@phdthesis{Jihyoung2024,
  author    = {Jihyoung, Choi},
  title     = {Development of an Add-On Electrode for Non-Invasive Monitoring in Bioreactor Cultures and Medical Devices},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35823},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358232},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a valuable technique analyzing electrochemical behavior of biological systems such as electrical characterization of cells and biomolecules, drug screening, and biomaterials in biomedical field. In EIS, an alternating current (AC) power signal is applied to the biological system, and the impedance of the system is measured over a range of frequencies. In vitro culture models of endothelial or epithelial barrier tissue can be achieved by culturing barrier tissue on scaffolds made with synthetic or biological materials that provide separate compartments (apical and basal sides), allowing for further studies on drug transport. EIS is a great candidate for non-invasive and real-time monitoring of the electrical properties that correlate with barrier integrity during the tissue modeling. Although commercially available transendothelial/transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement devices are widely used, their use is particularly common in static transwell culture. EIS is considered more suitable than TEER measurement devices in bioreactor cultures that involve dynamic fluid flow to obtain accurate and reliable measurements. Furthermore, while TEER measurement devices can only assess resistance at a single frequency, EIS measurements can capture both resistance and capacitance properties of cells, providing additional information about the cellular barrier's characteristics across various frequencies. Incorporating EIS into a bioreactor system requires the careful optimization of electrode integration within the bioreactor setup and measurement parameters to ensure accurate EIS measurements. Since bioreactors vary in size and design depending on the purpose of the study, most studies have reported using an electrode system specifically designed for a particular bioreactor. The aim of this work was to produce multi-applicable electrodes and established methods for automated non-invasive and real-time monitoring using the EIS technique in bioreactor cultures. Key to the electrode material, titanium nitride (TiN) coating was fabricated on different substrates (materials and shape) using physical vapor deposition (PVD) and housed in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structure to allow the electrodes to function as independent units. Various electrode designs were evaluated for double-layer capacitance and morphology using EIS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The TiN-coated tube electrode was identified as the optimal choice. Furthermore, EIS measurements were performed to examine the impact of influential parameters related to culture conditions on the TiN-coated electrode system. In order to demonstrate the versatility of the electrodes, these electrodes were then integrated into in different types of perfusion bioreactors for monitoring barrier cells. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) cells were cultured in the newly developed dynamic flow bioreactor, while human umblical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Caco-2 cells were cultured in the miniature hollow fiber bioreactor (HFBR). As a result, the TiN-coated tube electrode system enabled investigation of BBB barrier integrity in long-term bioreactor culture. While EIS measurement could not detect HUVECs electrical properties in miniature HFBR culture, there was the possibility of measuring the barrier integrity of Caco-2 cells, indicating potential usefulness for evaluating their barrier function. Following the bioreactor cultures, the application of the TiN-coated tube electrode was expanded to hemofiltration, based on the hypothesis that the EIS system may be used to monitor clotting or clogging phenomena in hemofiltration. The findings suggest that the EIS monitoring system can track changes in ion concentration of blood before and after hemofiltration in real-time, which may serve as an indicator of clogging of filter membranes. Overall, our research demonstrates the potential of TiN-coated tube electrodes for sensitive and versatile non-invasive monitoring in bioreactor cultures and medical devices.},
  subject      = {Monitoring},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Brendtke2018,
  author    = {Brendtke, Rico},
  title     = {Entwicklungsaspekte eines Medizinproduktes zur Pr{\"a}vention und {\"U}berwachung von Hydrierungszust{\"a}nden},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157181},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Der demografische Wandel und das Populationswachstum stellen eine globale Herausforderung f{\"u}r die Gesundheitssysteme dar. Eine vielversprechende L{\"o}sungsstrategie liegt in der digitalen {\"U}berwachung, Pr{\"a}vention und Therapie akuter und chronischer Erkrankungen durch die Nutzung von innovativen Technologien aus dem Bereich der personalisierten Medizin. Die Digitalisierung in der {\"U}berwachung von Vitalparametern mittels Sensorik besitzt großes Potential f{\"u}r die l{\"a}ngere Gesunderhaltung der Patienten und somit die Entlastung der Gesundheitssyteme im Ganzen. Da Wassermangel f{\"u}r eine Vielfalt von Krankheiten einen Katalysator darstellt, ist die Hydratation ein wichtiger aber bislang nur invasiv zug{\"a}nglicher Vitalparameter. Zur Etablierung nicht invasiver Messungen des Wasserhaushaltes am Menschen wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Eignung der Mikrowellentechnologie untersucht. Dehydratation resultiert in der Ver{\"a}nderung des Osmolythaushaltes und beeinflusst biochemische Prozesse, was zur Entstehung von Morbidit{\"a}t f{\"u}hren kann. Im Rahmen der Arbeit werden Teilbereiche der Entwicklung eines Medizinproduktes abgebildet. Zu diesem Zweck wird die Machbarkeit der mikrowellenbasierten Analyse des Wasserhaushaltes in einer technischen Machbarkeitsstudie untersucht, um im zweiten Prozessschritt einen technischen Demonstrator in vitro und in vivo am Probanden erproben zu k{\"o}nnen. Hochfrequente elektromagnetische Wellen interagieren mit Molek{\"u}len, speziell Wasser. Enth{\"a}lt eine Probe freie Wassermolek{\"u}le, kann dies im reflektierten Signal detektiert werden. Zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung des Sensorsystems in vitro dienen humane 3D-Vollhautmodelle mit spezifischer Hydratation und Gewebedichte der Matrixkomponenten als standardisiertes Modell zur Untersuchung definierter Exsikkoseszenarien und des Einflusses verschiedener Modellkomplexit{\"a}ten. Die Eignungs{\"u}berpr{\"u}fung des Systems mit einem technischen Demonstrator des k{\"u}nftigen Medizinproduktes belegt die Anwendbarkeit des Messsystems zur Erfassung des relativen Wassergehaltes. Die Technologie zeichnet sich durch eine hohe Sensitivit{\"a}t bei der Destinktion von Proben mittels Frequenz- und Signalreflektionsdifferenzen aus. Neben den In-vitro-Testungen wird das entwickelte Sensorsystem aus regulatorischer Sicht zur klinischen Leistungs{\"u}berpr{\"u}fung vorbereitet und im Rahmen eines bewilligten Ethikvotums in vivo erprobt. Die Ergebnisse belegen die Machbarkeit der nichtinvasiven Erfassung des Wasserhaushaltes durch mikrowellenbasierte Messungen. Die Technologie birgt das Potential, in ein k{\"o}rpernahes Sensorsystem integriert zu werden, welches als Medizinprodukt zur pers{\"o}nlichen Gesundheits{\"u}berwachung zugelassen werden kann.},
  subject      = {Medizinprodukt},
  language  = {de}
}