@phdthesis{Jaeger2016,
  author    = {J{\"a}ger, Daniel},
  title     = {Steuerungsfaktoren der Hangstabilit{\"a}t an Massenbewegungen im Fr{\"a}nkischen Schichtstufenland},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-139140},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Massenbewegungen z{\"a}hlen zu den am h{\"a}ufigsten auftretenden Naturgefahren in Deutschland. Dabei wird die von instabilen H{\"a}ngen ausgehende Gef{\"a}hrdung speziell in den Regionen der Mittelgebirge regelm{\"a}ßig untersch{\"a}tzt. In Bezug auf die Verbreitung von Massenbewegungen in Mittelgebirgen stellt das s{\"u}ddeutsche Schichtstufenland einen besonderen Schwerpunkt dar. Die Disposition der Schichtstufenh{\"a}nge beruht dabei in erster Linie auf einer Wechsellagerung wasserdurchl{\"a}ssiger und wasserstauender geologischer Schichten. Zu Hanginstabilit{\"a}ten kommt es bevorzugt in Verbindung mit synthetischem Schichtfallen, steilen H{\"a}ngen und erh{\"o}hten Niederschl{\"a}gen. Rezente Massenbewegungen treten verst{\"a}rkt in alten Rutsch- und/oder Hangschuttgebieten auf, da sich dort unkonsolidierte Rutschmassen leicht remobilisieren lassen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein fundiertes Verst{\"a}ndnis {\"u}ber Ursachen, Ablauf, Auspr{\"a}gung und Prozesse von charakteristischen Massenbewegungen sowie dem aktuellen Aufbau der damit verbundenen Schichtstufenh{\"a}nge in Nordbayern zu erlangen, um daraus grundlegende Einsch{\"a}tzungen zur Stabilit{\"a}t der Rutschgebiete treffen zu k{\"o}nnen. Neben den rutschungsrelevanten geologischen Schichten sind in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere der Aufbau, die Eigenschaften und Charakteristika der Rutschmassen von besonderer Wichtigkeit, da besonders die bodenmechanischen und bodenphysikalischen Eigenschaften einen entscheidenden Faktor in Bezug auf die Hangstabilit{\"a}t darstellen. Entsprechend steht die umfassende Analyse dieser Sedimente im Fokus der Studien. Die Arbeiten betrachten dabei drei H{\"a}nge im fr{\"a}nkischen Schichtstufenland, an denen in der j{\"u}ngeren Vergangenheit Massenbewegungen auftraten. Ein weiteres zentrales Auswahlkriterium war die Lage der Gebiete in den Schichtstufen der Fr{\"a}nkischen Alb und der westlich vorgelagerten Keuperstufe, wobei hinsichtlich Typ und Verbreitung m{\"o}glichst charakteristische Massenbewegungen f{\"u}r die jeweilige Region ausgew{\"a}hlt wurden. Bei Ebermannstadt stand demnach die sog. Werkkalkstufe der Weißjura-Kalke im Fokus, nahe W{\"u}stendorf die Sandsteine des Braunjura und bei Gailnau an der Frankenh{\"o}he die Sandsteine des mittleren (Gips-) Keupers. Die Untersuchungen der Rutschungen und ihrer Sedimentcharakteristika erfolgte anhand eines speziell konzipierten Multimethodenansatzes mit zahlreichen, multiskaligen Gel{\"a}nde- und Laboranalysen. Neben klassischen, geomorphologischen Kartierungen an der Oberfl{\"a}che wurden die sedimentologisch-morphologischen Verh{\"a}ltnisse des oberfl{\"a}chennahen Untergrundes in der Vertikalen durch geophysikalische Sondierungen analysiert. Eine Einsch{\"a}tzung der hydrologischen Verh{\"a}ltnisse der Rutschmassen erfolgte auf Basis von Messdaten aus Bodenfeuchtemonitoringsystemen, die an allen Untersuchungsstandorten installiert wurden. F{\"u}r die bodenphysikalischen und -mechanischen Eigenschaften der Sedimente wurden Korngr{\"o}ßen, Konsistenzgrenzen, Plastizit{\"a}t, Gef{\"u}ge und Lagerungsdichte untersucht und durch Tonmineralanalysen erg{\"a}nzt. Die mikromorphologische Analyse von D{\"u}nnschliffen aus Rutschungssedimenten und den darin enthaltenen Deformationsstrukturen erweiterten den Gesamtansatz, erm{\"o}glichten neuartige Einblicke in die innere Architektur von Rutschmassen und erlaubten die Rekonstruktion von Bewegungsabl{\"a}ufen. Durch die Arbeiten konnten an den Standorten Ebermannstadt und Gailnau komplexe, vielschichtige Massenbewegungen nachgewiesen werden. In der Rutschung bei W{\"u}stendorf wurden nahezu ausschließlich unkonsolidierte Sedimente feinerer Korngr{\"o}ßen in einem Fließprozess verlagert. Prim{\"a}r erfolgte bei allen Rutschungen nachweislich die Remobilisierung alter Hangsedimente, wobei dar{\"u}ber hinaus auch stets bisher stabile Areale mit in die Bewegung einbezogen wurden. Der sedimentologische Aufbau der Rutschmassen ist speziell im Falle großer und komplexer Rutschungen mitunter extrem heterogen. Im Zuge der Arbeiten konnten interne Makrostrukturen der Sedimentablagerungen, wie beispielsweise Rotationsfl{\"a}chen oder die Lage von Schollen detektiert werden. Trotz geophysikalisch und visuell auff{\"a}lliger Beimischungen von Grobschutt, entfallen die gr{\"o}ßten Mengenanteile aber stets auf die ver{\"a}nderlich feste Feinmaterialfraktion. Im Rahmen der mikromorphologischen Untersuchungen der Sedimentd{\"u}nnschliffe konnten auch in diesen Sedimenten zahlreiche Deformationsstrukturen nachgewiesen werden. Die Arbeit unterstreicht insgesamt die Bedeutung dieser bindigen Bestandteile f{\"u}r die (Re)Mobilisierung von Sedimentablagerungen. Die Stabilit{\"a}t des Feinmaterials steht dabei in engem Zusammenhang mit der hydraulischen Leitf{\"a}higkeit und dem Eintrag von Wasser, welches zu wechselnden Steifigkeiten der Sedimente f{\"u}hrt. Im Falle erh{\"o}hter Bodenwassergehalte konnte eine Plastifizierung der Feinkornfraktion ermittelt werden. Kommt es zu einer starken Durchn{\"a}ssung des Untergrundes, f{\"u}hrt dies zu einer Plastifizierung der tonigen Lagen und einer entsprechenden Reduktion der Scherfestigkeit, was letztlich zum Ausl{\"o}sen von Massenbewegungen f{\"u}hrt. Neben den geologisch-sedimentologischen Voraussetzungen impliziert dies auch eine hohe Bedeutung der Niederschlagscharakteristika in Bezug auf das Ausl{\"o}sen rezenter Massenbewegungen. Die Bodenwassergehalte unterliegen im Jahresverlauf einer deutlichen saisonalen Variabilit{\"a}t. W{\"a}hrend der Sommermonate wurden einheitlich niedrige Feuchtigkeitswerte im oberfl{\"a}chennahen Untergrund verzeichnet, was in erster Linie auf den Einfluss der Vegetation zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Auch sommerliche Starkregenereignisse besitzen unter diesen Bedingungen lediglich eine reduzierte Wirkung auf die Durchfeuchtung des Bodens. Demgegen{\"u}ber erfolgt w{\"a}hrend der kalten Jahreszeit ein signifikanter Anstieg der Bodenwassergehalte. Neben den Regenf{\"a}llen kommt vor allem der Schneeschmelze eine essentielle Bedeutung zu, da sie f{\"u}r eine zus{\"a}tzliche und anhaltende Durchfeuchtung der Schichten besonders im Sp{\"a}twinter bzw. Fr{\"u}hjahr sorgt. Entsprechend besteht vor allem w{\"a}hrend der Monate Februar bis April eine erh{\"o}hte Disposition f{\"u}r Rutschungen in Nordbayern. Im Hinblick auf die Niederschlagssummen gingen den Rutschungen in den Untersuchungsgebieten zwar keine besonders extremen Ereignisse, aber durchaus deutlich {\"u}berdurchschnittliche Niederschlagssummen voraus, weshalb unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der im Zuge des Klimawandels ansteigenden Winterniederschl{\"a}ge von einer generell verst{\"a}rkten Rutschungsaktivit{\"a}t auszugehen ist. Vergleiche mit den Daten aus zahlreichen {\"U}bersichtskartierungen von Rutschungen aus den fr{\"a}nkischen Schichtstufengebieten verdeutlichen, dass die ermittelten Ergebnisse auf eine Vielzahl der verzeichneten Rutschungen {\"u}bertragbar sind.},
  subject      = {Geografikum},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schwindt2013,
  author    = {Schwindt, Daniel},
  title     = {Permafrost in ventilated talus slopes below the timberline - A multi-methodological study on the ground thermal regime and its impact on the temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of permafrost at three sites in the Swiss Alps},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90099},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In the central Alps permafrost can be expected above 2300 m a.s.l., at altitudes where mean annual air temperatures are below -1 °C. Isolated permafrost occurrences can be detected in north-exposed talus slopes, far below the timberline, where mean annual air temperatures are positive. Driving factors are assumed to be a low income of solar radiation, a thick organic layer with high insulation capacities as well as the thermally induced chimney effect. Aim of this study is to achieve a deeper understanding of the factors determining the site-specific thermal regime, as well as the spatially limited and temporally highly variable permafrost occurrences in vegetated talus slopes. Three supercooled talus slopes in the Swiss Alps were chosen for investigation. Substantially different characteristics were a central criterion in the selection of study sites. Located in the Upper Engadin, climatic conditions, altitude as well as dimensions of the talus slopes are comparable for the study sites Val Bever and Val Susauna; major differences are rooted in the nature of talus substrate and in humus- and vegetation distribution. Characteristics of the Br{\"u}eltobel site, located in the Appenzeller Alps, diverge with regard to climatic conditions, altitude and dimensions of the talus slope; humus- and vegetation compositions are comparable to the Val Susauna site. Confirmation and characterisation of ground ice is accomplished by the application of electrical resistivity and seismic refraction tomography. The estimation of the spatial permafrost distribution is based on quasi-3D resistivity imaging. For the confirmation of permafrost and the analysis of its temporal variability electrical resistivity monitoring arrays were constructed and installed at all study sites, to allow year-round measurements. In addition to resistivity monitoring, the - up to now - first seismic refraction tomography winter monitoring was conducted at the Val Susauna to analyse the permafrost evolution during the winter half-year. Investigations of the ground thermal regime were based on the analysis of temperature logger data. Besides recording air- and ground surface temperatures, focus was set on the temperature evolution in vents and in the organic layer. To analyse the relationship between permafrost distribution on the one hand and humus- and vegetation distribution on the other hand, an extensive mapping of humus characteristics and vegetation composition was conducted at Val Susauna. The existence of permafrost could be proven at all study sites. Spatially, permafrost bodies show a narrow transition to neighbouring, unfrozen areas. As observed at Val Susauna, the permafrost distribution strongly correlates with areas with exceptionally thick organic layer, high percentages of mosses and lichens in the undergrowth and dwarf grown trees. The temporal variability of permafrost has proven to be exceptionally high, with the magnitude of seasonal variations distinctly exceeding intra-annual changes. Thereby, the winter season is characterised by a significant supercooling. During snowmelt a growth in volumetric ice content is induced by refreezing of percolating meltwater on the supercooled talus. The results confirmed the fundamental influence of the chimney effect on the existence and temporal variability of permafrost in talus slopes. Divergences in the effectiveness of the thermal regime were detected between the study sites. These are based on differences in the nature of talus material, humus characteristics and vegetation composition. During summer, the organic material is usually dry at the daytime, inducing a high insulation capability and a protection of the subsurface against high atmospheric temperatures. Bouldery talus slopes typically show an organic layer that is fragmented by large boulders, which induces a strongly reduced insulation capability and allows an efficient heat exchange by convective airflow and percolating precipitation water. In the winter half-year, the thermal conductivity of the organic layer increases massively under moist or frozen conditions, allowing an efficient, conductive cooling of the talus material. The convective cooling in bouldery talus slopes affects an earlier onset and a higher magnitude of supercooling than under consistent humus conditions. Here, conductive heat flow is dominant and the cooling in autumn is buffered by a prolonged zero curtain. The snow cover has proven to be incapable of prohibiting an efficient supercooling of the talus slope in winter, almost independent from thickness.},
  subject      = {Engadin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Krech2018,
  author    = {Krech, Martin},
  title     = {Pedosediment{\"a}re Archive in pr{\"a}historischen Fundpl{\"a}tzen in Franken},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163682},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Pedosediment{\"a}re Archive liefern einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion der Landschaftsgeschichte. Die anthropogene Besiedlung und Nutzung der Landoberfl{\"a}che seit dem Beginn des Holoz{\"a}ns verursacht Boden-, Vegetations- und Reliefver{\"a}nderungen, welche sich durch die Verbreitung von B{\"o}den mit ihren Erosionsstadien und Kolluvien zeigen. Das Ausmaß und die Art der Bodenerosion und die damit verbundene Bildung der Kolluvien werden neben den nat{\"u}rlichen Faktoren wesentlich durch die Landnutzung bestimmt. B{\"o}den und Kolluvien enthalten wichtige Informationen {\"u}ber die urspr{\"u}ngliche Landschaft, ehemalige Landnutzungsphasen und Umweltver{\"a}nderungen. Die spezifischen Merkmale in Kombination mit den arch{\"a}ologischen Befunden erm{\"o}glichen R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf vergangene Natur- und Kulturr{\"a}ume. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein besseres Verst{\"a}ndnis {\"u}ber die Siedlungs- und Landschaftsentwicklung der untersuchten Gebiete in Franken zu erlangen. Hierf{\"u}r ist es angebracht, mehrere r{\"a}umlich verteilte Standorte zu untersuchen. Um den menschlichen Einfluss auf die pr{\"a}historische Landschaft besser verstehen zu k{\"o}nnen, kam ein interdisziplin{\"a}rer Ansatz mit arch{\"a}ologischen und physisch-geographischen Methoden zur Anwendung. Die Umgebungen der einzelnen Untersuchungsstandorte wurden nach geomorphologischen Kriterien charakterisiert und ausgew{\"a}hlten Befunde nach bodenkundlichen Fragestellungen aufgenommen. Die Bestimmung der bodenphysikalischen und -chemischen Eigenschaften von B{\"o}den und Sedimenten erfolgte anhand repr{\"a}sentativer Probenmengen. Bei ausgew{\"a}hlten Profilen kamen zus{\"a}tzlich die Analysen zur Bestimmung der Gesamt- und Tonmineralogie sowie die Methode der 14C-Datierung f{\"u}r Bodensedimente, Tierknochen und Holzkohlen hinzu. Die physisch-geographischen Ergebnisse konnten anschließend mit den arch{\"a}ologischen Informationen erg{\"a}nzt. Die drei ausgew{\"a}hlten Untersuchungsgebiete befinden sich im Fr{\"a}nkischen Schichtstufenland. Der Bullenheimer Berg wurde aufgrund seiner bedeutenden Besiedlungsgeschichte ausgew{\"a}hlt. Die ausgew{\"a}hlten Profile liegen in verschiedenen Nutzungsarealen auf dem Plateau. Die Standorte Marktbergel und Ergersheim liegen im Gebiet des Fr{\"a}nkischen Gipskarstes. Diese Untersuchungen sind ein Teil des DFG-gef{\"o}rderten Projektes „Pr{\"a}historische Mensch-Umwelt-Beziehungen im Gipskarst der Windsheimer Bucht, Nordbayern. Dolinen als Archive f{\"u}r Siedlungs- und Landschaftsentwicklung." Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der anthropogene Einfluss zu einer deutlichen Ver{\"a}nderung in der Landschaft f{\"u}hrte. F{\"u}r die Untersuchungsr{\"a}ume zeichnet sich eine lange Nutzungsgeschichte seit dem Beginn des Holoz{\"a}ns ab. Durch die Auswertung der Gel{\"a}ndebefunde und der labortechnisch erzeugten Kennwerte konnten die untersuchten Profile in mehrere Phasen gegliedert werden. Es zeigten sich Stabilit{\"a}tsphasen in denen Bodenbildung stattfinden konnte, aber auch geomorphodynamisch aktive Phasen der Erosion und Akkumulation von Bodensedimenten.},
  subject      = {Pedostratigraphie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Sprafke2016,
  author    = {Sprafke, Tobias},
  title     = {L{\"o}ss in Nieder{\"o}sterreich - Archiv quart{\"a}rer Klima- und Landschaftsver{\"a}nderungen},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-038-2 (print)},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-039-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127787},
  school      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {272},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit widmet sich detaillierten stratigraphischen und pal{\"a}opedologischen Studien an L{\"o}ss-Pal{\"a}oboden Sequenzen (LPS) im kontinentalen Nordosten {\"O}sterreichs, im Lee der B{\"o}hmischen Masse relativ zur Westwindzone. Neben methodischen Erkenntnissen ergeben sich allgemeine Schlussfolgerungen {\"u}ber die Klima- und Landschaftsentwicklung w{\"a}hrend der letzten Million Jahre. Die untersuchten Aufschl{\"u}sse liegen in der Region um Krems (Krems-Schießst{\"a}tte, Paudorf, Stiefern) und in Stillfried. Einige sind weithin bekannt als ehemalige Typuslokalit{\"a}ten der Quart{\"a}rstratigraphie, aber nach fundamentalen Revisionen in den 1970er Jahren schwand das Interesse an diesen merklich. Die LPS befinden sich in Hanglage, so sind polygenetische Einheiten und Erosionsl{\"u}cken {\"u}blich. Als Archive einer komplexen geomorphologischen Entwicklung sind sie nicht geeignet f{\"u}r die Anwendung {\"u}blicher pal{\"a}oklimatischer Proxies. Um die Entstehung der untersuchten LPS zu verstehen, wurde ein multimethodischer Ansatz entwickelt, der detaillierte Untersuchungen von der Landschafts- bis auf die Mikroebene umfasst. Innovativ ist die Verwendung quantitativer Farbmessungen in hoher Aufl{\"o}sung zum Zwecke einer standardisierten Klassifikation von Profileinheiten. Detaillierte mikromorphologische Untersuchungen sind Basis f{\"u}r die Rekonstruktion des Wechselspiels aus {\"a}olischer Sedimentation, Pedogenese und Hangprozessen. Die Korrelation der LPS basiert auf mehreren geochronologischen Ankerpunkten und ist zugleich Hinweis auf tiefgreifende morphologische Ver{\"a}nderungen in der Region Krems w{\"a}hrend des Pleistoz{\"a}ns. Im chronologischen Rahmen ergeben sich unter Anwendung des Konzepts der klimaphytomorphen B{\"o}den qualitative pal{\"a}oklimatische Schlussfolgerungen: Kr{\"a}ftig verwitterte Bodenhorizonte sind polygenetisch und nicht das Resultat feuchterer Klimabedingungen w{\"a}hrend dezidierter Entwicklungsphasen. Die Kontinentalit{\"a}t des Untersuchungsgebiets blieb w{\"a}hrenden der letzten Million Jahre weitgehend bestehen, teils mit erh{\"o}htem mediterranem Einfluss. Eine Dominanz atlantischer Feuchte beschr{\"a}nkt(e) sich auf die Regionen westlich der B{\"o}hmischen Masse. Die Pal{\"a}oklimate des Untersuchungs-gebiets waren eher vergleichbar mit jenen des Pannonischen Beckens, obgleich die untersuchten Sequenzen keinen Hinweis auf den dort vermuteten Gradienten zunehmender Aridit{\"a}t zeigen. Interessant sind ferner zahlreiche gebleichte Horizonte innerhalb der L{\"o}sssedimente, die als Reste von Tundragleyen interpretiert werden. Diese sind im L{\"o}ss des Pannonischen Becken nicht nachweisbar. Hieraus wird ein mitteleurop{\"a}ischer Charakter kaltzeitlichen Klimas innerhalb des untersuchten Zeitrahmens gefolgert.},
  subject      = {L{\"o}ss},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Wilde2022,
  author    = {Wilde, Martina},
  title     = {Landslide susceptibility assessment in the Chiconquiaco Mountain Range area, Veracruz (Mexico)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27608},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276085},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In Mexico, numerous landslides occur each year and Veracruz represents the state with the third highest number of events. Especially the Chiconquiaco Mountain Range, located in the central part of Veracruz, is highly affected by landslides and no detailed information on the spatial distribution of existing landslides or future occurrences is available. This leaves the local population exposed to an unknown threat and unable to react appropriately to this hazard or to consider the potential landslide occurrence in future planning processes. Thus, the overall objective of the present study is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the landslide situation in the Chiconquiaco Mountain Range area. Here, the combination of a site-specific and a regional approach enables to investigate the causes, triggers, and process types as well as to model the landslide susceptibility for the entire study area. For the site-specific approach, the focus lies on characterizing the Capul{\´i}n landslide, which represents one of the largest mass movements in the area. In this context, the task is to develop a multi-methodological concept, which concentrates on cost-effective, flexible and non-invasive methods. This approach shows that the applied methods complement each other very well and their combination allows for a detailed characterization of the landslide. The analyses revealed that the Capul{\´i}n landslide is a complex mass movement type. It comprises rotational movement in the upper parts and translational movement in the lower areas, as well as flow processes at the flank and foot area and therefore, is classified as a compound slide-flow according to Cruden and Varnes (1996). Furthermore, the investigations show that the Capul{\´i}n landslide represents a reactivation of a former process. This is an important new information, especially with regard to the other landslides identified in the study area. Both the road reconstructed after the landslide, which runs through the landslide mass, and the stream causing erosion processes at the foot of the landslide severely affect the stability of the landslide, making it highly susceptible to future reactivation processes. This is particularly important as the landslide is located only few hundred meters from the village El Capul{\´i}n and an extension of the landslide area could cause severe damage. The next step in the landslide assessment consists of integrating the data obtained in the site-specific approach into the regional analysis. Here, the focus lies on transferring the generated data to the entire study area. The developed methodological concept yields applicable results, which is supported by different validation approaches. The susceptibility modeling as well as the landslide inventory reveal that the highest probability of landslides occurrence is related to the areas with moderate slopes covered by slope deposits. These slope deposits comprise material from old mass movements and erosion processes and are highly susceptible to landslides. The results give new insights into the landslide situation in the Chiconquiaco Mountain Range area, since previously landslide occurrence was related to steep slopes of basalt and andesite. The susceptibility map is a contribution to a better assessment of the landslide situation in the study area and simultaneously proves that it is crucial to include specific characteristics of the respective area into the modeling process, otherwise it is possible that the local conditions will not be represented correctly.},
  subject      = {Naturgefahren},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Neuhaeuser2014,
  author    = {Neuh{\"a}user, Bettina},
  title     = {Landslide Susceptibility and Climate Change Scenarios in Flysch Areas of the Eastern Alps},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-108582},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The topic of the present study focuses on landslide susceptibility assessment in the Northern Vienna Forest by GIS-based, statistic-probabilistic and deterministic modelling. The study is based on two complementary approaches for integrated landslide susceptibility assessment, which is not limited to one single methodology and its inherent assumptions. A statistic-probabilistic method is applied to the whole region of the Northern Vienna Forest. This regional model investigates the basic disposition for landslides under consideration of controlling factors, which are persistent and more or less constant over time. A deterministic method is applied on a larger scale in a sub-study site of the Hagenbach Valley. These detailed models aim to investigate the variable disposition as a function of substrate wetness, which is in turn dependent on meteorological conditions. A main aspect of the work is the development of various wetness scenarios, which consider short-term weather phenomena, like heavy or long-lasting rainfall, but which also investigate the influence of meteorological and climate conditions on slope stability, which may vary in mid-term and long-term. Furthermore, the assessment of the effects of climate change on the disposition for landslides is a major aspect of the study. Hence, average changes in air temperature and precipitation as predicted by Regional Climate Models are incorporated into modelling. In this context, it is tested whether changes in substrate wetness and thus in slope stability can be identified and quantified as a consequence of changed climate conditions. As further objective shallow slope movements are incorporated into disposition modelling. According to geomorphological and sedimentological studies, these quaternary sediments are essential for slope formation in the Vienna Forest. In general, it is assumed that landslides primarily occur in weathered flysch sandstones rich in marl. Field-based surveys, however, identified shallow landslide activity in the quaternary sediments covering the flysch bedrock in wide areas. Therefore, the influence of these sediments on slope dynamics is studied in the present work within GIS-based slope stability models. The results of the statistic-probabilistic landslide susceptibility assessment provide information on the basic disposition of the Northern Vienna Forest for landslides. The resulting regional susceptibility map reveals that the Northern Zone, a tectonic unit in the north of the study area, has extensive areas with the highest degree of landslide susceptibility. In this overthrust area in transition to the Molasse Zone there are geological units which are highly susceptible to landslides. The "Wolfpassing Formation" and the "Calcareous Klippen" of the Northern Zone show significant landslide densities. These geological zones start in the north near St. Andr{\"a}-W{\"o}rdern and continue in south-western direction along the ridges of Tulbinger Kogel, Klosterberg, Frauenberg, and Eichberg. Statistical weighting carried out in the course of regional landslide susceptibility assessment provides information on the spatial relation between landslide processes and specific controlling factors. The modelling highlights the relevance of zones rich in clay within the flysch formations as controlling geofactor. The highest landslide susceptibility is calculated for the geological units, which contain layers of Gaultflysch rich in clay and shale. Furthermore, a close correlation between the distribution of landslides on the one hand and the spatial distribution of the fault system and nappe boundaries on the other hand is ascertained. Hence, the tectonic conditions can be seen as crucial controlling geofactor for landslide activity in the study area. In the proximity of drainage lines an increased landslide frequency is revealed. In combination with heavy rainfall, torrential discharge can occur in creeks and may cause instabilities in adjacent hillslopes. In addition, the model documents an enhancement of landslide susceptibility on north-west facing slopes. In comparison to meteorological data it is obvious that the north-west exposition corresponds to the prevailing wind direction of the study area. Therefore, north-west facing slopes might be exposed to enhanced advective rainfall amounts, which can increase substrate wetness and thus landslide susceptibility. The latter geofactors indicate the significance of meteorological and hydrological conditions for the occurrence of landslides in the study area. As described above, the regional assessment is based on controlling factors that are persistent over a long period of time and can therefore be considered as constant. On the contrary, the large-scale, physically based deterministic modelling investigates the disposition for landslides under variable humidity conditions in the substrate. In conclusion it can be stated that the disposition for slope instability is strongly varying in dependence of the humidity conditions in the substrate. A heavy rainfall event causes a drastic reduction of stable areas by 23\% compared to monthly average wetness conditions in summer (July). In summary the wetness scenarios demonstrate, that apart from short-term weather conditions, like long-lasting or heavy rainfall, the long-term-development of substrate moisture has impact on slope stability. The more persistent, seasonally fluctuating wetness conditions show measureable influence on slope stability: As a consequence of increased topographic wetness in the winter month February there is an increase of instable areas by 5\% in comparison with the summer month July. The modelling further revealed that quaternary sediments are more moisture sensitive and the influence of changing wetness conditions is stronger in these layers than in the bedrock. The results of modelling, which are based on climate change, indicate that a moderate change of slope stability on a monthly average is possible in comparison to the conditions of the climate normal period. An assumed average monthly temperature increase of 2°C in combination with a precipitation increase of 30\% in the winter months lead to an augmentation of recharge of 7\% in the model in comparison with the long-term average conditions. Due to this increased recharge, there is a slight increase of topographic wetness in the model. This wetness augmentation results in an extension of instable slope areas by 3\% and a reduction of the stable slope areas proportional to this extension. This slightly increased instability reduces critical triggering thresholds for single rainfall events meaning that even lower precipitation amounts or intensities can cause instabilities. In contrast to the winter months, the incorporation of forecasted climate change into the modelling reveals a reduction of instable slope areas in favour of stable areas in the summer scenario. The forecasted average air temperature increase of 2.5°C in combination with a reduction of the average monthly precipitation amount of 15\% drastically decreases substrate moisture. Consequently, instable slope areas are reduced by 11\% of the study area. This effect on slope stability in the model mainly results from the reduced monthly rainfall amounts, but also from increased evapotranspiration as a consequence of the increased air temperature causing reduced recharge amounts. However, in spite of the monthly decrease of precipitation amounts, precipitation intensities are probable to rise according to climate studies. In this context the results of the modelling indicate, that a drastic, short-term increase of landslide disposition due to heavy rainfall events has to be expected more frequently in summer. The results of the complementary methods are then assembled. Based on this synthesis the following conclusion can be drawn: The regional landslide susceptibility assessment yields that hillslopes with an inclination of 26° to 31° are highly landslide prone. The physically based models indicate that in this slope gradient range the presence of quaternary sediments is of major importance for landslides. Therefore, it can be concluded that a considerable portion of known landslides mapped in flysch actually occurred in quaternary sediments.},
  subject      = {Wienerwald},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{MeyerHeintze2024,
  author    = {Meyer-Heintze, Simon},
  title     = {Holocene pedosedimentary sequences as archives for paleoenvironmental reconstructions},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-34909},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349098},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Human-environment interaction has significantly altered the pedosphere since the Neolithic, if not since the early Holocene. In the course of clearance, agriculture, and (wood) pasture soils have been deeply modified or eroded. These types of land use practices but above all forms of sedentariness spread alongside floodplains and trajectories were oriented towards loess covered areas where fertile soils could develop. Besides this, also peripheral / marginal regions were settled due to population pressure or other factors. Evidence for landscape history and development can be found within archeological sites but also overbank deposits and anthropogenic slope deposits document vast transformation processes. The presented investigations took place within the natural region of the Windsheimer Bucht which is locat-ed in the district of Middle Franconia in northern Bavaria, Germany. In this area, Holocene soils predomi-nantly developed within mudstones of the Middle to Upper Triassic. The soil texture is extremely clay-rich which renders the soils problematic with regard to cultivation management. As a peculiarity, the gypsum underlying the mudstones is prone to karstification processes and resulting proceeding geomorphological processes shape the surface of the landscape. In the course of gypsum mining the karst forms are being exposed and archeological findings are being documented. The latter mainly date back to a span from the Neolithic to the Iron Age, but partly are of Younger Paleolithic origin. Especially subsidence sinkholes are capable of storing pedosediments of several meters in thickness. Despite the high clay content and connect-ed pedoturbation processes, the excavated sequences are stratigraphically and pedologically well-differentiated. The archives occur in the context of settlement structures such as pits and postholes; there-fore, they developed at the interface of natural developments and human impact on their surroundings. The main original research questions that were formulated within the general frame of a project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-projects Te295/15-1 and -2 and Fa390/9-1 and -2) focused on the attractors of the peripheral region for early settlers, the pedological conditions before land use, but also the impact of humans on soils and karst dynamics through time. In the course of the in hand study, the pedosedimentary archives have been approached with a multimethodological toolset which consisted of field analyses, soil morphological analyses from micro- to macro-scale, spectrophotometric (color), (laser) granulometric, and (iron-) pedochemical analyses. The numerical chronological frame was spanned by radiocarbon dating of different organic remains and bulk material if soil organic carbon was supposed-ly high. The result is a multi-dimensional data set that consists of analyses on different spatial scales but also on different levels of measurement. Thus, qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative data consti-tute the basis for discussion. While the grain-size analyses underline the general sedimentological differen-tiation of the records and further affirm the high clay content within the pedosedimentary layers, iron-pedochemical analyses indicate an interplay between oxidation of iron and its chemical reduction. This is also manifested within the spectrophotometric record. Especially the versatile pedogenic characteristics that have been identified by field analyses are confirmed within the thin sections and, by considering all different analyses, the polygenic character of the pedosediments is emphasized. After stressing the general pedological specificities among the different investigated sites within the re-search area, for the collected data, the research further branches into the subjects of general notions on pedogenesis in clayey material and the classification of the respective pedosediments according to paleo-pedological concepts but also recent schemes. Concerning the latter, it becomes evident that established principles cannot be applied to the studied pedosediments without major adaptions. This underlines the specific characteristics of the material. The basis for further interpretations is the evaluation of the multi-level data set for the single records with regard to profile development and pedogenic processes. Hereby, the main drivers of pedogenesis could be identified, which are karst dynamics, land use, and subtle changes in parent material due to the admixture of slope deposits that contain allochthonous eolian material. The latter underlines the importance of Pleis-tocene preconditioning for understanding Holocene landscape dynamics. At the same time, a differentia-tion between the mentioned factors and Holocene climate development is difficult. The following compila-tion of record and localities within the given time frame unveils synchronous as well as asynchronous de-velopments; however, a clear connection between phases of Holocene climate and pedogenesis within the pedosediments cannot be established. Instead, it becomes evident that site specific factors or those that act on the scale of the micro-catchment of the investigated records are decisive. The aforementioned main topics of the project are also considered in the in hand study from a soil-geographic perspective: it is possible that before land use, there was an insular or thin cover by loess sedi-ments or at least upper layers (according to the concept of periglacial cover beds) which constituted the parent material for Holocene soil formation. The according soils, which were superior for agricultural purposes compared to those developed on the autochthonous mudstones, were eroded which exposed the clayey Upper to Middle Triassic beds. Erosion was aggravated due to the impermeable mudstones which enhanced overland flow and interflow within the overlying silty (loessic) material. This is further support-ed by the notions on erodibility of the clayey material that are derived from the comparison of conven-tional and laser granulometric analyses: probably, the clayey pedosediments are capable of forming micro-aggregates that can easily be eroded during heavy rainfall events despite the general consent that material with heavy texture should be rather resistant. The study presents a comprehensive view on clay-rich pedosediments and the complex effects of human-environment interaction on pedogenic as well as sedimentary processes through time that have not been investigated in such detail before. In this context, the multi-level soil morphological analyses and their necessity for a genetic interpretation with regard to the influence of natural versus anthropogenic factors need to be emphasized. Based on quantitative laboratory analytical data only, a respective differentiation would not be possible. This underlines the importance of the chosen soil-geographic multi-methodological approach for answering questions with regard to human-environment interaction but also geoarcheology in general.},
  subject      = {Geoarch{\"a}ologie},
  language  = {en}
}