@phdthesis{Fischer2009,
  author    = {Fischer, Cindy Erika Elisabeth},
  title     = {Expression des fetalen Acetylcholinrezeptors im Muskel bei experimenteller Nervenl{\"a}sion der Ratte und bei Neuropathien des Menschen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36619},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Acetylcholinrezeptor},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kohl2009,
  author    = {Kohl, Bianca Dorothea},
  title     = {PMP22-overexpressing mice as a model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A neuropathy implicate a role of immune-related cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43066},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a cohort of human hereditary disorders of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which exhibit symptoms like sensory dysfunction, muscle weakness and gait disturbances. Different mutations are described as causation for this neuropathy, such as a duplication of chromosome 17 comprising the gene for the peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22). Based on different animal models former studies identified immune cells, i.e. macrophages and T-lymphocytes, as crucial mediators of pathology in these neuropathies. In this study, PMP22-overexpressing mice (PMP22tg, C61), serving as a model for a specific type of CMT - CMT1A - were crossbred with immune-deficient mutant mice to examine the impact of the immune system on nerve pathology. Crossbreeding of PMP22tg mice with recombination activating gene-1 (RAG-1) deficient mice, lacking mature T- and B-lymphocytes, caused no striking alterations of pathogenesis in peripheral nerves of mutant mice. In contrast, crossbreeding of PMP22tg myelin mutants with mice deficient in the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) caused an amelioration of the demyelinating phenotype of peripheral nerves when MCP-1 was either reduced or completely absent. Furthermore, functional investigations, i.e. neurographic recordings and examinations of the grip strength of the extremities, revealed an amelioration in PMP22tg/MCP-1-/- mice in regard to a symptomatic improvement in the compound action muscle potential (CMAP) and stronger grip strength of the hindlimbs. Interestingly, peripheral nerves of PMP22tg mice showed an irregular distribution of potassium channels in presence of MCP-1, whereas the absence of MCP-1 in the myelin mutants rescued the ion channel distribution and resulted in a more wild type-like phenotype. Having shown the impact of MCP-1 as an important mediator of nerve pathology in PMP22/MCP-1 double mutants, the regulation of this chemokine became an important target for potential treatment strategies. We found that the signaling cascade MEK1/2/ERK1/2 was more strongly activated in peripheral nerves of PMP22tg mice compared to nerves of wild type mice. This activation corresponded to an increase in MCP-1 mRNA expression in peripheral nerves at the same age. Furthermore, a MEK1/2-inhibitor was used in vivo to confirm the regulation of MCP-1 by the MEK1/2/ERK1/2 pathway. After a treatment period of three weeks, a clear reduction of ERK1/2-phosphorylation as well as a reduction of MCP-1 mRNA expression was observed, accompanied by a decline in macrophage number in peripheral nerves of PMP22tg mice. These observations suggest that the expression of MCP-1 is crucial for the neuropathological progression in a mouse model for CMT1A. Therefore, this chemokine could provide a basis for a putative treatment strategy of inherited neuropathies.},
  subject      = {Myelin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{He2009,
  author    = {He, Lan},
  title     = {Small fiber involvement in Fabry's disease},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32844},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Aim of Investigation: The neurological manifestations of Fabry's disease, a rare, X-linked, multisystem disorder caused by alpha-galactosidase A deficiency and globotriosylceramide (Gb3) accumulation, include both peripheral and central nervous system symptoms. Here we evaluated a prospectively recruited cohort of patients with Fabry's disease for pain, small nerve fiber function, and skin innervation. Methods: 66 patients (31 male and 35 female) were enrolled\&\#65292;31 patients were on ERT. All patients underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST), electrophysiological examination, and extra- and transcranial Doppler sonography. For pain and mood assessment standardized questionnaires were used. Skin biopsies were performed at the left distal leg in 38 patients for intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) assessment. Results: Age at examination did not differ significantly between women (40.2+/-16.2 years) and men (38.9+/-13.8; n.s.). 29/31 male and 19/35 female patients complained of acroparesthesias or neuropathic pain. QST abnormalities indicative of small fiber impairment were found in 26/31 male and 28/35 female patients. Electrophysiological examination of large fibers and autonomic fibers revealed pathological findings in 11/31 male and 3/35 female patients. All patients had normal Doppler sonography results. Indicators for depression were present in 14/31 male and 10/35 female patients. 20/31 male and 18/35 female patients had a skin biopsy, the IENFD was significantly reduced in male (2.0+/-2.8 fibers/mm) compared with female patients (6.7 +/- 4.4 fibers/mm). In 10 patients free from neurological symptoms, QST and IENFD abnormalities were still detected. Follow up examination after one year in 12 patients under ERT (2.1+/-1.7 years) showed improvement in some symptoms and in QST and neurophysiology in six patients with normal renal function. 20/35 female patients older than 40 y had concomitant diseases, while none of the 18 younger female patients did. The corresponding radio in male patients was 5/19 (>=40y) and 2/13 (<40y) respectively. Conclusions: Neuropathic pain and sensory deficits of the distal extremities are common in patients with Fabry's disease. QST and IENFD analysis are important for early diagnosis of nerve involvement in Fabry's disease. Small fiber function may improve under ERT in patients without severe renal impairment.},
  subject      = {Fabry's disease},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{YuHwa2009,
  author    = {Yu-Hwa, Huang},
  title     = {The Role of HLA-G-expressing Regulatory T cells in Multiple Sclerosis: A Perspective of Beneficial Inflammation in the Central Nervous System Inflammation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39957},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Regulation von Effektor-T-Zellen ist ein wichtiger Mechanismus zur Kontrolle organspezifischer Entz{\"u}ndungen. Dabei sind regulatorische T-Zellen (Treg) maßgeblich an der Aufrechterhaltung peripherer Immuntoleranz und parenchymaler Immunhom{\"o}ostase beteiligt. Eine neue Population von humanen, nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Treg Zellen wurde durch ihre konstitutive Expression des immuntolerogenen Molek{\"u}ls HLA-G identifiziert. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die Mechanismen, durch die CD4+ HLA-Gpos Treg Zellen ihre Zielzellen (autologe HLA-Gneg T-Zellen) modulieren, aufgekl{\"a}rt. Unter Verwendung eines Suppressionsansatzes in Abwesenheit von antigenpr{\"a}sentierenden Zellen (APC) wurden T-T-Zell-Interaktionen, die die Proliferation von HLA-Gneg T-Zellen hemmen, demonstriert. Diese Suppression, die durch die Stimulierung des T-Zell-Rezeptors auf HLA-Gpos Treg Zellen verst{\"a}rkt wurde, war unabh{\"a}ngig vom Zell-Zell-Kontakt. Die HLA-Gneg T-Zellen erlangten nach Entfernung der HLA-Gpos Treg Zellen und einer erneuten Stimulierung ihrer T-Zell- Rezeptoren ihre F{\"a}higkeit zur Proliferation wieder. Dies wies auf die Umkehrbarkeit dieser Suppression hin. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus war die HLA-Gpos Treg-vermittelte Suppression entscheidend von der IL-10- Sekretion, nicht jedoch von TGF-\&\#946; abh{\"a}ngig. Zusammengefasst beschreibt dieser Teil der Arbeit eine detaillierte Charakterisierung der Mechanismen, wie HLA-Gpos Treg HLA-Gneg TZellen supprimieren. Das tiefere Verst{\"a}ndnis der Wirkmechanismen von HLA-Gpos Treg k{\"o}nnte in therapeutischen Strategien verwendet werden, in denen die regulatorische Funktion der T-Zell-Suppression verst{\"a}rkt oder moduliert werden soll. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die potenzielle Rolle von HLA-Gpos Treg bei der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) untersucht, einer klassischen Autoimmunerkrankung des Zentralnervensystems (ZNS). Im Gegensatz zu Vergleichspatienten mit nicht-entz{\"u}ndlichen Erkrankungen konnte im Liquor von MS Patienten eine erh{\"o}hte Anzahl von HLA-Gpos Treg gefunden werden. Diese aus dem Liquor isolierten HLA-Gpos Treg wiesen ph{\"a}notypische Merkmale von zentralen Ged{\"a}chtnis-T-Zellen (CD45RA- CD27+) auf, exprimierten den Aktivierungsmarker ICOS sowie deutlich h{\"o}here Level des Chemokinrezeptors (CCR) CCR5 und agierten als starke Suppressoren der autologen CD4+ T-Zellproliferation. Durch Verwendung eines in vitro Modells der humanen Bluthirnschranke konnte demonstriert werden, dass HLA-Gpos Treg eine starke Neigung zur Migration haben, die durch die CCR5- Liganden MIP1\&\#945; und RANTES, nicht jedoch durch MIP3\&\#946; (Ligand von CCR7) unterst{\"u}tzt wird. Diese Chemokin-induzierte Migration von HLA-Gpos Treg war auch mit einer Steigerung der suppressiven Kapazit{\"a}t nach Zelltransmigration assoziiert. Im Gegensatz zu CD4+CD25+, FoxP3-exprimierenden Treg zeigten HLA-Gpos Treg von MS-Patienten keine beeintr{\"a}chtigte Funktionalit{\"a}t. Dies deutet auf eine selektive Rekrutierung von HLA-Gpos Treg zu Entz{\"u}ndungsherden im ZNS und ihre Beteiligung an der Bek{\"a}mpfung der destruktiven Entz{\"u}ndung hin. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien tragen zum weitergehenden Verst{\"a}ndnis der Rolle und Funktion HLA-Gpos Treg Zellen bei und stellen somit ein wichtiges pathophysiologisches Beispiel „gutartiger" T-Zell-Entz{\"u}ndung w{\"a}hrend der ZNS Autoimmunit{\"a}t dar, das sowohl aus pathophysiologischer als auch therapeutischer Sicht interessant ist.},
  subject      = {Regulatorische T-Zellen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Ortler2009,
  author    = {Ortler, Sonja},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung koinhibitorischer Signale in der ZNS Immunregulation: die Rolle des B7-Homologs B7-H1 (PD-L1)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34784},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Das koinhibitorische Molek{\"u}l B7-H1 beeinflusst adaptive Immunantworten und ist vermutlich an den Mechanismen zur Aufrechterhaltung peripherer Toleranz und der Limitierung inflammatorischen Schadens beteiligt. Zus{\"a}tzlich kommt DZ eine entscheidende Bedeutung in der Entwicklung, Aufrechterhaltung und Regulation ZNS-spezifischer Autoimmunit{\"a}t und Inflammationsprozessen zu. Um den B7-H1/PD-1-Signalweg eingehender zu untersuchen, wurden adaptive Immunantworten und die Zielorgan-spezifische Infiltration im Modell der MOG35-55-induzierten EAE analysiert, einem Tiermodell der MS, das durch neurologische Sch{\"a}digungen und progressive Paralyse bedingt durch die inflammatorische Demyelinisierung im ZNS charakterisiert ist. Im Vergleich zu Wildtyptieren zeigten B7-H1-/- M{\"a}use einen beschleunigten Krankheitsbeginn und eine signifikante Steigerung des Schweregrads der EAE. Periphere MOG35-55-spezifische IFNg-/IL-17-Immunzellantworten traten in B7-H1-/- M{\"a}usen verfr{\"u}ht und verst{\"a}rkt auf, klangen allerdings auch schneller ab. Im ZNS persistierte jedoch eine signifikant h{\"o}here Anzahl aktivierter, Neuroantigen-spezifischer T-Zellen w{\"a}hrend allen Phasen der EAE, wobei diese Zellen ebenfalls gr{\"o}ßere Mengen proinflammatorischer Zytokine sezernieren konnten. Experimente mit APZ-assoziiertem B7-H1, die einen direkten inhibitorischen Effekt auf die Aktivierung und Proliferation MOG35-55-spezifischer Effektorzellen zeigten, unterst{\"u}tzen die Hypothese, dass parenchymale Expression von B7-H1 ausschlaggebend f{\"u}r das Schicksal von T-Zellen im Zielorgan ist. B7-H1 stellt damit ein Schl{\"u}sselmolek{\"u}l f{\"u}r die Kontrolle parenchymaler Immunreaktionen dar. Nachdem die Relevanz von B7-H1 auf APZ in vitro bewiesen werden konnte, wurde der Einfluss von B7-H1 auf systemisch oder intrazerebral injizierten DZ mit immunogenem oder tolerogenem Ph{\"a}notyp untersucht. Intraven{\"o}se Applikation von tolerogenen B7-H1-/- DZ resultierte in einer besseren Protektion gegen EAE, und dieser Effekt war von einer gesteigerten Produktion Tr1-/Th2-typischer Zytokine sowie einer verst{\"a}rkten Sekretion von IL-4 und IL-13 durch CD1d-restringierte T-Zellen in der Peripherie begleitet. Die Anzahl Neuroantigen-spezifischer T-Zellen, die proinflammatorische Zytokine sezernierten, war dementsprechend sowohl in der Peripherie als auch im ZNS reduziert. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte f{\"u}r B7-H1 eine wesentliche Beteiligung an der Inhibition der Aktivierung antigen-spezifischer, regulatorischer T-Zellen und CD1d-restringierter T-Zellen gefunden werden. Bei der Injektion intrazerebraler DZ bewirkten tolerogene DZ im Vergleich zu immunogenen DZ eine Reduktion der ZNS-Infiltration mit CD4+ T-Zellen in der fr{\"u}hen Phase der Erkrankung. Außerdem konnte eine Ver{\"a}nderung des intrazerebralen Zytokinmilieus von IFNg/IL-17 exprimierenden enzephalitogenen T-Zellen zu IL-10+ regulatorischen T-Zellen gezeigt werden. B7-H1-Defizienz auf APZ verst{\"a}rkte diesen Effekt und f{\"u}hrte dadurch in den M{\"a}usen zur partiellen Protektion gegen klinische Symptome der EAE. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde die Beteiligung von B7-H1 an der Rekrutierung und ZNS-lokalisierten Induktion der Proliferation CD8+ regulatorischer T-Zellen durch DZ beschrieben. Unabh{\"a}ngig vom Ph{\"a}notyp der DZ wurde eine bereits in der fr{\"u}hen Phase vorhandene und dauerhaft expandierende Population von CD8+ T-Zellen im ZNS DZ[B7-H1-/-]-injizierter M{\"a}use gefunden. Diese Zellen konnten in vitro die Proliferation MOG35-55-spezifischer CD4+ T-Zellen supprimieren und wirkten so mutmaßlich an der Abmilderung der EAE mit. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit die entscheidende Bedeutung von B7 H1 auf DZ als immuninhibitorisches Molek{\"u}l, das sowohl enzephalitogene als auch regulatorische T-Zell-Antworten moduliert und damit zur Limitation von Immunantworten beitr{\"a}gt.},
  subject      = {Multiple Sklerose},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{UeceylerBikoSommer2010,
  author    = {Ueceyler, Nurcan and Biko, Lydia and Sommer, Claudia},
  title     = {MDL-28170 Has No Analgesic Effect on CCI Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68359},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The calpain inhibitor MDL-28710 blocks the early local pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in mice after chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI). Onehundred- thirteen wild type mice of C57Bl/6J background received CCI of the right sciatic nerve. Mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal latencies were investigated at baseline and at 1, 3, and 7 days after CCI. Three application regimens were used for MDL-28170: a) single injection 40 min before CCI; b) serial injections of MDL- 28170 40 min before and up to day three after CCI; c) sustained application via intraperitoneal osmotic pumps. The control animals received the vehicle DMSO/PEG 400. The tolerable dose of MDL-28170 for mice was 30 mg/kg body weight, higher doses were lethal within the first hours after application. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal latencies were reduced after CCI and did not normalize after single or serial injections, nor with application of MDL-28170 via osmotic pumps. Although the calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 inhibits the early local cytokine upregulation in the sciatic nerve after CCI, pain behavior is not altered. This finding implies that local cytokine upregulation after nerve injury alone is only one factor in the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain.},
  subject      = {Medizin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pizon2010,
  author    = {Pizon, Dorothea},
  title     = {Prognose des raumfordernden Mediainfarktes bei konservativer vs. operativer Therapie am Universit{\"a}tsklinikum W{\"u}rzburg 1993-2005},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70232},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In dieser Studie wurden Schlaganfallpatienten untersucht, die einen ausgedehnten Infarkt im Versorgungsgebiet der A.cerebri media erlitten und wegen Bewusstseinstr{\"u}bung (sog. Maligner Mediainfarkt) auf der Neurologischen Intensivstation des Universit{\"a}tsklinikums W{\"u}rzburg im Zeitraum von 1991 bis 2005 behandelt wurde, um herauszufinden, welchen Einfluss eine operative Behandlung auf den kritisch erh{\"o}hten Hirnsdrucks zus{\"a}tzlich zur konservativen Intensivtherapie auf Mortalit{\"a}t sowie langfristige Lebensqualit{\"a}t hatte. Insgesamt konnten die Daten von 292 Patienten ausgewertet werden, wovon 259 konservativ und 33 operativ behandelt worden waren. Es zeigte sich insgesamt, dass eine stillschweigende g{\"u}nstige Selektion f{\"u}r eine Trepanation sprach (j{\"u}nger, eher keine Aphasie, weniger Komorbidit{\"a}ten). Die Hemikraniektomie senkte die Mortalit{\"a}t in der Akutphase hochsignifikant (K: 22, 4\%, T: 3,0\%; p=0,009). Sie hatte erwartungsgem{\"a}ß auch einen positiven Einfluss auf das Vigilanzniveau: die Quote von wachen Patienten war bei Entlassung der Trepanierten um 66\% h{\"o}her als bei Aufnahme, bei den konservativ Behandelten war sie nur um 33,3 \% gestiegen. Das vorherrschende Symptom bei Aufnahme und Entlassung war eine motorische bzw. sensomotorische Hemiparese. Der Anteil der Aphasiker bei den 201 konservativ therapierten Patienten, die den station{\"a}ren Aufenthalt {\"u}berlebt haben, ist von bei Aufnahme 56,2\% auf bei Entlassung 48,6\% gesunken. Bei den 32 trepanierten Patienten ist er dagegen mit 50\% gleich geblieben, obwohl 2/3 aller Patienten an der nicht-dominanten Hemisph{\"a}re operiert worden waren. Es war und ist auch nicht zu erwarten, dass eine Entlastung von Hirndruck qualitativ die hirninfarktbedingten Symptome beseitigt. Die Nachbefragung der Patienten fand im Schnitt 64,7 Monate nach erlittenem Mediainfarkt statt. Inzwischen waren von den 259 konservativ Behandelten 47,1\% verstorben, von den 33 Hemikraniektomierten nur 24,2\%. Die poststation{\"a}re Mortalit{\"a}t im weiteren Verlauf war anteilsm{\"a}ßig gering (K: 24\%, T: 21,2\%). Die {\"U}berlebensdauer der Trepanierten war dreimal so lang wie die der nicht operierten (K: 11,6 Monate, T: 34,4 Monate). Diese Unterschiede im Langzeit{\"u}berleben sind wahrscheinlicher auf die geringeren Komorbidit{\"a}ten der Trepanierten zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren, als auf die stattgehabte Operation an sich. Allerdings ist nicht auszuschließen, dass die durch Trepanation fr{\"u}hzeitiger verbesserte Wachheit sich auch g{\"u}nstig auf lebensverk{\"u}rzende Folgekomplikationen ausgewirkt haben k{\"o}nnte. In der Nachbefragung zeigte sich, dass bez{\"u}glich der erworbenen k{\"o}rperlichen Funktionsdefizite, gemessen am Barthel Index, zwischen den beiden Kollektiven kein signifikanter Unterschied bestand. Die ehemals konservativ behandelten Patienten kamen auf durchschnittlich 75, die trepanierten Patienten auf 60 von 100 Punkten. Im Lebensalltag schl{\"a}gt sich dieser Unterschied von 15 Punkten relevant nieder, aber insgesamt liegen beide Patientenkollektive im Bereich einer leichten bis nicht vorhandenen Abh{\"a}ngigkeit. Die vergleichbaren Langzeitdaten von Patienten mit Mediainfarkt liegen in einem {\"a}hnlichen Bereich. Erstmalig werden hier Langzeitdaten solcher Patienten {\"u}ber die Lebensqualit{\"a}t vorgelegt, gemessen mit dem SF-36. Nachvollziehbar zeigte sich ein deutlicher Unterschied zur Lebensqualit{\"a}t der Durchschnittsbev{\"o}lkerung, insbesondere im Bereich der k{\"o}rperlichen Belastbarkeit. F{\"u}r uns unerwartet g{\"u}nstig fielen die Antworten auf der eher psychologischen Ebene aus. Es zeigten sich bei allen Punkten des SF-36 keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen dem konservativ behandelten und den hemikraniektomierten Patienten, so dass die Operation als solche keinen eigenst{\"a}ndigen Einfluss auf die langfristige Lebensqualit{\"a}t nahm. Zusammengefasst verbesserte die osteoklastische Trepanation des raumfordernden malignen Mediainfarkts die {\"U}berlebenschance in der Akutphase signifikant, was mit inzwischen publizierten kontrollierten Studienergebnissen {\"u}bereinstimmt. Der Langzeitverlauf nach {\"u}berlebter Akutkrankheit gestaltet sich unabh{\"a}ngig von der Trepanation. Es gibt aufgrund der erworbenen Behinderung eine weiterhin relativ hohe l{\"a}ngerfristige Sterblichkeit. Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Selbsteinsch{\"a}tzung der Lebensqualit{\"a}t von Patienten mit einer erheblichen infarktbedingen k{\"o}rperlichen Behinderung psychologisch-emotional nur geringf{\"u}gig von der Selbstwahrnehmung in der nicht- behinderten Durchschnittsbev{\"o}lkerung. Dass bedeutet, dass Spekulationen {\"u}ber die zuk{\"u}nftige Lebensqualit{\"a}t keinen Einfluss auf die Operationsindikation nehmen sollten.},
  subject      = {Arteria cerebri media},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BraeuningerKleinschnitzStoll2010,
  author    = {Braeuninger, Stefan and Kleinschnitz, C. and Stoll, G.},
  title     = {Interleukin-18 does not influence infarct volume or functional outcome in the early stage after transient focal brain ischemia in mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68141},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine of the interleukin-1 family which is upregulated after cerebral ischemia. The functional role of IL-18 in cerebral ischemia is unknown. In the present study, we compared infarct size in IL-18 knock-out and wild-type mice 24 hours and 48 hours after 1-hour transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Moreover, the functional outcome was evaluated in a modified Bederson score, foot fault test and grip test. There were no significant differences in infarct size or functional outcome tests between wild-type and IL-18 knock-out mice. These data indicate that the early inflammatory response to cerebral ischemia does not involve IL-18, in contrast to other interleukin-1 family members such as interleukin-1.},
  subject      = {Interleukin-18},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChenBoettgerReifetal.2010,
  author    = {Chen, Yong and Boettger, Michael K. and Reif, Andreas and Schmitt, Angelika and Ueceyler, Nurcan and Sommer, Claudia},
  title     = {Nitric oxide synthase modulates CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia through cytokine regulation in mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68349},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: Although it has been largely demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a key enzyme for nitric oxide (NO) production, modulates inflammatory pain, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be clarified. Here we asked whether cytokines, which have well-described roles in inflammatory pain, are downstream targets of NO in inflammatory pain and which of the isoforms of NOS are involved in this process. Results: Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with 7-nitroindazole sodium salt (7-NINA, a selective neuronal NOS inhibitor), aminoguanidine hydrochloride (AG, a selective inducible NOS inhibitor), L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor), but not L-N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine (L-NIO, a selective endothelial NOS inhibitor), significantly attenuated thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed a significant increase of nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS gene expression, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene expression in plantar skin, following CFA. Pretreatment with the NOS inhibitors prevented the CFA-induced increase of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1b. The increase of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 was augmented in mice pretreated with 7-NINA or L-NAME, but reduced in mice receiving AG or L-NIO. NNOS-, iNOS- or eNOS-knockout (KO) mice had lower gene expression of TNF, IL-1b, and IL-10 following CFA, overall corroborating the inhibitor data. Conclusion: These findings lead us to propose that inhibition of NOS modulates inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia by regulating cytokine expression.},
  subject      = {Medizin},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftSchwarzPochetetal.2010,
  author    = {Kraft, P. and Schwarz, T. and Pochet, L. and Stoll, G. and Kleinschnitz, Christoph},
  title     = {COU254, a specific 3-carboxamide-coumarin inhibitor of coagulation factor XII, does not protect mice from acute ischemic stroke},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68103},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: Anticoagulation is an important means to prevent from acute ischemic stroke but is associated with a significant risk of severe hemorrhages. Previous studies have shown that blood coagulation factor XII (FXII)- deficient mice are protected from pathological thrombus formation during cerebral ischemia without bearing an increased bleeding tendency. Hence, pharmacological blockade of FXII might be a promising and safe approach to prevent acute ischemic stroke and possibly other thromboembolic disorders but pharmacological inhibitors selective over FXII are still lacking. In the present study we investigated the efficacy of COU254, a novel nonpeptidic 3-carboxamide-coumarin that selectively blocks FXII activity, on stroke development and post stroke functional outcome in mice. Methods: C57Bl/6 mice were treated with COU254 (40 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle and subjected to 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) using the intraluminal filament method. After 24 h infarct volumes were determined from 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazoliumchloride(TTC)-stained brain sections and functional scores were assessed. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining was used to estimate the extent of neuronal cell damage. Thrombus formation within the infarcted brain areas was analyzed by immunoblot. Results: Infarct volumes and functional outcomes on day 1 after tMCAO did not significantly differ between COU254 pre-treated mice or untreated controls (p > 0.05). Histology revealed extensive ischemic neuronal damage regularly including the cortex and the basal ganglia in both groups. COU254 treatment did not prevent intracerebral fibrin(ogen) formation. Conclusions: COU254 at the given concentration of 40 mg/kg failed to demonstrate efficacy in acute ischemic stroke in this preliminary study. Further preclinical evaluation of 3-carboxamide-coumarins is needed before the antithrombotic potential of this novel class of FXII inhibitors can be finally judged.},
  subject      = {Schlaganfall},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PhamHelluyBraeuningeretal.2010,
  author    = {Pham, Mirko and Helluy, X. and Braeuninger, S. and Jakob, P. and Stoll, G. and Kleinschnitz, Christoph and Bendszus, M.},
  title     = {Outcome of experimental stroke in C57Bl/6 and Sv/129 mice assessed by multimodal ultra-high field MRI},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68115},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Transgenic mice bred on C57Bl/6 or Sv/129 genetic background are frequently used in stroke research. It is well established that variations in cerebrovascular anatomy and hemodynamics can influence stroke outcome in different inbred mouse lines. We compared stroke development in C57Bl/6 and Sv/129 mice in the widely used model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) by multimodal ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). C57Bl/6 and Sv/129 mice underwent 60 min of tMCAO and were analyzed by MRI 2 h and 24 h afterwards. Structural and functional images were registered to a standard anatomical template. Probability maps of infarction were rendered by automated segmentation from quantitative T2-relaxometric images. Whole-brain segmentation of infarction was accomplished manually on high-resolution T2-weighted (T2-w) RARE images. Cerebral perfusion (cerebral blood flow, CBF) was measured quantitatively by modified continuous arterial-spin-labeling (CASL) and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) by spin-echo diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Probabilities of cortical (95.1\% ± 3.1 vs. 92.1\% ± 2.5; p > 0.05) and subcortical (100\% vs. 100\%; p > 0.05) infarctions at 24 h were similar in both groups as was the whole-brain volumetric extent of cerebral infarction. In addition, CBF and ADC values did not differ between C57Bl/6 and Sv/129 mice at any time point or region of interest. The C57Bl/6 and Sv/129 genetic background is no major confounding factor of infarct size and cerebral perfusion in the tMCAO model.},
  subject      = {NMR-Tomographie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EhlingBittnerBobaketal.2010,
  author    = {Ehling, P. and Bittner, S. and Bobak, N. and Schwarz, T. and Wiendl, H. and Budde, T. and Kleinschnitz, Christoph and Meuth, S. G.},
  title     = {Two pore domain potassium channels in cerebral ischemia: a focus on K2p9.1 (TASK3, KCNK9)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68129},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: Recently, members of the two-pore domain potassium channel family (K2P channels) could be shown to be involved in mechanisms contributing to neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia. K2P3.1-/- animals showed larger infarct volumes and a worse functional outcome following experimentally induced ischemic stroke. Here, we question the role of the closely related K2P channel K2P9.1. METHODS: We combine electrophysiological recordings in brain-slice preparations of wildtype and K2P9.1-/- mice with an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)) to depict a functional impact of K2P9.1 in stroke formation. RESULTS: Patch-clamp recordings reveal that currents mediated through K2P9.1 can be obtained in slice preparations of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) as a model of central nervous relay neurons. Current characteristics are indicative of K2P9.1 as they display an increase upon removal of extracellular divalent cations, an outward rectification and a reversal potential close to the potassium equilibrium potential. Lowering extracellular pH values from 7.35 to 6.0 showed comparable current reductions in neurons from wildtype and K2P9.1-/- mice (68.31 +/- 9.80\% and 69.92 +/- 11.65\%, respectively). These results could be translated in an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia where infarct volumes and functional outcomes showed a none significant tendency towards smaller infarct volumes in K2P9.1-/- animals compared to wildtype mice 24 hours after 60 min of tMCAO induction (60.50 +/- 17.31 mm3 and 47.10 +/- 19.26 mm3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Together with findings from earlier studies on K2P2.1-/- and K2P3.1-/- mice, the results of the present study on K2P9.1-/- mice indicate a differential contribution of K2P channel subtypes to the diverse and complex in vivo effects in rodent models of cerebral ischemia.},
  subject      = {Kaliumkanal},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HaarmannDeissProchaskaetal.2010,
  author    = {Haarmann, Axel and Deiss, Annika and Prochaska, Juergen and Foerch, Christian and Weksler, Babette and Romero, Ignacio and Couraud, Pierre-Olivier and Stoll, Guido and Rieckmann, Peter and Buttmann, Mathias},
  title     = {Evaluation of Soluble Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A as a Biomarker of Human Brain Endothelial Barrier Breakdown},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68468},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: An inducible release of soluble junctional adhesion molecule-A (sJAM-A) under pro-inflammatory conditions was described in cultured non-CNS endothelial cells (EC) and increased sJAM-A serum levels were found to indicate inflammation in non-CNS vascular beds. Here we studied the regulation of JAM-A expression in cultured brain EC and evaluated sJAM-A as a serum biomarker of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Methodology/Principal Findings: As previously reported in non-CNS EC types, pro-inflammatory stimulation of primary or immortalized (hCMEC/D3) human brain microvascular EC (HBMEC) induced a redistribution of cell-bound JAM-A on the cell surface away from tight junctions, along with a dissociation from the cytoskeleton. This was paralleled by reduced immunocytochemical staining of occludin and zonula occludens-1 as well as by increased paracellular permeability for dextran 3000. Both a self-developed ELISA test and Western blot analysis detected a constitutive sJAM-A release by HBMEC into culture supernatants, which importantly was unaffected by pro-inflammatory or hypoxia/reoxygenation challenge. Accordingly, serum levels of sJAM-A were unaltered in 14 patients with clinically active multiple sclerosis compared to 45 stable patients and remained unchanged in 13 patients with acute ischemic non-small vessel stroke over time. Conclusion: Soluble JAM-A was not suited as a biomarker of BBB breakdown in our hands. The unexpected non-inducibility of sJAM-A release at the human BBB might contribute to a particular resistance of brain EC to inflammatory stimuli, protecting the CNS compartment.},
  subject      = {Biomarker},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DoerckGoebelWeiseetal.2010,
  author    = {Doerck, Sebastian and Goebel, Kerstin and Weise, Gesa and Schneider-Hohendorf, Tilman and Reinhardt, Michael and Hauff, Peter and Schwab, Nicholas and Linker, Ralf and Maeurer, Mathias and Meuth, Sven G. and Wiendl, Heinz},
  title     = {Temporal Pattern of ICAM-I Mediated Regulatory T Cell Recruitment to Sites of Inflammation in Adoptive Transfer Model of Multiple Sclerosis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68565},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Migration of immune cells to the target organ plays a key role in autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the exact underlying mechanisms of this active process during autoimmune lesion pathogenesis remain elusive. To test if pro-inflammatory and regulatory T cells migrate via a similar molecular mechanism, we analyzed the expression of different adhesion molecules, as well as the composition of infiltrating T cells in an in vivo model of MS, adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. We found that the upregulation of ICAM-I and VCAM-I parallels the development of clinical disease onset, but persists on elevated levels also in the phase of clinical remission. However, the composition of infiltrating T cells found in the developing versus resolving lesion phase changed over time, containing increased numbers of regulatory T cells (FoxP3) only in the phase of clinical remission. In order to test the relevance of the expression of cell adhesion molecules, animals were treated with purified antibodies to ICAM-I and VCAM-I either in the phase of active disease or in early remission. Treatment with a blocking ICAM-I antibody in the phase of disease progression led to a milder disease course. However, administration during early clinical remission aggravates clinical symptoms. Treatment with anti-VCAM-I at different timepoints had no significant effect on the disease course. In summary, our results indicate that adhesion molecules are not only important for capture and migration of pro-inflammatory T cells into the central nervous system, but also permit access of anti-inflammatory cells, such as regulatory T cells. Therefore it is likely to assume that intervention at the blood brain barrier is time dependent and could result in different therapeutic outcomes depending on the phase of CNS lesion development.},
  subject      = {Multiple Sklerose},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftSchwarzMeijersetal.2010,
  author    = {Kraft, Peter and Schwarz, Tobias and Meijers, Joost C. M. and Stoll, Guido and Kleinschnitz, Christoph},
  title     = {Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) Deficient Mice Are Susceptible to Intracerebral Thrombosis and Ischemic Stroke},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68519},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: Thrombus formation is a key step in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke and results from the activation of the coagulation cascade. Thrombin plays a central role in this coagulation system and contributes to thrombus stability via activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa). TAFIa counteracts endogenous fibrinolysis at different stages and elevated TAFI levels are a risk factor for thrombotic events including ischemic stroke. Although substantial in vitro data on the influence of TAFI on the coagulation-fibrinolysis-system exist, investigations on the consequences of TAFI inhibition in animal models of cerebral ischemia are still lacking. In the present study we analyzed stroke development and post stroke functional outcome in TAFI-/- mice. Methodology/Principal Findings: TAFI-/- mice and wild-type controls were subjected to 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) using the intraluminal filament method. After 24 hours, functional outcome scores were assessed and infarct volumes weremeasured from 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazoliumchloride (TTC)-stained brain slices. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining was used to estimate the extent of neuronal cell damage. Thrombus formation within the infarcted brain areas was analyzed by immunoblot. Infarct volumes and functional outcomes did not significantly differ between TAFI-/- mice and controls (p.0.05). Histology revealed extensive ischemic neuronal damage regularly including the cortex and the basal ganglia in both groups. TAFI deficiency also had no influence on intracerebral fibrin(ogen) formation after tMCAO. Conclusion: Our study shows that TAFI does not play a major role for thrombus formation and neuronal degeneration after ischemic brain challenge.},
  subject      = {Thrombus},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftBenzAustinatetal.2010,
  author    = {Kraft, Peter and Benz, Peter Michael and Austinat, Madeleine and Brede, Marc Elmar and Schuh, Kai and Walter, Ulrich and Stoll, Guido and Kleinschnitz, Christoph},
  title     = {Deficiency of Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein (VASP) Increases Blood-Brain-Barrier Damage and Edema Formation after Ischemic Stroke in Mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68522},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: Stroke-induced brain edema formation is a frequent cause of secondary infarct growth and deterioration of neurological function. The molecular mechanisms underlying edema formation after stroke are largely unknown. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is an important regulator of actin dynamics and stabilizes endothelial barriers through interaction with cell-cell contacts and focal adhesion sites. Hypoxia has been shown to foster vascular leakage by downregulation of VASP in vitro but the significance of VASP for regulating vascular permeability in the hypoxic brain in vivo awaits clarification. Methodology/Principal Findings: Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in Vasp2/2 mice and wild-type (WT) littermates by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Evan's Blue tracer was applied to visualize the extent of blood-brainbarrier (BBB) damage. Brain edema formation and infarct volumes were calculated from 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained brain slices. Both mouse groups were carefully controlled for anatomical and physiological parameters relevant for edema formation and stroke outcome. BBB damage (p,0.05) and edema volumes (1.7 mm360.5 mm3 versus 0.8 mm360.4 mm3; p,0.0001) were significantly enhanced in Vasp2/2 mice compared to controls on day 1 after tMCAO. This was accompanied by a significant increase in infarct size (56.1 mm3617.3 mm3 versus 39.3 mm3610.7 mm3, respectively; p,0.01) and a non significant trend (p.0.05) towards worse neurological outcomes. Conclusion: Our study identifies VASP as critical regulator of BBB maintenance during acute ischemic stroke. Therapeutic modulation of VASP or VASP-dependent signalling pathways could become a novel strategy to combat excessive edema formation in ischemic brain damage.},
  subject      = {Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KleinschnitzGrundWingleretal.2010,
  author    = {Kleinschnitz, Christoph and Grund, Henrike and Wingler, Kirstin and Armitage, Melanie E. and Jones, Emma and Mittal, Manish and Barit, David and Schwarz, Tobias and Geis, Christian and Kraft, Peter and Barthel, Konstanze and Schuhmann, Michael K. and Herrmann, Alexander M. and Meuth, Sven G. and Stoll, Guido and Meurer, Sabine and Schrewe, Anja and Becker, Lore and Gailus-Durner, Valerie and Fuchs, Helmut and Klopstock, Thomas and de Angelis, Martin Hrabe and Jandeleit-Dahm, Karin and Shah, Ajay M. and Weissmann, Norbert and Schmidt, Harald H. H. W.},
  title     = {Post-Stroke Inhibition of Induced NADPH Oxidase Type 4 Prevents Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68416},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Only one moderately effective therapy exists, albeit with contraindications that exclude 90\% of the patients. This medical need contrasts with a high failure rate of more than 1,000 pre-clinical drug candidates for stroke therapies. Thus, there is a need for translatable mechanisms of neuroprotection and more rigid thresholds of relevance in pre-clinical stroke models. One such candidate mechanism is oxidative stress. However, antioxidant approaches have failed in clinical trials, and the significant sources of oxidative stress in stroke are unknown. We here identify NADPH oxidase type 4 (NOX4) as a major source of oxidative stress and an effective therapeutic target in acute stroke. Upon ischemia, NOX4 was induced in human and mouse brain. Mice deficient in NOX4 (Nox42/2) of either sex, but not those deficient for NOX1 or NOX2, were largely protected from oxidative stress, blood-brain-barrier leakage, and neuronal apoptosis, after both transient and permanent cerebral ischemia. This effect was independent of age, as elderly mice were equally protected. Restoration of oxidative stress reversed the stroke-protective phenotype in Nox42/2 mice. Application of the only validated low-molecular-weight pharmacological NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS2870, several hours after ischemia was as protective as deleting NOX4. The extent of neuroprotection was exceptional, resulting in significantly improved long-term neurological functions and reduced mortality. NOX4 therefore represents a major source of oxidative stress and novel class of drug target for stroke therapy.},
  subject      = {Schlaganfall},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gross2010,
  author    = {Groß, Catharina Luise},
  title     = {Die funktionelle Beteiligung verschiedener Hirnregionen in einer das K{\"o}rperselbstgef{\"u}hl t{\"a}uschenden Illusion: Eine L{\"a}sionsstudie},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51319},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Das K{\"o}rperselbstgef{\"u}hl stellt einen elementaren, jedoch selten beachteten Bestandteil unserer Wahrnehmung dar, ohne dass wir den Alltag nicht bew{\"a}ltigen k{\"o}nnten. Umso gravierender ist es, wenn dieses Selbstverst{\"a}ndnis f{\"u}r den eigenen K{\"o}rper oder f{\"u}r einen K{\"o}rperteil durch z.B. einen Schlaganfall verloren geht. Die Grundlagen der Entstehung und der St{\"o}rung des K{\"o}rperselbstgef{\"u}hles sind bisher nur teilweise bekannt. Diese Studie hat zwei Aspekte des K{\"o}rperselbstgef{\"u}hles bei Schlaganfallpatienten un-tersucht: die St{\"o}rung der Puppenhandillusion als eine Unf{\"a}higkeit, eine Illusion der Zu-geh{\"o}rigkeit einer Puppenhand zum eigenen K{\"o}rper zu empfinden und Asomatognosie als eine spontane St{\"o}rung des Zugeh{\"o}rigkeitsgef{\"u}hles zur eigenen Hand. Mit der so genannten Puppenhandillusion (PHI) kann auf einfache Weise die Basis der Selbstidentifikation untersucht werden. Innerhalb kurzer Zeit entsteht bei dem Proban-den der Eindruck, eine vor ihm liegende Puppenhand geh{\"o}re zu ihm. Die PHI entsteht, wenn die eigene, f{\"u}r den Probanden verdeckte Hand und eine f{\"u}r den Probanden sicht-bare, direkt {\"u}ber der eigenen Hand platzierte, lebensgroße Puppenhand zeit- und orts-synchron an den Fingern mit Pinseln ber{\"u}hrt und bestrichen werden. Es wurden 120 gesunde Probanden und 70 Schlaganfallpatienten an beiden H{\"a}nden mit der PHI untersucht und das Vorhandensein der PHI durch einen anschließend beantworteten Fragebogen festgestellt. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden 64 Schlaganfallpatienten auf das Vorhandensein einer Asomatognosie hin untersucht. Eine Analyse der isch{\"a}mischen L{\"a}sionen der Schlaganfallpatienten wurde mit den dif-fusionsgewichteten MRT-Bildern und frei im Internet erh{\"a}ltlicher Software durchge-f{\"u}hrt. Die Isch{\"a}mien wurden manuell als regions of interest (ROI) markiert und in den Standardraum des MNI152-Gehirns transformiert. Rechtshemisph{\"a}rische L{\"a}sionen wurden {\"u}ber die Mittellinie gespiegelt. Es wurden Subtraktionsanalysen und ein voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) zur Feststellung der f{\"u}r die PHI und eine nor-male Somatognosie essentiellen Hirnregionen angewandt. Repetitive transkranielle Magnetstimulation (rTMS) als reversible L{\"a}sionstechnik wurde {\"u}ber dem ventralen pr{\"a}motorischen Kortex bei 8 Probanden durchgef{\"u}hrt. Erstmals wurde eine große Gruppe gesunder Probanden mit der PHI untersucht. Es zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede im Auftreten der PHI in Bezug auf Alter, Geschlecht, K{\"o}rperseite und H{\"a}ndigkeit. Die PHI konnte bei 86\% der Probanden an beiden H{\"a}nden induziert werden. Bei der rTMS-Untersuchung konnte nach Stimulation des pr{\"a}motorischen Kortex keine signifikante {\"A}nderung des Illusionserlebnisses beobachtet werden. Eine kontral{\"a}sional gest{\"o}rte PHI fand sich bei 11 (16\%), eine bilateral gest{\"o}rte PHI bei zus{\"a}tzlich 7 (10\%) der 70 Schlaganfallpatienten. Wir fanden L{\"a}sionsvoxel innerhalb der subkortikalen weißen Substanz in direkter struk-tureller N{\"a}he zum pr{\"a}motorischen, pr{\"a}frontalen und parietalen Kortex sowie zur Insel-region, welche eine signifikante Assoziation mit kontral{\"a}sionaler bzw. beidseitiger PHI-St{\"o}rung aufweisen. Eine kontral{\"a}sionale Asomatognosie wurde bei 18 (28\%) von 64 Schlaganfallpatienten gefunden. Asomatognosie korrelierte nicht mit einer gest{\"o}rten PHI- weder in der klini-schen Untersuchung noch hinsichtlich der L{\"a}sionslokalisation. Unsere Resultate sind vereinbar mit einer Rolle des pr{\"a}motorischen Kortex und dessen subkortikalen Verbindungen, sowie parietaler Hirnregionen und der Inselregion bei der Entstehung der PHI. Bei Schlaganfallpatienten korrelierte eine St{\"o}rung der PHI und eine Asomatognosie nicht miteinander, folglich gehen wir von zwei unabh{\"a}ngig voneinander bestehenden Mechanismen aus, denen verschiedene neuronale Netzwerke zugrunde liegen.},
  subject      = {Anosognosie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{PhamHelluyKleinschnitzetal.2011,
  author    = {Pham, Mirko and Helluy, Xavier and Kleinschnitz, Christoph and Kraft, Peter and Bartsch, Andreas J. and Jakob, Peter and Nieswandt, Bernhard and Bendszus, Martin and Guido, Stoll},
  title     = {Sustained Reperfusion after Blockade of Glycoprotein-Receptor-Ib in Focal Cerebral Ischemia: An MRI Study at 17.6 Tesla},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018386},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142608},
  pages     = {e18386},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: Inhibition of early platelet adhesion by blockade of glycoprotein-IB (GPIb) protects mice from ischemic stroke. To elucidate underlying mechanisms in-vivo, infarct development was followed by ultra-high field MRI at 17.6 Tesla. Methods: Cerebral infarction was induced by transient-middle-cerebral-artery-occlusion (tMCAO) for 1 hour in C57/BL6 control mice (N = 10) and mice treated with 100 mg Fab-fragments of the GPIb blocking antibody p0p/B 1 h after tMCAO (N = 10). To control for the effect of reperfusion, additional mice underwent permanent occlusion and received anti-GPIb treatment (N = 6; pMCAO) or remained without treatment (N = 3; pMCAO). MRI 2 h and 24 h after MCAO measured cerebral-blood-flow (CBF) by continuous arterial-spin labelling, the apparent-diffusion-coefficient (ADC), quantitative-T2 and T2-weighted imaging. All images were registered to a standard mouse brain MRI atlas and statistically analysed voxel-wise, and by cortico-subcortical ROI analysis. Results: Anti-GPIb treatment led to a relative increase of postischemic CBF vs. controls in the cortical territory of the MCA (2 h: 44.2 +/- 6.9 ml/100g/min versus 24 h: 60.5 +/- 8.4; p = 0.0012, F((1,18)) = 14.63) after tMCAO. Subcortical CBF 2 h after tMCAO was higher in anti-GPIb treated animals (45.3 +/- 5.9 vs. controls: 33.6 +/- 4.3; p = 0.04). In both regions, CBF findings were clearly related to a lower probability of infarction (Cortex/Subcortex of treated group: 35\%/65\% vs. controls: 95\%/100\%) and improved quantitative-T2 and ADC. After pMCAO, anti-GPIb treated mice developed similar infarcts preceded by severe irreversible hypoperfusion as controls after tMCAO indicating dependency of stroke protection on reperfusion. Conclusion: Blockade of platelet adhesion by anti-GPIb-Fab-fragments results in substantially improved CBF early during reperfusion. This finding was in exact spatial correspondence with the prevention of cerebral infarction and indicates in-vivo an increased patency of the microcirculation. Thus, progression of infarction during early ischemia and reperfusion can be mitigated by anti-platelet treatment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{QuartaVoglConstantinetal.2011,
  author    = {Quarta, Serena and Vogl, Christian and Constantin, Cristina E. and {\"U}{\c{c}}eyler, Nurcan and Sommer, Claudia and Kress, Michaela},
  title     = {Genetic evidence for an essential role of neuronally expressed IL-6 signal transducer gp130 in the induction and maintenance of experimentally induced mechanical hypersensitivity \(in\) \(vivo\) and \(in\) \(vitro\)},
  series = {Molecular Pain},
  volume    = {7,73},
  journal   = {Molecular Pain},
  doi       = {10.1186/1744-8069-7-73},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140380},
  pages     = {1-9},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Tenderness and mechanical allodynia are key symptoms of malignant tumor, inflammation and neuropathy. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is causally involved in all three pathologies. IL-6 not only regulates innate immunity and inflammation but also causes nociceptor sensitization and hyperalgesia. In general and in most cell types including immune cells and sensory neurons, IL-6 binds soluble mu receptor subunits which heteromerizes with membrane bound IL-6 signal transducer gp130. In the present study, we used a conditional knock-out strategy to investigate the importance of signal transducer gp130 expressed in C nociceptors for the generation and maintenance of mechanical hypersensitivity. Nociceptors were sensitized to mechanical stimuli by experimental tumor and this nociceptor sensitization was preserved at later stages of the pathology in control mice. However, in mice with a conditional deletion of gp130 in Nav1.8 expressing nociceptors mechanical hypersensitivity by experimental tumor, nerve injury or inflammation recovery was not preserved in the maintenance phase and nociceptors exhibited normal mechanical thresholds comparable to untreated mice. Together, the results argue for IL-6 signal transducer gp130 as an essential prerequisite in nociceptors for long-term mechanical hypersensitivity associated with cancer, inflammation and nerve injury.},
  language  = {en}
}