use intensity sites. Bee- and plant-species richness and the number of interactions were higher in the dry compared to the rainy season. Plant-bee visitation networks were not strongly affected by land-use intensity; however, climatic seasonality had a strong effect on network architecture. Null-model corrected connectance and nestedness were higher in the dry compared to the rainy season. In addition, network specialization and null-model corrected modularity were lower in the dry compared to the rainy season. Our results suggest that in our study region, seasonal effects on mutualistic network architecture are more pronounced compared to land-use change effects. Nonetheless, the decrease in bee-species richness and the number of plant-bee interactions with an increase in land-use intensity highlights the importance of savanna conservation for maintaining bee diversity and the concomitant provision of ecosystem services.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaschwitzFialaLinsenmair1994,
  author    = {Maschwitz, Ulrich and Fiala, Brigitte and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Clerodendrum fistulosum (Verbenanceae), an unspecific myrmecophyte from Borneo with spontaneously opening domatia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31013},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Clerodendrumjistulosum Becc. is a true myrmecophyte as it offers nesting space for ants in hollow intemodes. In contrast to previous reports our investigations proved that these domatia open by themselves, thus providing cavities for a variety of different ant species. In Sarawak, Malaysia, we did not find an obligate relationship between C. jistulosum and a specific ant-partner. For comparison, studies on herbarium material of other Clerodendrum species were carried out a further species, C. deflexum from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra presumably also is myrmecophytic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1964,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Ritter und T{\"u}rmchen: aus dem Leben der Reiterkrabbe},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44643},
  year      = {1964},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ThielckeLinsenmair1963,
  author    = {Thielcke, Gerhard and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Zur geographischen Variation des Gesanges des Zilpzalps, Phylloscopus collybita, in Mittel- und S{\"u}dwesteuropa mit einem Vergleich des Gesanges de Fitis, Phylloscopus trochilus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44657},
  year      = {1963},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LinsenmairJander1963,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Jander, R.},
  title     = {Das "Entspannungsschwimmen" von Velia und Stenus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44663},
  year      = {1963},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{DossoYeoKonateetal.2012,
  author    = {Dosso, Kanvaly and Yeo, Kolo and Konate, Souleymane and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Importance of protected areas for biodiversity conservation in central Cote d'Ivoire: Comparison of termite assemblages between two neighboring areas under differing levels of disturbance},
  series = {Journal of Insect Science},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Journal of Insect Science},
  number    = {131},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133218},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {To highlight human impact on biodiversity in the Lamto region, termites were studied with regard to their use as bio-indicators of habitat change in the tropics. Using a standardized method, termites were sampled in the three most common habitat types, i.e., in semi-deciduous forest, savanna woodland, and annually burned savanna, all inside Lamto Reserve and its surrounding rural domain. Termite species richness fell from 25 species in the Lamto forest to 13 species in the rural area, involving strong modification in the species composition (species turnover = 59 \%). In contrast, no significant change in diversity was found between the Lamto savannas and the rural ones. In addition, the relative abundance of termites showed a significantly greater decline in the rural domain, even in the species Ancistrotermes cavithorax (Sjostedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae), which is known to be ecologically especially versatile. Overall, the findings of this study suggest further investigation around Lamto Reserve on the impact of human activities on biodiversity, focusing on forest conversion to land uses (e.g. agricultural and silvicultural systems).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KobeltLinsenmair1986,
  author    = {Kobelt, Frank and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus to its arid environment. I. The skin of Hyperolius viridiflavus nitidulus in wet and dry season conditions.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30551},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Hyperolius viridiflavus nitidulus inhabits parts of the seasonally very hot and dry West African savanna. During the long lasting dry season, the small frog is sitting unhidden on mostly dry plants and has to deal with high solar radiation load (SRL), evaporative water loss (EWL) and small energy reserves. It seems to be very badly equipped to survive such harsh climatic conditions (unfavorable surface to volume ratio, very limited capacity to st{\"o}re energy and water). Therefore, it must have developed extraordinary efficient mechanisms to solve the mentioned Problems. Some of these mechanisms are to be looked for within the skin of the animal (e.g. protection against fast desiccation, deleterious effects of UV radiation and over-heating). The morphology of the wet season skin is, in most aspects, that of a "normal" anuran skin. It differs in the Organization of the processes of the melanophores and in the arrangement of the chromatophores in the Stratum spongiosum, forming no "Dermal Chromatophore Unit". During the adaptation to dry season conditions the number of iridophores in dorsal and ventral skin is increased 4-6 times compared to wet season skin. This increase is accompanied by a very conspicuous change of the wet season color pattern. Now, at air temperatures below 35° C the color becomes brownish white or grey and changes to a brilliant white at air temperatures near and over 40° C. Thus, in dry season State the frog retains its ability for rapid color change. In wet season State the platelets of the iridophores are irregularly distributed. In dry season State many platelets become arranged almost parallel to the surface. These purine crystals probably act as quarter-wave-length interference reflectors, reducing SRL by reflecting a considerable amount of the radiated energy input. EWL is as low as that of much larger xeric reptilians. The impermeability of the skin seems to be the result of several mechanisms (ground substance, iridophores, lipids, mucus) supplementing each other. The light red skin at the pelvic region and inner sides of the limbs is specialized for rapid uptake of water allowing the frog to replenish the unavoidable EWL by using single drops of dew or rain, available for only very short periods.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1972,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung familienspezifischer "Abzeichen" f{\"u}r den Familienzusammenhalt bei der sozialen W{\"u}stenassel Hemilepistus reaumuri Audouin und Savigny},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32663},
  year      = {1972},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1994,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Biologische Vielfalt und {\"o}kologische Stabilit{\"a}t},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31157},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrafeSchmuckLinsenmair1992,
  author    = {Grafe, T. Ulmar and Schmuck, Richard and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Reproductive energetics of the African Reed Frogs, Hyperolius viridiflavus and Hyperolius marmoratus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31187},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1979,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Untersuchungen zur Soziobiologie der W{\"u}stenassel Hemilepistus reaumuri und verwandter Isopodenarten (Isopoda, Oniscoidea): Paarbildung und Evolution der Monogamie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30854},
  year      = {1979},
  abstract  = {The desert isopod, Hemilepistus reaumuri, extremely common in the arid regions of North Africa and Asia Minor, depends upon the burrows it itself digs for survival during the hotter parts of the year. The dig-ging of new burrows is limited by chmatic conditions to a short period during the spring. Burrows must be constantly defendet - especially against roving eonspecifics. The decisive problem of a connnuous burrow defense is solved through cooperative behavior: the adult woodlice form monogamous pairs whose partners recognize one another individually. Here, questions on the binding of partners, especially the problem of the binding of male to female will be treated upon, along with questions on the evolution of monogamy, wherein the purely maternal families of Porcellio species will be taken as models for intermedi{\"a}re stages. At first, males olHemilepistus are not permitted to copulate at all; later, for a relatively long period, they are only permitted incomplete copulations, the females alone have control over the partunal ecdysis; they alone determine the moment of final copulations. Under the thermal conditions prevalent during the season of pair formation, a female irreversibly induces a parturial ecdysis only when it has spent a minimum of sev-eral days in her own burrow with a specific male. At higher average temperatures, the number of females which undergo parturial ecdyses without these preconditions increases sharply. Males cannot greatly lnrlu-ence the willingness of females to reproduce with the investment they make in the digging of burrows; the factors deciding this are the male's presence and its role as guard. The first condition necessary for the genesis of monogamy might have been the evolution of a stnc{\"u}y lo-cation-dependent copulatory behavior, which guaranteed the male exclusive mating pnveliges with the female whose location - the burrow - he acheived control of. A male must, under these conditions, serve guard duty in his own interest, and defend the burrow against competitors (Cf or 2) seeking an already-dug burrow. The decisive advantage for the female in the beginning of the development was probably that she could leave the burrow for extended feeding excursions, whereas alone it would have to either completely forego nourishment or, as is the case with the Porcellio species mentioned, must greatly restrict the spectrum of food that it can use (to that which is to be found only a short distance from the burrow and which can eas-ily be carried inside the burrow). This could be a disadvantage, especially during egg production. Necessary to the male's successful defense of the burrow is that he recognises his female. Studies of the Canary Island Porcellio species have shown over which pathways and under what selection pressures the recopinon of individuals, as is realized mHemilepistus, could have evolved. Females can bind males longer, the longer the period of their attraction is extended: Females olHemilepistus reaumuri have been proven to be al·ready att-ractive before they are ready to copulate and still remain attractive after they have copulated. The conse-quences of the last fact will be discussed. The question of why the males remain with the females after the parturial ecdysis will also be discussed: The great danger to the male's investment resulting from a tooi early abandoning, and the low probability of successfully finding another partner after a later abandomng should prevent a positive balance in the males' cost-effecriveness calculations.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{FialaLinsenmairMaschwitz1994,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Maschwitz, Ulrich},
  title     = {Diversit{\"a}t von Interaktionen zwischen Ameisen und Pflanzen im s{\"u}dostasiatischen Regenwald},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32894},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Assoziationen von Ameisen mit Pflanzen (und oft noch mit pflanzensaugenden Insekten als drittem Partner) d{\"u}rften eine Ursache des Artenreichtums und der hohen Abundanzen tropischer Formicidae sein. Die von den Ameisen genutzten Pflanzen bieten entweder Nahrung an, {\"u}ber extraflorale Nektarien und/oder N{\"a}hrk{\"o}rperchen, oder aber - bei den eigentlichen Myrmekophyten - Nistraum und z.T. auch Nahrung. Diese Beziehungen zeichnen sich durch unterschiedliche Nutzungsweisen und Nutzungsintensit{\"a}ten und damit stark differierende Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Partner voneinander aus. Ein besonders breites Spektrum von Ameisen-Pflanzen-Assoziationen finden wir in der pal{\"a}otropischen Baumgattung Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae), die sich daher als Modellsystem f{\"u}r vergleichende Untersuchungen hervorragend eignet. Die Grundfrage unserer Untersuchungen an diesem System lautet: Verl{\"a}uft aufgrund der ausgepr{\"a}gt mosaikartigen Verteilung der von den myrmekophilen Pflanzen angebotenen Nahrungs- und Nistraumressourcen die Neu- und Wiederbesiedlung von Habitaten durch die Ameisen in Form von Zufallsprozessen? Oder werden, im Gegenteil, durch diesen Umstand Spezialisierungen seitens der Ameisen gef{\"o}rdert und die Zusammensetzung der Lebensgemeinschaften dadurch st{\"a}rker deterministisch gepr{\"a}gt? Unsere bisherigen Untersuchungen zeigen, daß beide Prinzipien wirken. Bei der alleinigen Nutzung von Nahrungsressourcen fehlen spezialisierte Beziehungen weitgehend und stochastische Ereignisse d{\"u}rften sehr h{\"a}ufig die Pflanzen-Ameisen-Assoziation bestimmen. Bei den eigentlichen Myrmekophyten hingegen ist die Auswahl der assozierten Ameisen viel st{\"a}rker determiniert, ganz besonders dann, wenn der Wohnraum, den die Pflanze offeriert, nur durch aktives {\"O}ffnen seitens der Ameisen erschlossen werden kann.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KobeltLinsenmair1992,
  author    = {Kobelt, F. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment. VI. The iridophores in the skin as radiation reflectors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30563},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GeiseLinsenmair1988,
  author    = {Geise, W. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperbolius viridiflavus to its arid environment. IV. Ecological significance of water economy with comments on thermoregulation and energy allocation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30570},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmuckGeiseLinsenmair1994,
  author    = {Schmuck, R. and Geise, W. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Life cycle strategies and physiological adjustments of Reedfrog Tadpoles (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae) in relation to environmental conditions.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31009},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {The relationship between different degrees of intraspecific crowding of reedfrog tadpoles and their physiological responses to a deterioration of the natal pond water quality was examined under laboratory conditions. Tadpoles that were reared at a lower density metamorphosed significantly earlier than those raised at a higher density. As density increases, the average body length at metamorphosis decreases. However, at low tadpole density, a significantly higher diversity of body size classes among freshly metamorphosed froglets was observed than under more crowded conditions. Mortality increased during metamorphic climax and was inversely correlated with the tadpole density. In ephemeral ponds, an accumulation of nitrogenous wastes from metabolic processes and/or a concentration by evaporation in prolonged rainless periods can pose a considerable chemical stress to reedfrog tadpoles. Hyperolius viridiflavus ommatostictus responded to an increasing ammonia concentration with an activity increase of the ornithine cycle (intensified urea synthesis). hi contrast, Hyperolius marmoratus taeniatus exhibited a strong tolerance against high ammonia levels. A deterioration of the natal pond water quality caused H. v. ommatostictus and H. v. nitidulus tadpoles to adjust to harsher climatic conditions at the time of metamorphosis. This physiological preadjustment enabled the froglets to start feeding and growing immediately after metamorphosis even at low air humidity and rare precipitation events. In contrast, froglets that were raised in daily refreshed water exhibited high mortality rates if subjected to identical conditions. As one possible indicator of the actual climatic conditions prevailing in the surrounding terrestrial habitat, fluctuations in the water ammonia level are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrafeLinsenmair1989,
  author    = {Grafe, U. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Protogynous sex change in the Reed Frog: Hyperolius viridiflavus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30990},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Observations on captive reed frogs Hyperolius viridijlavus ommatostictus showed that seven out of 24 females changed into males. Sex change occurred without any hormone treatment and resulted in completely functional males. The adaptive value is discussed in terms of maximizing life-time reproductive success. Hyperolius r. ommatostictus is the first amphibian known to show functional sex reversal.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1985,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Individual and family recognition in subsocial arthropods, in particular in the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33957},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Individual recogmtlon in the non-eusocial arthropods is, according to our present knowledge, predominantly found in the frame of permanent or temporary monogamy. In some cases, e. g. in stomatopods and possibly other marine crustaceans too, individual recognition may serve to allow identification of (i) individuals within dominance hierarchies or (ii) neighbours in territorial species thus helping to avoid the repetition of unnecessary and costly fights. Kin recognition is experimentally proven only in some isopod species (genera Hemilepistus and Porcel/io) and in the primitive cockroach (termite?) Cryptocercus. The «signatures» or «discriminators» used in the arthropods are chemical. It is assumed that the identifying substances are mainly genetically determined and in this paper I shall discuss possible evolutionary origins. The main part of this account is devoted to the presentation of some aspects of the highly developed individual and kin identification and recognition system in the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri - a pure monogamous species in which pairs together with their progeny form strictly exclusive family units. Amongst other things problems of (i) mate choice, (ii) learning to recognize a partner, (iii) avoiding the un adaptive familiarization with aliens are treated. Monogamy under present conditions is for both sexes the only suitable way of maximizing reproductive success; an extremely strong selection pressure must act against every attempt to abandon monogamy under the given ecological conditions. The family «badges» which are certainly always blends of different discriminator substances are extremely variable. This variability is mainly due to genetical differences and is not environmentally caused. It is to be expected that intra-family variabiliry exists in respect of the production of discriminator substances. Since the common badge of a family is the result of exchanging and mixing individual substances, and since the chemical nature of these discriminators requires direct body contacts in order to acquire those substances which an individual does not produce itself, problems must arise with molting. These difficulties do indeed exist and they are aggravated by the fact that individuals may produce substances which do not show up in the common family badge. An efficient learning capability on the one hand and the use of inhibiting properties of newly molted isopods help to solve these problems. In the final discussion three questions are posed and - partly at least - answered; (i) why are families so strictly exclusive, (ii) how many discriminator substances have to be produced to provide a variability allowing families to remain exclusive under extreme conditions of very high population densities, (iii) what is the structure of the family badge and what does an individual have to learn apart from the badge in order not to mistake a family member for an alien or vice versa.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1984,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Comparative studies on the social behaviour of the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri and of a Porcellio species},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30846},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Behavioural adaptations have made the desert isopod Hemilepistus reaumuri the most successful herbivore and detritivore of the macrofauna of many arid areas in North Africa and Asia Minor. For survival and reproduction Hemilepistus is dependent on burrows. New burrows can only be dug during spring. With the time-consuming digging of a burrow, Hemilepistus has only made the first step towards solving its ecological problems. The burrows are vital and have to be continuously defended against competitors. This requirement is met by co-operation of individuals within the framework of a highly developed social behaviour. In spring adults form monogamous pairs in which partners recognize each other individually and later form, with their progeny, strictly closed family communities. Hemilepistus is compared with a Porcellio' sp. which has developed, convergently, a social behaviour which resembles that of Hemilepistus in many respects, but differs essentially in some aspects, partly reflecting differences in ecological requirements. This and a few other Porcellio species demonstrate some possible steps in the evolution of the social behaviour of Hemilepistus. The female Hemilepistus is-in contrast to Porcellio sp. - semelparous and the selective advantages of monogamy in its environment are not difficult to recognize. This chapter discusses how this mating system could have evolved and especially why monogamous behaviour is also the best method for the Hemilepistus male to maximize its reproductive success. The cohesion of pairs and of family communities in Hemilepistus is based on a highly developed chemical communication system. Individual- and family-specific badges owe their specificity to genetically determined discriminating substances. The nature of the badges raises a series of questions: e.g. since alien badges release aggression, how do parents avoid cannibalizing their young? Similar problems arise from the fact that family badges are mixtures of chemical compounds of very low volatility with the consequence that they can only be transferred by direct contact and that during moulting all substances are lost which an individual does not produce itself. It is shown that in solving these problems inhibiting properties (presumably substances) and learning play a dominant role.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoederSteinleinSchmidetal.1993,
  author    = {R{\"o}der, G. and Steinlein, C. and Schmid, M. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Karyotype and chromosome banding in the Turkish desert woodlouse Desertellio elongatus (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30989},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {The karyotype of D. elongatus was investigated by means of C-banding, silver staining, and mithramycinand quinacrine fluorescent staining. The diploid chromosome number is 2n = 50. C-banding shows pericentromerically localized constitutive heterochromatin in every chromosome. Two of the chromosome pairs carry two telomeric nucleolus organizer regions each. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1991,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Allokation elterlicher Investition beim Bienenwolf Philantus triangulum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78191},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Zoologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1990,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Tropische Biodiversitat: Befunde und offene Probleme},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78302},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {During the past 50 to over 100 million years communities evolved in the tropics which attained unprecedented levels of biodiversity, strikingly represented by evergreen lowland rain forests offering home to more than 50\% of all the world's extant species. Within only some 30 years human action reduced the area covered with tropical rain forests to about half of its former size, thereby negatively affecting local and global functions of the biosphere and exterminating an unknown number of species. With an exponentially increasing rate we are throwing away our and all future generations' biological heritage. We destroy the most complicated, scientifically most interesting living systems before we have gained any knowledge of their structures ,and dynamics. To understand the particular structures and dynamics of tropical communities means in the first place to understand the causes and consequences of their ten- to more than hundredfold higher alphadiversity (as compared to temperate systems). This problem has a historical dimension and a functional side requiring answers as to the nature of the proximate mechanisms of its maintenance. My review is only concerned with the latter aspect, and its maIn emphasis is on the gaps in our knowledge. Two sets of hypotheses have been developed for explaining the high within-commUnIty diversity. (1) According to the classical concept interspecific niche competition and subsequent niche separation are the main forces determining the structure of the community. These so-called equilibrium models have been contrasted in recent times with (2) non-equilibrium models. These models do not attribute the decisive role to interspecific competition. Strong niche overlaps are presumed to be very common within species-rich communities. Continuous stochastic local disturbances are assumed to prevent the achievement of any long-term equilibrium (climax) state. Being on the right spot at the right time is regarded as most important. Whether oneor a combination of both models provide the best key for understanding the structure of a special section within a community will certainly depend on many properties of the species at debate (mobility, disr.ersal, fertility etc.). For the vast majority of tropical organisms all such information is at present unavailable. The principles governing the structure of communities is just one of the very ,basic open problems. Another very prominent question is how the qualitatively very rich, however quantitatively poor resources are distributed among the members of highly diverse guilds of consumers and decomposers. Does the scarcity rather favour generalists or specialists, are small species overrepresented, are resources more extensively used than in temperate communities? One important property is fairly well established: Populations of most tropical species seem to be very small. Since a) in very many' cases distribution range is obviously very limited, since b) predator pressure is generally assumed to be higher in the tropics and c) recent - perhaps unduely generalized - results claim abundance fluctuations in the tropics fully comparable in their dimensions to those in the temperate zone, the question arises as to how these small populations can persist for seemingly long periods of time and avoid rapid extinction. Additionally treated PoInts concern detritivore communities, plant animal Interactions, key stone groups. Saving biodiversity in general and the tropical species and community richness in particular is one of the most urgent tasks of our generation, and biologists have to play a still more prominent role in this extremely important endeavor than they have in the past decades.},
  subject      = {Zoologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Linsenmair1986,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperbolius viridiflavus to its arid environment: II. Some aspects of the water economy of H. viridiflavus nitidulus under wet and dry ...},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78395},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Adaptations to aridity ofthe reedfrog Hyperolius viridiflavus nitidulus, living in different parts of the seasonally very dry and hot West African savanna, are investigated ...},
  subject      = {Zoologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Linsenmair1972,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Anemomenotactic orientation in beetles and scorpions},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78118},
  year      = {1972},
  abstract  = {Scorpions, living in North African semideserts are - in spite of disrupting experimental interferences - able to maintain a certain direction in their natural environment in the dark on a plane surface. Under comparable laboratory conditions, excluding the possibility of light or gravity orientation, they can orient themselves if a directed air current passes over the "arena." In most cases the scorpions do not run necessarily with or against the wind, but rather maintain constant angles to the air current for anywhere from minutes to many hours. They are running anemomenotactically (ref. 1). Under identical conditions many species of beetles also orient themselves to air currents (refs. 2 to 4). The main problems to be solved in the study of anemomenotactic orientation are: (1) Which physical qualities of the air current have an influence on the anemomenotaxis? (2) With which sense organs do beetles and scorpions perceive wind directions? (3) Which physiological mechanism is the basis of anemomenotactic orientation? (4) What is the biological significance of anemomenotaxis in beetles and scorpions? With respect to these problems, more study has been done on beetles than on scorpions. Therefore, due to lack of space, I shall discuss mainly some of the results obtained in experiments with dung beetles (Geotrupes silvaticus, G. ,Stercorarius, G. armifrons, G. niger, Scarabaeus variolosus) and tenebrionid beetles (Tenebrio molitor, Pimelia grossa, P. tenuicomis, Scaurus dubius).},
  subject      = {Biologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LinsenmairSchmuck1988,
  author    = {Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and Schmuck, R.},
  title     = {Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperbolius viridiflavus to its arid environment. III. Aspects of nitrogen metabolism and osmuregulation in the reed frog, H. viridiflavus taeniatus, with special reference to the role of iridophores},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78108},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Reed frogs of the superspecies Hyperolius viridiflavus occur throughout the seasonally very dry and hot African savannas. Despite their small size (300-700 mg), estivating reed frogs do not avoid stressful conditions above ground by burrowing into the soil, but endure the inhospitable climate relatively unprotected, clinging to mostly dry grass sterns. They must have emcient mechanisms to enable them to survive e.g. very high temperatures, low relative hurnidities, and high solar radiation loads. Mechanisms must also have developed to prevent poisoning by the nitrogenous wastes that inevitably result from protein and nucleotide turnover. In contrast to fossorial amphibians, estivating reed frogs do not become torpid. Reduction in metabolism is therefore rather Iimited so that nitrogenous wastes accumulate faster in these frogs than in fossorial amphibians. This severely aggravates the osmotic problems caused by dehydration. During dry periods total plasma osmolarity greatly increases, mainly due to urea accumulation. Of the total urea accumulated over 42 days of experimental water deprivation, 30\% was produced during the first 7 days. In the next 7 days rise in plasma urea content was negligible. This strong initial increase of urea is seen as a byproduct of elevated amino acid catabolism following the onset of dry conditions. Tbe rise in total plasma osmolarity due to urea accumulation, however, is not totally disadvantageous, but enables fast rehydration when water is available for very short periods only. Voiding of urine and feces eeases once evaporative water loss exceeds 10\% of body weight. Tberefore, during continuous water deprivation, nitrogenous end products are not excreted. After 42 days of water deprivation, bladder fluid was substantially depleted, and urea coneentration in the remaining urine (up to 447 mM) was never greater than in plasma fluid. Feces voided at the end of the dry period after water uptake contained only small amounts of nitrogenous end products. DSF (dry season frogs) seemed not to be uricotelic. Instead, up to 35\% of the total nitrogenous wastes produced over 42 days of water deprivation were deposited in an osmotically inert and nontoxic form in iridophore crystals. The increase in skin purine content averaged 150 µg/mg dry weight. If urea had been the only nitrogenous waste product during an estivation period of 42 days, lethal limits of total osmolarity (about 700 mOsm) would have been reached 10-14 days earlier. Thus iridophores are not only involved in colour change and in reducing heat load by radiation remission, but are also important in osmoregulation during dry periods. The seIective advantages of deposition of guanine rather than uric acid are discussed.},
  subject      = {Biologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmuckKobeltLinsenmair1988,
  author    = {Schmuck, R. and Kobelt, F. and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperbolius viridiflavus (Anura, Hyperbolidae) to its arid environment: V. Iridophores and nitrogen metabolism},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78094},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Ofall amphibians living in arid habitats, reed frogs (belonging to the super species Hyperolius viridiflavus) are the most peculiar. Froglets are able to tolerate dry periods of up to 35 days or longer immediately after metamorphosis, in climatically exposed positions. They face similar problems to estivating juveniles, i.e. enduranee of long periods of high temperature and low RH with rather limited energy and water reserves. In addition, they must have had to develop meehanisms to prevent poisoning by nitrogenous wastes that rapidly accumulate during dry periods as a metabolie consequenee of maintaining a non-torpid state. During dry periods, plasma osmolarity of H. v. taeniatus froglets strongly increased, mainly through urea accumulation. Urea accumulation was also observed during metamorphic climax. During postmetamorphic growth, chromatophores develop with the density and morphology typical of the adult pigmentary pattern. The dermal iridophore layer, which is still incomplete at this time, is fully developed within 4-8 days after metamorphosis, irrespective of maintenance conditions. These iridophores mainly contain the purines guanine and hypoxanthine. The ability of these purines to reflect light provides an excellent basis for the role of iridophores in temperature regulation. In individuals experiencing dehydration stress, the initial rate of purine synthesis is doubled in eomparison to specimens continuously maintained under wet season conditions. This increase in synthesis rate leads to a rapid increase in the thiekness of the iridophore layer, thereby effectively reducing radiation absorption. Thus, the danger of overheating is diminished during periods of water shortage when evaporative cooling must be avoided. After the development of an iridophore layer of sufficient thickness for effective radiation reflectance, synthesis of iridophore pigments does not cease. Rather, this pathway is further used during the remaining dry season for solving osmotic problems eaused by accumulation of nitrogenous wastes. During prolonged water deprivation, in spite of reduced metabolic rates, purine pigments are produced at the same rate as in wet season conditions. This leads to a higher relative proportion of nitrogen end products being stored in skin pigments under dry season conditions. At the end of an experimental dry season lasting 35 days, up to 38\% of the accrued nitrogen is stored in the form of osmotically inactive purines in thc skin. Thus the osmotic problems caused by evaporative water loss and urea production are greatly reduced.},
  subject      = {Biologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FlorenKruegerMuelleretal.2015,
  author    = {Floren, Andreas and Kr{\"u}ger, Dirk and M{\"u}ller, Tobias and Dittrich, Marcus and Rudloff, Renate and Hoppe, Bj{\"o}rn and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Diversity and interactions of wood-inhabiting fungi and beetles after deadwood enrichment},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0143566},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145129},
  pages     = {e0143566},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Freshly cut beech deadwood was enriched in the canopy and on the ground in three cultural landscapes in Germany (Swabian Alb, Hainich-Dun, Schorfheide-Chorin) in order to analyse the diversity, distribution and interaction of wood-inhabiting fungi and beetles. After two years of wood decay 83 MOTUs (Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units) from 28 wood samples were identified. Flight Interception Traps (FITs) installed adjacent to the deadwood enrichments captured 29.465 beetles which were sorted to 566 species. Geographical 'region' was the main factor determining both beetle and fungal assemblages. The proportions of species occurring in all regions were low. Statistic models suggest that assemblages of both taxa differed between stratum and management praxis but their strength varied among regions. Fungal assemblages in Hainich-Dun, for which the data was most comprehensive, discriminated unmanaged from extensively managed and age-class forests (even-aged timber management) while canopy communities differed not from those near the ground. In contrast, the beetle assemblages at the same sites showed the opposite pattern. We pursued an approach in the search for fungus-beetle associations by computing cross correlations and visualize significant links in a network graph. These correlations can be used to formulate hypotheses on mutualistic relationships for example in respect to beetles acting as vectors of fungal spores.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FrankSchmittHovestadtetal.2017,
  author    = {Frank, Erik Thomas and Schmitt, Thomas and Hovestadt, Thomas and Mitesser, Oliver and Stiegler, Jonas and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard},
  title     = {Saving the injured: Rescue behavior in the termite-hunting ant Megaponera analis},
  series = {Science Advances},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Science Advances},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1126/sciadv.1602187},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157933},
  pages     = {e1602187},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Predators of highly defensive prey likely develop cost-reducing adaptations. The ant Megaponera analis is a specialized termite predator, solely raiding termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae (in this study, mostly colonies of Pseudocanthotermes sp.) at their foraging sites. The evolutionary arms race between termites and ants led to various defensive mechanisms in termites (for example, a caste specialized in fighting predators). Because M. analis incurs high injury/mortality risks when preying on termites, some risk-mitigating adaptations seem likely to have evolved. We show that a unique rescue behavior in M. analis, consisting of injured nestmates being carried back to the nest, reduces combat mortality. After a fight, injured ants are carried back by their nestmates; these ants have usually lost an extremity or have termites clinging to them and are able to recover within the nest. Injured ants that are forced experimentally to return without help, die in 32\% of the cases. Behavioral experiments show that two compounds, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, present in the mandibular gland reservoirs, trigger the rescue behavior. A model accounting for this rescue behavior identifies the drivers favoring its evolution and estimates that rescuing enables maintenance of a 28.7\% larger colony size. Our results are the first to explore experimentally the adaptive value of this form of rescue behavior focused on injured nestmates in social insects and help us to identify evolutionary drivers responsible for this type of behavior to evolve in animals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FlorenLinsenmairMueller2022,
  author    = {Floren, Andreas and Linsenmair, Karl Eduard and M{\"u}ller, Tobias},
  title     = {Diversity and functional relevance of canopy arthropods in Central Europe},
  series = {Diversity},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Diversity},
  number    = {8},
  issn      = {1424-2818},
  doi       = {10.3390/d14080660},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285924},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Although much is known about the ecology and functional importance of canopy arthropods in temperate forests, few studies have tried to assess the overall diversity and investigate the composition and dynamics of tree-specific communities. This has impeded a deeper understanding of the functioning of forests, and of how to maintain system services. Here, we present the first comprehensive data of whole arthropod communities, collected by insecticidal knockdown (fogging) from 1159 trees in 18 study areas in Central Europe during the last 25 years. The data includes 3,253,591 arthropods from 32 taxa (order, suborder, family) collected on 24 tree species from 18 genera. Fogging collects free-living, ectophytic arthropods in approximately the same number as they occur in the trees. To our knowledge, these are the most comprehensive data available today on the taxonomic composition of arboreal fauna. Assigning all arthropods to their feeding guild provided a proxy of their functional importance. The data showed that the canopy communities were regularly structured, with a clear dominance hierarchy comprised of eight 'major taxa' that represented 87\% of all arthropods. Despite significant differences in the proportions of taxa on deciduous and coniferous trees, the composition of the guilds was very similar. The individual tree genera, on the other hand, showed significant differences in guild composition, especially when different study areas and years were compared, whereas tree-specific traits, such as tree height, girth in breast height or leaf cover, explained little of the overall variance. On the ordinal level, guild composition also differed significantly between managed and primary forests, with a simultaneous low within-group variability, indicating that management is a key factor determining the distribution of biodiversity and guild composition.},
  language  = {en}
}