@phdthesis{Balk2020,
  author    = {Balk, Stefanie Margarete},
  title     = {Der Einfluss des Kalziumkanalagonisten R-Roscovitine auf die zellul{\"a}re Differenzierung von Motoneuronen eines Mausmodells f{\"u}r Spinale Muskelatrophie Typ 1 (SMA)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18986},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189861},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Die spinale Muskelatrophie (SMA) ist eine monogenetische Erkrankung, bei der es durch den Verlust des SMN Proteins zur Degeneration der α-Motoneurone im R{\"u}ckenmark kommt. Abh{\"a}ngig vom Schweregrad zeigen die Patienten bereits innerhalb der ersten Lebensmonate ausgepr{\"a}gte L{\"a}hmungen der Skelettmuskulatur und eine Zwerchfellparese einhergehend mit einer reduzierten Lebenserwartung. Mithilfe von Mausmodellen f{\"u}r die SMA konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Motoneuronenverlust bei Smn-defizienten M{\"a}usen mit St{\"o}rungen der Neurotransmission an der motorischen Endplatte und mit Differenzierungsst{\"o}rungen der Motoneurone einhergeht. Die Differenzierungs-st{\"o}rungen prim{\"a}rer Smn-defizienter Motoneurone sind eng gekoppelt mit einer verminderten Clusterbildung spannungsabh{\"a}ngiger Kalziumkan{\"a}le im distalen axonalen Bereich. Dies wiederum f{\"u}hrt zu einer verminderten Frequenz spontaner Kalziumeinstr{\"o}me am Axonterminus und hat eine ver{\"a}nderte axonale Elongation zur Folge. Es wurden folgende Aspekte in Bezug auf die Verst{\"a}rkung und die Induktion spontaner Kalziumeinstr{\"o}me in Mausmodellen f{\"u}r spinale Muskelatrophien in dieser Arbeit adressiert: 1) Lassen sich spontane Kalziumeinstr{\"o}me in Smn-defizienten Motoneuronen durch die externe Applikation von Kalziumkanalagonisten verst{\"a}rken? 2) Sind spontane Kalziumeinstr{\"o}me in prim{\"a}ren Motoneuronen durch den Brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF) induzierbar? 3) Zeigen prim{\"a}re Motoneurone eines Mausmodells f{\"u}r spinale Muskelatrophie mit Ateminsuffizienz Typ 1 (SMARD1) ebenfalls ver{\"a}nderte Kalziumtransienten? Die Ergebnisse meiner Arbeit zeigen, dass durch den Kalziumkanalagonisten R-Roscovitine die Frequenz der spontanen Kalziumeinstr{\"o}me im distalen Axon von Smn-defizienten Motoneuronen signifikant erh{\"o}ht wird. Dies hat wiederum einen regulierenden Effekt auf die Differenzierung der SMA Motoneurone zur Folge. Smn-defiziente Motoneurone zeigen somit keine Unterschiede mehr in Bezug auf Axonl{\"a}ngen und Wachstumskegelfl{\"a}chen im Vergleich zu Kontrollzellen. F{\"u}r R- 10 Roscovitine ist neben der agonistischen Wirkung am Kalziumkanal auch ein inhibitorischer Effekt auf die Cyclin-abh{\"a}ngige Kinase 5 beschrieben. Es konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, dass die erh{\"o}hten Kalziumtransienten unter der Behandlung mit R-Roscovitine durch eine direkte Bindung an die Cav2 Kalziumkan{\"a}le verursacht werden und nicht durch eine Cdk5 Blockade. Daf{\"u}r spricht die schnelle und reversible Wirkung von R-Roscovitine, sowie die Aufhebung des R-Roscovitines Effekts bei gleichzeitiger Gabe des Cav2.2 Antagonisten ω-Conotoxin MVIIC. Der zweite Aspekt dieser Arbeit behandelt den Einfluss der neurotrophen Faktoren BDNF, CNTF und GDNF auf die Kalziumtransienten am Wachstumskegel wildtypischer Motoneurone. Der Vergleich der neurotrophen Faktoren zeigt, dass nur BDNF eine induzierende Wirkung auf spontane Kalziumtransienten am Wachstumskegel hat. Der letzte Abschnitt dieser Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit den Kalziumtransienten bei Motoneuronen aus dem Nmd2J (SMARD1) Mausmodell. Die SMARD1 gilt als eigenst{\"a}ndige Form der spinalen Muskelatrophien mit unterschiedlicher Genetik und unterschiedlichen klinischen Merkmalen. Die Motoneurone weisen in Bezug auf die Kalziumtransienten keine Unterschiede zwischen Wildtyp und Nmd2J Mutante auf. Es ergibt sich somit kein Hinweis darauf, dass die Degeneration der Motoneurone bei der SMARD1 von einer St{\"o}rung der Kalziumhom{\"o}ostase im distalen axonalen Bereich ausgeht.},
  subject      = {Spinal muscular atrophy (DLC)},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{RauschenbergervonWardenburgSchaeferetal.2020,
  author    = {Rauschenberger, Vera and von Wardenburg, Niels and Schaefer, Natascha and Ogino, Kazutoyo and Hirata, Hiromi and Lillesaar, Christina and Kluck, Christoph J. and Meinck, Hans-Michael and Borrmann, Marc and Weishaupt, Andreas and Doppler, Kathrin and Wickel, Jonathan and Geis, Christian and Sommer, Claudia and Villmann, Carmen},
  title     = {Glycine Receptor Autoantibodies Impair Receptor Function and Induce Motor Dysfunction},
  series = {Annals of Neurology},
  volume    = {88},
  journal   = {Annals of Neurology},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1002/ana.25832},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216005},
  pages     = {544 -- 561},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Objective Impairment of glycinergic neurotransmission leads to complex movement and behavioral disorders. Patients harboring glycine receptor autoantibodies suffer from stiff-person syndrome or its severe variant progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus. Enhanced receptor internalization was proposed as the common molecular mechanism upon autoantibody binding. Although functional impairment of glycine receptors following autoantibody binding has recently been investigated, it is still incompletely understood. Methods A cell-based assay was used for positive sample evaluation. Glycine receptor function was assessed by electrophysiological recordings and radioligand binding assays. The in vivo passive transfer of patient autoantibodies was done using the zebrafish animal model. Results Glycine receptor function as assessed by glycine dose-response curves showed significantly decreased glycine potency in the presence of patient sera. Upon binding of autoantibodies from 2 patients, a decreased fraction of desensitized receptors was observed, whereas closing of the ion channel remained fast. The glycine receptor N-terminal residues \(^{29}\)A to \(^{62}\)G were mapped as a common epitope of glycine receptor autoantibodies. An in vivo transfer into the zebrafish animal model generated a phenotype with disturbed escape behavior accompanied by a reduced number of glycine receptor clusters in the spinal cord of affected animals. Interpretation Autoantibodies against the extracellular domain mediate alterations of glycine receptor physiology. Moreover, our in vivo data demonstrate that the autoantibodies are a direct cause of the disease, because the transfer of human glycine receptor autoantibodies to zebrafish larvae generated impaired escape behavior in the animal model compatible with abnormal startle response in stiff-person syndrome or progressive encephalitis with rigidity and myoclonus patients.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kitzenmaier2020,
  author    = {Kitzenmaier, Alexandra},
  title     = {GlyT2-Mutationen als zweith{\"a}ufigste Ursache bei Hyperekplexie - Pathologischer Mechanismus der Mutation P429L},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20257},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202574},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Mutationen im Glycintransporter 2 (GlyT2) stellen die pr{\"a}synaptische Komponente der neurologischen Erkrankung Hyperekplexie oder Startle Disease dar. Der neuronale Na+/Cl- -abh{\"a}ngige GlyT2 ist f{\"u}r das Recycling von Glycin verantwortlich und bildet an inhibitorischen glycinergen Synapsen die Hauptquelle des freigesetzten Transmitters. Dominante, rezessive und zusammengesetzte heterozygote Mutationen wurden bereits identifiziert, von denen die meisten zu einer beeintr{\"a}chtigten Glycinaufnahme f{\"u}hren. In dieser Arbeit konnten wir eine neue pathogene Mutation innerhalb des neuronalen Glycintransporter-2-Gens (SLC6A5, OMIM604159) in einer Familie identifizieren, in der beide Elternteile heterozygote Tr{\"a}ger waren. Ein homozygotes Kind litt an schweren neuromotorischen Defiziten, wohingegen Heterozygote keine Symptome aufwiesen. Die neue rezessive Mutation c.1286C>T erzeugte einen missense Aminos{\"a}ureaustausch von Prolin gegen Leucin an Position 429 (pP429L) in der Transmembrandom{\"a}ne 5. Wir haben die GlyT2P429L-Variante mittels Homologiemodellierung, immuncytochemischer F{\"a}rbungen, Western Blot Analysen, Biotinylierung und funktioneller Glycinaufnahmetests charakterisiert. Der mutierte GlyT2 zeigte beim Proteintransport durch verschiedene intrazellul{\"a}re Kompartimente zur Zelloberfl{\"a}che keine Defizite. Die gesamte Proteinexpression war jedoch signifikant verringert. Obwohl GlyT2P429L an der Zelloberfl{\"a}che vorhanden ist, zeigte er einen Verlust der Proteinfunktion. Die Co-Expression der Mutante mit dem Wildtyp-Protein, die die Situation der Eltern widerspiegelte, hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Transporterfunktion und erkl{\"a}rte somit ihren nicht symptomatischen Ph{\"a}notyp. Wenn jedoch die Mutante im Vergleich zum Wildtyp-Protein im {\"U}berschuss exprimiert wurde, war die Glycinaufnahme signifikant verringert. Die Strukturanalyse ergab, dass der eingef{\"u}hrte Leucinrest an Position 429 zu Konformations{\"a}nderungen in der α-Helix 5 f{\"u}hrt, die in unmittelbarer N{\"a}he zur Natriumbindungsstelle des Transporters lokalisiert sind. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Zugangsmechanismen des GlyT2 gest{\"o}rt sein k{\"o}nnten und einen vollst{\"a}ndigen Verlust der Transportaktivit{\"a}t verursachen. Unsere Ergebnisse belegen, dass P429 in GlyT2 ein strukturell wichtiger Aminos{\"a}urerest ist, der eine wichtige funktionelle Rolle beim Glycintransport spielt.},
  subject      = {Glycin},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Clausen2020,
  author    = {Clausen, Jan-Dierk},
  title     = {Der Einfluss des Kalziumkanalagonisten R-Roscovitine auf die Entwicklung und Differenzierung kultivierter prim{\"a}rer Motoneurone eines murinen Modellorganismus f{\"u}r spinale Muskelatrophie Typ I},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21699},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216990},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Die spinale Muskelatrophie ist nach der zystischen Fibrose die zweith{\"a}ufigste Erkrankung mit autosomal-rezessivem Erbgang und Todesfolge bei Kindern. Der Mangel an intaktem SMN-Protein f{\"u}hrt zu einer retrograden Degeneration der Motoneurone. Je nach prozentualem Mangel des SMN-Proteins ergeben sich unterschiedliche Verlaufsformen. Im Falle der schwersten Form liegt die Lebenserwartung unter zwei Jahren f{\"u}r Neugeborene. Die genaue Ursache der spinalen Muskelatrophie ist nicht abschließend gekl{\"a}rt. Klar ist jedoch, dass eine Differenzierungsdefekt an der muskul{\"a}ren Endplatte der Motoneurone vorliegt. In Zusammenschau der hier generierten Ergebnisse und zahlreicher Vorarbeiten zeigt sich, dass eine gest{\"o}rte Kalziumhom{\"o}ostase mitverantwortlich f{\"u}r diese Differenzierungsst{\"o}rung ist. Dies ist am ehesten durch gest{\"o}rte lokale Kalziumtransienten und eine ver{\"a}nderte Mikrostruktur der Endplatte, im Sinne des Fehlens der f{\"u}r die Differenzierung essentiellen Kalziumkanal-Cluster, zu erkl{\"a}ren. Auch wenn die Wiederherstellung der Kalziumhom{\"o}ostase keinen Einfluss auf die Menge an vorhandenem SMN-Protein hat, zeigt der Einsatz des Kalziumkanalagonisten R-Roscovitine eine restitutio des Ph{\"a}notyps kultivierter Motoneurone in vitro, sowie auch eine signifikante Lebensverl{\"a}ngerung von murinen Tieren mit einer der SMA I {\"a}quivalenten Verlaufsform in vivo. Auch wenn es sich im Falle des Einsatzes von Kalziumkanalagonisten nicht um eine kausale Therapie, wie zum Beispiel im Falle gentechnologischer Ans{\"a}tze, handelt, stellen sie trotzdem eine vielversprechende Erg{\"a}nzung des Portfolios an therapeutischen Optionen dar. Die St{\"a}rke liegt hierbei in dem sofortigen Wirkeintritt nach Applikation mit antizipiert rascher Symptomverbesserung.},
  subject      = {Spinale Muskelatrophie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchaeferSignoretGenestvonCollenbergetal.2020,
  author    = {Schaefer, Natascha and Signoret-Genest, J{\´e}r{\´e}my and von Collenberg, Cora R. and Wachter, Britta and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Tovote, Philip and Blum, Robert and Villmann, Carmen},
  title     = {Anxiety and Startle Phenotypes in Glrb Spastic and Glra1 Spasmodic Mouse Mutants},
  series = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience},
  number    = {152},
  issn      = {1662-5099},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnmol.2020.00152},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-210041},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {A GWAS study recently demonstrated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human GLRB gene of individuals with a prevalence for agoraphobia. GLRB encodes the glycine receptor (GlyRs) β subunit. The identified SNPs are localized within the gene flanking regions (3′ and 5′ UTRs) and intronic regions. It was suggested that these nucleotide polymorphisms modify GlyRs expression and phenotypic behavior in humans contributing to an anxiety phenotype as a mild form of hyperekplexia. Hyperekplexia is a human neuromotor disorder with massive startle phenotypes due to mutations in genes encoding GlyRs subunits. GLRA1 mutations have been more commonly observed than GLRB mutations. If an anxiety phenotype contributes to the hyperekplexia disease pattern has not been investigated yet. Here, we compared two mouse models harboring either a mutation in the murine Glra1 or Glrb gene with regard to anxiety and startle phenotypes. Homozygous spasmodic animals carrying a Glra1 point mutation (alanine 52 to serine) displayed abnormally enhanced startle responses. Moreover, spasmodic mice exhibited significant changes in fear-related behaviors (freezing, rearing and time spent on back) analyzed during the startle paradigm, even in a neutral context. Spastic mice exhibit reduced expression levels of the full-length GlyRs β subunit due to aberrant splicing of the Glrb gene. Heterozygous animals appear normal without an obvious behavioral phenotype and thus might reflect the human situation analyzed in the GWAS study on agoraphobia and startle. In contrast to spasmodic mice, heterozygous spastic animals revealed no startle phenotype in a neutral as well as a conditioning context. Other mechanisms such as a modulatory function of the GlyRs β subunit within glycinergic circuits in neuronal networks important for fear and fear-related behavior may exist. Possibly, in human additional changes in fear and fear-related circuits either due to gene-gene interactions e.g., with GLRA1 genes or epigenetic factors are necessary to create the agoraphobia and in particular the startle phenotype.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LueningschroerSlottaHeimannetal.2020,
  author    = {L{\"u}ningschr{\"o}r, Patrick and Slotta, Carsten and Heimann, Peter and Briese, Michael and Weikert, Ulrich M. and Massih, Bita and Appenzeller, Silke and Sendtner, Michael and Kaltschmidt, Christian and Kaltschmidt, Barbara},
  title     = {Absence of Plekhg5 Results in Myelin Infoldings Corresponding to an Impaired Schwann Cell Autophagy, and a Reduced T-Cell Infiltration Into Peripheral Nerves},
  series = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience},
  issn      = {1662-5102},
  doi       = {10.3389/fncel.2020.00185},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207538},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Inflammation and dysregulation of the immune system are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative diseases. An activated immune response is considered to be the cause of myelin breakdown in demyelinating disorders. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), myelin can be degraded in an autophagy-dependent manner directly by Schwann cells or by macrophages, which are modulated by T-lymphocytes. Here, we show that the NF-κB activator Pleckstrin homology containing family member 5 (Plekhg5) is involved in the regulation of both Schwann cell autophagy and recruitment of T-lymphocytes in peripheral nerves during motoneuron disease. Plekhg5-deficient mice show defective axon/Schwann cell units characterized by myelin infoldings in peripheral nerves. Even at late stages, Plekhg5-deficient mice do not show any signs of demyelination and inflammation. Using RNAseq, we identified a transcriptional signature for an impaired immune response in sciatic nerves, which manifested in a reduced number of CD4\(^+\) and CD8\(^+\) T-cells. These findings identify Plekhg5 as a promising target to impede myelin breakdown in demyelinating PNS disorders.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MarkertSkoruppaYuetal.2020,
  author    = {Markert, Sebastian M. and Skoruppa, Michael and Yu, Bin and Mulcahy, Ben and Zhen, Mai and Gao, Shangbang and Sendtner, Michael and Stigloher, Christian},
  title     = {Overexpression of an ALS-associated FUS mutation in C. elegans disrupts NMJ morphology and leads to defective neuromuscular transmission},
  series = {Biology Open},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Biology Open},
  doi       = {10.1242/bio.055129},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230662},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) neurodegenerative disorder has been associated with multiple genetic lesions, including mutations in the gene for fused in sarcoma (FUS), a nuclear-localized RNA/DNA-binding protein. Neuronal expression of the pathological form of FUS proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans results in mislocalization and aggregation of FUS in the cytoplasm, and leads to impairment of motility. However, the mechanisms by which the mutant FUS disrupts neuronal health and function remain unclear. Here we investigated the impact of ALS-associated FUS on motor neuron health using correlative light and electron microscopy, electron tomography, and electrophysiology. We show that ectopic expression of wild-type or ALS-associated human FUS impairs synaptic vesicle docking at neuromuscular junctions. ALS-associated FUS led to the emergence of a population of large, electron-dense, and filament-filled endosomes. Electrophysiological recording revealed reduced transmission from motor neurons to muscles. Together, these results suggest a pathological effect of ALS-causing FUS at synaptic structure and function organization.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AppeltshauserBrunderHeiniusetal.2020,
  author    = {Appeltshauser, Luise and Brunder, Anna-Michelle and Heinius, Annika and K{\"o}rtv{\´e}lyessy, Peter and Wandinger, Klaus-Peter and Junker, Ralf and Villmann, Carmen and Sommer, Claudia and Leypoldt, Frank and Doppler, Kathrin},
  title     = {Antiparanodal antibodies and IgG subclasses in acute autoimmune neuropathy},
  series = {Neurology: Neuroimmunology \& Neuroinflammation},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Neurology: Neuroimmunology \& Neuroinflammation},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1212/NXI.0000000000000817},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230079},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Objective To determine whether IgG subclasses of antiparanodal autoantibodies are related to disease course and treatment response in acute- to subacute-onset neuropathies, we retrospectively screened 161 baseline serum/CSF samples and 66 follow-up serum/CSF samples. Methods We used ELISA and immunofluorescence assays to detect antiparanodal IgG and their subclasses and titers in serum/CSF of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), recurrent GBS (R-GBS), Miller-Fisher syndrome, and acute- to subacute-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (A-CIDP). We evaluated clinical data retrospectively. Results We detected antiparanodal autoantibodies with a prevalence of 4.3\% (7/161), more often in A-CIDP (4/23, 17.4\%) compared with GBS (3/114, 2.6\%). Longitudinal subclass analysis in the patients with GBS revealed IgG2/3 autoantibodies against Caspr-1 and against anti-contactin-1/Caspr-1, which disappeared at remission. At disease onset, patients with A-CIDP had IgG2/3 anti-Caspr-1 and anti-contactin-1/Caspr-1 or IgG4 anti-contactin-1 antibodies, IgG3 being associated with good response to IV immunoglobulins (IVIg). In the chronic phase of disease, IgG subclass of one patient with A-CIDP switched from IgG3 to IgG4. Conclusion Our data (1) confirm and extend previous observations that antiparanodal IgG2/3 but not IgG4 antibodies can occur in acute-onset neuropathies manifesting as monophasic GBS, (2) suggest association of IgG3 to a favorable response to IVIg, and (3) lend support to the hypothesis that in some patients, an IgG subclass switch from IgG3 to IgG4 may be the correlate of a secondary progressive or relapsing course following a GBS-like onset.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JanzenBakirciWielandetal.2020,
  author    = {Janzen, Dieter and Bakirci, Ezgi and Wieland, Annalena and Martin, Corinna and Dalton, Paul D. and Villmann, Carmen},
  title     = {Cortical Neurons form a Functional Neuronal Network in a 3D Printed Reinforced Matrix},
  series = {Advanced Healthcare Materials},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Advanced Healthcare Materials},
  number    = {9},
  doi       = {10.1002/adhm.201901630},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215400},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Impairments in neuronal circuits underly multiple neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. 3D cell culture models enhance the complexity of in vitro systems and provide a microenvironment closer to the native situation than with 2D cultures. Such novel model systems will allow the assessment of neuronal network formation and their dysfunction under disease conditions. Here, mouse cortical neurons are cultured from embryonic day E17 within in a fiber-reinforced matrix. A soft Matrigel with a shear modulus of 31 ± 5.6 Pa is reinforced with scaffolds created by melt electrowriting, improving its mechanical properties and facilitating the handling. Cortical neurons display enhance cell viability and the neuronal network maturation in 3D, estimated by staining of dendrites and synapses over 21 days in vitro, is faster in 3D compared to 2D cultures. Using functional readouts with electrophysiological recordings, different firing patterns of action potentials are observed, which are absent in the presence of the sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin. Voltage-gated sodium currents display a current-voltage relationship with a maximum peak current at -25 mV. With its high customizability in terms of scaffold reinforcement and soft matrix formulation, this approach represents a new tool to study neuronal networks in 3D under normal and, potentially, disease conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AndreskaLueningschroerSendtner2020,
  author    = {Andreska, Thomas and L{\"u}ningschr{\"o}r, Patrick and Sendtner, Michael},
  title     = {Regulation of TrkB cell surface expression — a mechanism for modulation of neuronal responsiveness to brain-derived neurotrophic factor},
  series = {Cell and Tissue Research},
  volume    = {382},
  journal   = {Cell and Tissue Research},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00441-020-03224-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235055},
  pages     = {5-14},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Neurotrophin signaling via receptor tyrosine kinases is essential for the development and function of the nervous system in vertebrates. TrkB activation and signaling show substantial differences to other receptor tyrosine kinases of the Trk family that mediate the responses to nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3. Growing evidence suggests that TrkB cell surface expression is highly regulated and determines the sensitivity of neurons to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This translocation of TrkB depends on co-factors and modulators of cAMP levels, N-glycosylation, and receptor transactivation. This process can occur in very short time periods and the resulting rapid modulation of target cell sensitivity to BDNF could represent a mechanism for fine-tuning of synaptic plasticity and communication in complex neuronal networks. This review focuses on those modulatory mechanisms in neurons that regulate responsiveness to BDNF via control of TrkB surface expression.},
  language  = {en}
}