@article{EgenolfAltenschildescheKressetal.2021,
  author    = {Egenolf, Nadine and Altenschildesche, Caren Meyer zu and Kreß, Luisa and Eggermann, Katja and Namer, Barbara and Gross, Franziska and Klitsch, Alexander and Malzacher, Tobias and Kampik, Daniel and Malik, Rayaz A. and Kurth, Ingo and Sommer, Claudia and {\"U}{\c{c}}eyler, Nurcan},
  title     = {Diagnosing small fiber neuropathy in clinical practice: a deep phenotyping study},
  series = {Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders},
  issn      = {1756-2864},
  doi       = {10.1177/17562864211004318},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-232019},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background and aims: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is increasingly suspected in patients with pain of uncertain origin, and making the diagnosis remains a challenge lacking a diagnostic gold standard. Methods: In this case-control study, we prospectively recruited 86 patients with a medical history and clinical phenotype suggestive of SFN. Patients underwent neurological examination, quantitative sensory testing (QST), and distal and proximal skin punch biopsy, and were tested for pain-associated gene loci. Fifty-five of these patients additionally underwent pain-related evoked potentials (PREP), corneal confocal microscopy (CCM), and a quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART). Results: Abnormal distal intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) (60/86, 70\%) and neurological examination (53/86, 62\%) most frequently reflected small fiber disease. Adding CCM and/or PREP further increased the number of patients with small fiber impairment to 47/55 (85\%). Genetic testing revealed potentially pathogenic gene variants in 14/86 (16\%) index patients. QST, QSART, and proximal IENFD were of lower impact. Conclusion: We propose to diagnose SFN primarily based on the results of neurological examination and distal IENFD, with more detailed phenotyping in specialized centers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AppeltshauserMessingerStarzetal.2022,
  author    = {Appeltshauser, Luise and Messinger, Julia and Starz, Katharina and Heinrich, David and Brunder, Anna-Michelle and Stengel, Helena and Fiebig, Bianca and Ayzenberg, Ilya and Birklein, Frank and Dresel, Christian and Dorst, Johannes and Dvorak, Florian and Grimm, Alexander and Joerk, Alexander and Leypoldt, Frank and M{\"a}urer, Mathias and Merl, Patrick and Michels, Sebastian and Pitarokoili, Kalliopi and Rosenfeldt, Mathias and Sperfeld, Anne-Dorte and Weihrauch, Marc and Welte, Gabriel Simon and Sommer, Claudia and Doppler, Kathrin},
  title     = {Diabetes Mellitus Is a Possible Risk Factor for Nodo-paranodopathy With Antiparanodal Autoantibodies},
  series = {Neurology: Neuroimmunology \& Neuroinflammation},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Neurology: Neuroimmunology \& Neuroinflammation},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1212/NXI.0000000000001163},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300551},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background and Objectives Nodo-paranodopathies are peripheral neuropathies with dysfunction of the node of Ranvier. Affected patients who are seropositive for antibodies against adhesion molecules like contactin-1 and neurofascin show distinct clinical features and a disruption of the paranodal complex. An axoglial dysjunction is also a characteristic finding of diabetic neuropathy. Here, we aim to investigate a possible association of antibody-mediated nodo-paranodopathy and diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 227 patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and Guillain-Barr{\´e} syndrome from multiple centers in Germany who had undergone diagnostic testing for antiparanodal antibodies targeting neurofascin-155, pan-neurofascin, contactin-1-associated protein 1, and contactin-1. To study possible direct pathogenic effects of antiparanodal antibodies, we performed immunofluorescence binding assays on human pancreatic tissue sections. Results The frequency of DM was 33.3\% in seropositive patients and thus higher compared with seronegative patients (14.1\%, OR = 3.04, 95\% CI = 1.31-6.80). The relative risk of DM in seropositive patients was 3.4-fold higher compared with the general German population. Seropositive patients with DM most frequently harbored anti-contactin-1 antibodies and had higher antibody titers than seropositive patients without DM. The diagnosis of DM preceded the onset of neuropathy in seropositive patients. No immunoreactivity of antiparanodal antibodies against pancreatic tissue was detected. Discussion We report an association of nodo-paranodopathy and DM. Our results suggest that DM may be a potential risk factor for predisposing to developing nodo-paranodopathy and argue against DM being induced by the autoantibodies. Our findings set the basis for further research investigating underlying immunopathogenetic connections.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Behne2024,
  author    = {Behne, Robert Stefan Friedrich},
  title     = {Development Of A Human iPSC-Derived Cortical Neuron Model Of Adaptor- Protein-Complex-4-Deficiency},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-35139},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-351390},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Adaptor-protein-4-deficiency (AP-4-deficiency) is an autosomal-recessive childhood- onset form of complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) caused by bi-allelic loss- of-function mutations in one of the four subunits of the AP-4-complex. These four conditions are named SPG47 (AP4B1, OMIM \#614066), SPG50 (AP4M1, OMIM \#612936), SPG51 (AP4E1, OMIM \#613744) and SPG52 (AP4S1, OMIM \#614067), respectively and all present with global developmental delay, progressive spasticity and seizures. Imaging features include a thinning of the corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly and white matter changes. AP-4 is a highly conserved heterotetrameric complex, which is responsible for polarized sorting of transmembrane cargo including the autophagy- related protein 9 A (ATG9A). Loss of any of the four subunits leads to an instable complex and defective sorting of AP-4-cargo. ATG9A is implicated in autophagosome formation and neurite outgrowth. It is missorted in AP-4-deficient cells and CNS-specific knockout of Atg9a in mice results in a phenotype reminiscent of AP-4-deficiency. However, the AP-4-related cellular phenotypes including ATG9A missorting have not been investigated in human neurons. Thus, the aim of this study is to provide the first human induced pluripotent stem cell- derived (iPSC) cortical neuron model of AP-4-deficiency to explore AP-4-related phenotypes in preparation for a high-content screening. Under the hypothesis that AP-4- deficiency leads to ATG9A missorting, elevated ATG9A levels, impaired autophagy and neurite outgrowth in human iPSC-derived cortical neurons, in vitro biochemical and imaging assays including automated high-content imaging and analysis were applied. First, these phenotypes were investigated in fibroblasts from three patients with compound heterozygous mutations in the AP4B1 gene and their sex-matched parental controls. The same cell lines were used to generate iPSCs and differentiate them into human excitatory cortical neurons. This work shows that ATG9A is accumulating in the trans-Golgi-network in AP-4- deficient human fibroblasts and that ATG9A levels are increased compared to parental controls and wild type cells suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Protein levels of the AP4E1-subunit were used as a surrogate marker for the AP-4-complex and were decreased in AP-4-deficient fibroblasts with co-immunoprecipitation confirming the instability of the complex. Lentiviral re-expression of the AP4B1-subunit rescues this corroborating the fact that a stable AP-4-complex is needed for ATG9A trafficking. Surprisingly, autophagic flux was present in AP-4-deficient fibroblasts under nutrient- rich and starvation conditions. These phenotypic markers were evaluated in iPSC-derived cortical neurons and here, a robust accumulation of ATG9A in the juxtanuclear area was seen together with elevated ATG9A protein levels. Strikingly, assessment of autophagy markers under nutrient-rich conditions showed alterations in AP-4-deficient iPSC- derived cortical neurons indicating dysfunctional autophagosome formation. These findings point towards a neuron-specific impairment of autophagy and need further investigation. Adding to the range of AP-4-related phenotypes, neurite outgrowth and branching are impaired in AP-4-deficient iPSC-derived cortical neurons as early as 24h after plating and together with recent studies point towards a distinct role of ATG9A in neurodevelopment independent of autophagy. Together, this work provides the first patient-derived neuron model of AP-4-deficiency and shows that ATG9A is sorted in an AP-4-dependent manner. It establishes ATG9A- related phenotypes and impaired neurite outgrowth as robust markers for a high-content screening. This disease model holds the promise of providing a platform to further study AP-4-deficiency and to search for novel therapeutic targets.},
  subject      = {Adaptorproteine},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kress2020,
  author    = {Kreß, Luisa Sophia},
  title     = {Determination of cytokine and axon guidance molecule profiles in patients with small fiber neuropathy},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20911},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209113},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The pathophysiological mechanisms of pain in small fiber neuropathy (SFN) are unclear. Based on experimental and clinical studies, sensitized nociceptors in the skin are reported to be involved in pain development. These nociceptors may be sensitized by cutaneous and systemic pain mediators e.g. pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of our study was, to measure the systemic and local gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in white blood cells (WBC) as well as in primary fibroblasts and keratinocytes obtained from human skin of patients with SFN. Furthermore, gene expression levels of axon guidance molecules and their receptors, as potential regulators of the intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), were investigated. 55 patients and 31 healthy controls were prospectively recruited. Participants underwent extensive clinical phenotyping and blood sampling, 6-mm skin punch biopsies were taken from the right lateral calf and the upper thigh. Systemic relative gene expression levels (ΔG) of the interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was measured in WBC. Skin punch biopsies were taken to determine the IENFD and to obtain primary fibroblast and keratinocyte cell cultures. Skin cells were then used for investigation of ΔG in axon guidance molecules netrin 1 (NTN1) and ephrin A4 (EPHA4) as well as their receptors Unc5b receptor, and ephrin A4 (EFNA4) as well as cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF, and transforming growth factor (TGF). Systemically, gene expression of IL-2, IL-8, and TNF was higher in SFN patients compared to healthy controls. In keratinocytes, higher expression levels of NTN1 and TGF were found when comparing the SFN patients to the controls. In fibroblasts higher gene expression was shown in NTN1, Unc5b, IL-6, and IL-8 when comparing patients to healthy controls. The systemically and local elevated levels of pro-inflammatory, algesic cytokines in SFN patients compared to healthy controls, confirms a potential pathophysiological role in the development of neuropathic pain. Data also indicate fibroblasts and keratinocytes to influence subepidermal and intraepidermal nerve fiber growth through the expression of NTN1 and Unc5b. Thus, skin cells may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain through local denervation.},
  subject      = {Neuropathischer Schmerz},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hemprich2022,
  author    = {Hemprich, Antonia},
  title     = {Detektion von Autoantik{\"o}rpern gegen Cortactin und Agrin im Serum von Patient*innen mit Myasthenia gravis},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28692},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286920},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Myasthenia gravis ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung, die durch St{\"o}rung der Erregungs{\"u}bertragung an der neuromuskul{\"a}ren Endplatte zu einer Schw{\"a}che der Muskulatur f{\"u}hrt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Rolle von Cortactin und Agrin als potentielle neue Antigene von Autoantik{\"o}rpern bei Myasthenia gravis untersucht. Die detektierten Antik{\"o}rper werden charakterisiert und die klinischen Merkmale der Patient*innen ausgewertet.},
  subject      = {Myasthenia gravis},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BrumbergKuzkinaLapaetal.2021,
  author    = {Brumberg, Joachim and Kuzkina, Anastasia and Lapa, Constantin and Mammadova, Sona and Buck, Andreas and Volkmann, Jens and Sommer, Claudia and Isaias, Ioannis U. and Doppler, Kathrin},
  title     = {Dermal and cardiac autonomic fiber involvement in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy},
  series = {Neurobiology of Disease},
  volume    = {153},
  journal   = {Neurobiology of Disease},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105332},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260061},
  pages     = {105332},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Pathological aggregates of alpha-synuclein in peripheral dermal nerve fibers can be detected in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. This study combines skin biopsy staining for p-alpha-synuclein depositions and radionuclide imaging of the heart with [\(^{123}\)I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine to explore peripheral denervation in both diseases. To this purpose, 42 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy were enrolled. All patients underwent a standardized clinical workup including neurological evaluation, neurography, and blood samples. Skin biopsies were obtained from the distal and proximal leg, back, and neck for immunofluorescence double labeling with anti-p-alpha-synuclein and anti-PGP9.5. All patients underwent myocardial [\(^{123}\)I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy. Dermal p-alpha-synuclein was observed in 47.6\% of Parkinson's disease patients and was mainly found in autonomic structures. 81.0\% of multiple system atrophy patients had deposits with most of cases in somatosensory fibers. The [\(^{123}\)I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine heart-to-mediastinum ratio was lower in Parkinson's disease than in multiple system atrophy patients (1.94 +/- 0.63 vs. 2.91 +/- 0.96; p < 0.0001). Irrespective of the diagnosis, uptake was lower in patients with than without p-alpha-synuclein in autonomic structures (1.42 +/- 0.51 vs. 2.74 +/- 0.83; p < 0.0001). Rare cases of Parkinson's disease with p-alpha-synuclein in somatosensory fibers and multiple system atrophy patients with deposits in autonomic structures or both fiber types presented with clinically overlapping features. In conclusion, this study suggests that alpha-synuclein contributes to peripheral neurodegeneration and mediates the impairment of cardiac sympathetic neurons in patients with synucleinopathies. Furthermore, it indicates that Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy share pathophysiologic mechanisms of peripheral nervous system dysfunction with a clinical overlap.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kuzkina2020,
  author    = {Kuzkina, Anastasia},
  title     = {Dermal α-synuclein oligomers and aggregates in Parkinson's disease},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20436},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204369},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). These depositions in the brain mostly consist of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) phosphorylated at Ser129. A number of studies reported detection of phosphorylated α-syn (p-α-syn) in the dermal nerve fibers in Parkinson's disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether pathological α-syn accumulations detected in the skin represent aggregated protein. A number of methods aimed at detecting α-syn oligomers and aggregates were first tested and optimized on the brain samples in PD and normal control. These methods included proximity ligation assay (PLA), PET-blot, immunohistochemical (IHC) stains with α-syn aggregate (5G4) or oligomer specific (ASyO5) antibodies and a stain against native α-syn (syn211) after proteinase K (PK) digestion. Subsequently, the most specific methods (stains with 5G4, ASyO5 and syn211 after PK digestion) were studied in two separate patient and control cohorts. Anti-p-α-syn stain was performed in parallel. Single sections from at least 2 biopsy sites from 44 patients and 22 controls (cohort 1) as well as serial sections of 4 biopsy sites from 27 patients and 5 controls (cohort 2) were systematically studied for presence of aggregated and oligomeric α-syn. In total, 5G4 positive deposits were found in 24\% (cohort 1) and 37\% (cohort 2), ASyO5 positive lesions in 17,7\% (cohort 1) and 33\% (cohort 2), syn211 positive lesions after PK digestion in 38,7\% (cohort 1) and 48\% (cohort 2) of cases. There was a major overlap among positivity for a particular staining on the patient level and in most cases, the same nerve fiber was found to be positive for all 4 markers in neighboring sections. Among the skin biopsies which contained p-α-syn accumulation, 59\% were also PK resistant, 41\% were 5G4 positive and 45\% were ASyO5 positive. The samples belonging to normal controls did not show any positive signal in either of the newly established stainings or in the anti-p-α-syn staining. Using 3 distinct IHC methods, α-syn oligomers and aggregates were detectable in the majority of p-α-syn positive skin biopsies. This finding supports the hypothesis that α-syn aggregation occurs in the peripheral (i.e. dermal) nerves and can be specifically detected using skin biopsy.},
  subject      = {Parkinson-Krankheit},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DopplerBrockmannSedghietal.2018,
  author    = {Doppler, Kathrin and Brockmann, Kathrin and Sedghi, Annahita and Wurster, Isabel and Volkmann, Jens and Oertel, Wolfgang H. and Sommer, Claudia},
  title     = {Dermal phospho-alpha-synuclein deposition in patients with Parkinson's disease and mutation of the glucocerebrosidase gene},
  series = {Frontiers in Neurology},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Neurology},
  doi       = {10.3389/fneur.2018.01094},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222828},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Heterozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) represent the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and are histopathologically associated with a widespread load of alpha-synuclein in the brain. Therefore, PD patients with GBA1 mutations are a cohort of high interest for clinical trials on disease-modifying therapies targeting alpha-synuclein. There is evidence that detection of phospho-alpha-synuclein (p-syn) in dermal nerve fibers might be a biomarker for the histopathological identification of PD patients even at premotor or very early stages of disease. It is so far unknown whether dermal p-syn deposition can also be found in PD patients with GBA1 mutations and may serve as a biomarker for PD in these patients. Skin biopsies of 10 PD patients with different GBA1 mutations (six N3705, three E326K, one L444P) were analyzed by double-immunofluorescence labeling with anti-p-syn and anti-protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5, axonal marker) to detect intraaxonal p-syn deposition. Four biopsy sites (distal, proximal leg, paravertebral Th10, and C7) per patient were studied. P-syn was found in six patients (three N370S, three E326K). P-syn deposition was mainly detected in autonomic nerve fibers, but also in somatosensory fibers and was not restricted to a certain GBA1 mutation. In summary, dermal p-syn in PD patients with GBA1 mutations seems to offer a similar distribution and frequency as observed in patients without a known mutation. Skin biopsy may be suitable to study p-syn deposition in these patients or even to identify premotor patients with GBA1 mutations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{KuettnergebWeber2021,
  author    = {K{\"u}ttner [geb. Weber], Sarah-Lucia},
  title     = {Der Optikusnervenscheidendurchmesser als Instrument zur Prognoseeinsch{\"a}tzung bei Patienten mit hypoxischer Enzephalopathie nach erfolgreicher Reanimation},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23766},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237669},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Eine Prognoseeinsch{\"a}tzung bei Patienten mit hypoxischer Enzephalopathie (HIE) nach Reanimation wird fr{\"u}hestens 72 Stunden nach Reanimation empfohlen. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt besteht eine f{\"u}r {\"A}rzte und Angeh{\"o}rige belastende prognostische L{\"u}cke. Und auch nach 72 Stunden bestehen nur ungenaue Angaben zum weiteren Vorgehen, sodass eine fundierte Prognoseeinsch{\"a}tzung aktuell eine deutliche Herausforderung im Alltag klinisch t{\"a}tiger {\"A}rzte darstellt. Der Nervus opticus ist als Bestandteil des zentralen Nervensystems mit dem Liquorsystem verbunden. Intrazerebrale Druckerh{\"o}hungen wirken sich daher unmittelbar auf die ihn ummantelnde Nervenscheide und deren Durchmesser aus, sodass sich die Bestimmung des Optikusnervenscheidendurchmessers (ONSD) mittels transorbitaler Sonographie in der Diagnostik unterschiedlicher intrakranieller Erkrankungen bereits bew{\"a}hrt hat. Das Krankheitsbild der HIE wurde als weiteres m{\"o}gliches Einsatzgebiet des ONSD jedoch bisher nicht untersucht. 
Ziel dieser Dissertation war es daher, den ONSD grunds{\"a}tzlich auf seine Verl{\"a}sslichkeit als Prognoseparameter bei HIE nach Reanimation zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen. Besonderes Augenmerk lag hierbei auf der Erm{\"o}glichung einer fr{\"u}hzeitigen Prognoseeinsch{\"a}tzung innerhalb von 24 Stunden sowie auf der Definition eines prognostischen Cut-Off-Wertes als klare Entscheidungshilfe f{\"u}r weitere therapeutische Strategien. 24, 48 und 72 Stunden nach Reanimation werden signifikant unterschiedliche ONSD unter {\"u}berlebenden und verstorbenen Patienten nachgewiesen. Letztere weisen dabei im Vergleich sowohl h{\"o}here als auch im zeitlichen Verlauf signifikant ansteigende ONSD-Werte auf. Als prognostischer Cut-Off-Wert konnte eine Grenze bei 5,75mm festgelegt werden. Zusammenfassend stellt die sonographische Bestimmung des ONSD eine sinnvolle Zusatzdiagnostik in der Prognoseeinsch{\"a}tzung bei Patienten mit HIE nach Reanimation dar.},
  subject      = {Wiederbelebung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Rosen2005,
  author    = {Rosen, Sandra},
  title     = {Der Einsatz von Abciximab (ReoPro®) in der Akutbehandlung von isch{\"a}mischen Hirninfarkten mit und ohne vorangehende Thrombolysebehandlung mit rt-PA},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-17514},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Abciximab wurde, in Phase II-Studien, in der Behandlung der akuten cerebralen Isch{\"a}mie erprobt und es erscheint bisher sicher und effektiv. Obwohl die Effektivit{\"a}t in der Abciximab in Acute Ischemic Stroke Studie nicht prospektiv untersucht wurde, ist jedoch ein Trend zu einem verbessertem Outcome zu beobachten. In unserer Untersuchung wurden 65 Patienten mit cerebralen Isch{\"a}mien in verschiedenen Gef{\"a}ßterritorien mit Abciximab behandelt. Die Patienten zeigten entweder Zeichen und Symptome einer Crescendo-TIA, eines progressive stroke außerhalb des "3-Stunden-Zeitfensters" f{\"u}r eine Thrombolyse oder eine erneute Verschlechterung nach zun{\"a}chst erfolgreicher Thrombolyse. Alle Patienten wurden anhand der modified Rankin Scale (mRS) zum Zeitpunkt des Eintreffens in der Klinik und am Tag der Entlassung von der Stroke Unit untersucht. Ergebnisse: 88\% der Patienten (57/65) verbesserten sich um im Mittel 2,3 Punkte bezogen auf die mRS. 71\% der Patienten (46/65) erreichten eine mRS von 0-2. Es wurden keine fatalen oder symptomatischen intracerebralen Blutungen beobachtet. Fazit: In dieser nicht-randomisierten Untersuchung {\"u}ber die Akuttherapie der cerebralen Isch{\"a}mie, zeigte die Behandlung mit Abciximab alleine oder in Kombination mit Thrombolyse eine klinische Verbesserung in 88\% der Patienten. Blutungskomplikationen waren selten und nie schwerwiegend. Diese Ergebnisse unterst{\"u}tzen die Forderung nach weiteren placebokontrollierten, randomisierten Studien von Abciximab in der Akutbehandlung der cerebralen Isch{\"a}mie.},
  language  = {de}
}