@article{SchrautJakobWeidneretal.2014,
  author    = {Schraut, K. G. and Jakob, S. B. and Weidner, M. T. and Schmitt, A. G. and Scholz, C. J. and Strekalova, T. and El Hajj, N. and Eijssen, L. M. T. and Domschke, K. and Reif, A. and Haaf, T. and Ortega, G. and Steinbusch, H. W. M. and Lesch, K. P. and Van den Hove, D. L.},
  title     = {Prenatal stress-induced programming of genome-wide promoter DNA methylation in 5-HTT-deficient mice},
  series = {Translational Psychiatry},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Translational Psychiatry},
  doi       = {10.1038/tp.2014.107},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119199},
  pages     = {e473},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT/SLC6A4)-linked polymorphic region has been suggested to have a modulatory role in mediating effects of early-life stress exposure on psychopathology rendering carriers of the low-expression short (s)-variant more vulnerable to environmental adversity in later life. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this gene-by-environment interaction are not well understood, but epigenetic regulation including differential DNA methylation has been postulated to have a critical role. Recently, we used a maternal restraint stress paradigm of prenatal stress (PS) in 5-HTT-deficient mice and showed that the effects on behavior and gene expression were particularly marked in the hippocampus of female 5-Htt+/- offspring. Here, we examined to which extent these effects are mediated by differential methylation of DNA. For this purpose, we performed a genome-wide hippocampal DNA methylation screening using methylated-DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) on Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Promoter 1.0 R arrays. Using hippocampal DNA from the same mice as assessed before enabled us to correlate gene-specific DNA methylation, mRNA expression and behavior. We found that 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the DNA methylation signature of numerous genes, a subset of which showed overlap with the expression profiles of the corresponding transcripts. For example, a differentially methylated region in the gene encoding myelin basic protein (Mbp) was associated with its expression in a 5-Htt-, PS- and 5-Htt × PS-dependent manner. Subsequent fine-mapping of this Mbp locus linked the methylation status of two specific CpG sites to Mbp expression and anxiety-related behavior. In conclusion, hippocampal DNA methylation patterns and expression profiles of female prenatally stressed 5-Htt+/- mice suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms, some of which are promoter methylation-dependent, contribute to the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure and their interaction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ScholzSauerWiessneretal.2013,
  author    = {Scholz, M. and Sauer, C. and Wiessner, M. and Nguyen, N. and Scholl, A. and Reinert, F.},
  title     = {Structure formation in organic thin films observed in real time by energy dispersive near-edge x-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy},
  series = {New Journal of Physics},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {New Journal of Physics},
  number    = {083052},
  doi       = {10.1088/1367-2630/15/8/083052},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-129749},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {We study the structure formation of 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylicacid- dianhydride (NTCDA) multilayer films on Ag(111) surfaces by energy dispersive near-edge x-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) and photoelectron spectroscopy. The time resolution of seconds of the method allows us to identify several sub-processes, which occur during the post-growth three-dimensional structural ordering, as well as their characteristic time scales. After deposition at low temperature the NTCDA molecules are preferentially flat lying and the films exhibit no long-range order. Upon annealing the molecules flip into an upright orientation followed by an aggregation in a transient phase which exists for several minutes. Finally, threedimensional islands are established with bulk-crystalline structure involving substantial mass transport on the surface and morphological roughening. By applying the Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami model the activation energies of the temperature-driven sub-processes can be derived from the time evolution of the NEXAFS signal.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RietjensDussortGuentheretal.2018,
  author    = {Rietjens, Ivonne M. C. M. and Dussort, P. and G{\"u}nther, Helmut and Hanlon, Paul and Honda, Hiroshi and Mally, Angela and O'Hagan, Sue and Scholz, Gabriele and Seidel, Albrecht and Swenberg, James and Teeguarden, Justin and Eisenbrand, Gerhard},
  title     = {Exposure assessment of process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring},
  series = {Archives of Toxicology},
  volume    = {92},
  journal   = {Archives of Toxicology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00204-017-2143-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226268},
  pages     = {15-40},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Exposure assessment is a fundamental part of the risk assessment paradigm, but can often present a number of challenges and uncertainties. This is especially the case for process contaminants formed during the processing, e.g. heating of food, since they are in part highly reactive and/or volatile, thus making exposure assessment by analysing contents in food unreliable. New approaches are therefore required to accurately assess consumer exposure and thus better inform the risk assessment. Such novel approaches may include the use of biomarkers, physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry, and/or duplicate diet studies. This review focuses on the state of the art with respect to the use of biomarkers of exposure for the process contaminants acrylamide, 3-MCPD esters, glycidyl esters, furan and acrolein. From the overview presented, it becomes clear that the field of assessing human exposure to process-related contaminants in food by biomarker monitoring is promising and strongly developing. The current state of the art as well as the existing data gaps and challenges for the future were defined. They include (1) using PBK modelling and duplicate diet studies to establish, preferably in humans, correlations between external exposure and biomarkers; (2) elucidation of the possible endogenous formation of the process-related contaminants and the resulting biomarker levels; (3) the influence of inter-individual variations and how to include that in the biomarker-based exposure predictions; (4) the correction for confounding factors; (5) the value of the different biomarkers in relation to exposure scenario's and risk assessment, and (6) the possibilities of novel methodologies. In spite of these challenges it can be concluded that biomarker-based exposure assessment provides a unique opportunity to more accurately assess consumer exposure to process-related contaminants in food and thus to better inform risk assessment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VarykhalovMarchenkoSanchezBarrigaetal.2012,
  author    = {Varykhalov, A. and Marchenko, D. and S{\´a}nchez-Barriga, J. and Scholz, M. R. and Verberck, B. and Trauzettel, B. and Wehling, T. O. and Carbone, C. and Rader, O.},
  title     = {Intact Dirac Cones at Broken Sublattice Symmetry: Photoemission Study of Graphene on Ni and Co},
  series = {Physical Review X},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Physical Review X},
  number    = {041017},
  doi       = {10.1103/PhysRevX.2.041017},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135732},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The appearance of massless Dirac fermions in graphene requires two equivalent carbon sublattices of trigonal shape. While the generation of an effective mass and a band gap at the Dirac point remains an unresolved problem for freestanding extended graphene, it is well established by breaking translational symmetry by confinement and by breaking sublattice symmetry by interaction with a substrate. One of the strongest sublattice-symmetry-breaking interactions with predicted and measured band gaps ranging from 400 meV to more than 3 eV has been attributed to the interfaces of graphene with Ni and Co, which are also promising spin-filter interfaces. Here, we apply angle-resolved photoemission to epitaxial graphene on Ni (111) and Co(0001) to show the presence of intact Dirac cones 2.8 eV below the Fermi level. Our results challenge the common belief that the breaking of sublattice symmetry by a substrate and the opening of the band gap at the Dirac energy are in a straightforward relation. A simple effective model of a biased bilayer structure composed of graphene and a sublattice-symmetry-broken layer, corroborated by density-functional-theory calculations, demonstrates the general validity of our conclusions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Scholz2007,
  author    = {Scholz, Sabrina M.},
  title     = {Analyse von zellul{\"a}ren und molekularen Wechselwirkungen der PfCCp-Multiadh{\"a}sionsdom{\"a}nenproteine und funktionale Charakterisierung von PfCCp4 in den Sexualstadien des Malariaerregers Plasmodium falciparum},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26911},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Trotz intensiver Forschung und des Global-Eradication-of-Malaria-Programms der WHO in den 1950er Jahren z{\"a}hlt Malaria neben AIDS und Tuberkulose auch heute immer noch zu den bedeutendsten Infektionskrankheiten weltweit. Aufgrund rasch zunehmender Resistenzentwicklung der Erreger gegen g{\"a}ngige Prophylaxe- sowie Therapiepr{\"a}parate und dem Fehlen eines Impfstoffs sterben j{\"a}hrlich bis zu 3 Mio. Menschen an Malaria. Seit vor etwa 2 Jahrzehnten das wissenschaftliche Interesse an transmissionsblockierenden Vakzinen gegen den Malariaerreger erwachte, r{\"u}ckten sexualstadienspezifische Oberfl{\"a}chenproteine in den Fokus der Impfstoffforschung. Im Zuge der vollst{\"a}ndigen Sequenzierung des P.-falciparum-Genoms wurde bei dem Screenen nach Genen, die multiple tier- oder bakterien{\"a}hnliche, adh{\"a}sive, extrazellul{\"a}re Dom{\"a}nen kodieren, die PfCCp-Familie identifiziert. Ihre 6 Mitglieder besitzen eine bemerkenswerte Vielfalt an hoch konservierten, adh{\"a}siven Modulen, die eine Beteiligung an Protein-Protein-, -Polysaccharid- oder -Lipid-Interaktionen vermuten lassen. Die Multiadh{\"a}sionsdom{\"a}nenproteine wurden aufgrund des gemeinsamen LCCL-Moduls PfCCp1 bis PfCCp5 benannt. Dem sechsten Mitglied, PfFNPA, fehlt zwar die namensgebende Dom{\"a}ne, doch die ausgepr{\"a}gte {\"A}hnlichkeit zu PfCCp5 f{\"u}hrte zur Integration des Proteins in die PfCCp-Familie. Die Charakterisierung der ersten 3 Mitglieder zeigte, dass PfCCp1, PfCCp2 und PfCCp3 sexualstadienspezifisch exprimiert werden und in der parasitophoren Vakuole reifer Gametozyten lokalisiert sind. Immunfluoreszenzstudien ließen außerdem erkennen, dass die Proteine w{\"a}hrend der Gametenbildung partiell freigesetzt werden und in einer matrix-{\"a}hnlichen Struktur Exflagellationszentren umgeben. In KO-Studien erwiesen sich PfCCp2 und PfCCp3 zus{\"a}tzlich als essentielle Faktoren f{\"u}r die Migration reifer Sporozoiten aus den Mitteldarmoozysten in die Speicheldr{\"u}sen der M{\"u}cken. Damit erf{\"u}llen sie die 2 grundlegenden Kriterien f{\"u}r Komponenten transmissionsblockierender Vakzine: eine sexual-stadienspezifische Expression und essentielle Funktion w{\"a}hrend der Parasitenentwicklung in der M{\"u}cke. Aufgrund dieser viel versprechenden Daten wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit die Analyse der PfCCp-Familie durch funktionale Charakterisierung von PfCCp4 sowie Interaktionsstudien an den PfCCp-Proteinen fortgesetzt. Die Expressionsanalysen mittels RT-PCR, Western Blot und Immunfluoreszenzstudien ergaben f{\"u}r PfCCp4 ebenfalls eine sexualstadienspezifische, Plasmamembran-assoziierte Expression innerhalb der parasitophoren Vakuole reifer Gametozyten. Die Expression beginnt bereits in Gametozyten des Stadium I und erfolgt haupts{\"a}chlich in Makrogametozyten. Im Gegensatz zu PfCCp1, PfCCp2 und PfCCp3 wird PfCCp4 jedoch homogen verteilt exprimiert. W{\"a}hrend der Gametogenese wird PfCCp4 nicht freigesetzt, sondern verbleibt an der Oberfl{\"a}che von Makrogameten. Es ist zudem das einzige Mitglied der PfCCp-Familie, dessen Expression im Zuge der Ookinetenreifung wieder aufgenommen wird. KO-Studien durch Membranf{\"u}tterungen von Anopheles-M{\"u}cken lassen allerdings darauf schließen, dass PfCCp4 keine essentielle Funktion bei der Parasitenentwicklung aus{\"u}bt. Der Verlust von PfCCp4 beeintr{\"a}chtigte weder die Fertilisation noch die Bildung, Reifung oder Migration von Ookineten, Oozysten oder Sporozoiten. PfCCp4 kann somit nicht als Kandidat transmissionsblockierender Vakzine betrachtet werden, obwohl es mit den viel versprechenden Kandidaten Pfs230 und Pfs48/45 interagiert, wie funktionelle Analysen nativer PfCCp-Proteine mittels Ko-Immunpr{\"a}zipitation ergaben. Weitere Ko-Immunpr{\"a}zipitationsstudien identifizierten Interaktionen innerhalb der PfCCp-Familie, wie bereits die Ko-Lokalisation und ko-abh{\"a}ngige Expression von PfCCp1, PfCCp2 und PfCCp3, ihre Freisetzung bei der Gametogenese und die matrix{\"a}hnliche Verteilung um Exflagellationszentren vermuten ließen. In Affinit{\"a}tschromatographiestudien unter Verwendung rekombinanter PfCCp-Proteine konnte gezeigt werden, dass es sich dabei um direkte Interaktionen handelt, an denen besonders die LCCL- und die SR-Dom{\"a}ne beteiligt zu sein scheinen. In Zelladh{\"a}sionsstudien konnte außerdem eine Bindungsaffinit{\"a}t ausgew{\"a}hlter rekombinanter PfCCp-Proteine an Makrogameten beobachtet werden. Insgesamt best{\"a}tigen diese Daten unsere Hypothese, dass PfCCp-Proteine unter Beteiligung weiterer sexualstadienspezifischer Proteine w{\"a}hrend der Gametozytenreifung und Gametogenese Proteinkomplexe ausbilden. In zuk{\"u}nftigen Studien gilt es einerseits, ausgew{\"a}hlte PfCCp-Proteine durch transmissionsblockierende Experimente in ihrem Potential als Impfstoffkomponenten zu evaluieren. Andererseits nimmt die funktionale Charakterisierung der Proteinkomplexe w{\"a}hrend der Gamogonie eine zentrale Rolle ein, um ihre Funktion in der Sexualphase von P. falciparum zu kl{\"a}ren und die Beteiligung der PfCCp-Proteine an der Regulation dieses komplexen Lebenszyklus zu verstehen.},
  subject      = {Plasmodium falciparum},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BailNotzRovitusoetal.2017,
  author    = {Bail, Kathrin and Notz, Quirin and Rovituso, Damiano M. and Schampel, Andrea and Wunsch, Marie and Koeniger, Tobias and Schropp, Verena and Bharti, Richa and Scholz, Claus-Juergen and Foerstner, Konrad U. and Kleinschnitz, Christoph and Kuerten, Stefanie},
  title     = {Differential effects of FTY720 on the B cell compartment in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.},
  series = {Journal of Neuroinflammation},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Journal of Neuroinflammation},
  number    = {148},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12974-017-0924-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157869},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: MP4-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), which enables targeted research on B cells, currently much discussed protagonists in MS pathogenesis. Here, we used this model to study the impact of the S1P1 receptor modulator FTY720 (fingolimod) on the autoreactive B cell and antibody response both in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: MP4-immunized mice were treated orally with FTY720 for 30 days at the peak of disease or 50 days after EAE onset. The subsequent disease course was monitored and the MP4-specific B cell/antibody response was measured by ELISPOT and ELISA. RNA sequencing was performed to determine any effects on B cell-relevant gene expression. S1P\(_{1}\) receptor expression by peripheral T and B cells, B cell subset distribution in the spleen and B cell infiltration into the CNS were studied by flow cytometry. The formation of B cell aggregates and of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) was evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. Potential direct effects of FTY720 on B cell aggregation were studied in vitro. Results: FTY720 significantly attenuated clinical EAE when treatment was initiated at the peak of EAE. While there was a significant reduction in the number of T cells in the blood after FTY720 treatment, B cells were only slightly diminished. Yet, there was evidence for the modulation of B cell receptor-mediated signaling upon FTY720 treatment. In addition, we detected a significant increase in the percentage of B220\(^{+}\) B cells in the spleen both in acute and chronic EAE. Whereas acute treatment completely abrogated B cell aggregate formation in the CNS, the numbers of infiltrating B cells and plasma cells were comparable between vehicle- and FTY720-treated mice. In addition, there was no effect on already developed aggregates in chronic EAE. In vitro B cell aggregation assays suggested the absence of a direct effect of FTY720 on B cell aggregation. However, FTY720 impacted the evolution of B cell aggregates into TLOs. Conclusions: The data suggest differential effects of FTY720 on the B cell compartment in MP4-induced EAE.},
  language  = {en}
}