@article{WinklerFischerSchadeetal.2015,
  author    = {Winkler, Karol and Fischer, Julian and Schade, Anne and Amthor, Matthias and Dall, Robert and Geßler, Jonas and Emmerling, Monika and Ostrovskaya, Elena A. and Kamp, Martin and Schneider, Christian and H{\"o}fling, Sven},
  title     = {A polariton condensate in a photonic crystal potential landscape},
  series = {New Journal of Physics},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {New Journal of Physics},
  doi       = {10.1088/1367-2630/17/2/023001},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125050},
  pages     = {023001},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The possibility of investigating macroscopic coherent quantum states in polariton condensates and of engineering polariton landscapes in semiconductors has triggered interest in using polaritonic systems to simulate complex many-body phenomena. However, advanced experiments require superior trapping techniques that allow for the engineering of periodic and arbitrary potentials with strong on-site localization, clean condensate formation, and nearest-neighbor coupling. Here we establish a technology that meets these demands and enables strong, potentially tunable trapping without affecting the favorable polariton characteristics. The traps are based on a locally elongated microcavity which can be formed by standard lithography. We observe polariton condensation with non-resonant pumping in single traps and photonic crystal square lattice arrays. In the latter structures, we observe pronounced energy bands, complete band gaps, and spontaneous condensation at the M-point of the Brillouin zone.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DietrichSteudeTropfetal.2016,
  author    = {Dietrich, Christof P. and Steude, Anja and Tropf, Laura and Schubert, Marcel and Kronenberg, Nils M. and Ostermann, Kai and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Gather, Malte C.},
  title     = {An exciton-polariton laser based on biologically produced fluorescent protein},
  series = {Science Advances},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Science Advances},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.1126/sciadv.1600666},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171305},
  pages     = {e1600666},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Under adequate conditions, cavity polaritons form a macroscopic coherent quantum state, known as polariton condensate. Compared to Wannier-Mott excitons in inorganic semiconductors, the localized Frenkel excitons in organic emitter materials show weaker interaction with each other but stronger coupling to light, which recently enabled the first realization of a polariton condensate at room temperature. However, this required ultrafast optical pumping, which limits the applications of organic polariton condensates. We demonstrate room temperature polariton condensates of cavity polaritons in simple laminated microcavities filled with biologically produced enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). The unique molecular structure of eGFP prevents exciton annihilation even at high excitation densities, thus facilitating polariton condensation under conventional nanosecond pumping. Condensation is clearly evidenced by a distinct threshold, an interaction-induced blueshift of the condensate, long-range coherence, and the presence of a second threshold at higher excitation density that is associated with the onset of photon lasing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaierGoldForcheletal.2014,
  author    = {Maier, Sebastian and Gold, Peter and Forchel, Alfred and Gregersen, Niels and Mork, Jesper and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Schneider, Christian and Kamp, Martin},
  title     = {Bright single photon source based on self-aligned quantum dot-cavity systems},
  series = {Optics Express},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Optics Express},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {1094-4087},
  doi       = {10.1364/OE.22.008136},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119801},
  pages     = {8136-42},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {We report on a quasi-planar quantum-dot-based single-photon source that shows an unprecedented high extraction efficiency of 42\% without complex photonic resonator geometries or post-growth nanofabrication. This very high efficiency originates from the coupling of the photons emitted by a quantum dot to a Gaussian shaped nanohill defect that naturally arises during epitaxial growth in a self-aligned manner. We investigate the morphology of these defects and characterize the photonic operation mechanism. Our results show that these naturally arising coupled quantum dot-defects provide a new avenue for efficient (up to 42\% demonstrated) and pure (g(2)(0) value of 0.023) single-photon emission.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeIffLundtetal.2016,
  author    = {He, Yu-Ming and Iff, Oliver and Lundt, Nils and Baumann, Vasilij and Davanco, Marcelo and Srinivasan, Kartik and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Schneider, Christian},
  title     = {Cascaded emission of single photons from the biexciton in monolayered WSe\(_{2}\)},
  series = {Nature Communications},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Nature Communications},
  doi       = {10.1038/ncomms13409},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169363},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenide materials emerged as a new material class to study excitonic effects in solid state, as they benefit from enormous Coulomb correlations between electrons and holes. Especially in WSe\(_{2}\), sharp emission features have been observed at cryogenic temperatures, which act as single photon sources. Tight exciton localization has been assumed to induce an anharmonic excitation spectrum; however, the evidence of the hypothesis, namely the demonstration of a localized biexciton, is elusive. Here we unambiguously demonstrate the existence of a localized biexciton in a monolayer of WSe\(_{2}\), which triggers an emission cascade of single photons. The biexciton is identified by its time-resolved photoluminescence, superlinearity and distinct polarization in micro-photoluminescence experiments. We evidence the cascaded nature of the emission process in a cross-correlation experiment, which yields a strong bunching behaviour. Our work paves the way to a new generation of quantum optics experiments with two-dimensional semiconductors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KimZhangWangetal.2016,
  author    = {Kim, Seonghoon and Zhang, Bo and Wang, Zhaorong and Fischer, Julian and Brodbeck, Sebastian and Kamp, Martin and Schneider, Christian and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Deng, Hui},
  title     = {Coherent Polariton Laser},
  series = {Physical Review X},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Physical Review X},
  number    = {011026},
  doi       = {10.1103/PhysRevX.6.011026},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166597},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The semiconductor polariton laser promises a new source of coherent light, which, compared to conventional semiconductor photon lasers, has input-energy threshold orders of magnitude lower. However, intensity stability, a defining feature of a coherent state, has remained poor. Intensity noise many times the shot noise of a coherent state has persisted, attributed to multiple mechanisms that are difficult to separate in conventional polariton systems. The large intensity noise, in turn, limits the phase coherence. Thus, the capability of the polariton laser as a source of coherence light is limited. Here, we demonstrate a polariton laser with shot-noise-limited intensity stability, as expected from a fully coherent state. This stability is achieved by using an optical cavity with high mode selectivity to enforce single-mode lasing, suppress condensate depletion, and establish gain saturation. Moreover, the absence of spurious intensity fluctuations enables the measurement of a transition from exponential to Gaussian decay of the phase coherence of the polariton laser. It suggests large self-interaction energies in the polariton condensate, exceeding the laser bandwidth. Such strong interactions are unique to matter-wave lasers and important for nonlinear polariton devices. The results will guide future development of polariton lasers and nonlinear polariton devices.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LeeLimSchneideretal.2015,
  author    = {Lee, Chang-Min and Lim, Hee-Jin and Schneider, Christian and Maier, Sebastian and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Kamp, Martin and Lee, Yong-Hee},
  title     = {Efficient single photon source based on \(\mu\)-fibre-coupled tunable microcavity},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {14309},
  doi       = {10.1038/srep14309},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145835},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Efficient and fast on-demand single photon sources have been sought after as critical components of quantum information science. We report an efficient and tunable single photon source based on an InAs quantum dot (QD) embedded in a photonic crystal cavity coupled with a highly curved \(\mu\)-fibre. Exploiting evanescent coupling between the \(\mu\)-fibre and the cavity, a high collection efficiency of 23\% and Purcell-enhanced spontaneous emissions are observed. In our scheme, the spectral position of a resonance can be tuned by as much as 1.5 nm by adjusting the contact position of the \(\mu\)-fibre, which increases the spectral coupling probability between the QD and the cavity mode. Taking advantage of the high photon count rate and the tunability, the collection efficiencies and the decay rates are systematically investigated as a function of the QD-cavity detuning.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AmthorWeissenseelFischeretal.2014,
  author    = {Amthor, Matthias and Weißenseel, Sebastian and Fischer, Julian and Kamp, Martin and Schneider, Christian and H{\"o}fling, Sven},
  title     = {Electro-optical switching between polariton and cavity lasing in an InGaAs quantum well microcavity},
  doi       = {10.1364/OE.22.031146},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111130},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {We report on the condensation of microcavity exciton polaritons under optical excitation in a microcavity with four embedded InGaAs quantum wells. The polariton laser is characterized by a distinct nonlinearity in the input-output-characteristics, which is accompanied by a drop of the emission linewidth indicating temporal coherence and a characteristic persisting emission blueshift with increased particle density. The temporal coherence of the device at threshold is underlined by a characteristic drop of the second order coherence function to a value close to 1. Furthermore an external electric field is used to switch between polariton regime, polariton condensate and photon lasing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WyborskiPodemskiWrońskietal.2022,
  author    = {Wyborski, Paweł and Podemski, Paweł and Wroński, Piotr Andrzej and Jabeen, Fauzia and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Sęk, Grzegorz},
  title     = {Electronic and optical properties of InAs QDs grown by MBE on InGaAs metamorphic buffer},
  series = {Materials},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Materials},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {1996-1944},
  doi       = {10.3390/ma15031071},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-297037},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We present the optical characterization of GaAs-based InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a digitally alloyed InGaAs metamorphic buffer layer (MBL) with gradual composition ensuring a redshift of the QD emission up to the second telecom window. Based on the photoluminescence (PL) measurements and numerical calculations, we analyzed the factors influencing the energies of optical transitions in QDs, among which the QD height seems to be dominating. In addition, polarization anisotropy of the QD emission was observed, which is a fingerprint of significant valence states mixing enhanced by the QD confinement potential asymmetry, driven by the decreased strain with increasing In content in the MBL. The barrier-related transitions were probed by photoreflectance, which combined with photoluminescence data and the PL temperature dependence, allowed for the determination of the carrier activation energies and the main channels of carrier loss, identified as the carrier escape to the MBL barrier. Eventually, the zero-dimensional character of the emission was confirmed by detecting the photoluminescence from single QDs with identified features of the confined neutral exciton and biexciton complexes via the excitation power and polarization dependences.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vanLoockAltBecheretal.2020,
  author    = {van Loock, Peter and Alt, Wolfgang and Becher, Christoph and Benson, Oliver and Boche, Holger and Deppe, Christian and Eschner, J{\"u}rgen and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Meschede, Dieter and Michler, Peter and Schmidt, Frank and Weinfurter, Harald},
  title     = {Extending Quantum Links: Modules for Fiber- and Memory-Based Quantum Repeaters},
  series = {Advanced Quantum Technologies},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Advanced Quantum Technologies},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1002/qute.201900141},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228322},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Elementary building blocks for quantum repeaters based on fiber channels and memory stations are analyzed. Implementations are considered for three different physical platforms, for which suitable components are available: quantum dots, trapped atoms and ions, and color centers in diamond. The performances of basic quantum repeater links for these platforms are evaluated and compared, both for present-day, state-of-the-art experimental parameters as well as for parameters that can in principle be reached in the future. The ultimate goal is to experimentally explore regimes at intermediate distances—up to a few 100 km—in which the repeater-assisted secret key transmission rates exceed the maximal rate achievable via direct transmission. Two different protocols are considered, one of which is better adapted to the higher source clock rate and lower memory coherence time of the quantum dot platform, while the other circumvents the need of writing photonic quantum states into the memories in a heralded, nondestructive fashion. The elementary building blocks and protocols can be connected in a modular form to construct a quantum repeater system that is potentially scalable to large distances.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RauHeindelUnsleberetal.2014,
  author    = {Rau, Markus and Heindel, Tobias and Unsleber, Sebastian and Braun, Tristan and Fischer, Julian and Frick, Stefan and Nauerth, Sebastian and Schneider, Christian and Vest, Gwenaelle and Reitzenstein, Stephan and Kamp, Martin and Forchel, Alfred and H{\"o}fling, Sven and Weinfurter, Harald},
  title     = {Free space quantum key distribution over 500 meters using electrically driven quantum dot single-photon sources-a proof of principle experiment},
  series = {New Journal of Physics},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {New Journal of Physics},
  number    = {043003},
  doi       = {10.1088/1367-2630/16/4/043003},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116760},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Highly efficient single-photon sources (SPS) can increase the secure key rate of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems compared to conventional attenuated laser systems. Here we report on a free space QKD test using an electrically driven quantum dot single-photon source (QD SPS) that does not require a separate laser setup for optical pumping and thus allows for a simple and compact SPS QKD system. We describe its implementation in our 500 m free space QKD system in downtown Munich. Emulating a BB84 protocol operating at a repetition rate of 125 MHz, we could achieve sifted key rates of 5-17 kHz with error ratios of 6-9\% and g((2))(0)-values of 0.39-0.76.},
  language  = {en}
}