@phdthesis{Christmann2022,
  author    = {Christmann, Gabriel},
  title     = {USP 10 als Deubiquitinase f{\"u}r β-Catenin},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27299},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-272998},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Der WNT-Signalweg ist ein hochkonservierter Signalweg, dessen zentraler intrazellul{\"a}rer Regulationsschritt die Proteinstabilit{\"a}t des Proteins β-Catenin ist. Deregulierende Mutationen in diesem sind fr{\"u}he Ereignisse bei der Entstehung von Darmtumoren. Ist der Abbau von β-Catenin gest{\"o}rt, so ist unabh{\"a}ngig von {\"a}ußerer Kontrolle der Signalweg konstitutiv aktiviert und liefert ein Wachstumssignal. Untersuchungen haben aber gezeigt, dass beim Vorliegen solcher Mutationen immer noch eine - unzureichende - Ubiquitinylierung und ein Abbau von β-Catenin stattfindet. Ziel dieser Studie war Deubiquitinasen (DUBs) zu finden, die durch ihre Aktivit{\"a}t den Abbau von β-Catenin verhindern. Mithilfe eines siRNA Screens in der Vorarbeit konnten DUBs als Kandidaten f{\"u}r einen CRISPR Ansatz ausgew{\"a}hlt werden. APC Wildtyp HEK293T Zellen und Darmkrebszellen wurden mit lentiviralen CRISPR/Cas9 Vektoren infiziert, in welche sgRNAs gegen exonische Sequenzen von DUBs geklont waren. Einzelne Zellklone von USP10 CRISPR Zellen wurden weiter untersucht. In Western Blots und Immunofluoreszenz zeigte sich bei den USP10 CRISPR Zellen eine verminderte Expression von USP10 und damit einhergehend β-Catenin. Proteinstabilit{\"a}tsversuche mit MG132 und Cycloheximid zeigten einen erh{\"o}hten Abbau von β-Catenin in HEK293T USP10 CRISPR Zellen, vor allem nach Stimulierung des WNT-Signalwegs durch LiCl. In Aktivierungsassays (Luciferase und TOP-GFP FACS) des WNT-Signalwegs zeigte sich in HEK293T Zellen nach Behandlung mit LiCl eine geringere Aktivierung in den USP10 CRISPR Zellen. In einem Wachstumsassay zeigten HT29 USP10 CRISPR ein geringeres Wachstum als Kontrollzellen. W{\"a}hrend in einer histologischen F{\"a}rbung von Mausgewebe eine erh{\"o}hte Expression von USP10 nachweisbar war, zeigten sich in einer TMA F{\"a}rbung kein eindeutiger Unterschied zwischen gesundem Gewebe und Tumorgewebe. Die Studie identifiziert USP10 als eine m{\"o}gliche DUB f{\"u}r β-Catenin und potenzielles Ziel f{\"u}r eine Beeinflussung des mutierten WNT-Signalwegs in Darmkrebszellen.},
  subject      = {Darmkrebs},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Haug2014,
  author    = {Haug, Daniela},
  title     = {Untersuchung von FOSL1 im humanen Melanom},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-91064},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Bei Melanomen handelt es sich um die gef{\"a}hrlichste Form von Hautkrebs mit der h{\"o}chsten Mortalit{\"a}tsrate. Deshalb sind Untersuchungen dieser Hautkrebsart von immenser Bedeutung. Es ist bekannt, dass der AP-1-Transkriptionsfaktorkomplex eine große Rolle f{\"u}r Melanomentstehung und -progression spielt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Funktion der AP-1 Komponente FOSL1 in Melanomen untersucht. Hierbei konnte zun{\"a}chst ermittelt werden, dass die FOSL1 Expression im humanen Melanom durch den MAPK-Signalweg vermittelt wird und von den Onkogenen BRAF und NRAS abh{\"a}ngig ist. Dies wird auch durch die Tatsache unterst{\"u}tzt, dass die Stabilit{\"a}t von FOSL1 durch MAPK reguliert wird. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass FOSL1 in vielen Melanomzellen die Proliferation verst{\"a}rkt und auch an Migration beteiligt ist. Da diese Prozesse zur Krebsprogression beitragen, deutet dies darauf hin, dass FOSL1 bei der Melanomentwicklung eine wichtige Funktion besitzt. Weiterhin konnten SLUG, SNAI3, IL6 und MMP14 als FOSL1-Zielgene identifiziert werden, deren Regulierbarkeit durch FOSL1, jedoch abh{\"a}ngig von der jeweiligen Zelllinie war. Somit konnte mit dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass FOSL1 nicht nur, wie zuvor f{\"u}r Brustkrebszellen beschrieben, an Migration beteiligt ist, sondern auch zur Proliferation humaner Melanome beitr{\"a}gt. Zuk{\"u}nftige Arbeiten werden zeigen, ob die identifizierten Gene f{\"u}r die FOSL1-vermittelte Migration und Proliferation verantwortlich sind.},
  subject      = {Proliferation},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{TawkTaouk2018,
  author    = {Tawk [Taouk], Caroline S.},
  title     = {The role of host-stress in the infection by the bacterial pathogen \(Shigella\) \(flexneri\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151107},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The human-bacterial pathogen interaction is a complex process that results from a prolonged evolutionary arms race in the struggle for survival. The pathogen employs virulence strategies to achieve host colonization, and the latter counteracts using defense programs. The encounter of both organisms results in drastic physiological changes leading to stress, which is an ancient response accompanying infection. Recent evidence suggests that the stress response in the host converges with the innate immune pathways and influences the outcome of infection. However, the contribution of stress and the exact mechanism(s) of its involvement in host defense remain to be elucidated. Using the model bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri, and comparing it with the closely related pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium, this study investigated the role of host stress in the outcome of infection. Shigella infection is characterized by a pronounced pro-inflammatory response that causes intense stress in host tissues, particularly the intestinal epithelium, which constitutes the first barrier against Shigella colonization. In this study, inflammatory stress was simulated in epithelial cells by inducing oxidative stress, hypoxia, and cytokine stimulation. Shigella infection of epithelial cells exposed to such stresses was strongly inhibited at the adhesion/binding stage. This resulted from the depletion of sphingolipidrafts in the plasma membrane by the stress-activated sphingomyelinases. Interestingly, Salmonella adhesion was not affected, by virtue of its flagellar motility, which allowed the gathering of bacteria at remaining membrane rafts. Moreover, the intracellular replication of Shigella lead to a similar sphingolipid-raft depletion in the membrane across adjacent cells inhibiting extracellular bacterial invasion. Additionally, this study shows that Shigella infection interferes with the host stress granule-formation in response to stress. Interestingly, infected cells exhibited a nuclear depletion of the global RNA-binding stress-granule associated proteins TIAR and TIA-1 and their accumulation in the cytoplasm. Overall, this work investigated different aspects of the host stress-response in the defense against bacterial infection. The findings shed light on the importance of the host stress-pathways during infection, and improve the understanding of different strategies in host-pathogen interaction.},
  subject      = {Shigella flexneri},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gupta2017,
  author    = {Gupta, Sanjay Kumar},
  title     = {The human CCHC-type Zinc Finger Nucleic Acid Binding Protein (CNBP) binds to the G-rich elements in target mRNA coding sequences and promotes translation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142917},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The genetic information encoded with in the genes are transcribed and translated to give rise to the functional proteins, which are building block of a cell. At first, it was thought that the regulation of gene expression particularly occurs at the level of transcription by various transcription factors. Recent discoveries have shown the vital role of gene regulation at the level of RNA also known as post-transcriptional gene regulation (PTGR). Apart from non-coding RNAs e.g. micro RNAs, various RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play essential role in PTGR. RBPs have been implicated in different stages of mRNA life cycle ranging from splicing, processing, transport, localization and decay. In last 20 years studies have shown the presence of hundreds of RBPs across eukaryotic systems many of which are widely conserved. Given the rising number of RBPs and their link to human diseases it is quite evident that RBPs have major role in cellular processes and their regulation. The current study is aimed to describe the so far unknown molecular mechanism of CCHC-type Zinc Finger Nucleic Acid Binding Protein (CNBP/ZNF9) function in vivo. CNBP is ubiquitously expressed across various human tissues and is a highly conserved RBP in eukaryotes. It is required for embryonic development in mammals and has been implicated in transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional gene regulation; however, its molecular function and direct target genes remain elusive. Here, we use multiple systems-wide approaches to identify CNBP targets and document the consequences of CNBP binding. We established CNBP as a cytoplasmic RNA-binding-protein and used Photoactivatable Ribonucleoside Enhanced Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) to identify direct interactions of CNBP with 4178 mRNAs. CNBP preferentially bound a G-rich motif in the target mRNA coding sequences. Functional analyses, including ribosome profiling, RNA sequencing, and luciferase assays revealed the CNBP mode of action on target transcripts. CNBP binding was found to increase the translational efficiency of its target genes. We hypothesize that this is consistent with an RNA chaperone function of CNBP helping to resolve secondary structures, thus promoting translation. Altogether this study provides a novel mechanism of CNBP function in vivo and acts as a step-stone to study the individual CNBP targets that will bring us closer to understand the disease onset.},
  subject      = {CNBP},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{GarciaGuerrero2017,
  author    = {Garcia Guerrero, Estefania},
  title     = {Strategies to Obtain Tumor-Reactive Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy by Cell Sorting and Genetic Modifications of T Lymphocytes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150547},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Recent advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy have enabled this therapeutic approach to enter the mainstream of modern cancer treatment. In particular, adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) is a potentially powerful immunotherapy approach that relies on the administration of tumor-specific T cells into the patient. There are several strategies to obtain tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which have already been shown to induce remarkable responses in the clinical setting. However, there are concerns and limitations regarding the conventional approaches to obtain tumor-reactive T cells, such as accuracy of the procedure and reproducibility. Therefore, we aimed to develop two approaches to improve the precision and efficacy of tumor-reactive T cells therapy. These two techniques could constitute effective, safe and broadly applicable alternatives to the conventional methods for obtaining tumor-specific CTLs. The first approach of this study is the so called "Doublet Technology". Here, we demonstrate that peptide-human leukocyte antigen-T cell receptor (pHLA-TCR) interactions that involve immune reactive peptides are stable and strong. Therefore, the CTLs that are bound by their TCR to tumor cells can be selected and isolated through FACS-based cell sorting taking advantage of this stable interaction between the CTLs and the target cells. The CTLs from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients obtained with this technique show cytolytic activity against blast cells suggesting a potential clinical use of these CTLs. "Doublet Technology" offers a personalized therapy in which there is no need for a priori knowledge of the exact tumor antigen. The second approach of this study is the Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Technology. We design several CARs targeting the B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA). BCMA CAR T cells show antigen-specific cytolytic activity, production of cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-2, as well as productive proliferation. Although we confirm the presence of soluble BCMA in serum of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, we demonstrate that the presence of soluble protein does not abrogate the efficacy of BCMA CAR T cells suggesting that BCMA CAR T cells can be used in the clinical setting to treat MM patients. The high antigen specificity of CAR T cells allows efficient tumor cell eradication and makes CAR Technology attractive for broadly applicable therapies.},
  subject      = {Immunotherapy},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kalleda2018,
  author    = {Kalleda, Nataraja Swamy},
  title     = {Spatiotemporal analysis of immune cell recruitment and Neutrophil defence functions in \(Aspergillus\) \(fumigatus\) lung infections},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150931},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Humans are continuously exposed to airborne spores of the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. In healthy individuals, local pulmonary host defence mechanisms can efficiently eliminate the fungus without any overt symptoms. In contrast, A. fumigatus causes devastating infections in immunocompromised patients. However, local host immune responses against A. fumigatus lung infections in immunocompromised conditions have remained largely elusive. Given the dynamic changes in immune cell subsets within tissues upon immunosuppressive therapy, we dissected the spatiotemporal pulmonary immune response after A. fumigatus infection to reveal basic immunological events that fail to effectively control the invasive fungal disease. In different immunocompromised murine models, myeloid but not lymphoid cells were strongly recruited upon infection. Notably, neutrophils and macrophages were recruited to infected lungs in different immunosuppressed regimens. Other myeloid cells, particularly dendritic cells and monocytes were only recruited in the corticosteroid model after infection. Lymphoid cells, particularly CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells and NK cells were highly reduced upon immunosuppression and were not recruited after A. fumigatus infection. Importantly, adoptive CD11b+ myeloid cell transfer rescued immunosuppressed mice from lethal A. fumigatus infection. These findings illustrate that CD11b+ myeloid cells are critical for anti-A. fumigatus defence under immunocompromised conditions. Despite improved antifungal agents, invasive A. fumigatus lung infections cause a high rate morbidity and mortality in neutropenic patients. Granulocyte transfusions have been tested as an alternative therapy for the management of high-risk neutropenic patients with invasive A. fumigatus infections. To increase the granulocyte yield for transfusion, donors are treated with corticosteroids. Yet, the efficacy of granulocyte transfusion and the functional defence mechanisms of granulocytes collected from corticosteroid treated donors remain largely elusive. We aimed to assess the efficacy of granulocyte transfusion and functional defence mechanisms of corticosteroid treated granulocytes using mouse models. In this thesis, we show that transfusion of granulocytes from corticosteroid treated mice did not protect cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice against lethal A. fumigatus infection in contrast to granulocytes from untreated mice. Upon infection, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines helped to recruit granulocytes to the lungs without any recruitment defects in corticosteroid treated and infected mice or in cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed and infected mice that have received the granulocytes from corticosteroid treated mice. However, corticosteroid treated human or mouse neutrophils failed to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Further, corticosteroid treated granulocytes exhibited impaired ROS production against A. fumigatus. Notably, corticosteroids impaired the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 (CLEC7A) on mouse and human granulocytes to efficiently recognize and phagocytize A. fumigatus, which markedly impaired fungal killing. We conclude that corticosteroid treatment of granulocyte donors for increasing neutrophil yields or patients with ongoing corticosteroid treatment could result in deleterious effects on granulocyte antifungal functions, thereby limiting the benefit of granulocyte transfusion therapies against invasive fungal infections.},
  subject      = {Aspergillus fumigatus},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HicklHeintzBuschartTrautweinSchultetal.2019,
  author    = {Hickl, Oskar and Heintz-Buschart, Anna and Trautwein-Schult, Anke and Hercog, Rajna and Bork, Peer and Wilmes, Paul and Becher, D{\"o}rte},
  title     = {Sample preservation and storage significantly impact taxonomic and functional profiles in metaproteomics studies of the human gut microbiome},
  series = {Microorganisms},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Microorganisms},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {2076-2607},
  doi       = {10.3390/microorganisms7090367},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-195976},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {With the technological advances of the last decade, it is now feasible to analyze microbiome samples, such as human stool specimens, using multi-omic techniques. Given the inherent sample complexity, there exists a need for sample methods which preserve as much information as possible about the biological system at the time of sampling. Here, we analyzed human stool samples preserved and stored using different methods, applying metagenomics as well as metaproteomics. Our results demonstrate that sample preservation and storage have a significant effect on the taxonomic composition of identified proteins. The overall identification rates, as well as the proportion of proteins from Actinobacteria were much higher when samples were flash frozen. Preservation in RNAlater overall led to fewer protein identifications and a considerable increase in the share of Bacteroidetes, as well as Proteobacteria. Additionally, a decrease in the share of metabolism-related proteins and an increase of the relative amount of proteins involved in the processing of genetic information was observed for RNAlater-stored samples. This suggests that great care should be taken in choosing methods for the preservation and storage of microbiome samples, as well as in comparing the results of analyses using different sampling and storage methods. Flash freezing and subsequent storage at -80 °C should be chosen wherever possible.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Strack2022,
  author    = {Strack, Stefanie},
  title     = {Rolle der Polycomb Faktoren PCGF6 und E2F6 in undifferenzierten und differenzierenden embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25560},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-255600},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {To investigate the role of PCGF6 and E2F6 in murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and at the beginning of differentiation, knockout cell lines of both proteins and in combination were generated by the CRISPR/Cas9n system. Characterization of these knockout cell lines (KO) was performed by growth analysis in mESCs and differentiating murine stem cells (EBs). It was found that Pcgf6 KO cells formed smaller EBs that also could not be maintained in culture for an extended period. To resolve this specific phenotype, further molecular analyses were performed by flow cytometry (FACS). Cells of the Pcgf6 KO exhibited an increased proportion of cells in G1 phase during differentiation as well as an increased apoptotic frequency. Supporting the assumption of a cell cycle defect, RNASeq data were analysed. It could be shown that cells of the Pcgf6 KO differentiated in a temporally uncontrolled manner. Evaluation of differentially expressed genes revealed that expression of E2f6, a regulator of the cell cycle and another component of the non-canonical PRC1.6, was downregulated in mESC and EB cultures, whereas cell cycle-specific targets of E2F6-dependent gene regulation were upregulated at day 2 of differentiation. These results indicated that deletion of Pcgf6 at the beginning of differentiation must have effects on E2F6-dependent cell cycle regulation. Due to mycoplasma contamination in the cell culture at this time point, the Pcgf6 KO cell line had to be re-established. In addition, KO cell lines of E2f6 in Wt and in Pcgf6 KO mESCs were established. The replication of cellular characterization of the phenotype revealed that EB cultures of the Pcgf6 KO and the double knockout of Pcgf6 and E2f6 (dKOPcgf6/E2f6) exhibited reduced cell numbers during differentiation. Molecular characterizations of the phenotype revealed that the increased proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the Pcgf6 KO, which was detected before mycoplasma contamination, could not be reproduced. However, an increased frequency of cells in the G2 phase of dKOPcgf6/E2f6 was detected in mESC and EB culture. Analysis of apoptotic frequency in all KO cell lines indicated an increase during differentiation. RNASeq data from two publications of PCGF6 and E2F6 were used to support the analyses performed to this point (Qui et al, 2021; Dahlet et al, 2021). Gene Ontology Enrichment analyses of these data revealed that germline genes were independently upregulated in both KO cell lines in mESCs. However, both KO cell lines also showed an overlap of commonly upregulated germline genes. Following these publications, gene expression analysis of individual germline genes revealed that loss of E2f6 leads to de-repression of genes that have a binding site for E2F6. In contrast, loss of Pcgf6 had no effect on expression of these targets. These results, as well as previously published data, support the assumption that there are distinct subcomplexes that regulate the expression of germline genes in mESC and EB cultures.},
  subject      = {Murine embryonale Stammzellen},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Pickel2020,
  author    = {Pickel, Simone},
  title     = {Role of the β subunit of L-type calcium channels in cardiac hypertrophy},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-19282},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192829},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) control crucial physiological processes in cardiomyocytes such as the duration and amplitude of action potentials, excitation-contraction coupling and gene expression, by regulating the entry of Ca2+ into the cells. Cardiac LTCCs consist of one pore-forming α1 subunit and the accessory subunits Cavβ, Cavα2δ and Cavγ. Of these auxiliary subunits, Cavβ is the most important regulator of the channel activity; however, it can also have LTCC-independent cellular regulatory functions. Therefore, changes in the expression of Cavβ can lead not only to a dysregulation of LTCC activity, but also to changes in other cellular functions. Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the most relevant risk factors for congestive heart failure and depends on the activation of calcium-dependent prohypertrophic signaling pathways. However, the role of LTCCs and especially Cavβ in this pathology is controversial and needs to be further elucidated. Of the four Cavβ isoforms, Cavβ2 is the predominant one in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, there are five different splice variants of Cavβ2 (Cavβ2a-e), differing only in the N-terminal region. We reported that Cavβ2b is the predominant variant expressed in the heart. We also revealed that a pool of Cavβ2 is targeted to the nucleus in cardiomyocytes. The expression of the nuclear Cavβ2 decreases during in vitro and in vivo induction of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and overexpression of a nucleus-targeted Cavβ2 completely abolishes the in vitro induced hypertrophy. Additionally, we demonstrated by shRNA-mediated protein knockdown that downregulation of Cavβ2 enhances the hypertrophy induced by the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) without involvement of LTCC activity. These results suggest that Cavβ2 can regulate cardiac hypertrophy through LTCC-independent pathways. To further validate the role of the nuclear Cavβ2, we performed quantitative proteome analyses of Cavβ2-deficient neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs). The results show that downregulation of Cavβ2 influences the expression of various proteins, including a decrease of calpastatin, an inhibitor of the calcium-dependent cysteine protease calpain. Moreover, downregulation of Cavβ2 during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy drastically increases calpain activity as compared to controls after treatment with PE. Finally, the inhibition of calpain by calpeptin abolishes the increase in PE-induced hypertrophy in Cavβ2-deficient cells. These results suggest that nuclear Cavβ2 has Ca2+- and LTCC-independent functions during the development of hypertrophy. Overall, our results indicate a new role for Cavβ2 in antihypertrophic signaling in cardiac hypertrophy.},
  subject      = {Herzhypertrophie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Peindl2024,
  author    = {Peindl, Matthias},
  title     = {Refinement of 3D lung cancer models for automation and patient stratification with mode-of-action studies},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31069},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-310693},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the availability of several targeted therapies and immunotherapies in the clinics, the prognosis for lung cancer remains poor. A major problem for the low benefit of these therapies is intrinsic and acquired resistance, asking for pre-clinical models for closer investigation of predictive biomarkers for refined personalized medicine and testing of possible combination therapies as well as novel therapeutic approaches to break resistances. One third of all lung adenocarcinoma harbor mutations in the KRAS gene, of which 39 \% are transitions from glycine to cysteine in codon 12 (KRASG12C). Being considered "undruggable" in previous decades, KRASG12C-inhibitors now paved the way into the standard-of-care for lung adenocarcinoma treatment in the clinics. Still, the overall response rates as well as overall survival of patients treated with KRASG12C-inhibitors are sobering. Therefore, 3D KRASG12C-biomarker in vitro models were developed based on a decellularized porcine jejunum (SISmuc) using commercial and PDX-derived cell lines and characterized in regards of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), stemness, proliferation, invasion and c-MYC expression as well as the sensitivity towards KRASG12C-inhibiton. The phenotype of lung tumors harboring KRAS mutations together with a c-MYC overexpression described in the literature regarding invasion and proliferation for in vivo models was well represented in the SISmuc models. A higher resistance towards targeted therapies was validated in the 3D models compared to 2D cultures, while reduced viability after treatment with combination therapies were exclusively observed in the 3D models. In the test system neither EMT, stemness nor the c-MYC expression were directly predictive for drug sensitivity. Testing of a panel of combination therapies, a sensitizing effect of the aurora kinase A (AURKA) inhibitor alisertib for the KRASG12C-inhibitor ARS-1620 directly correlating with the level of c-MYC expression in the corresponding 3D models was observed. Thereby, the capability of SISmuc tumor models as an in vitro test system for patient stratification was demonstrated, holding the possibility to reduce animal experiments. Besides targeted therapies the treatment of NSCLC with oncolytic viruses (OVs) is a promising approach. However, a lack of in vitro models to test novel OVs limits the transfer from bench to bedside. In this study, 3D NSCLC models based on the SISmuc were evaluated for their capability to perform efficacy and risk assessment of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in a pre-clinical setting. Hereby, the infection of cocultures of tumor cells and fibroblasts on the SISmuc with provided viruses demonstrated that in contrast to a wildtype herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) based OV, the attenuated version of the OV exhibited specificity for NSCLC cells with a more advanced and highly proliferative phenotype, while fibroblasts were no longer permissive for infection. This approach introduced SISmuc tumor models as novel test system for in vitro validation of OVs. Finally, a workflow for validating the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies in 3D tumor spheroids was established for the transfer to an automated platform based on a two-arm-robot system. In a proof-of-concept process, H358 spheroids were characterized and treated with the KRASG12C-inhibitor ARS-1620. A time- and dose-dependent reduction of the spheroid area after treatment was defined together with a live/dead-staining as easy-to-perform and cost-effective assays for automated drug testing that can be readily performed in situ in an automated system.},
  subject      = {Krebs <Medizin>},
  language  = {en}
}