@article{GramGenslerAlbertovaetal.2022,
  author    = {Gram, Maximilian and Gensler, Daniel and Albertova, Petra and Gutjahr, Fabian Tobias and Lau, Kolja and Arias-Loza, Paula-Anahi and Jakob, Peter Michael and Nordbeck, Peter},
  title     = {Quantification correction for free-breathing myocardial T1ρ mapping in mice using a recursively derived description of a T\(_{1p}\)\(^{*}\) relaxation pathway},
  series = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12968-022-00864-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300491},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background Fast and accurate T1ρ mapping in myocardium is still a major challenge, particularly in small animal models. The complex sequence design owing to electrocardiogram and respiratory gating leads to quantification errors in in vivo experiments, due to variations of the T\(_{1p}\) relaxation pathway. In this study, we present an improved quantification method for T\(_{1p}\) using a newly derived formalism of a T\(_{1p}\)\(^{*}\) relaxation pathway. Methods The new signal equation was derived by solving a recursion problem for spin-lock prepared fast gradient echo readouts. Based on Bloch simulations, we compared quantification errors using the common monoexponential model and our corrected model. The method was validated in phantom experiments and tested in vivo for myocardial T\(_{1p}\) mapping in mice. Here, the impact of the breath dependent spin recovery time T\(_{rec}\) on the quantification results was examined in detail. Results Simulations indicate that a correction is necessary, since systematically underestimated values are measured under in vivo conditions. In the phantom study, the mean quantification error could be reduced from - 7.4\% to - 0.97\%. In vivo, a correlation of uncorrected T\(_{1p}\) with the respiratory cycle was observed. Using the newly derived correction method, this correlation was significantly reduced from r = 0.708 (p < 0.001) to r = 0.204 and the standard deviation of left ventricular T\(_{1p}\) values in different animals was reduced by at least 39\%. Conclusion The suggested quantification formalism enables fast and precise myocardial T\(_{1p}\) quantification for small animals during free breathing and can improve the comparability of study results. Our new technique offers a reasonable tool for assessing myocardial diseases, since pathologies that cause a change in heart or breathing rates do not lead to systematic misinterpretations. Besides, the derived signal equation can be used for sequence optimization or for subsequent correction of prior study results.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GramGenslerWinteretal.2022,
  author    = {Gram, Maximilian and Gensler, Daniel and Winter, Patrick and Seethaler, Michael and Arias-Loza, Paula Anahi and Oberberger, Johannes and Jakob, Peter Michael and Nordbeck, Peter},
  title     = {Fast myocardial T\(_{1P}\) mapping in mice using k-space weighted image contrast and a Bloch simulation-optimized radial sampling pattern},
  series = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
  volume    = {35},
  journal   = {Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {1352-8661},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10334-021-00951-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268903},
  pages     = {325-340},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Purpose T\(_{1P}\) dispersion quantification can potentially be used as a cardiac magnetic resonance index for sensitive detection of myocardial fibrosis without the need of contrast agents. However, dispersion quantification is still a major challenge, because T\(_{1P}\) mapping for different spin lock amplitudes is a very time consuming process. This study aims to develop a fast and accurate T\(_{1P}\) mapping sequence, which paves the way to cardiac T1ρ dispersion quantification within the limited measurement time of an in vivo study in small animals. Methods A radial spin lock sequence was developed using a Bloch simulation-optimized sampling pattern and a view-sharing method for image reconstruction. For validation, phantom measurements with a conventional sampling pattern and a gold standard sequence were compared to examine T\(_{1P}\) quantification accuracy. The in vivo validation of T\(_{1P}\) mapping was performed in N = 10 mice and in a reproduction study in a single animal, in which ten maps were acquired in direct succession. Finally, the feasibility of myocardial dispersion quantification was tested in one animal. Results The Bloch simulation-based sampling shows considerably higher image quality as well as improved T\(_{1P}\) quantification accuracy (+ 56\%) and precision (+ 49\%) compared to conventional sampling. Compared to the gold standard sequence, a mean deviation of - 0.46 ± 1.84\% was observed. The in vivo measurements proved high reproducibility of myocardial T\(_{1P}\) mapping. The mean T\(_{1P}\) in the left ventricle was 39.5 ± 1.2 ms for different animals and the maximum deviation was 2.1\% in the successive measurements. The myocardial T\(_{1P}\) dispersion slope, which was measured for the first time in one animal, could be determined to be 4.76 ± 0.23 ms/kHz. Conclusion This new and fast T\(_{1P}\) quantification technique enables high-resolution myocardial T\(_{1P}\) mapping and even dispersion quantification within the limited time of an in vivo study and could, therefore, be a reliable tool for improved tissue characterization.},
  language  = {en}
}