@phdthesis{Nair2024,
  author    = {Nair, Radhika Karal},
  title     = {Structural and biochemical characterization of USP28 inhibition by small molecule inhibitors},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28174},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281742},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification that maintains cellular homeostasis by regulating various biological processes. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are enzymes that reverse the ubiquitination process by catalyzing the removal of ubiquitin from a substrate. Abnormal expression or function of DUBs is often associated with the onset and progression of various diseases, including cancer. Ubiquitin specific proteases (USPs), which constitute the largest family of DUBs in humans, have become the center of interest as potential targets in cancer therapy as many of them display increased activity or are overexpressed in a range of malignant tumors or the tumor microenvironment. Two related members of the USP family, USP28 and USP25, share high sequence identities but play diverse biological roles. USP28 regulates cell proliferation, oncogenesis, DNA damage repair and apoptosis, whereas USP25 is involved in the anti-viral response, innate immunity and ER-associated degradation in addition to carcinogenesis. USP28 and USP25 also exhibit different oligomeric states - while USP28 is a constitutively active dimer, USP25 assumes an auto-inhibited tetrameric structure. The catalytic domains of both USP28 and USP25 comprise the canonical, globular USP-domain but contain an additional, extended insertion site called USP25/28 catalytic domain inserted domain (UCID) that mediates oligomerization of the proteins. Disruption of the USP25 tetramer leads to the formation of an activated dimeric protein. However, it is still not clear what triggers its activation. Due to their role in maintaining and stabilizing numerous oncoproteins, USP28 and USP25 have emerged as interesting candidates for anti-cancer therapy. Recent advances in small-molecular inhibitor development have led to the discovery of relatively potent inhibitors of USP28 and USP25. This thesis focuses on the structural elucidation of USP28 and the biochemical characterization of USP28/USP25, both in complex with representatives of three out of the eight compound classes reported as USP28/USP25-specific inhibitors. The crystal structures of USP28 in complex with the AZ compounds, Vismodegib and FT206 reveal that all three inhibitor classes bind into the same allosteric pocket distant from the catalytic center, located between the palm and the thumb subdomains (the S1-site). Intriguingly, this binding pocket is identical to the UCID-tip binding interface in the USP25 tetramer, rendering the protein in a locked, inactive conformation. Formation of the binding pocket in USP28 requires a shift in the helix α5, which induces conformational changes and local distortion of the binding channel that typically accommodates the C-terminal tail of Ubiquitin, thus preventing catalysis and abrogating USP28 activity. The key residues of the USP28-inhibitor binding pocket are highly conserved in USP25. Mutagenesis studies of these residues accompanied by biochemical and biophysical assays confirm the proposed mechanism of inhibition and similar binding to USP25. This work provides valuable insights into the inhibition mechanism of the small molecule compounds specifically for the DUBs USP28 and USP25. The USP28-inhibitor complex structures offer a framework to develop more specific and potent inhibitors.},
  subject      = {Unique Selling Proposition},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reissland2024,
  author    = {Reissland, Michaela},
  title     = {USP10 is a \(de\) \(novo\) tumour-specific regulator of β-Catenin and contributes to cancer stem cell maintenance and tumour progression},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31957},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319579},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the US. The majority of CRC cases are due to deregulated WNT-signalling pathway. These alterations are mainly caused by mutations in the tumour suppressor gene APC or in CTNNB1, encoding the key effector protein of this pathway, β-Catenin. In canonical WNT-signalling, β-Catenin activates the transcription of several target genes, encoding for proteins involved in proliferation, such as MYC, JUN and NOTCH. Being such a critical regulator of these proto-oncogenes, the stability of β-Catenin is tightly regulated by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Several E3 ligases that ubiquitylate and degrade β-Catenin have been described in the past, but the antagonists, the deubiquitylases, are still unknown. By performing an unbiased siRNA screen, the deubiquitylase USP10 was identified as a de novo positive regulator of β-Catenin stability in CRC derived cells. USP10 has previously been shown in the literature to regulate both mutant and wild type TP53 stability, to deubiquitylate NOTCH1 in endothelial cells and to be involved in the regulation of AMPKα signalling. Overall, however, its role in colorectal tumorigenesis remains controversial. By analysing publicly available protein and gene expression data from colorectal cancer patients, we have shown that USP10 is strongly upregulated or amplified upon transformation and that its expression correlates positively with CTNNB1 expression. In contrast, basal USP10 levels were found in non-transformed tissues, but surprisingly USP10 is upregulated in intestinal stem cells. Endogenous interaction studies in CRC-derived cell lines, with different extend of APCtruncation, revealed an APC-dependent mode of action for both proteins. Furthermore, by utilising CRISPR/Cas9, shRNA-mediated knock-down and overexpression of USP10, we could demonstrate a regulation of β-Catenin stability by USP10 in CRC cell lines. It is widely excepted that 2D cell culture systems do not reflect complexity, architecture and heterogeneity and are therefore not suitable to answer complex biological questions. To overcome this, we established the isolation, cultivation and genetically modification of murine intestinal organoids and utilised this system to study Usp10s role ex vivo. By performing RNA sequencing, dependent on different Usp10 levels, we were able to recapitulate the previous findings and demonstrated Usp10 as important regulator of β-dependent regulation of stem cell homeostasis. Since genetic depletion of USP10 resulted in down-regulation of β-Catenin-dependent transcription, therapeutic intervention of USP10 in colorectal cancer was also investigated. Commercial and newly developed inhibitors were tested for their efficacy against USP10, but failed to significantly inhibit USP10 activity in colorectal cancer cells. To validate the findings from this work also in vivo, development of a novel mouse model for colorectal cancer has begun. By combining CRISPR/Cas9 and classical genetic engineering with viral injection strategies, WT and genetically modified mice could be transformed and, at least in some animals, intestinal lesions were detectable at the microscopic level. The inhibition of USP10, which we could describe as a de novo tumour-specific regulator of β-Catenin, could become a new therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer patients.},
  subject      = {Biomedizin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hahn2024,
  author    = {Hahn, Sarah},
  title     = {Investigating non-canonical, 5' UTR-dependent translation of MYC and its impact on colorectal cancer development},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-36420},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-364202},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common tumour disease in Germany, with the sequential accumulation of certain mutations playing a decisive role in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. In particular, deregulation of the Wnt signalling pathway and the associated deregulated expression of the MYC oncoprotein play a crucial role. Targeting MYC thus represents an important therapeutic approach in the treatment of tumours. Since direct inhibition of MYC is challenging, various approaches have been pursued to date to target MYC indirectly. The MYC 5' UTR contains an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), which has a particular role in the initiation of MYC translation, especially in multiple myeloma. As basis for this work, it was hypothesised on the basis of previous data that translation of MYC potentially occurs via its IRES in CRC as well. Based on this, two IRES inhibitors were tested for their potential to regulate MYC expression in CRC cells. In addition, alternative, 5' UTR-dependent translation of MYC and interacting factors were investigated. EIF3D was identified as a MYC 5' UTR binding protein which has the potential to regulate MYC expression in CRC. The results of this work suggest that there is a link between eIF3D and MYC expression/translation, rendering eIF3D a potential therapeutic target for MYC-driven CRCs.},
  subject      = {Myc},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Diehl2024,
  author    = {Diehl, Janina Marie Christin},
  title     = {Ecology and evolution of symbiont management in ambrosia beetles},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-32121},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321213},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The relationship between a farmer and their cultivated crops in agriculture is multifaceted, with pathogens affecting both the farmer and crop, and weeds that take advantage of resources provided by farmers. For my doctoral thesis, I aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the ecology and symbiosis of fungus farming ambrosia beetles. Through my research, I discovered that the microbial composition of fungus gardens, particularly the mutualists, is significantly influenced by the presence of both adults and larvae. The recognition of both beneficial and harmful symbionts is crucial for the success of ambrosia beetles, who respond differently depending on their life stage and the microbial species they encounter, which can contribute to the division of labour among family groups. The presence of antagonists and pathogens in the fungus garden depends on habitat and substrate quality, and beetle response to their introduction results in behavioural and developmental changes. Individual and social immunity measures, as well as changes in bacterial and fungal communities, were detected as a result of pathogen introduction. Additionally, the ability of ambrosia beetles to establish two nutritional fungal species depends on several factors. These insects must strike a balance between their essential functions and adapt to the constantly changing ecological and social conditions, which demonstrates their adaptive flexibility. However, interpreting data from laboratory studies should be approached with caution, as the natural environment allows for more flexibility and the potential for other beneficial symbionts to become more prominent if required. To aid in my research, I designed primers that use the 'fungal large subunit' (LSU) as genetic marker to identify and differentiate mutualistic and antagonistic fungi in X. saxesenii. The primers were able to distinguish closely related species of the Ophiostomataceae and other fungal symbionts. This allowed me to associate the abundance of key fungal taxa with factors such as the presence of beetles, the nest's age and condition, and the various developmental stages present. My primers are a valuable tool for understanding fungal communities, including their composition and the identification of previously unknown functional symbionts. However, some aspects should be approached with caution due to the exclusion of non-amplified taxa in the relative fungal community compositions.},
  subject      = {{\"O}kologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Merscher2024,
  author    = {Merscher, Alma-Sophia},
  title     = {To Fear or not to Fear: Unraveling the (Oculo)motor and Autonomic Components of Defensive States in Humans},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-32791},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-327913},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Defensive behaviors in response to threats are key factors in maintaining mental and physical health, but their phenomenology remains poorly understood. Prior work reported an inhibition of oculomotor activity in response to avoidable threat in humans that reminded of freezing behaviors in rodents. This notion of a homology between defensive responding in rodents and humans was seconded by concomitant heart rate decrease and skin conductance increase. However, several aspects of this presumed defense state remained ambiguous. For example, it was unclear whether the observed oculomotor inhibition would 1) robustly occur during preparation for threat-avoidance irrespective of task demands, 2) reflect a threat-specific defensive state, 3) be related to an inhibition of somatomotor activity as both motion metrics have been discussed as indicators for freezing behaviors in humans, and 4) manifest in unconstrained settings. We thus embarked on a series of experiments to unravel the robustness, threat-specificity, and validity of previously observed (oculo)motor and autonomic dynamics upon avoidable threat in humans. We provided robust evidence for reduced gaze dispersion, significantly predicting the speed of subsequent motor reactions across a wide range of stimulus contexts. Along this gaze pattern, we found reductions in body movement and showed that the temporal profiles between gaze and body activity were positively related within individuals, suggesting that both metrics reflect the same construct. A simultaneous activation of the parasympathetic (i.e., heart rate deceleration) and sympathetic (i.e., increased skin conductance and pupil dilation) nervous system was present in both defensive and appetitive contexts, suggesting that these autonomic dynamics are not only sensitive to threat but reflecting a more general action-preparatory mechanism. We further gathered evidence for two previously proposed defensive states involving a decrease of (oculo)motor activity in a naturalistic, unconstrained virtual reality environment. Specifically, we observed a state consisting of a cessation of ongoing behaviors and orienting upon relatively distal, ambiguous threat (Attentive Immobility) while an entire immobilization and presumed allocation of attention to the threat stimulus became apparent upon approaching potential threat (Immobility under Attack). Taken together, we provided evidence for specific oculomotor and autonomic dynamics upon increasing levels of threat that may inspire future translational work in rodents and humans on shared mechanisms of threat processing, ultimately supporting the development of novel therapeutic approaches.},
  subject      = {Furcht},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jorgacevic2024,
  author    = {Jorgacevic, Ivana},
  title     = {Elucidating the interconnection of GvHD and Western diet-induced atherosclerosis},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-32579},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325792},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (Allo-HCT) is the main and only treatment for many malignant and non-malignant haematological disorders. Even though the treatment has improved through the years and patient life expectancy has increased, graft versus host disease (GvHD) is still considered the main obstacle and one of the main reasons for increased mortality. Furthermore, improved patient's survival and life expectancy brought into question the late post-HCT complications. The leading cause of late death after allo-HCT is the relapse of primary disease as well as chronic GvHD (cGvHD). However, a clear relationship was also described with pulmonary complications, endocrine dysfunction and infertility, and cataracts in post-HCT patients. In the last years big concern regarding a cumulative cardiovascular incidence in long-term survivors has been raised. Severe cardiovascular disease (CVD) is caused by atherosclerosis which is considered a chronic inflammatory disease of blood vessels. As such, it takes a long time from endothelial damage, as the onset event, and followed plaque formation to a manifestation of severe consequences, such as stroke, coronary heart disease, or peripheral arterial disease. Endothelial damage is well documented in patients post-HCT. In the context of allo-HCT, the endothelial damage is induced by the conditioning regimen with or without total body irradiation (TBI). Furthermore, endothelial cells (ECs) have been documented as a target of GvHD and increased concentration of circulating endothelial cells (CEC) coinciding with an increase in the number of circulating alloreactive T cells. According to 2021 ESC Guidelines on CVD prevention, the main atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk factors are blood apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-containing lipoproteins (of which low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the most abundant), high blood pressure, cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus (DM). GvHD is considered a high-risk factor for the onset of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and DM. Overall, the risk of premature cardiovascular death is 2.7 fold increased in comparison to the general population, while the cumulative incidence of cardiovascular complications was shown to be up to 47\% at ten years after reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), post-HCT. However, up to date, there are no available studies elucidating the interconnection between GvHD and atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was, therefore, to investigate the involvement of GvHD in the progression of atherosclerosis as well as to elucidate whether cytotoxic, CD8+ T cells that were shown to play a significant role in endothelial damage during the course of skin GvHD on one hand, and inducers of formation of unstable plaque on the other, are involved in this interconnection. For that purpose we established a novel minor histocompatibility anti gens (miHAg) allo-HCT Western diet (WD)-induced atherosclerosis mouse model. We were able to show that GvHD has a significant impact on atherosclerosis development in B6.Ldlr-/- recipient mice even in the absence of overt clinical disease activity. It seems that the impact is at least partly induced by CD8+ T cells, that showed significantly increased infiltration of aortic lesions in mice facing subclinical GvHD. As studies have shown in regular atherosclerotic mouse models as well as in humans, these CD8+ T cells exhibited not only increased expression of genes involved in activation, survival and differentiation to cytotoxic phenotype, but also some genes pointing out their exhaustion, that were absent in CD4+ T cell cluster. When anti-CD8β antibody was applied once per week along with WD feeding for eight weeks, the plaque formation was significantly reduced in aorta and aortic root pointing out the importance of these cells in an alloreactivity induced lesion formation. Furthermore, anti-CD8β treatment led to significantly decreased necrotic core formation followed by overall increase in plaque stability. Strikingly, bone marrow plus T cells (BMT) recipients fed WD showed significantly increased serum cholesterol levels in comparison to bone marrow (BM) (a group lacking alloreactive T cells that induce GvHD). This effect was reversed when anti-CD8β treatment was applied, suggesting, at least partly, an impact of alloreactive CD8+ T cells on cholesterol levels. Expression of genes responsible for lipid metabolism pointed out the tendency of the liver to regulate the increased cholesterol levels, however, the mechanism behind this phenotype still remains to be revealed. On the other hand, the impact of obesity, induced by chronic high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, has been shown to be an independent risk factor for gastrointestinal GvHD. Similarly, in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparate allo-HCT mouse model, we have noticed that even short-term WD intake leads to a significant decrease in survival of mice post-HCT. When the concentration of transplanted alloreactive T cells was reduced, the survival was improved, pointing out the involvement of these cells in the pathogenesis. Additionally, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) during initiation and effector phase of acute GvHD (aGvHD) revealed increased infiltration of alloreactive T cells in mice fed WD. Studies in an obesity model, we could confirm the involvement of specifically CD4+ T cells in WD induced impact, as the relative number of these cells was significantly increased in small intestine on day six post-HCT in mice fed WD. This increased intestinal infiltration was preceded by increase in the number of alloreactive T cells expressing intestine homing receptor (α4β7 integrin) in peripheral lymph nodes (LNs). Even though the number of T cells was not changed in the spleen of WD fed mice, the subset of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were highly secreting TNFα was increased as well as the expression of genes regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and interferon (IFN)γ pointing out significant WD-induced inflammation. Moreover, slight tendency towards increased intestinal permeability and load of translocated luminal bacteria, that we observed, could induce severe endotoxemia and dysregulated systemic immune response that could lead to detrimental induction of cell death. Justifying our speculations, we noted increased levels of transaminases and an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (pointing out significant tissue damages). However, the exact mechanism behind this detrimental WD impact still remains to be elucidated.},
  subject      = {Periphere Stammzellentransplantation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Adhikari2024,
  author    = {Adhikari, Bikash},
  title     = {Targeted degradation of Myc-interacting oncoproteins},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31732},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317326},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The hallmark oncoprotein Myc is a major driver of tumorigenesis in various human cancer entities. However, Myc's structural features make it challenging to develop small molecules against it. A promising strategy to indirectly inhibit the function of Myc is by targeting its interactors. Many Myc-interacting proteins have reported scaffolding functions which are difficult to target using conventional occupancy- driven inhibitors. Thus, in this thesis, the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) approach was used to target two oncoproteins interacting with Myc which promote the oncogenicity of Myc, Aurora-A and WDR5. PROTACs are bifunctional small molecules that bind to the target protein with one ligand and recruit a cellular E3- ligase with the other ligand to induce target degradation via the ubiquitin- proteasome system. So far, the most widely used E3-ligases for PROTAC development are Cereblon (CRBN) and von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL). Furthermore, there are cases of incompatibility between some E3-ligases and proteins to bring about degradation. Hence there is a need to explore new E3- ligases and a demand for a tool to predict degradative E3-ligases for the target protein in the PROTAC field. In the first part, a highly specific mitotic kinase Aurora-A degrader, JB170, was developed. This compound utilized Aurora-A inhibitor alisertib as the target ligand and thalidomide as the E3-ligase CRBN harness. The specificity of JB170 and the ternary complex formation was supported by the interactions between Aurora-A and CRBN. The PROTAC-mediated degradation of Aurora-A induced a distinct S- phase defect rather than mitotic arrest, shown by its catalytic inhibition. The finding demonstrates that Aurora-A has a non-catalytic role in the S-phase. Furthermore, the degradation of Aurora-A led to apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. In the second part, two different series of WDR5 PROTACs based on two protein- protein inhibitors of WDR5 were evaluated. The most efficient degraders from both series recruited VHL as a E3-ligase and showed partial degradation of WDR5. In addition, the degradation efficiency of the PROTACs was significantly affected by the linker nature and length, highlighting the importance of linker length and composition in PROTAC design. The degraders showed modest proliferation defects at best in cancer cell lines. However, overexpression of VHL increased the degradation efficiency and the antiproliferative effect of the PROTACs. In the last part, a rapamycin-based assay was developed to predict the degradative E3-ligase for a target. The assay was validated using the WDR5/VHL and Aurora- A/CRBN pairs. The result that WDR5 is degraded by VHL but not CRBN and Aurora-A is degraded by CRBN, matches observations made with PROTACs. This technique will be used in the future to find effective tissue-specific and essential E3-ligases for targeted degradation of oncoproteins using PROTACs. Collectively, the work presented here provides a strategy to improve PROTAC development and a starting point for developing Aurora-A and WDR5 PROTACs for cancer therapy.},
  subject      = {Degradation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Waltmann2024,
  author    = {Waltmann, Maria},
  title     = {Neurocognitive mechanisms of loss of control in Binge Eating Disorder},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-36430},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-364300},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is a common, early-onset mental health condition characterised by uncontrollable episodes of overeating followed by negative emotions such as guilt and shame. An improved understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying BED is central to the development of more targeted and effective treatments. This thesis comprises a systematic review and three empirical studies contributing to this endeavour. BED can be thought of as a disorder of cognitive-behavioural control. Indeed, self-report evidence points towards enhanced impulsivity and compulsivity in BED. However, retrospective self-reports do not capture the mechanisms underlying impulsive and compulsive lapses of control in the moment. The systematic review therefore focussed on the experimental literature on impulsivity and compulsivity in BED. The evidence was very mixed, although there was some indication of altered goal-directed control and behavioural flexibility in BED. We highlight poor reliability of experimental paradigms and the failure to properly account for weight status as potential reasons for inconsistencies between studies. Moreover, we propose that impulsivity and/or compulsivity may be selectively enhanced in negative mood states in BED and may therefore not be consistently detected in lab-based studies. In the empirical studies, we explored the role of behavioural flexibility in BED using experimental and neuroimaging methods in concert with computational modelling. In the first empirical study, we assessed the reliability of a common measure of behavioural flexibility, the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task (PRLT). We demonstrate that the behavioural and computational metrics of the PRLT have sufficient reliability to justify past and future applications if calculated using hierarchical modelling. This substantially improves reliability by reducing error variance. The results support the use of the PRLT in the second and third empirical studies on development and BED. Because a majority of patients develop BED as adolescents or young adults, we speculated that it may emerge as a consequence of disrupted or deficient maturation of behavioural flexibility. Little is known about typical development in this domain. We therefore investigated normative development of reversal learning from adolescence to adulthood in the second empirical study. Typically- developing adolescents exhibited less adaptive and more erratic and explorative behaviour than adults. This behaviour was accounted for by reduced sensitivity to positive feedback in a reinforcement learning model, and partially mediated by reduced activation reflecting uncertainty in the medial prefrontal cortex, a region known to mature substantially during adolescence. In the third empirical study, we investigated reversal learning in BED, paying special attention to potential biases associated with learning from wins vs learning from losses. We speculated that negative urgency could make it more difficult for BED patients to learn and make decisions under pressure to avoid losses. To dissociate between effects of excess weight and BED, we collected data from obese individuals with and without BED as well as normal-weight controls. As hypothesised, there were subtle neurocognitive differences between obese participants with and without BED with regard to learning to obtain rewards and to avoid losses. Obese individuals showed relatively impaired learning to obtain rewards, while BED patients showed relatively impaired learning to avoid losses. This was reflected in differential learning signals in the brain and associated with BED symptom severity. In sum, this thesis shows that the evidence on impulsivity and compulsivity in BED is inconsistent and offers potential explanations for this inconsistency. It highlights the need for reliability in interindividual difference research and indicates ways to improve it. Further, it charts the typical development of reversal learning from adolescence to adulthood and underscores the relevance of exploration in the context of learning and decision-making in adolescence. Finally, it demonstrates qualitative differences between BED and obesity, hinting at a pivotal role of aversive states in loss of control in BED.},
  subject      = {Binge-eating Disorder},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fleissner2024,
  author    = {Fleißner, Janik Frank Hans-Werner},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung von Oncostatin M f{\"u}r die Lipidhom{\"o}ostase Apoe- und Ldlr-deletierter M{\"a}use},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28059},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-280592},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {OSM, ein Vertreter der IL-6-Typ-Zytokine, ist nicht nur f{\"u}r entz{\"u}ndliche, sondern auch f{\"u}r metabolische Prozesse von Bedeutung. Vorarbeiten der Arbeitsgruppe GEIER/HERMANNS und Studien von KOMORI et al. legen protektive Eigenschaften des Zytokins nahe, da M{\"a}use, denen OSMR fehlte, Charakteristika des metabolischen Syndroms aufwiesen. Zur eingehenderen Untersuchung der von OSM vermittelten Wirkung auf den murinen Lipidstoffwechsel wurden zwei f{\"u}r die NAFLD und Atherosklerose anf{\"a}llige Modelle herangezogen und jeweils in Gegenwart und Abwesenheit des Osmr studiert: Weibliche Apoe-/-(Osmr-/-) und Ldlr-/-(Osmr-/-) M{\"a}use wurden {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von zw{\"o}lf Wochen mit westlicher Di{\"a}t gef{\"u}ttert, w{\"o}chentlich gewogen, am Ende der Di{\"a}t geopfert und geerntet. Wildtypische C57Bl/6-M{\"a}use erfuhren die gleiche Behandlung und dienten als Referenzgruppe. Im Rahmen des Promotionsprojektes wurden Leberfettgehalt, Serumlipidspiegel, Lipoproteinfraktionen und Stuhllipide von Apoe-deletierten M{\"a}usen bestimmt und mit bereits vorhandenen Daten der Ldlr-/-(Osmr-/-) und wildtypischen M{\"a}use in Beziehung gesetzt. Expressionsanalysen von am Lipidstoffwechsel beteiligten Genen in Darm-, Leber- und Fettgewebe trugen dazu bei, OSM-abh{\"a}ngige Regulationen aufzudecken. Ldlr-/- Tiere nahmen unter der Di{\"a}t exzessiv zu, hatten hohe Serumspiegel an Leptin, Gluco-se und Lipiden, eine Lebersteatose und, begleitet von einer Induktion des Vldlr, erh{\"o}hte inflammatorische Marker im visceralen Fettgewebe. Der zus{\"a}tzliche Knockout des Osmr ging mit einer geringeren Vldlr-Expression im Fettgewebe und einer hepatozyt{\"a}ren Induktion von Cyp7a1 einher und resultierte in einem metabolisch g{\"u}nstigeren Ph{\"a}notyp. Apoe-defiziente Tiere unterschieden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Gewichtszunahme nicht von Ldlr-/-Osmr-/- und C57Bl/6-M{\"a}usen. {\"U}berraschenderweise zeigten sich im Serum von Apoe-/-Osmr-/- jedoch gegen{\"u}ber Apoe-/- M{\"a}usen erh{\"o}hte Konzentrationen des Gesamt- und VLDL-Cholesterins, der Triglyceride und freien Fetts{\"a}uren. Obwohl Lebern der Apoe-/-Osmr-/- M{\"a}use geringere Ldlr- und Lrp1-mRNA-Spiegel als die der Apoe-/- M{\"a}use aufwiesen, hatten sie einen h{\"o}heren hepatischen Cholesteringehalt. Bei gesteigerter Cpt1a-Expression fiel der hepatische Tri-glyceridgehalt Apoe-deletierter M{\"a}use geringer aus als in Ldlr-/-(Osmr-/-) und wildtypischen Tieren. Unter Umgehung einer Fettgewebsentz{\"u}ndung pr{\"a}sentierten Apoe-defiziente M{\"a}use Hinweise einer inflammatorischen Lebersch{\"a}digung, die pathogenetisch am ehesten mit einer gest{\"o}rten Cholesterinhom{\"o}ostase in Verbindung zu bringen war. Abh{\"a}ngig vom genetischen Hintergrund des Mausmodells hatte OSM sch{\"u}tzende oder sch{\"a}dliche Effekte auf den Lipidmetabolismus. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit betonen die entscheidende Bedeutung entz{\"u}ndlicher, von OSM modulierter Prozesse f{\"u}r den Fettstoffwechsel in Leber- und Fettgewebe. Weiterf{\"u}hrende Experimente sind n{\"o}tig, um die den Beobachtungen zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen zu entschl{\"u}sseln.},
  subject      = {Apolipoprotein E},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bakirci2024,
  author    = {Bakirci, Ezgi},
  title     = {Development of \(In\) \(vitro\) Models for Tissue Engineering Applications Using a High-Resolution 3D Printing Technology},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25164},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251645},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In vitro models mimic the tissue-specific anatomy and play essential roles in personalized medicine and disease treatments. As a sophisticated manufacturing technology, 3D printing overcomes the limitations of traditional technologies and provides an excellent potential for developing in vitro models to mimic native tissue. This thesis aims to investigate the potential of a high-resolution 3D printing technology, melt electrowriting (MEW), for fabricating in vitro models. MEW has a distinct capacity for depositing micron size fibers with a defined design. In this thesis, three approaches were used, including 1) extending the MEW polymer library for different biomedical applications, 2) developing in vitro models for evaluation of cell growth and migration toward the different matrices, and 3) studying the effect of scaffold designs and biochemical cues of microenvironments on cells. First, we introduce the MEW processability of (AB)n and (ABAC)n segmented copolymers, which have thermally reversible network formulation based on physical crosslinks. Bisurea segments are combined with hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) or hydrophilic poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) (PPO-PEG-PPO) segments to form the (AB)n segmented copolymers. (ABAC)n segmented copolymers contain all three segments: in addition to bisurea, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments are available in the same polymer chain, resulting in tunable mechanical and biological behaviors. MEW copolymers either support cells attachment or dissolve without cytotoxic side effects when in contact with the polymers at lower concentrations, indicating that this copolymer class has potential in biological applications. The unique biological and surface properties, transparency, adjustable hydrophilicity of these copolymers could be beneficial in several in vitro models. The second manuscript addresses the design and development of a melt electrowritten competitive 3D radial migration device. The approach differs from most of the previous literature, as MEW is not used here to produce cell invasive scaffolds but to fabricate an in vitro device. The device is utilized to systematically determine the matrix which promotes cell migration and growth of glioblastoma cells. The glioblastoma cell migration is tested on four different Matrigel concentrations using a melt electrowritten radial device. The glioblastoma U87 cell growth and migration increase at Matrigel concentrations 6 and 8 mg mL-1 In the development of this radial device, the accuracy, and precision of melt electrowritten circular shapes were investigated. The results show that the printing speed and design diameter are essential parameters for the accuracy of printed constructs. It is the first instance where MEW is used for the production of in vitro devices. The influence of biochemical cues and scaffold designs on astrocytes and glioblastoma is investigated in the last manuscript. A fiber comprising the box and triangle-shaped pores within MEW scaffolds are modified with biochemical cues, including RGD and IKVAV peptides using a reactive NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO) macromer. The results show that astrocytes and glioblastoma cells exhibit different phenotypes on scaffold designs and peptide-coated scaffolds.},
  subject      = {3D-Druck},
  language  = {en}
}