@phdthesis{Dunkel2013,
  author    = {Dunkel, Nico},
  title     = {Regulation of virulence-associated traits of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans by nitrogen availability},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83076},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Nitrogen-regulated pathogenesis describes the expression of virulence attributes as direct response to the quantity and quality of an available nitrogen source. As consequence of nitrogen availability, the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans changes its morphology and secretes aspartic proteases [SAPs], both well characterized virulence attributes. C. albicans, contrarily to its normally non-pathogenic relative Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is able to utilize proteins, which are considered as abundant and important nitrogen source within the human host. To assimilate complex proteinaceous matter, extracellular proteolysis is followed by uptake of the degradation products through dedicated peptide transporters (di-/tripeptide transporters [PTRs] and oligopeptide transporters [OPTs]). The expression of both traits is transcriptionally controlled by Stp1 - the global regulator of protein utilization - in C. albicans. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the regulation of virulence attributes of the pathogenic fungus C. albicans by nitrogen availability in more detail. Within a genome wide binding profile of Stp1, during growth with proteins, more than 600 Stp1 target genes were identified, thereby confirming its role in the usage of proteins, but also other nitrogenous compounds as nitrogen source. Moreover, the revealed targets suggest an involvement of Stp1 in the general adaption to nutrient availability as well as in the environmental stress response. With the focus on protein utilization and nitrogen-regulated pathogenesis, the regulation of the major secreted aspartic protease Sap2 - additionally one of the prime examples of allelic heterogeneity in C. albicans - was investigated in detail. Thereby, the heterogezygous SAP2 promoter helped to identify an unintended genomic alteration as the true cause of a growth defect of a C. albicans mutant. Additionally, the promoter region, which was responsible for the differential activation of the SAP2 alleles, was delimited. Furthermore, general Sap2 induction was demonstrated to be mediated by distinct cis-acting elements that are required for a high or a low activity of SAP2 expression. For the utilization of proteins as nitrogen source it is also crucial to take up the peptides that are produced by extracellular proteolysis. Therefore, the function and importance of specific peptide transporters was investigated in C. albicans mutants, unable to use peptides as nitrogen source (opt1Δ/Δ opt2Δ/Δ opt3Δ/Δ opt4Δ/Δ opt5Δ/Δ ptr2Δ/Δ ptr22Δ/Δ septuple null mutants). The overexpression of individual transporters in these mutants revealed differential substrate specificities and expanded the specificity of the OPTs to dipeptides, a completely new facet of these transporters. The peptide-uptake deficient mutants were further used to elucidate, whether indeed proteins and peptides are an important in vivo nitrogen source for C. albicans. It was found that during competitive colonization of the mouse intestine these mutants exhibited wild-type fitness, indicating that neither proteins nor peptides are primary nitrogen sources required to efficiently support growth of C. albicans in the mouse gut. Adequate availability of the preferred nitrogen source ammonium represses the utilization of proteins and other alternative nitrogen sources, but also the expression of virulence attributes, like Sap secretion and nitrogen-starvation induced filamentation. In order to discriminate, whether ammonium availability is externally sensed or determined inside the cell by C. albicans, the response to exterior ammonium concentrations of ammonium-uptake deficient mutants (mep1Δ/Δ mep2Δ/Δ null mutants) was investigated. This study showed that presence of an otherwise suppressing ammonium concentration did not inhibit Sap2 proteases secretion and arginine-induced filamentation in these mutants. Conclusively, ammonium availability is primarily determined inside the cell in order to control the expression of virulence traits. In sum, the present work contributes to the current understanding of how C. albicans regulates expression of virulence-associated traits in response to the presence of available nitrogen sources - especially proteins and peptides - in order to adapt its lifestyle within a human host.},
  subject      = {Candida albicans},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hampe2018,
  author    = {Hampe, Irene Aurelia Ida},
  title     = {Analysis of the mechanism and the regulation of histatin 5 resistance in \(Candida\) \(albicans\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159634},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Antimycotics such as fluconazole are frequently used to treat C. albicans infections of the oral mucosa. Prolonged treatment of the fungal infection with fluconazole pose a risk to resistance development. C. albicans can adapt to these stressful environmental changes by regulation of gene expression or by producing genetically altered variants that arise in the population. Adapted variants frequently carry activating mutations in zinc cluster transcription factors, which cause the upregulation of their target genes, including genes encoding efflux pumps that confer drug resistance. MDR1, regulated by the zinc cluster transcription factor Mrr1, as well as CDR1 and CDR2, regulated by the zinc cluster transcription factor Tac1, are well-known examples of genes encoding efflux pumps that extrude the antimycotic fluconazole from the fungal cell and thus contribute to the survival of the fungus. In this study, it was investigated if C. albicans can develop resistance to the antimicrobial peptide histatin 5, which serves as the first line of defence in the oral cavity of the human host. Recently, it was shown that C. albicans transports histatin 5 outside of the Candia cell via the efflux pump Flu1. As efflux pumps are often regulated by zinc cluster transcription factors, the Flu1 efflux pump could also be regulated by a zinc cluster transcription factor which could in a hyperactive form upregulate the expression of the efflux pump, resulting in increased export of histatin 5 and consequently in histatin 5 resistance. In order to find a zinc cluster transcription factor that upregulates FLU1 expression, a comprehensive library of C. albicans strains containing artificially activated forms of zinc cluster transcription factors was screened for suitable candidates. The screening was conducted on medium containing mycophenolic acid because mycophenolic acid is also a substrate of Flu1 and a strain expressing a hyperactive zinc cluster transcription factor that upregulates FLU1 expression should exhibit an easily recognisable mycophenolic acid-resistant phenotype. Further, FACS analysis, quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis, broth microdilution assays as well as histatin 5 assays were conducted to analyse the mechanism and the regulation of histatin 5 resistance. Several zinc cluster transcription factors caused mycophenolic acid resistance and upregulated FLU1 expression. Of those, only hyperactive Mrr1 was able to confer increased histatin 5 resistance. Finding Mrr1 to confer histatin 5 resistance was highly interesting as fluconazole-resistant strains with naturally occurring Mrr1 gain of function mutations exist, which were isolated from HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis. These Mrr1 gain of function mutations as well as artificially activated Mrr1 cause fluconazole resistance by upregulation of the efflux pump MDR1 and other target genes. In the course of the study, it was found that expression of different naturally occurring MRR1 gain-of-function mutations in the SC5314 wild type background caused increased FLU1 expression and increased histatin 5 resistance. The same was true for fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates with Mrr1 gain of function mutations, which also caused the overexpression of FLU1. Those cells were less efficiently killed by histatin 5 dependent on Mrr1. Surprisingly, FLU1 contributed only little to histatin 5 resistance, rather, overexpression of MDR1 mainly contributed to the Mrr1-mediated histatin 5 resistance, but also additional Mrr1-target genes were involved. These target genes are yet to be uncovered. Moreover, if a link between the yet unknown Mrr1-target genes contributing to fluconazole resistance and increased histatin 5 resistance can be drawn remains to be discovered upon finding of the responsible target genes. Collectively, this study contributes to the understanding of the impact of prolonged antifungal exposure on the interaction between host and fungus. Drug therapy can give rise to resistance evolution resulting in strains that have not only developed resistance to fluconazole but also to an innate host mechanism, which allows adaption to the host niche even in the absence of the drug.},
  subject      = {Histatin 5},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Popp2021,
  author    = {Popp, Christina},
  title     = {Evolution of antifungal drug resistance of the human-pathogenic fungus \(Candida\) \(albicans\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24351},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-243515},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Infections with the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans are frequently treated with the first-line drug fluconazole, which inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis. An alarming problem in clinics is the development of resistances against this azole, especially during long-term treatment of patients. Well-known resistance mechanisms include mutations in the zinc cluster transcription factors (ZnTFs) Mrr1 and Tac1, which cause an overexpression of efflux pump genes, and Upc2, which results in an overexpression of the drug target. C. albicans strains with such gain-of-function mutations (GOF) have an increased drug resistance conferring a selective advantage in the presence of the drug. It was previously shown that this advantage comes with a fitness defect in the absence of the drug. This was observed in different conditions and is presumably caused by a deregulated gene expression. One aim of the present study was to examine whether C. albicans can overcome the costs of drug resistance by further evolution. Therefore, the relative fitness of clinical isolates with one or a combination of different resistance mutations in Mrr1, Tac1 and/or Upc2 was analyzed in competition with the matched fluconazole-susceptible partner. Most fluconazole-resistant isolates had a decreased fitness in competition with their susceptible partner in vitro in rich medium. In contrast, three fluconazole-resistant strains with Mrr1 resistance mutations did not show a fitness defect in competition with their susceptible partner. In addition, the fitness of four selected clinical isolate pairs was examined in vivo in mouse models of gastrointestinal colonization (GI) and disseminated infection (IV). In the GI model all four fluconazole-resistant strains were outcompeted by their respective susceptible partner. In contrast, in the IV model only one out of four fluconazole-resistant isolates did show a slight fitness defect in competition with its susceptible partner during infection of the kidneys. It can be stated, that in the present work the in vitro fitness did not reflect the in vivo fitness and that the overall fitness was dependent on the tested conditions. In conclusion, C. albicans cannot easily overcome the costs of drug resistance caused by a deregulated gene expression. In addition to GOFs in Mrr1, Tac1 and Upc2, resistance mutations in the drug target Erg11 are a further key fluconazole resistance mechanism of C. albicans. Clinical isolates often harbor several resistance mechanisms, as the fluconazole resistance level is further increased in strains with a combination of different resistance mutations. In this regard, the question arises of how strains with multiple resistance mechanisms evolve. One possibility is that strains acquire mutations successively. In the present study it was examined whether highly drug-resistant C. albicans strains with multiple resistance mechanisms can evolve by parasexual recombination as another possibility. In a clonal population, cells with individually acquired resistance mutations could combine these advantageous traits by mating. Thereupon selection could act on the mating progeny resulting in even better adapted derivatives. Therefore, strains heterozygous for a resistance mutation and the mating type locus (MTL) were grown in the presence of fluconazole. Derivatives were isolated, which had become homozygous for the resistance mutation and at the same time for the MTL. This loss of heterozygosity was accompanied by increased drug resistance. In general, strains which are homozygous for one of both MTL configurations (MTLa and MTLα) can switch to the opaque phenotype, which is the mating-competent form of the yeast, and mate with cells of the opposite MTL. In the following, MTLa and MTLα homozygous strains in the opaque phenotype were mated in all possible combinations. The resulting mating products with combined genetic material from both parents did not show an increased drug resistance. Selected products of each mating cross were passaged with stepwise increasing concentrations of fluconazole. The isolated progeny showed high levels of drug resistance and loss of wild-type alleles of resistance-associated genes. In conclusion, selective pressure caused by fluconazole exposure selects for resistance mutations and at the same time induces genomic rearrangements, resulting in mating competence. Therefore, in a clonal population, cells with individually acquired resistance mutations can mate with each other and generate mating products with combined genetic backgrounds. Selection can act on these mating products and highly drug-resistant und thus highly adapted derivatives can evolve as a result. In summary, the present study contributes to the current understanding of the evolution of antifungal drug resistance by elucidating the effect of resistance mutations on the fitness of the strains in the absence of the drug selection pressure and investigates how highly drug-resistant strains could evolve within a mammalian host.},
  subject      = {Evolution},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{ReuterWeissenberger2022,
  author    = {Reuter-Weissenberger, Philipp},
  title     = {The role of a fungal-specific transcription regulator on vacuolar biology and host interaction in \(Candida\) \(albicans\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25928},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259287},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Microorganisms that colonize the human body face large fluctuations in their surroundings. Therefore, those microbes developed sophisticated mechanisms that allow them to adapt their cell biology and maintain cellular homeostasis. One organelle vital to preserve cell physiology is the vacuole. The vacuole exhibits a wide range of functions and is able to adjust itself in response to both external and internal stimuli. Moreover, it plays an important role in host interaction and virulence in fungi such as Candida albicans. Despite this connection, only a few regulatory proteins have been described to modulate vacuolar biology in fungal pathogens. Furthermore, whether such regulation alters fungus-host interplay remains largely unknown. This thesis focuses on the characterization of ZCF8, a fungus-specific transcription regulator in the human-associated yeast C. albicans. To this end, I combined genome-wide protein-DNA interaction assays and gene expression analysis that identified genes regulated by Zcf8p. Fluorescence microscopy uncovered that several top targets of Zcf8p localize to the fungal vacuole. Moreover, deletion and overexpression of ZCF8 resulted in alterations in vacuolar morphology and in luminal pH and rendered the fungus resistant or susceptible to a vacuole-disturbing drug. Finally, in vitro adherence assays showed that Zcf8p modulates the attachment of C. albicans to human epithelial cells in a vacuole-dependent manner. Given those findings, I posit that the previously uncharacterized transcription regulator Zcf8p modulates fungal attachment to epithelial cells in a manner that depends on the status of the fungal vacuole. Furthermore, the results highlight that vacuolar physiology is a substantial factor influencing the physical interaction between Candida cells and mammalian mucosal surfaces.},
  subject      = {Vakuole},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schillig2013,
  author    = {Schillig, Rebecca},
  title     = {Funktionelle Analyse der Zink-Cluster-Transkriptionsfaktorfamilie von Candida albicans durch artifizielle Aktivierung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-79608},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Der Hefepilz Candida albicans geh{\"o}rt zu den opportunistischen Infektionserregern. Er ist Teil der nat{\"u}rlichen Mikroflora der Schleimh{\"a}ute des Gastrointestinal- und Urogenitaltraktes des Menschen. Bei St{\"o}rungen des nat{\"u}rlichen Gleichgewichts dieser Flora kann es zu oberfl{\"a}chlichen Mykosen, z. B. der oropharyngealen Candidiasis (Mundsoor), kommen. Besonders immunsupprimierte Patienten, wie AIDS-Patienten, leiden h{\"a}ufig unter immer wiederkehrenden Infektionen, die mitunter auch zu schwerwiegenden Infektionsverl{\"a}ufen, bis hin zu lebensbedrohlichen systemischen Mykosen f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. Zur Therapie solcher Erkrankungen werden oft Ergosterolbiosyntheseinhibitoren, wie Fluconazol, eingesetzt. Besonders bei wiederkehrenden Infektionen und wiederholender Therapie ist C. albicans in der Lage, gegen diese h{\"a}ufig verabreichten Antimykotika Resistenzen zu entwickeln. Hierbei spielen Zink-Cluster-Transkriptionsfaktoren eine zentrale Rolle. Zink-Cluster-Proteine geh{\"o}ren zu einer pilzspezifischen Familie von Transkriptionsfaktoren, die ein großes Spektrum an zellul{\"a}ren Prozessen regulieren. Die gut charakterisierten Regulatoren Upc2, Tac1 und Mrr1 geh{\"o}ren zu den Zink-Cluster-Transkriptionsfaktoren, die maßgeblich zur Resistenzentwicklung von C. albicans beitragen. Upc2 kontrolliert die Expression vieler Ergosterolbiosynthesegene, besonders die von ERG11, welches f{\"u}r die Zielstruktur des g{\"a}ngigen Antimykotikums Fluconazol kodiert. Tac1 und Mrr1 hingegen regulieren die Expression von Multidrug-Effluxpumpen, den ABC-Transportern CDR1 und CDR2 bzw. dem Major Facilitator MDR1. Gain-of-function-Mutationen in diesen Transkriptionsfaktoren resultieren in einer konstitutiven {\"U}berexpression ihrer Zielgene und sind verantwortlich f{\"u}r die Resistenz vieler klinischer Isolate. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass die Fusion von Mrr1 mit der Gal4-Aktivierungsdom{\"a}ne von Saccharomyces cerevisiae zu einem konstitutiv aktiven Hybridtranskriptionsfaktor f{\"u}hrte, der eine MDR1-{\"U}berexpression bewirkte und Fluconazolresistenz vermittelte. Dieses Hybridprotein vermittelte sogar eine h{\"o}here Resistenz als ein Mrr1 mit nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden gain-of-function-Mutationen. Analoge Fusionen mit Tac1 und Upc2 resultierten ebenfalls in einer konstitutiven Aktivierung dieser Transkriptionsfaktoren, die einen starken Anstieg der Fluconazolresistenz zur Folge hatte. Daraus ergab sich die Schlussfolgerung, dass dies eine generelle Methode sein k{\"o}nnte, die Zink-Cluster-Transkriptionsfaktoren k{\"u}nstlich zu aktivieren und so ihre biologischen Funktionen zu offenbaren, ohne die genauen Bedingungen f{\"u}r ihre Aktivit{\"a}t zu kennen. Deshalb wurde auf der Basis dieser Strategie eine Bibliothek von C.-albicans-St{\"a}mmen konstruiert, in der alle 82 putativen Zink-Cluster-Transkriptionsfaktoren in dieser m{\"o}glicherweise hyperaktiven Form exprimiert werden. Untersuchungen dieser Bibliothek offenbarten neue Transkriptionsfaktoren, die Fluconazolresistenz vermittelten, aber auch noch unbekannte Regulatoren der Morphogenese und andere Ph{\"a}notypen konnten beobachtet werden. Um einen tieferen Einblick in die Funktionsweise zu bekommen, wurden die Transkriptionsprofile der vier Transkriptionsfaktoren ermittelt, die in ihrer hyperaktiven Form die h{\"o}chste Fluconazolresistenz bewirkten. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die zwei k{\"u}nstlich aktivierten (*) Regulatoren ZCF34* und ZNC1* die Expression der wichtigsten Multidrug-Effluxpumpe CDR1 stark hochregulierten. Der Transkriptionsfaktor mit dem vorl{\"a}ufigen Namen ZCF34 konnte im Verlauf dieser Arbeit als ein wichtiger Regulator f{\"u}r die CDR1-Expression identifiziert werden. Er ist sowohl an der Aktivierung der Expression von CDR1 beteiligt als auch f{\"u}r die basale CDR1-Promotoraktivit{\"a}t notwendig. Aus diesem Grund wurde er in MRR2 (multidrug resistance regulator 2) umbenannt. Mit der Entdeckung eines neuen Regulators der wichtigsten Multidrug-Effluxpumpe von C. albicans wurde ein wichtiger Beitrag zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der Regulation solcher Transporter geleistet. Die {\"U}berexpression dieser Pumpen ist einer der h{\"a}ufigsten Resistenzmechanismen in C. albicans. Auf diesem Wege kann Resistenz gegen strukturell v{\"o}llig unterschiedliche Antimykotika bewirkt werden. Somit stellen sowohl diese Effluxpumpen, als auch deren Regulatoren m{\"o}gliche Angriffsziele f{\"u}r die Entwicklung neuer oder Weiterentwicklung bereits vorhandener Antimykotika dar.},
  subject      = {Candida albicans},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schubert2011,
  author    = {Schubert, Sabrina},
  title     = {Funktionelle Analyse des „Multidrug-Resistance"-Regulators MRR1 im humanpathogenen Hefepilz Candida albicans},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70916},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Der Hefepilz Candida albicans geh{\"o}rt zu den fakultativ pathogenen Infektionserregern und ist Teil der nat{\"u}rlichen Mikroflora der Schleimh{\"a}ute des Verdauungs- und Urogenitaltraktes der meisten gesunden Menschen. Ist das Gleichgewicht der Flora gest{\"o}rt, kann es zu oberfl{\"a}chlichen Mykosen kommen, wie z.B. der oropharyngealen Candidiasis (Mundsoor), die in der Regel durch die Gabe eines Antimykotikums in wenigen Tagen zu behandeln sind. In seltenen F{\"a}llen kann es auch zu schwerwiegenden Infektionsverl{\"a}ufen bis hin zu lebensbedrohlichen systemischen Mykosen kommen. Haupts{\"a}chlich immunsupprimierte Patienten, wie z.B. AIDS-Patienten oder Personen, die k{\"u}rzlich einer Organ- oder Knochenmarkstransplantation unterzogen wurden, leiden h{\"a}ufig an oberfl{\"a}chlichen C. albicans-Infektionen. Insbesondere bei wiederkehrenden Infektionen ist der Pilz in der Lage, gegen das h{\"a}ufig verabreichte Medikament Fluconazol eine Resistenz zu entwickeln. Ein wichtiger Mechanismus dieser Resistenzentwicklung ist die {\"U}berexpression von Effluxpumpen, die das Medikament aus der Zelle heraustransportieren. Zwei Arten von Effluxpumpen, die eine Rolle in der Resistenzentwicklung in C. albicans spielen, konnten bisher identifiziert werden, die ABC (ATP binding cassette)-Transporter Cdr1 und Cdr2 sowie der MFS (major facilitator superfamily)-Transporter Mdr1. Der Zinc-Cluster Transkriptionsfaktor Mrr1 spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der Regulation der MDR1-E¬ffluxpumpe. Er kontrolliert die MDR1-Expression in Anwesenheit induzierender Substanzen und sogenannte "gain-of-function" Mutationen in MRR1 konnten als die Ursache der konstitutiven MDR1-Hochregulierung und der "Multidrug-Resistance" in C. albicans identifiziert werden. In dieser Arbeit konnte ein Ortholog zu MRR1 aus C. albicans in Candida dubliniensis, einer zu C. albicans nahe verwandten Hefe, identifiziert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass in den untersuchten klinischen und in vitro generierten Fluconazol-resistenten C. dubliniensis-St{\"a}mmen ebenfalls gain-of-funcion Mutationen in MRR1 die MDR1-{\"U}berexpression und eine Resistenz bewirken. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass der Transkriptionsfaktor Mrr1 eine wichtige Rolle in der Entwicklung der Resistenz in diesen humanpathogenen Pilzen spielt. Bisher ist nicht bekannt, wie der Zinc-Cluster Transkriptionsfaktor MRR1 durch induzierende Substanzen oder gain-of-function Mutationen aktiviert wird. Um zu verstehen, wie die Mrr1- Aktivit{\"a}t reguliert wird, wurden in dieser Arbeit durch Deletionsstudien funktionelle Dom{\"a}nen des Transkriptionsfaktors identifiziert. Um einen besseren Einblick in die Regulation der MDR1-vermittelten Resistenz in C. albicans zu bekommen, wurde in dieser Arbeit die gegenseitige Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Mrr1 und Cap1 bzw. Upc2 in Bezug auf die MDR1-Expression untersucht. Es wurden ChIP-on-chip Analysen und Transkriptionsprofile mit aktiviertem Mrr1 durchgef{\"u}hrt, um direkte Targets von Mrr1 zu identifizieren. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein wichtiger Beitrag zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der Entwicklung der Multidrug-Resistenz in C. albicans geleistet. E¬ffluxpumpen und deren Regulatoren stellen in der Bek{\"a}mpfung von C. albicans-Infektionen ein interessantes Angriffsziel f{\"u}r die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente und die Weiterentwicklung bereits vorhandender Antimykotika dar.},
  subject      = {Candida albicans},
  language  = {de}
}