@phdthesis{Englert2020,
  author    = {Englert, Anne},
  title     = {Modulation der Immunantwort humaner NK-Zellen nach Stimulation mit steigenden Konzentrationen von Aspergillus fumigatus},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20233},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202335},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit den antimykotischen Eigenschaften von NK-Zellen und dient der Charakterisierung der Immunantwort gegen{\"u}ber A. fumigatus in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der MOI (Multiplizit{\"a}t der Infektion). Klinisch interessant ist dies bei immunsupprimierten Patienten mit invasiver Aspergillose. Anhand von Oberfl{\"a}chenmarkern konnten eine an die Pilzkonzentration angepasste Bindung und Aktivierung von NK-Zellen demonstriert werden. Daneben kam es zu einer Modulation der Freisetzung ausgew{\"a}hlter Zytokine nach Konfrontation mit steigenden Mengen von A. fumigatus. Besonders deutlich war der Effekt bei den Chemokinen CCL3 und CCL4, deren Zusammenhang mit Pilzinfektionen bereits gezeigt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zum MOI-abh{\"a}ngigen Verhalten von NK-Zellen gegen{\"u}ber A. fumigatus best{\"a}tigen die Relevanz bei der antimykotischen Immunantwort und verdeutlichen, weshalb ihnen zunehmende diagnostische und therapeutische Bedeutung zukommt.},
  subject      = {Nat{\"u}rliche Killerzelle},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Hell2019,
  author    = {Hell, Dennis},
  title     = {Development of self-adjusting cytokine neutralizer cells as a closed-loop delivery system of anti-inflammatory biologicals},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175381},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The current treatment strategies for diseases are assessed on the basis of diagnosed phenotypic changes due to an accumulation of asymptomatic events in physiological processes. Since a diagnosis can only be established at advanced stages of the disease, mainly due to insufficient early detection possibilities of physiological disorders, doctors are forced to treat diseases rather than prevent them. Therefore, it is desirable to link future therapeutic interventions to the early detection of physiological changes. So-called sensor-effector systems are designed to recognise disease-specific biomarkers and coordinate the production and delivery of therapeutic factors in an autonomous and automated manner. Such approaches and their development are being researched and promoted by the discipline of synthetic biology, among others. Against this background, this paper focuses on the in vitro design of cytokine-neutralizing sensor-effector cells designed for the potential treatment of recurrent autoimmune diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis. The precise control of inducible gene expression was successfully generated in human cells. At first, a NF-κB-dependent promoter was developed, based on HIV-1 derived DNA-binding motives. The activation of this triggerable promoter was investigated using several inducers including the physiologically important NF-κB inducers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The activation strength of the NF-κB-triggered promoter was doubled by integrating a non-coding RNA. The latter combined expressed RNA structures, which mimic DNA by double stranded RNAs and have been demonstrated to bind to p50 or p65 by previous publications. The sensitivity was investigated for TNFα and IL-1β. The detection limit and the EC50 values were in in the lower picomolar range. Besides the sensitivity, the reversibility and dynamic of the inducible system were characterized. Hereby a close correlation between pulse times and expression profile was shown. The optimized NF-κB-dependent promoter was then coupled to established TNFα- and IL-1-blocking biologicals to develop sensor-effector systems with anti-inflammatory activity, and thus potential use against autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The biologicals were differentiated between ligand-blocking and receptor-blocking biologicals and different variants were selected: Adalimumab, etanercept and anakinra. The non-coding RNA improved again the activation strength of NF-κB-dependent expressed biologicals, indicating its universal benefit. Furthermore, it was shown that the TNFα-induced expression of NF-κB-regulated TNFα-blocking biologics led to an extracellular negative feedback loop. Interestingly, the integration of the non-coding RNA and this negative feedback loop has increased the dynamics and reversibility of the NF-κB-regulated gene expression. The controllability of drug release can also be extended by the use of inhibitors of classical NF-κB signalling such as TPCA-1. The efficacy of the expressed biologicals was detected through neutralization of the cytokines using different experiments. For future in vivo trials, first alginate encapsulations of the cells were performed. Furthermore, the activation of NF-κB-dependent promoter was demonstrated using co-cultures with human plasma samples or using synovial liquids. With this generated sensor-effector system we have developed self-adjusting cytokine neutralizer cells as a closed-loop delivery system for anit-inflammatory biologics.},
  subject      = {Biologika},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kums2017,
  author    = {Kums, Juliane},
  title     = {Entwicklung und Charakterisierung von \(Gaussia\) \(princeps\) Luziferase-Antik{\"o}rper-Fusionsproteinen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146777},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Antik{\"o}rper, die Oberfl{\"a}chenantigene erkennen, sind sowohl in der Diagnostik als auch in der Therapie verschiedener Erkrankungen von enormer Bedeutung. Damit Antik{\"o}rper in diesen Bereichen eingesetzt werden k{\"o}nnen, ist es sehr wichtig, dass die Interaktion eines Antik{\"o}rpers oder auch eines Antik{\"o}rperkonjugats mit seinem Antigen oder Fc-Rezeptoren ausreichend charakterisiert wird. Hierf{\"u}r werden meist zellfreie Verfahren angewandt, wie die isotherme Titrationskalorimetrie oder die Oberfl{\"a}chenplasmonenresonanzspektroskopie. Diese unterliegen verschiedenen Limitationen, beispielsweise der Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von rekombinantem Antigen. Vor allem aber werden zellul{\"a}re Einfl{\"u}sse, die die Bindungseigenschaften der Antik{\"o}rper beeinflussen, nicht ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Aber auch die derzeit angewandten Verfahren f{\"u}r zellul{\"a}re Bindungsstudien k{\"o}nnen problematisch sein, da sie meist auf Antik{\"o}rpern basieren, die biochemisch markiert worden sind, was zu funktionellen Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen f{\"u}hren kann. Außerdem zeigen solche Antik{\"o}rper h{\"a}ufig keine einheitliche St{\"o}chiometrie der jeweiligen Reporterstoffe und die Reproduzierbarkeit des Markierungsverfahrens ist in den meisten F{\"a}llen nicht gew{\"a}hrleistet. Positionsspezifische Markierungen sind jedoch vergleichsweise sehr aufwendig. Um die genannten Probleme zu umgehen, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit am Beispiel des Fn14-spezifischen Antik{\"o}rpers 18D1 Antik{\"o}rper-Fusionsproteine hergestellt und charakterisiert, die an verschiedenen Positionen genetisch mit der Gaussia princeps Luziferase (GpL) fusioniert worden sind. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Positionierung der Luziferase am C-Terminus der leichten Kette des Antik{\"o}rpers (GpL(CT-LC)) die Bindungseigenschaften der GpL-18D1-IgG1-Fusionsproteine an Fn14 und an die verschiedenen Fcγ-Rezeptoren (FcγR) nicht oder nur in geringem Umfang beeinflusst. Auch die agonistische Aktivit{\"a}t der GpL-18D1-IgG1-Fusionsproteine, welche abh{\"a}ngig ist von der Oligomerisierung {\"u}ber Protein G oder der FcγR-Bindung, wurde durch die GpL-Markierung nicht wesentlich beeinflusst. Diese Ergebnisse ließen sich am Bespiel von 18D1 ebenfalls auf die dimeren Antik{\"o}rper-Isotypen IgG2, mIgG1 und mIgG2A {\"u}bertragen. GpL-Fusionsproteine der Antik{\"o}rper E09-IgG1 (CD95-spezifisch), G28.5-IgG1 (CD40-spezifisch) und BHA10-IgG1 (LTβR-spezifisch) zeigten gleichfalls keine gravierenden Ver{\"a}nderungen der Bindungseigenschaften oder den funktionellen Eigenschaften, was f{\"u}r eine breite Anwendbarkeit von GpL-Antik{\"o}rper-Fusionsproteinen spricht. Zusammenfassend betrachtet zeigen die hier pr{\"a}sentierten Ergebnisse, dass die genetische Fusion der Gaussia princeps Luziferase an das C-terminale Ende der leichten Antik{\"o}rperkette eine sehr gute M{\"o}glichkeit darstellt, Antigen-Antik{\"o}rper-Interaktionen zu charakterisieren ohne dabei mit den Eigenschaften des Antik{\"o}rpers zu interferieren. Dabei besticht dieser Ansatz im Vergleich zu anderen g{\"a}ngigen Verfahren durch seine Reproduzierbarkeit, eine einfache Handhabung, geringe Kosten und eine extrem hohe Sensitivit{\"a}t. Außerdem k{\"o}nnte dieses Antik{\"o}rper-Fusionsproteinformat zuk{\"u}nftig auch in vielen Bereichen als Tracer eingesetzt werden mit dem Vorteil, dass keinerlei Radioaktivit{\"a}t ben{\"o}tigt werden w{\"u}rde.},
  subject      = {Luciferasen},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LueckerathLapaAlbertetal.2015,
  author    = {L{\"u}ckerath, Katharina and Lapa, Constantin and Albert, Christa and Herrmann, Ken and J{\"o}rg, Gerhard and Samnick, Samuel and Einsele, Herrmann and Knop, Stefan and Buck, Andreas K.},
  title     = {\(^{11}\)C-Methionine-PET: a novel and sensitive tool for monitoring of early response to treatment in multiple myeloma},
  series = {Oncotarget},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Oncotarget},
  number    = {10},
  doi       = {10.18632/oncotarget.3053},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148688},
  pages     = {8418-8429},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an essentially incurable hematologic malignancy. However, new treatment modalities and novel drugs have been introduced and thus additional tools for therapy monitoring are increasingly needed. Therefore, we evaluated the radiotracers \(^{11}\)C-Methionine (paraprotein-biosynthesis) and \(^{18}\)F-FDG (glucose-utilization) for monitoring response to anti-myeloma-therapy and outcome prediction. Influence of proteasome-inhibition on radiotracer-uptake of different MM cell-lines and patient-derived CD138\(^{+}\) plasma cells was analyzed and related to tumor-biology. Mice xenotransplanted with MM. 1S tumors underwent MET- and FDG-\(\mu\)PET. Tumor-to-background ratios before and after 24 h, 8 and 15 days treatment with bortezomib were correlated to survival. Treatment reduced both MET and FDG uptake; changes in tracer-retention correlated with a switch from high to low CD138-expression. In xenotransplanted mice, MET-uptake significantly decreased by 30-79\% as early as 24 h after bortezomib injection. No significant differences were detected thus early with FDG. This finding was confirmed in patient-derived MM cells. Importantly, early reduction of MET-but not FDG-uptake correlated with improved survival and reduced tumor burden in mice. Our results suggest that MET is superior to FDG in very early assessment of response to anti-myeloma-therapy. Early changes in MET-uptake have predictive potential regarding response and survival. MET-PET holds promise to individualize therapies in MM in future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SeherNickelMuelleretal.2011,
  author    = {Seher, Axel and Nickel, Joachim and Mueller, Thomas D. and Kneitz, Susanne and Gebhardt, Susanne and Meyer ter Vehn, Tobias and Schlunck, Guenther and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Gene expression profiling of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) stimulated primary human tenon fibroblasts reveals an inflammatory and wound healing response in vitro},
  series = {Molecular Vision},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Molecular Vision},
  number    = {08. Okt},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140189},
  pages     = {53-62},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Purpose: The biologic relevance of human connective tissue growth factor (hCTGF) for primary human tenon fibroblasts (HTFs) was investigated by RNA expression profiling using affymetrix (TM) oligonucleotide array technology to identify genes that are regulated by hCTGF. Methods: Recombinant hCTGF was expressed in HEK293T cells and purified by affinity and gel chromatography. Specificity and biologic activity of hCTGF was confirmed by biosensor interaction analysis and proliferation assays. For RNA expression profiling HTFs were stimulated with hCTGF for 48h and analyzed using affymetrix (TM) oligonucleotide array technology. Results were validated by real time RT-PCR. Results: hCTGF induces various groups of genes responsible for a wound healing and inflammatory response in HTFs. A new subset of CTGF inducible inflammatory genes was discovered (e.g., chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 1 [CXCL1], chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 6 [CXCL6], interleukin 6 [IL6], and interleukin 8 [IL8]). We also identified genes that can transmit the known biologic functions initiated by CTGF such as proliferation and extracellular matrix remodelling. Of special interest is a group of genes, e.g., osteoglycin (OGN) and osteomodulin (OMD), which are known to play a key role in osteoblast biology. Conclusions: This study specifies the important role of hCTGF for primary tenon fibroblast function. The RNA expression profile yields new insights into the relevance of hCTGF in influencing biologic processes like wound healing, inflammation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodelling in vitro via transcriptional regulation of specific genes. The results suggest that CTGF potentially acts as a modulating factor in inflammatory and wound healing response in fibroblasts of the human eye.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChopraBiehlSteinfattetal.2016,
  author    = {Chopra, Martin and Biehl, Marlene and Steinfatt, Tim and Brandl, Andreas and Kums, Juliane and Amich, Jorge and Vaeth, Martin and Kuen, Janina and Holtappels, Rafaela and Podlech, J{\"u}rgen and Mottok, Anja and Kraus, Sabrina and Jord{\´a}n-Garotte, Ana-Laura and B{\"a}uerlein, Carina A. and Brede, Christian and Ribechini, Eliana and Fick, Andrea and Seher, Axel and Polz, Johannes and Ottmueller, Katja J. and Baker, Jeannette and Nishikii, Hidekazu and Ritz, Miriam and Mattenheimer, Katharina and Schwinn, Stefanie and Winter, Thorsten and Sch{\"a}fer, Viktoria and Krappmann, Sven and Einsele, Hermann and M{\"u}ller, Thomas D. and Reddehase, Matthias J. and Lutz, Manfred B. and M{\"a}nnel, Daniela N. and Berberich-Siebelt, Friederike and Wajant, Harald and Beilhack, Andreas},
  title     = {Exogenous TNFR2 activation protects from acute GvHD via host T reg cell expansion},
  series = {Journal of Experimental Medicine},
  volume    = {213},
  journal   = {Journal of Experimental Medicine},
  number    = {9},
  doi       = {10.1084/jem.20151563},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187640},
  pages     = {1881-1900},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Donor CD4\(^+\)Foxp3\(^+\) regulatory T cells (T reg cells) suppress graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT allo-HCT]). Current clinical study protocols rely on the ex vivo expansion of donor T reg cells and their infusion in high numbers. In this study, we present a novel strategy for inhibiting GvHD that is based on the in vivo expansion of recipient T reg cells before allo-HCT, exploiting the crucial role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) in T reg cell biology. Expanding radiation-resistant host T reg cells in recipient mice using a mouse TNFR2-selective agonist before allo-HCT significantly prolonged survival and reduced GvHD severity in a TNFR2-and T reg cell-dependent manner. The beneficial effects of transplanted T cells against leukemia cells and infectious pathogens remained unaffected. A corresponding human TNFR2-specific agonist expanded human T reg cells in vitro. These observations indicate the potential of our strategy to protect allo-HCT patients from acute GvHD by expanding T reg cells via selective TNFR2 activation in vivo.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HefnerBerberichLanversetal.2018,
  author    = {Hefner, Jochen and Berberich, Sara and Lanvers, Elena and Sanning, Maria and Steimer, Ann-Kathrin and Kunzmann, Volker},
  title     = {Patient-doctor relationship and adherence to capecitabine in outpatients of a German comprehensive cancer center},
  series = {Patient Preference and Adherence},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Patient Preference and Adherence},
  doi       = {10.2147/PPA.S169354},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177143},
  pages     = {1875—1887},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Purpose: The prescribing of oral chemotherapy agents has introduced the new challenge of ensuring patients' adherence to therapy. Aspects of a close patient-doctor relationship are reported to be correlated with adherence to oral anticancer drugs, but data on capecitabine are scarce. Patients and methods: Sixty-four outpatients with a diagnosis of cancer and prescribed capecitabine were recruited from a German Comprehensive Cancer Center. We used the Patient-Doctor Relationship Questionnaire (PDRQ-9), the Medical Adherence Rating Scale (MARS), the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), and the Satisfaction with Information about Medicines Scale (SIMS) to assess patients' perceptions and behavior. Medical data were extracted from the charts. Results: Non-adherence was reported by 20\% of the 64 participants. The perceived quality of the patient-doctor relationship was high in general, but it did not emerge as a predictor of adherence in our survey (odds ratio [OR]=0.915, P=0.162, 95\% CI=0.808-1.036). However, beliefs about medicine (OR=1.268, P<0.002; 95\% CI=1.090-1.475) as well as satisfaction with information about medicine (OR=1.252, P<0.040, 95\% CI=1.010-1.551) were predictors of adherence and the quality of the patient-doctor relationship was correlated with both variables (r=0.373, P=0.002 for SIMS sum score; r=0.263, P=0.036 for BMQ necessity/concern difference). Overall, adherence to capecitabine was high with a conviction that the therapy is necessary. However, concerns were expressed regarding the long-term effect of capecitabine use. Patients have unmet information needs regarding interactions of capecitabine with other medicines and the impairment of their intimate life. Conclusions: In order to ensure adherence to capecitabine, our results seem to encourage the default use of modern and perhaps more impersonal means of information brokerage (eg, email, internet). However, the contents of some of patients' informational needs as well as the associations of patients' beliefs and satisfaction about the information received suggest a benefit from a trustful patient-doctor relationship.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wyzgol2012,
  author    = {Wyzgol, Agnes},
  title     = {Generierung und Charakterisierung rekombinanter TNF-Liganden},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76449},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Liganden und Rezeptoren der TNF-Familie regulieren eine Vielzahl zellul{\"a}rer Prozesse, darunter Apoptose und Immunprozesse. TNF-Liganden kommen in Form l{\"o}slicher und membranst{\"a}ndiger trimerer Molek{\"u}le vor, wobei die trimere Organisation durch die konservierte THD vermittelt wird. Im Gegensatz zu den membranst{\"a}ndigen Molek{\"u}len k{\"o}nnen l{\"o}sliche TNF-Liganden nicht immer an ihren TNF-Rezeptor binden oder ihn effektiv aktivieren. F{\"u}r zwei solcher inaktiven TNF-Liganden, n{\"a}mlich TRAIL und CD95L, konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch sekund{\"a}re Oligomerisierung oder durch artifizielle Herstellung einer Membranst{\"a}ndigkeit mittels Antik{\"o}rperdom{\"a}nen gegen zelloberfl{\"a}chenexprimierte Proteine hochaktive Ligandenvarianten generiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Inwieweit sich diese Verfahren auf die T-Zell-kostimulatorischen TNF-Liganden OX40L, 41BBL und CD27L {\"u}bertragen lassen, wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht. L{\"o}sliche Flag- und Flag-TNC-Varianten von OX40L und 41BBL zeigten eine gute Bindung an die Rezeptoren OX40 und 41BB. Die l{\"o}sliche Variante Flag-CD27L konnte nicht an ihren Rezeptor CD27 binden. Dies war aber nach Einf{\"u}hrung der trimerstabilisierenden TNC-Dom{\"a}ne m{\"o}glich. Eine effektive Aktivierung ihres Rezeptors, nachgewiesen durch Analyse der IL8-Induktion, bewirkten die l{\"o}slichen TNF-Ligandenvarianten nur nach sekund{\"a}rer Oligomerisierung mittels des Flag-spezifischen Antik{\"o}rpers M2. Eine {\"a}hnlich gute TNFR-Aktivierung ließ sich durch Einf{\"u}hrung der hexamerisierenden Fc-Dom{\"a}ne erzielen. Fc-Flag-OX40L und Fc-Flag-41BBL induzierten bereits ohne sekund{\"a}re Quervernetzung effektiv IL8. Die Hexamerisierung alleine reichte f{\"u}r die l{\"o}sliche CD27L-Variante nicht aus, hier war zus{\"a}tzlich zur Fc- wiederum auch die TNC-Dom{\"a}ne erforderlich, um die Bindung an CD27 und eine schwache IL8-Induktion zu erzielen. F{\"u}r die FAP-bindenden Fusionsproteine antiFAP-Flag- OX40L, antiFAP-Flag-41BBL und antiFAP-Flag-TNC-CD27L war die Bindung an OX40, 41BB und CD27 sowie an FAP nachweisbar. Erst durch die artifizielle Membranst{\"a}ndigkeit nach Bindung an FAP konnten diese Fusionsproteine {\"u}ber ihren Rezeptor effektiv IL8 induzieren. Zusammenfassend ließ sich somit zeigen, dass sich schwach oder nicht aktive l{\"o}sliche Ligandenvarianten von OX40L und 41BBL durch sekund{\"a}re Oligomerisierung, durch die Fc-Hexamerisierungsdom{\"a}ne und durch artifizielle Membranst{\"a}ndigkeit in hochaktive Liganden verwandeln lassen. L{\"o}sliche CD27L-Varianten ben{\"o}tigen zus{\"a}tzlich die trimerstabilisierende TNC-Dom{\"a}ne, um CD27 binden und aktivieren zu k{\"o}nnen. F{\"u}r das bessere Verst{\"a}ndnis der Ligand-Rezeptor-Interaktionen wurden zus{\"a}tzlich OX40L-, 41BBL- und CD27L-Fusionsproteine mit der hochaktiven Gaussia princeps Luziferase (GpL) generiert, um Gleichgewichtsbindungs-, Dissoziationsstudien und homologe Kompetitionsassays durchf{\"u}hren zu k{\"o}nnen. F{\"u}r die Fusionsproteine GpL-Flag-TNC-OX40L, GpL-Flag-TNC-41BBL und GpL-Flag-TNC-CD27L konnte gezeigt werden, dass die IL8-Induktion nicht von der Rezeptorbelegung abh{\"a}ngt, sondern von der sekund{\"a}ren Oligomerisierung, da bei gleicher Rezeptorbelegung durch sekund{\"a}r quervernetzte TNF-Liganden mehr IL8 induziert wird, die Rezeptoraktivierung also qualitativ besser sein muss.},
  subject      = {Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{RauertWunderlich2012,
  author    = {Rauert-Wunderlich, Hilka},
  title     = {Apoptoseregulation durch TNF im Multiplen Myelom},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73998},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Der Tumornekrosefaktor (TNF) entfaltet seine vielf{\"a}ltigen biologischen Aktivit{\"a}ten durch die Stimulation der beiden TNF-Rezeptoren TNFR1 und TNFR2. Die TNFR1-vermittelte Signaltransduktion ist in vielen Details gut verstanden, wohingegen die TNFR2-vermittelte Signaltransduktion bis heute kaum untersucht ist. Mit Hilfe einer in unserer Gruppe entwickelten hochaktiven TNFR2-spezifischen TNF-Variante sowie einer bereits l{\"a}nger bekannten TNFR1-spezifischen TNF-Variante wurde in dieser Arbeit die TNF-Signaltransduktion insbesondere im Mutiplen Myelom untersucht. Mit Hilfe der beiden TNF-Varianten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die alleinige Stimulation des TNFR2 die Aktivierung des alternativen NFkappaB-Signalweges vermittelt, wohingegen TNFR1 nicht dazu in der Lage ist. So zeigte sich im Einklang mit der inhibitorischen Funktion des Adapterproteins TRAF2 in der Signaltransduktion des alternativen NFkappaB-Signalweges, dass die TNFR2-Stimulation in einer TRAF2-Depletion resultiert. Dies f{\"u}hrt weiterhin zur Akkumulation von NIK und der Prozessierung von p100 zu seiner aktiven Form p52, den klassischen biochemisch nachweisbaren Ereignissen der Aktivierung des alternativen NFkappaB-Signalweges. Aufgrund der Rolle des NFkappaB-Systems im Multiplen Myelom (MM) und der stimulierenden Wirkung des TNFR1 und TNFR2 auf das NFkappaB-System wurde die Expression und Funktion dieser beiden Rezeptoren auf Myelomzelllinien untersucht. Insbesondere wurde analysiert, welchen Effekt eine spezifische Stimulation der beiden TNF-Rezeptoren auf die apoptotische Sensitivit{\"a}t von Myelomzellen hat. Mit einer Ausnahme wiesen alle untersuchten Myelomzelllinien eine eindeutige TNFR2-Oberfl{\"a}chenexpression auf, die TNFR1-Expression hingegen war heterogen. Die TNFR1-Stimulation in den TNFR1-positiven Zelllinien zeigte keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Zellviabilit{\"a}t. Allerdings resultierte eine Vorstimulation mit TNF in einer gesteigerten Sensitivit{\"a}t f{\"u}r den CD95L-induzierten Zelltod, sch{\"u}tzte aber gleichzeitig vor der TRAIL-vermittelten Induktion der Apoptose. Der gegenl{\"a}ufige Effekt der TNF-Vorstimulation auf den CD95L- und TRAIL-induzierten Zelltod konnte auf die Hochregulation der CD95-Oberfl{\"a}chenexpression und der gesteigerten Expression des antiapoptotischen cFLIPLong-Proteins zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Beide Effekte basieren auf der TNF-induzierten Aktivierung des klassischen NFkappaB-Signalweges. Im CD95L-induzierten Zelltod {\"u}berkompensierte die Induktion der CD95-Expression offensichtlich die Hochregulation von cFLIPLong und resultierte in gesteigertem Zelltod. Der TRAIL-induzierte Zelltod hingegen wurde durch die TNF-Vorstimulation abgeschw{\"a}cht, da hier lediglich die durch den klassischen NFkappaB-Signalweg vermittelte gesteigerte Expression des antiapoptotischen cFLIPLong eine Rolle spielte. Desweiteren zeigten die Analysen in dieser Arbeit, dass die TNFR2-Stimulation zu einer Depletion von TRAF2 und z. B. in JJN3-Zellen zu einer Sensitivierung f{\"u}r den TNFR1-induzierten Zelltod f{\"u}hrte. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigten in der Summe somit, dass das TNF-TNFR-Signaling durch verschiedene Mechanismen Einfluss auf den Ausgang der extrinsischen Apoptoseinduktion hat, und dass der Effekt von TNF auf das {\"U}berleben von MM-Zellen kontextabh{\"a}ngig ist.},
  subject      = {Apoptosis},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Lang2012,
  author    = {Lang, Isabell},
  title     = {Molekulare Mechanismen der CD95-Aktivierung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73339},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Die Stimulation des CD95-Todesrezeptors durch seinen nat{\"u}rlichen membranst{\"a}ndigen Li-ganden CD95L f{\"u}hrt zur kontextabh{\"a}ngigen Aktivierung von sowohl apoptotischen als auch nicht-apoptotischen Signalwegen. Durch Proteolyse wird aus dem membranst{\"a}ndigen CD95L l{\"o}slicher trimerer CD95L freigesetzt. Die Bindung von l{\"o}slichem trimerem CD95L an CD95 ist nicht ausreichend, um die CD95-Signaltransduktion effizient zu stimulieren. Die F{\"a}higkeit von l{\"o}slichen CD95L-Trimeren CD95-vermittelte Signalwege robust zu aktivieren kann jedoch durch Oligomerisierung und artifizielle Immobilisierung an eine Oberfl{\"a}che drastisch gesteigert werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde zun{\"a}chst best{\"a}tigt, dass nur oligomere CD95L-Varianten, die z.B. durch Antik{\"o}rpervernetzung von N-terminal getaggten rekombinanten CD95L-Varianten oder durch eine gentechnisch erzwungene Hexamerisierung von CD95L-Molek{\"u}len erhalten wur-den, in der Lage sind, effizient apoptotische und nicht-apoptotische Signalwege zu aktivieren. Ferner zeigte sich dann, dass die Bindung von l{\"o}slichen CD95L-Trimeren nicht ausreichend ist, um die Translokation von CD95-Molek{\"u}len in detergenzunl{\"o}sliche „Lipid Raft"- Membrandom{\"a}nen zu stimulieren. Die „Lipid Raft"-Translokation ist ein zentrales Ereignis bei der CD95-Aktivierung und vor allem f{\"u}r die Induktion der Apoptose bedeutsam. Dabei ist ein selbstverst{\"a}rkender Prozess aus Caspase-8-Aktivierung und „Lipid Raft"-Assoziation des CD95 von Bedeutung. Um die Interaktion von CD95 und CD95L mit Hilfe von hoch sensitiven zellul{\"a}ren Bindungs-studien analysieren zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden in dieser Arbeit desweiteren CD95L-Fusionsproteine entwickelt und hergestellt, an welche N-terminal eine Gaussia princeps Luziferase (GpL)- Reporterdom{\"a}ne gekoppelt ist. So konnte mit den GpL-CD95L-Fusionsproteinen gezeigt werden, dass die Oligomerisierung von CD95L-Trimeren keinen Effekt auf die Ligandenbele-gung des CD95 hat. Dies spricht daf{\"u}r, dass die h{\"o}here spezifische Aktivit{\"a}t von oligomeri-sierten CD95L-Trimeren nicht auf einer Avidit{\"a}ts-vermittelten Zunahme der apparenten Affi-nit{\"a}t beruht, sondern dies deutet darauf hin, dass die sekund{\"a}re Aggregation von sich initial bildenden trimeren CD95L-CD95-Komplexen eine entscheidende Rolle in der CD95-Aktivierung spielt. Durch Scatchard-Analysen zeigte sich ferner, dass trimerer CD95L mit mindestens zwei zellul{\"a}ren Bindungsstellen unterschiedlicher Affinit{\"a}t interagiert. Bindungs-studien mit l{\"o}slichen monomeren und trimeren GpL-CD95-Rezeptoren an membranst{\"a}ndigen CD95L, als auch Inhibitionsstudien ergaben, dass trimerer CD95 weitaus besser an CD95L bindet. Dies legt nahe, dass es sich bei den zuvor beobachteten hoch- und niederaffinen Bindungsstellen f{\"u}r CD95L um monomere bzw. pr{\"a}-assemblierte CD95-Molek{\"u}le handelt. Die GpL-CD95L-Fusionsproteine wurden auch genutzt, um die CD95-Translokation in „Lipid Rafts" zu analysieren. So wurde trimerer GpL-CD95L als „Tracer" zur Markierung von inaktiven CD95-Molek{\"u}len eingesetzt. Nach Aktivierung der {\"u}brigen freien CD95-Molek{\"u}le mit hoch aktivem hexameren Fc-CD95L konnte eine Zunahme der inaktiven GpL-CD95L-markierten Rezeptoren in „Lipid Rafts" beobachtet werden. Offensichtlich stimulieren also aktivierte CD95-Molek{\"u}le in „trans" die Ko-Translokation inaktiver CD95-Rezeptoren in „Lipid Rafts". Dies best{\"a}tigte sich auch in Experimenten mit Transfektanten, die einen chim{\"a}ren CD40-CD95-Rezeptor exprimieren. Letzterer ist nach Stimulation mit CD40L in der Lage, intrazellu-l{\"a}re CD95-vermittelte Signalwege zu aktivieren. Die Aktivierung von CD95-assoziierten Sig-nalwegen durch Stimulation von endogenem CD95 in CD40-CD95-Transfektanten resultierte nun in der Ko-Translokation von unstimulierten CD40-CD95-Rezeptoren in „Lipid Rafts". Vice versa zeigte sich die Ko-Translokation von endogenem CD95 nach spezifischer Aktivierung des chim{\"a}ren CD40-CD95-Rezeptors. Schlussendlich erwiesen sich eine funktionsf{\"a}hige Todesdom{\"a}ne und die Aktivierung der Caspase-8 als essentiell f{\"u}r die „Lipid Raft"-Assoziation von aktivierten CD95-Molek{\"u}len und auch f{\"u}r die durch diese Rezeptorspezies induzierte Ko-Translokation von inaktiven Rezeptoren in „Lipid Rafts".},
  subject      = {Fas-Ligand},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schaffstein2010,
  author    = {Schaffstein, Stella},
  title     = {Molekulare Mechanismen der nicht-apoptotischen Signaltransduktion des Todesliganden TRAIL (Apo-2 Ligand)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55943},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)/Apo-2 Ligand ist ein Mitglied der TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-Superfamilie, das in den vergangenen Jahren als potentielles Tumortherapeutikum breite Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen hat. Denn {\"u}ber seine korrespondierenden Todesrezeptoren induziert TRAIL vornehmlich in Tumorzellen den apoptotischen Zelltod, w{\"a}hrend normale Zellen unbeschadet bleiben (Ashkenazi et al., 1999; Walczak et al., 1999; Griffith et al., 1998). Neuere Studien belegen allerdings, dass die TRAIL-Todesrezeptoren neben ihrer herausragenden Funktion als Ausl{\"o}ser der Apoptose zus{\"a}tzlich die F{\"a}higkeit zur Aktivierung nicht-apoptotischer Signalwege besitzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden vornehmlich die nicht-apoptotischen Signalwege wie die MAPK-Kaskaden sowie die NFkappaB-Signalwege in Verbindung mit der Aktivierung von Apoptose sowie der Induktion des Chemokins IL-8 analysiert. Hierf{\"u}r wurde die humane Pankreasadenokarzinomzellinie Colo 357 verwendet. In den Experimenten konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass TRAIL die MAP Kinasen JNK, ERK und p38 in Colo 357 Zellen induziert. Die Induktion erfolgte hierbei unabh{\"a}ngig vom apoptotischen Zelltod aber abh{\"a}ngig von der Aktivierung der Caspasen. Desweiteren konnte eine TRAIL-vermittelte Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NFkappaB in Colo 357 Zellen demonstriert werden. Anhand von ELISA-Experimenten wurde gezeigt, dass sowohl die Aktivierung der MAP Kinasen als auch die Aktivierung von NFkappaB eine essentielle Rolle bei der TRAIL-vermittelten Induktion von IL-8 spielen. Durch die Induktion von IL-8 wiederum kann TRAIL inflammatorische Effekte induzieren. Im Hinblick auf eine potentielle Tumortherapie mit TRAIL legen die Daten dieser Studie die Notwendigkeit von Kombinationstherapien mit TRAIL nahe. So kann durch die Kombination von TRAIL mit anti-inflammatorisch wirkenden Medikamenten eine Reduktion entz{\"u}ndlicher Nebenwirkungen erzielt werden. Andererseits kann durch Verwendung von TRAIL zusammen mit Proteasom-Inhibitoren die Resistenz gegen{\"u}ber TRAIL-vermittelter Apoptose vermindert werden und gleichzeitig eine anti-inflammatorische und NFkappaB-hemmende Wirkung erzielt werden.},
  subject      = {Apoptosis},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Salzmann2010,
  author    = {Salzmann, Steffen},
  title     = {Regulation der TNF-Rezeptor Signaltransduktion durch das Zytokin TWEAK},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52525},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Das pleiotrope Zytokin TNF (tumor necrosis factor) kann an den TNF-Rezeptor 1 (TNFR1) und den TNF-Rezeptor 2 (TNFR2) binden und mit deren Hilfe seine biologischen Funktionen {\"u}ber verschiedene Signalwege, wie z.B. NFB- und MAPK-Aktivierung bzw. Apop¬toseinduktion, vermitteln. In fr{\"u}heren Arbeiten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Aktivierung des TNFR2 zur proteasomalen Degradation des Adaterproteins TRAF2 f{\"u}hrt und dadurch die TNFR1-induzierte Apoptose verst{\"a}rkt wird. TWEAK (tumor necrosis like weak inducer of apoptosis), das ebenfalls der TNF-Ligandenfamilie angeh{\"o}rt und die Interaktion mit dessen Rezeptor Fn14 (fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14), der wie der TNFR2 zur Untergruppe der TRAF-bindenden Rezeptoren der TNF-Rezeptorfamilie geh{\"o}rt, zeigten in verschiedenen Arbeiten auch eine TRAF2-degradierende Wirkung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte nun gezeigt werden, dass dies auch im Falle des TWEAK/Fn14-Systems mit einem verst{\"a}rkenden Effekt auf die TNFR1-vermittelte Apoptose einhergeht. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass TWEAK zus{\"a}tzlich auch die TNFR1-induzierte Nekrose verst{\"a}rkt, die den Zelltod durch andere Mechanismen als bei der Apoptose induziert. Von anderen Arbeiten unserer Gruppe war bekannt, dass l{\"o}sliches TWEAK (sTWEAK) und membranst{\"a}ndiges TWEAK (mTWEAK) bez{\"u}glich der TRAF2-Depletion wirkungs¬gleich sind. Da der apoptotische Fn14-TNFR1-„crosstalk" auf der Depletion von TRAF2-Komplexen beruht wurden auch keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen sTWEAK und mTWEAK in Bezug auf die Verst{\"a}rkung der TNFR1-induzierten Apoptose beobachtet. Interessanter¬weise zeigte sich in der vorliegenden Arbeit jedoch, dass sTWEAK den klassischen NFB-Signalweg gar nicht bzw. nur schwach aktiviert, wohingegen mTWEAK diesen stark induziert. Bei der Aktivierung des alternativen NFB-Signalweges hingegen ließen sich keine Unterschiede zwischen sTWEAK und mTWEAK erkennen. Die Aktivierung eines Signalweges wird also durch die Oligomerisierung des Liganden nicht moduliert, demgegen{\"u}ber aber erwies sich die Aktivierung eines anderen Signalweges als stark abh{\"a}ngig von der Liganden-Oligomerisierung. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass das Adapterprotein TRAF1 (TNF-receptor-associated factor 1) Heterotrimere mit TRAF2 bildet, wurde weiterhin untersucht, ob dieses Molek{\"u}l einen Einfluss auf die Aktivit{\"a}t der TWEAK-induzierten Signalwege hat. Tats{\"a}chlich zeigte sich in TRAF1-exprimie¬renden Zellen eine Verst{\"a}rkung der TWEAK-induzierten Aktivierung des klassischen NFB-Signalweges Zuk{\"u}nftige Studien m{\"u}ssen nun aufkl{\"a}ren, inwieweit die hier gefundenen Mecha-nismen das Zusammenspiel von TNF und TWEAK in vivo bestimmen.},
  subject      = {Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Aumueller2014,
  author    = {Aum{\"u}ller, Ruth Inge},
  title     = {CD40-restringierte Aktivierung der TRAIL-Todesrezeptoren durch bifunktionelle rekombinante Proteine},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106813},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Der Ligand TRAIL wurde 1997 aufgrund seiner hohen Sequenzhomolgie ge-gen{\"u}ber dem TNFL CD95L entdeckt (28 \%). Allerdings besitzt TRAIL, anders als die Liganden CD95L und TNF, die bemerkenswerte Eigenschaft vor allem in ver{\"a}nderten Zellen Apoptose zu induzieren, w{\"a}hrend gesunde Zellen davor bewahrt werden. Die TRAIL-induzierte Apoptose wird durch die apoptoseinduzierenden Todesrezeptoren TRAILR1 und TRAILR2 vermittelt. Allerdings bindet und aktiviert l{\"o}sliches TRAIL haupts{\"a}chlich den Todesrezeptor TRAILR1, w{\"a}hrend membrangebundes TRAIL sowohl TRAILR1 als auch TRAILR2 gut aktiviert. In den letzten Jahren wurden verschiedene Methoden entwickelt, um die Bioaktivit{\"a}t l{\"o}slicher TNFL zu steigern. Hierzu z{\"a}hlen z.B.: Stabilisierung der trimeren Molek{\"u}lanordnung {\"u}ber die TNC-Dom{\"a}ne, Oligomerisierung des Flag-getaggten Liganden mithilfe des monoklonalen Antik{\"o}rpers M2, sowie Generierung einer artifiziellen, antigenabh{\"a}ngigen Membranst{\"a}ndigkeit. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Oberfl{\"a}chenrezeptor CD40 zur Immobilisierung des generierten Fusionsproteins scFv:CD40-Flag-TNC-TRAIL genutzt. In verschieden Experimenten konnten mit scFv:CD40-Flag-TNC-TRAIL in CD40-exprimierenden Zellen starke Apoptoseinduktion ermittelt werden. Charakteris-tische Kennzeichen und Spaltprodukte der Apoptose konnten ausschließlich in CD40-positiven Tumorzellen detektiert werden. Dabei wurde in allen Versuchen die f{\"u}r die Apoptoseinduktion ben{\"o}tigte Konzentration des Konstrukts mithilfe des Proteinsyntheseinhibitors CHX um das 10- bis 100-fache verringert. Es konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass in CD40-positiven Zellen, nach Stimulation mit scFv:CD40-Flag-TNC-TRAIL, nicht-apoptotische Signalwege verst{\"a}rkt aktiviert werden. Dies war auf die agonistische Aktivit{\"a}t des monoklonalen Antik{\"o}rperfragments scFv:CD40 zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren. Die Antik{\"o}rperdom{\"a}ne war folglich nicht nur zur effizienten Aktivierung der TRAIL-Todesrezeptoren mittels Immobilisierung f{\"a}hig, sondern konnte zus{\"a}tzlich zur Stimulation des Immunsystems genutzt werden. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass der l{\"o}sliche, schwach aktive Ligand TRAIL mittels Oberfl{\"a}chenimmobilisierung {\"u}ber Antigen-Antik{\"o}rper-Wechselwirkungen in einen hochaktiven Liganden mit lokal begrenzter Toxizit{\"a}t {\"u}berf{\"u}hrt werden kann. Mithilfe dieses Fusionsproteins ist es somit m{\"o}glich die selektive Toxizit{\"a}t von TRAIL durch Steigerung seiner Aktivit{\"a}t effizient zu nutzen. Zus{\"a}tzlich kann durch die Antigenbindung der Wirkungsbereich weiter eingegrenzt werden (CD40-positive Tumoren), wodurch unerw{\"u}nschte Nebenwirkungen reduziert oder sogar ausgeschaltet werden k{\"o}nnen. Das in Tumoren oft heruntergefahrene Immunsystem kann CD40-abh{\"a}ngig stimuliert werden, um somit auch Tumorzellen in apoptoseresistenten Stadien zu eliminieren. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen k{\"o}nnen in der Zukunft weitere Studien zur Therapie von TRAIL-resistenten, CD40-exprimierenden Tumoren fortgef{\"u}hrt werden.},
  subject      = {Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor / Rekombinantes Protein},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KarlJossbergerWernerSchmidtetal.2014,
  author    = {Karl, I. and Jossberger-Werner, M. and Schmidt, N. and Horn, S. and Goebeler, M. and Leverkus, M. and Wajant, H. and Giner, T.},
  title     = {TRAF2 inhibits TRAIL- and CD95L-induced apoptosis and necroptosis},
  series = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  issn      = {2041-4889},
  doi       = {10.1038/cddis.2014.404},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119166},
  pages     = {e1444},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The relevance of the adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) for signal transduction of the death receptor tumour necrosis factor receptor1 (TNFR1) is well-established. The role of TRAF2 for signalling by CD95 and the TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) DRs, however, is only poorly understood. Here, we observed that knockdown (KD) of TRAF2 sensitised keratinocytes for TRAIL- and CD95L-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, while cell death was fully blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) in control cells, TRAF2-depleted keratinocytes were only partly rescued from TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death. In line with the idea that the only partially protective effect of zVAD-fmk on TRAIL- and CD95L-treated TRAF2-depleted keratinocytes is due to the induction of necroptosis, combined treatment with zVAD-fmk and the receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) inhibitor necrostatin-1 fully rescued these cells. To better understand the impact of TRAF2 levels on RIP1- and RIP3-dependent necroptosis and RIP3-independent apoptosis, we performed experiments in HeLa cells that lack endogenous RIP3 and HeLa cells stably transfected with RIP3. HeLa cells, in which necroptosis has no role, were markedly sensitised to TRAIL-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis by TRAF2 KD. In RIP3-expressing HeLa transfectants, however, KD of TRAF2 also strongly sensitised for TRAIL-induced necroptosis. Noteworthy, priming of keratinocytes with soluble TWEAK, which depletes the cytosolic pool of TRAF2-containing protein complexes, resulted in strong sensitisation for TRAIL-induced necroptosis but had only a very limited effect on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The necroptotic TRAIL response was not dependent on endogenously produced TNF and TNFR signalling, since blocking TNF by TNFR2-Fc or anti-TNFα had no effect on necroptosis induction. Taken together, we identified TRAF2 not only as a negative regulator of DR-induced apoptosis but in particular also as an antagonist of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced necroptosis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoedelBredeHirschfeldetal.2013,
  author    = {R{\"o}del, Mark-Oliver and Brede, Christian and Hirschfeld, Mareike and Schmitt, Thomas and Favreau, Philippe and St{\"o}cklin, Reto and Wunder, Cora and Mebs, Dietrich},
  title     = {Chemical Camouflage - A Frog's Strategy to Co-Exist with Aggressive Ants},
  series = {PLOS ONE},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {PLOS ONE},
  number    = {12},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0081950},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128181},
  pages     = {e81950},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Whereas interspecific associations receive considerable attention in evolutionary, behavioural and ecological literature, the proximate bases for these associations are usually unknown. This in particular applies to associations between vertebrates with invertebrates. The West-African savanna frog Phrynomantis microps lives in the underground nest of ponerine ants (Paltothyreus tarsatus). The ants usually react highly aggressively when disturbed by fiercely stinging, but the frog is not attacked and lives unharmed among the ants. Herein we examined the proximate mechanisms for this unusual association. Experiments with termites and mealworms covered with the skin secretion of the frog revealed that specific chemical compounds seem to prevent the ants from stinging. By HPLC-fractionation of an aqueous solution of the frogs' skin secretion, two peptides of 1,029 and 1,143 Da were isolated and found to inhibit the aggressive behaviour of the ants. By de novo sequencing using tandem mass spectrometry, the amino acid sequence of both peptides consisting of a chain of 9 and 11 residues, respectively, was elucidated. Both peptides were synthesized and tested, and exhibited the same inhibitory properties as the original frog secretions. These novel peptides most likely act as an appeasement allomone and may serve as models for taming insect aggression.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CarmonaAranaSeherNeumannetal.2014,
  author    = {Carmona Arana, Jos{\´e} Antonio and Seher, Axel and Neumann, Manfred and Lang, Isabell and Siegmund, Daniela and Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1 is a Major Target of Soluble TWEAK},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  number    = {63},
  issn      = {1664-3224},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2014.00063},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120620},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), in contrast to membrane TWEAK and TNF, is only a weak activator of the classical NFκB pathway. We observed that soluble TWEAK was regularly more potent than TNF with respect to the induction of TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1), a NFκB-controlled signaling protein involved in the regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways. TNF-induced TRAF1 expression was efficiently blocked by inhibition of the classical NFκB pathway using the IKK2 inhibitor, TPCA1. In contrast, in some cell lines, TWEAK-induced TRAF1 production was only partly inhibited by TPCA1. The NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924, however, which inhibits classical and alternative NFκB signaling, blocked TNF- and TWEAK-induced TRAF1 expression. This suggests that TRAF1 induction by soluble TWEAK is based on the cooperative activity of the two NFκB signaling pathways. We have previously shown that oligomerization of soluble TWEAK results in ligand complexes with membrane TWEAK-like activity. Oligomerization of soluble TWEAK showed no effect on the dose response of TRAF1 induction, but potentiated the ability of soluble TWEAK to trigger production of the classical NFκB-regulated cytokine IL8. Transfectants expressing soluble TWEAK and membrane TWEAK showed similar induction of TRAF1 while only the membrane TWEAK expressing cells robustly stimulated IL8 production. These data indicate that soluble TWEAK may efficiently induce a distinct subset of the membrane TWEAK-targeted genes and argue again for a crucial role of classical NFκB pathway-independent signaling in TWEAK-induced TRAF1 expression. Other TWEAK targets, which can be equally well induced by soluble and membrane TWEAK, remain to be identified and the relevance of the ability of soluble TWEAK to induce such a distinct subset of membrane TWEAK-targeted genes for TWEAK biology will have to be clarified in future studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TrebingElMeserySchaeferetal.2014,
  author    = {Trebing, J. and El-Mesery, M. and Sch{\"a}fer, V. and Weisenberger, D. and Siegmund, D. and Silence, K. and Wajant, H.},
  title     = {CD70-restricted specific activation of TRAILR1 or TRAILR2 using scFv-targeted TRAIL mutants},
  series = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  doi       = {10.1038/cddis.2013.555},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120078},
  pages     = {e1035},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {To combine the CD27 stimulation inhibitory effect of blocking CD70 antibodies with an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-independent, cell death-inducing activity for targeting of CD70-expressing tumors, we evaluated here fusion proteins of the apoptosis-inducing TNF family member TRAIL and a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from a high-affinity llama-derived anti-human CD70 antibody (lαhCD70). A fusion protein of scFv:lαhCD70 with TNC-TRAIL, a stabilized form of TRAIL, showed strongly enhanced apoptosis induction upon CD70 binding and furthermore efficiently interfered with CD70-CD27 interaction. Noteworthy, introduction of recently identified mutations that discriminate between TRAILR1 and TRAILR2 binding into the TRAIL part of scFv:lαhCD70-TNC-TRAIL resulted in TRAIL death receptor-specific fusion proteins with CD70-restricted activity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schenkhoff2007,
  author    = {Schenkhoff, Felix Stephan},
  title     = {Herstellung und Charakterisierung multifunktioneller Fusionsproteine des membranst{\"a}ndigen Fas-Liganden und des membranst{\"a}ndigen CD40-Liganden},
  isbn      = {xxx},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25978},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {TNF-Liganden liegen prim{\"a}r in membranst{\"a}ndiger Form mit trimerer Struktur vor und die meisten von ihnen k{\"o}nnen sekund{\"a}r durch Metalloproteasen in l{\"o}sliche trimere Liganden prozessiert werden. W{\"a}hrend membranst{\"a}ndige Formen der TNF-Liganden ihre korrespondierenden Rezeptoren aktivieren k{\"o}nnen, sind die l{\"o}slichen Varianten einzelner TNF-Liganden unterschiedlich aktiv beziehungsweise inaktiv an den korrespondierenden Rezeptoren, obwohl sie ebenfalls zur Bindung in der Lage sind. Dies konnte bereits in Studien f{\"u}r TNF und TRAIL gezeigt werden. Die Unterschiede zwischen l{\"o}slichen Varianten und der membranst{\"a}ndigen Form des Liganden betreffen sowohl die Rezeptorselektivit{\"a}t als auch den Aktivierungsgrad am Rezeptor bis hin zu v{\"o}lliger Inaktivit{\"a}t der l{\"o}slichen Form. Unterschiede finden sich jedoch nicht nur hinsichtlich der Aktivit{\"a}t, sondern auch in der Interaktion des Liganden mit dem Rezeptor. F{\"u}r die membranst{\"a}ndige und die l{\"o}sliche Form von FasL konnten Unterschiede in der Notwendigkeit intrazellul{\"a}rer Signalmolek{\"u}le bei der Ausbildung Ligand-induzierter Rezeptorsignalcluster gezeigt werden. F{\"u}r die l{\"o}sliche und membranst{\"a}ndige Form des CD40L werden eine unterschiedliche Rezeptorinternalisierung und eine unterschiedliche Rekrutierung von TRAF-Molek{\"u}len angenommen. Bisherige Arbeiten zur Untersuchung der Rezeptor-Ligand-Interaktion st{\"u}tzen sich meist auf l{\"o}sliche Varianten von TNF-Liganden, die durch artifizielle Multimerisierung oder Antik{\"o}rper-induzierte Quervernetzung sekund{\"a}r aktiviert werden m{\"u}ssen. Um f{\"u}r die Untersuchung der Rezeptor-Ligand-Interaktion in Zukunft realit{\"a}tsn{\"a}here Bedingungen zu schaffen, sollten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit multifunktionelle Fusionsproteine des membranst{\"a}ndigen FasL und CD40L hergestellt und charakterisiert werden. Die Fusionsproteine wurden im Rahmen der Klonierung so konstruiert, dass von der aminoterminalen Seite beginnend eine GST-Dom{\"a}ne, ein Flag-Tag, ein YFP-Tag und abschließend die vollst{\"a}ndige membranst{\"a}ndige Form des Liganden (FasL oder CD40L) aneinander gef{\"u}gt wurden. In FACS-Analysen konnte sowohl die Funktion des YFP-Tag als auch die korrekte Expression des Liganden an der Zelloberfl{\"a}che durch spezifische Antik{\"o}rperf{\"a}rbung nachgewiesen werden. Die funktionelle Aktivit{\"a}t der Liganden wurde durch IL-8-Induktion gezeigt, die eine Aktivierung des NF\&\#61547;B-Signalweges durch die GST-Fusionsproteine des membranst{\"a}ndigen FasL und des membranst{\"a}ndigen CD40L beweist. Im Rahmen von Immunopr{\"a}zipitationen wurde die M{\"o}glichkeit der Detektion der Fusionsproteine {\"u}ber ihr Flag-Tag getestet. F{\"u}r das in GST-pull-down-Assays genauer untersuchte membranst{\"a}ndige GST-Flag-YFP-CD40L-Fusionsprotein gelang eine Koimmunopr{\"a}zipitation mit dem im Rezeptorkomplex gebundenen TRAF2. F{\"u}r dieses in der Signaltransduktion des CD40 entscheidende Molek{\"u}l konnte seine transiente Interaktion mit dem Rezeptorsignalkomplex sowie eine Ver{\"a}nderung in der Assoziation an den Rezeptor durch TNF-abh{\"a}ngige TRAF1-Induktion gezeigt werden. Im Zusammenhang der mit der Rezeptoraktivierung oftmals gleichgesetzten Bildung von Rezeptorsignalclustern durch den entsprechenden TNF-Liganden war die Beobachtung interessant, dass das Konstrukt GST-Flag-YFP-CD40L im Gegensatz zum analog konstruierten GST-Flag-YFP-FasL nicht in der Lage war, Signalcluster des korrespondierenden Rezeptors zu erzeugen, aber dennoch f{\"a}hig war, eine Rezeptoraktivierung zu bewirken. Hinsichtlich der Untersuchung von Unterschieden in der Rezeptor-Ligand-Interaktion von l{\"o}slichen und membranst{\"a}ndigen Formen sind f{\"u}r FasL und CD40L noch viele Fragen offen, die beispielsweise auch die Stabilit{\"a}t von Rezeptorsignalclustern betreffen. Die in dieser Arbeit erzeugten und charakterisierten multifunktionellen Fusionsproteine sollten helfen, neue Erkenntnisse bez{\"u}glich der molekularen Grundlagen der Rezeptor-Ligand-Interaktion zu erzielen.},
  subject      = {Tumor-Necrose-Faktor},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Roos2009,
  author    = {Roos, Claudia},
  title     = {Characterization of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)-induced signaling pathways},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45295},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {TWEAK ist ein typischer Vertreter der TNF Ligandenfamilie. TWEAK wird als Typ II Transmembranprotein exprimiert, kann jedoch durch proteolytische Prozessierung auch als l{\"o}sliches Protein freigesetzt werden. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass oligomerisiertes TWEAK in Hinblick auf die Aktivierung des klassischen NF\&\#954;B Signalweges deutlich aktiver ist als l{\"o}sliches, trimeres TWEAK. Jedoch sind beide TWEAK-Varianten in der Lage, die Depletion von TRAF2 und die Prozessierung von p100, beides Kennzeichen f{\"u}r die Aktivierung des alternativen NF\&\#954;B Signalweges, zu induzieren. Ebenso wie andere l{\"o}sliche TNF-Liganden, die ihren entsprechenden Rezeptor nur schwach aktivieren, erlangt l{\"o}sliches TWEAK durch Oligomerisierung vergleichbare Aktivit{\"a}t zum membrangebundenen Liganden. TRAF2 spielt eine Schl{\"u}sselrolle in der TWEAK-vermittelten NF\&\#954;B Aktivierung. Durch Depletion oder Degradation von TRAF2 f{\"a}llt die Entscheidung, ob lediglich der alternative oder beide, der klassische und der alternative NF\&\#954;B Signalweg aktiviert werden. Die Blockade des TWEAK-Rezeptors Fn14 inhibiert die Aktivierung der NF\&\#954;B Signalwege, ungeachtet welche Form von TWEAK zur Stimulation genutzt wird. Das weist darauf hin, dass die unterschiedlichen Aktivit{\"a}ten der beiden TWEAK-Varianten in der Induktion des klassischen und alternativen NF\&\#954;B Signalweges nicht durch die Nutzung verschiedener Rezeptoren verursacht sind. Damit wird in dieser Arbeit anhand von TWEAK zum ersten mal gezeigt, dass ein TNF Ligand in unterschiedlichen Varianten qualitativ unterschiedliche Aktivit{\"a}ten des entsprechenden TNF Rezeptors ausl{\"o}st.},
  subject      = {Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Walter2009,
  author    = {Walter, Franziska},
  title     = {Pharmakologische Postkonditionierung mit dem Sphingosin-1-Phosphat-Rezeptoragonisten FTY 720 nach myokardialer Isch{\"a}mie/Reperfusion},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46402},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Einleitung: Mehrere ex vivo Studien zeigten zuletzt, dass Sphingosin-1-phosphate Schutz gegen myokardiale Isch{\"a}mie/ Reperfusionsschaden verleihen [19], [20]. Der synthetische Sphingosin-1-phosphat-Rezeptoragonist FTY 720 war ebenso in der Lage, Entz{\"u}ndungsreaktionen in verschiedenen Krankheitsmodellen zu verringern [8]. Deshalb wollten wir die Hypothese pr{\"u}fen, dass eine Behandlung mit FTY 720 zu einer Infarktgr{\"o}ßenreduktion nach myokardialer Isch{\"a}mie/ Reperfusion in vivo f{\"u}hrt. Methode: In m{\"a}nnlichen Wistar Ratten wurde myokardiale Isch{\"a}mie dadurch induziert, dass wir die linke Koronararterie f{\"u}r 45 min mittels Fadenligatur verschlossen. Nach 24 h wurde die Infarktgr{\"o}ße bestimmt und die Granulozyteninfiltration im Infarktgebiet festgestellt. Caspase 3 Aktivit{\"a}t und TNF- alpha Konzentration im Myokardgewebe wurden durch ELISA ermittelt. FTY 720 wurde vor Beginn der Reperfusion i. p. appliziert oder 24 h vor Reperfusionsbeginn und nochmals direkt vor Reperfusionsbeginn. Ergebnisse: Die einmalige Gabe von 0,5 mg/kg FTY 720 vor Reperfusion oder die zus{\"a}tzliche Vorbehandlung der Tiere 24 Stunden vor der operativen Infarzierung reduzierte signifikant die periphere Lymphozytenanzahl. Sie nahm keinen Einfluss auf die Granulozytenanzahl im Blut. FTY 720 reduzierte die Granulozyteninfiltration und die TNF- alpha Konzentration der Borderzone. Es hatte aber keinen Effekt auf die myokardiale Caspase 3 Aktivit{\"a}t. Beide Behandlungsformen, weder die FTY 720- Gabe vor Reperfusionsbeginn noch die zweimalige FTY 720- Gabe waren in der Lage, Infarktgr{\"o}ße am Rattenherz zu reduzieren. FTY 720 erh{\"o}hte jedoch die Sterblichkeit der Ratten, wenn es einmalig vor Reperfusionsbeginn gegeben wurde, da es fatale myokardiale Arrhythmien induzierte. Zusammenfassung: Trotz seines antiinflammatorischen Effektes bei einmaliger Gabe von FTY 720 wurde die Sterblichkeit der Tiere durch Arrhythmieinduktion erh{\"o}ht. Beide Behandlungsregimes konnten die Infarktgr{\"o}ße nicht reduzieren.},
  subject      = {FTY 720},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KlingseisenEhrenschwenderHeigletal.2012,
  author    = {Klingseisen, Laura and Ehrenschwender, Martin and Heigl, Ulrike and Wajant, Harald and Hehlgans, Thomas and Sch{\"u}tze, Stefan and Schneider-Brachert, Wulf},
  title     = {E3-14.7K Is Recruited to TNF-Receptor 1 and Blocks TNF Cytolysis Independent from Interaction with Optineurin},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {6},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0038348},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135687},
  pages     = {e38348},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Escape from the host immune system is essential for intracellular pathogens. The adenoviral protein E3-14.7K (14.7K) is known as a general inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis. It efficiently blocks TNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1) internalization but the underlying molecular mechanism still remains elusive. Direct interaction of 14.7K and/or associated proteins with the TNFR1 complex has been discussed although to date not proven. In our study, we provide for the first time evidence for recruitment of 14.7K and the 14.7K interacting protein optineurin to TNFR1. Various functions have been implicated for optineurin such as regulation of receptor endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, regulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway and antiviral signaling. We therefore hypothesized that binding of optineurin to 14.7K and recruitment of both proteins to the TNFR1 complex is essential for protection against TNF-induced cytotoxic effects. To precisely dissect the individual role of 14.7K and optineurin, we generated and characterized a 14.7K mutant that does not confer TNF-resistance but is still able to interact with optineurin. In H1299 and KB cells expressing 14.7K wild-type protein, neither decrease in cell viability nor cleavage of caspases was observed upon stimulation with TNF. In sharp contrast, cells expressing the non-protective mutant of 14.7K displayed reduced viability and cleavage of initiator and effector caspases upon TNF treatment, indicating ongoing apoptotic cell death. Knockdown of optineurin in 14.7K expressing cells did not alter the protective effect as measured by cell viability and caspase activation. Taken together, we conclude that optineurin despite its substantial role in vesicular trafficking, endocytosis of cell surface receptors and recruitment to the TNFR1 complex is dispensable for the 14.7K-mediated protection against TNF-induced apoptosis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RauertStuehmerBargouetal.2011,
  author    = {Rauert, H. and St{\"u}hmer, T. and Bargou, R. and Wajant, H. and Siegmund, D.},
  title     = {TNFR1 and TNFR2 regulate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by multiple mechanisms},
  series = {Cell Death and Disease},
  volume    = {2},
  journal   = {Cell Death and Disease},
  doi       = {10.1038/cddis.2011.78},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133486},
  pages     = {e194},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The huge majority of myeloma cell lines express TNFR2 while a substantial subset of them failed to show TNFR1 expression. Stimulation of TNFR1 in the TNFR1-expressing subset of MM cell lines had no or only a very mild effect on cellular viability. Surprisingly, however, TNF stimulation enhanced cell death induction by CD95L and attenuated the apoptotic effect of TRAIL. The contrasting regulation of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death by TNF could be traced back to the concomitant NFjBmediated upregulation of CD95 and the antiapoptotic FLIP protein. It appeared that CD95 induction, due to its strength, overcompensated a rather moderate upregulation of FLIP so that the net effect of TNF-induced NFjB activation in the context of CD95 signaling is pro-apoptotic. TRAIL-induced cell death, however, was antagonized in response to TNF because in this context only the induction of FLIP is relevant. Stimulation of TNFR2 in myeloma cells leads to TRAF2 depletion. In line with this, we observed cell death induction in TNFR1-TNFR2-costimulated JJN3 cells. Our studies revealed that the TNF-TNF receptor system adjusts the responsiveness of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in myeloma cells by multiple mechanisms that generate a highly context-dependent net effect on myeloma cell survival},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StolpmannBrinkmannSalzmannetal.2012,
  author    = {Stolpmann, K. and Brinkmann, J. and Salzmann, S. and Genkinger, D. and Fritsche, E. and Hutzler, C. and Wajant, H. and Luch, A. and Henkler, F.},
  title     = {Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor sensitises human keratinocytes for CD95L-and TRAIL-induced apoptosis},
  series = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  number    = {e388},
  doi       = {10.1038/cddis.2012.127},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133501},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In this study, we have analysed the apoptotic effects of the ubiquitous environmental toxin benzo[ a] pyrene (BP) in HaCaT cells and human keratinocytes. Although prolonged exposure to BP was not cytotoxic on its own, a strong enhancement of CD95 (Fas)-mediated apoptosis was observed with BP at concentrations activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Importantly, the ultimately mutagenic BP-metabolite, that is, (+)-anti-BP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), failed to enhance CD95-mediated cell death, suggesting that the observed pro-apoptotic effect of BP is neither associated with DNA adducts nor DNA-damage related signalling. CD95-induced apoptosis was also enhanced by beta-naphtoflavone, a well-known agonist of the AhR that does not induce DNA damage, thus suggesting a crucial role for AhR activation. Consistently, BP failed to sensitise for CD95L-induced apoptosis in AhR knockdown HaCaT cells. Furthermore, inhibition of CYP1A1 and/or 1B1 expression did not affect the pro-apoptotic crosstalk. Exposure to BP did not increase expression of CD95, but led to augmented activation of caspase-8. Enhancement of apoptosis was also observed with the TRAIL death receptors that activate caspase-8 and apoptosis by similar mechanisms as CD95. Together, these observations indicate an interference of AhR signalling with the activity of receptor-associated signalling intermediates that are shared by CD95 and TRAIL receptors. Our data thus suggest that AhR agonists can enhance cytokine-mediated adversity upon dermal exposure.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RauertWunderlichSiegmundMaieretal.2013,
  author    = {Rauert-Wunderlich, Hilka and Siegmund, Daniela and Maier, Eduard and Giner, Tina and Bargou, Ralf C. and Wajant, Harald and St{\"u}hmer, Thorsten},
  title     = {The IKK Inhibitor Bay 11-7082 Induces Cell Death Independent from Inhibition of Activation of NF kappa B Transcription Factors},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0059292},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130140},
  pages     = {e59292},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Multiple myeloma (MM) displays an NFκB activity-related gene expression signature and about 20\% of primary MM samples harbor genetic alterations conducive to intrinsic NFκB signaling activation. The relevance of blocking the classical versus the alternative NFκB signaling pathway and the molecular execution mechanisms involved, however, are still poorly understood. Here, we comparatively tested NFκB activity abrogation through TPCA-1 (an IKK2 inhibitor), BAY 11-7082 (an IKK inhibitor poorly selective for IKK1 and IKK2), and MLN4924 (an NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE)-inhibitor), and analyzed their anti-MM activity. Whereas TPCA-1 interfered selectively with activation of the classical NFκB pathway, the other two compounds inhibited classical and alternative NFκB signaling without significant discrimination. Noteworthy, whereas TPCA-1 and MLN4924 elicited rather mild anti-MM effects with slight to moderate cell death induction after 1 day BAY 11-7082 was uniformly highly toxic to MM cell lines and primary MM cells. Treatment with BAY 11-7082 induced rapid cell swelling and its initial effects were blocked by necrostatin-1 or the ROS scavenger BHA, but a lasting protective effect was not achieved even with additional blockade of caspases. Because MLN4924 inhibits the alternative NFκB pathway downstream of IKK1 at the level of p100 processing, the quite discordant effects between MLN4924 and BAY 11-7082 must thus be due to blockade of IKK1-mediated NFκB-independent necrosis-inhibitory functions or represent an off-target effect of BAY 11-7082. In accordance with the latter, we further observed that concomitant knockdown of IKK1 and IKK2 did not have any major short-term adverse effect on the viability of MM cells.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ElMeseryTrebingSchaferetal.2013,
  author    = {El-Mesery, M. and Trebing, J. and Schafer, V. and Weisenberger, D. and Siegmund, D. and Wajant, H.},
  title     = {CD40-directed scFv-TRAIL fusion proteins induce CD40-restricted tumor cell death and activate dendritic cells},
  series = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  number    = {e916},
  doi       = {10.1038/cddis.2013.402},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128777},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Targeted cancer therapy concepts often aim at the induction of adjuvant antitumor immunity or stimulation of tumor cell apoptosis. There is further evidence that combined application of immune stimulating and tumor apoptosis-inducing compounds elicits a synergistic antitumor effect. Here, we describe the development and characterization of bifunctional fusion proteins consisting of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) domain derived from the CD40-specific monoclonal antibody G28-5 that is fused to the N-terminus of stabilized trimeric soluble variants of the death ligand TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). As shown before by us and others for other cell surface antigen-targeted scFv-TRAIL fusion proteins, scFv:G28-TRAIL displayed an enhanced capacity to induce apoptosis upon CD40 binding. Studies with scFv:G28 fusion proteins of TRAIL mutants that discriminate between the two TRAIL death receptors, TRAILR1 and TRAILR2, further revealed that the CD40 binding-dependent mode of apoptosis induction of scFv:G28-TRAIL is operable with each of the two TRAIL death receptors. Binding of scFv:G28-TRAIL fusion proteins to CD40 not only result in enhanced TRAIL death receptor signaling but also in activation of the targeted CD40 molecule. In accordance with the latter, the scFv:G28-TRAIL fusion proteins triggered strong CD40-mediated maturation of dendritic cells. The CD40-targeted TRAIL fusion proteins described in this study therefore represent a novel type of bifunctional fusion proteins that couple stimulation of antigen presenting cells and apoptosis induction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Karl2015,
  author    = {Karl, Ingolf},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung von TRAF2 bei TRAIL-induzierter Apoptose und Nekroptose},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114506},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt TRAIL-induzierte Apoptose und Nekroptose in verschiedenen Zelllinien. Im Speziellen wurden die verschiedenen Funktionen des TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) untersucht. Hierzu wurde ein transienter Knockdown etabliert und dessen Wirkung auf die Suszeptibilit{\"a}t der Zellen gegen{\"u}ber dem Zytokin TRAIL untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Knockdown von TRAF2 nicht nur zur Sensitivierung f{\"u}r Apoptose f{\"u}hrt, sondern auch in Nekroptose-kompetenten Zellen zu einer Verst{\"a}rkung der durch Caspaseinhibition mittels zVAD-fmk nach TRAIL-Stimulation induzierten Nekroptose f{\"u}hrt. Mittels des Zytokins Fc-TWEAK wurde Fn14-vermittelt TRAF2 aus dem Zytosol in ein Triton X100-unl{\"o}sliches Kompartiment rekrutiert und dadurch physiologisch depletiert. Dies f{\"u}hrte zwar kaum zu gesteigerter TRAIL-abh{\"a}ngiger Apoptose, sensitivierte jedoch analog zum TRAF2-Knockdown RIP3-exprimierende Zellen f{\"u}r Nekroptose. Durch Vergleich RIP3-negativer (HeLa-Leervektor) mit RIP3-exprimierenden Zellen (HeLa RIP3, HT29, HaCaT) konnte die Essentialit{\"a}t von RIP3 f{\"u}r die Nekroptose herausgestellt werden und Einsatz des RIP1-Kinase-Inhibitors Necrostatin-1 sowie des MLKL-Inhibitors Necrosulfonamide belegte die Beteiligung der Nekroptosomkomponenten RIP1 und MLKL. Antagonismus putativen autokrinen TNFs bewies, dass es sich bei dem durch Fc-TWEAK verst{\"a}rkten Zelltod um einen direkten TRAIL-Effekt handelte und Inhibition kanonischen NFkBs durch IKK2-Inhibitor TPCA-1, dass die TRAF2-Knockdown-vermittelte Sensitivierung gegen{\"u}ber TRAIL nicht auf ver{\"a}ndertes NFkB-Signalling zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Einsatz des SMAC-Mimetikums BV6 rekapitulierte zudem stark das im TRAF2-Knockdown Gesehene und unterstrich die Bedeutung der cIAPs. Immunpr{\"a}zipitation von Caspase 8 unter nekroptotischen Bedingungen zeigte bei TRAF2-Knockdown eine Depletion von TRAF2 und cIAP1/2 sowie RIP1 und RIP3 aus dem Komplex mit Caspase 8. Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass TRAF2 einerseits antiapoptotisch wirkt als K48-Ubiquitinligase, die die Halbwertszeit aktiver Caspase 8-Komplexe determiniert und andererseits eine antinekroptotische Funktion hat, da es durch Rekrutierung von cIAP1/2 an RIP1 die TRAIL-induzierte Nekroptose verhindert, wenn die Caspasen inhibiert sind.},
  subject      = {Nekrose},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ChopraLangSalzmannetal.2013,
  author    = {Chopra, Martin and Lang, Isabell and Salzmann, Steffen and Pachel, Christina and Kraus, Sabrina and B{\"a}uerlein, Carina A. and Brede, Christian and Jord{\´a}n Garrote, Ana-Laura and Mattenheimer, Katharina and Ritz, Miriam and Schwinn, Stefanie and Graf, Carolin and Sch{\"a}fer, Viktoria and Frantz, Stefan and Einsele, Hermann and Wajant, Harald and Beilhack, Andreas},
  title     = {Tumor Necrosis Factor Induces Tumor Promoting and Anti-Tumoral Effects on Pancreatic Cancer via TNFR1},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0075737},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97246},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Multiple activities are ascribed to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in health and disease. In particular, TNF was shown to affect carcinogenesis in multiple ways. This cytokine acts via the activation of two cell surface receptors, TNFR1, which is associated with inflammation, and TNFR2, which was shown to cause anti-inflammatory signaling. We assessed the effects of TNF and its two receptors on the progression of pancreatic cancer by in vivo bioluminescence imaging in a syngeneic orthotopic tumor mouse model with Panc02 cells. Mice deficient for TNFR1 were unable to spontaneously reject Panc02 tumors and furthermore displayed enhanced tumor progression. In contrast, a fraction of wild type (37.5\%), TNF deficient (12.5\%), and TNFR2 deficient mice (22.2\%) were able to fully reject the tumor within two weeks. Pancreatic tumors in TNFR1 deficient mice displayed increased vascular density, enhanced infiltration of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ regulatory T cells (Treg) but reduced numbers of CD8+ T cells. These alterations were further accompanied by transcriptional upregulation of IL4. Thus, TNF and TNFR1 are required in pancreatic ductal carcinoma to ensure optimal CD8+ T cell-mediated immunosurveillance and tumor rejection. Exogenous systemic administration of human TNF, however, which only interacts with murine TNFR1, accelerated tumor progression. This suggests that TNFR1 has basically the capability in the Panc02 model to trigger pro-and anti-tumoral effects but the spatiotemporal availability of TNF seems to determine finally the overall outcome.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Utech2005,
  author    = {Utech, Katrin},
  title     = {Gibt es eine parakrine Regulation der 5'Deiodasen in der thyrotrophen Zelllinie TalphaT1?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14488},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Fragestellung, ob eine parakrin gesteuerte Kommunikationsebene zwischen thyrotropen TaT1-Zellen und follikulostellaren TtT/GF-Zellen der Hypophyse besteht. Es konnten gegenseitig modulierende Effekte von TtT/GF- und TaT1-Zellen beobachtet werden, die bei der Entstehung und/oder Aufrechterhaltung eines gest{\"o}rten TSH Feedback in pathologischen Zust{\"a}nden beteiligt sein k{\"o}nnten. Die daraus folgenden Ver{\"a}nderungen in den Funktionen auf der Ebene der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Schilddr{\"u}sen-Achse unterstreichen die wichtige Funktion der Hypophyse als {\"u}bergeordnetes Organ in der Regulation von K{\"o}rperfunktionen. Zudem lassen die gewonnenen Daten auch im Zusammenhang mit anderen verf{\"u}gbaren Modellen darauf schließen, dass es eine wichtige Kommunikationsebene gibt zwischen Immunsystem und der Schilddr{\"u}senhormonachse, die in bestimmten Situationen wie z.B. Stress, Infektionen und Entz{\"u}ndungssituationen beide Systeme auf der Ebene der Adenohypophyse miteinander interagieren lassen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Sieprath2006,
  author    = {Sieprath, Ute},
  title     = {Spektrofluorimetrische Selenbestimmung in Urinproben},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-17760},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Das Spurenelement Selen ist in den letzten Jahren in den Mittelpunkt klinischen Interesses ger{\"u}ckt. Diverse Krankheiten lassen sich mit einem Selenmangel in Verbindung bringen. In einigen Studien wird durch Selenzufuhr eine Senkung der Tumorinzidenz beobachtet und in der Intensivmedizin wird Natriumselenit zur Senkung der Mortalit{\"a}t bei akuter Pankreatitis oder bei der SIRS/ Sepsis verwendet. Um den Selenstatus von Patienten zu erfassen, wird in der Klinik die Routinemethodik der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie mit Serumproben durchgef{\"u}hrt. In den Untersuchungen von Christina N. Stober [29] wird allerdings gezeigt, dass die Methode der Spektrofluorimetrie sehr gut mit diesem Verfahren konkurrieren kann und in einer optimierten Durchf{\"u}hrung sogar einfacher und kosteng{\"u}nstiger ist. Diese optimierte Methode der Spektrofluorimetrie, die auf der Grundlage der Arbeit von Koh und Benson [27] entstand, wurde in der hier vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit auf die Anwendbarkeit mit Urinproben untersucht; In Ausf{\"u}hrung eines Pilotprojektes wurde in dieser Arbeit der Selengehalt von 100 Kinderurinproben in Dreifachbestimmung untersucht. Einer der ersten Schritte war die Bestimmung der unteren Nachweisgrenze f{\"u}r Selenwerte in Urinproben. Mittels des sogenannten Inter-Assays, bei dem die Selenkonzentration derselben Urinproben an mehreren Tagen gemessen wur-den, wurde als untere Nachweisgrenze ein Wert der Selenkonzentration von 7,5 µg/l festgestellt. Selenkonzentrationen, die unter dieser Nachweisgrenze lagen, konnten mit der optimierten Analysemethode der Spektrofluorimetrie nicht pr{\"a}zise und reproduzierbar ermittelt werden. Bei der Mehrzahl der untersuchten Urine lag der Selengehalt {\"u}ber dieser unteren Nachweisgrenze von 7,5 µg/l, bewegte sich also in einem gut detektierbaren Messbereich. Nur bei drei Urinproben lag die Selenkonzentration unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze, bei allen restlichen Urinproben konnte der Selengehalt pr{\"a}zise und reproduzierbar mit der optimierten Methode erfasst werden. In 57 Prozent dieser F{\"a}lle bewegten sich die Messergebnisse im Wertebereich von 20 bis 35 µg/l. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die optimierte Methode der Spektrofluorimetrie zur genauen Selenbestimmung in Urinproben geeignet ist. Der Hauptaspekt der Arbeit, die Anwendbarkeit des optimierten Analyseverfahrens auf Urinproben, wurde durch entsprechende Versuchsans{\"a}tze auch statistisch untersucht. Um die optimierte Analysemethode f{\"u}r die Anwendung auf Urinproben zu validieren, wurden zun{\"a}chst standardisierte externe Referenz-Urine gemessen, dann verschiedene organische Verbindungen auf ihren Selengehalt untersucht und schließlich {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, ob St{\"o}rsubstanzen im Urin die Messergebnisse verf{\"a}lschen. Im 1. Schritt wurden standardisierte Referenzsubstanzen reproduzierbar und mit statistisch definierter Richtigkeit vermessen. Damit wurden immanente systemische Fehler bei der Methodik ausgeschlossen. Aus den organischen Verbindungen Selenocystein und Selenomethionin konnte das Selen spektrofluorimetrisch zu beinahe 100\% wiedergefunden werden. Da im Urin selenhaltige Aminos{\"a}uren wie Selenomethionin ausgeschieden werden, ist es von großer Wichtigkeit, dass das Messverfahren dieses in Bindung vorliegende Selen richtig erfasst. Die Richtigkeit der optimierten Methode der Spektrofluorimetrie bei der Messung der Selenkonzentration in Urinproben konnte somit nachgewiesen werden. In einem weiteren Versuchsansatz wurden die h{\"a}ufigsten Ionen im Urin, n{\"a}mlich Kalium, Natrium und Phosphat, auf ihren m{\"o}glichen St{\"o}reinfluss auf die Selenmessung hin untersucht. Albumin, das ebenfalls im Urin erscheint, wurde ebenfalls dieser Fragestellung unterzogen. In den mit den diversen Salzen ver-setzten Urinproben konnten bei der Selenmessung kein St{\"o}reinfluss beobachtet werden. Die Selenkonzentration der Urinproben mit dem zugesetzten Protein nahm entsprechend der Albuminmengen linear zu. Diese Beobachtung ließ sich direkt auf den im Albumin vorhandenen Selengehalt zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren. Damit war ein St{\"o}reinfluss des Albumins bei der Selenmessung ebenfalls ausgeschlossen. Neben der Untersuchung der Anwendbarkeit der optimierten Methode der Spektrofluorimetrie auf Urinproben, der Hauptaufgabenstellung dieser Promotionsarbeit, wurde auch - als Nebenaspekt - ein epidemiologischer Ansatz verfolgt: Um die regionale Selenversorgung in Franken zu untersuchen, wurden 100 Kinder-Urine aus einem W{\"u}rzburger Gymnasium herangezogen. Aus den Messungen ließ sich f{\"u}r die Region Franken der Mittelwert 29,3 und die Stan-dardabweichung +/- 1,2 µg/l bei einem 95\% Konfidenzintervall von 27,8 bis 30,8 µg/l f{\"u}r die Selenkonzentration in Urin angeben. Um aus diesem Mittelwert eine epidemiologisch fundierte Aussage {\"u}ber die Selenversorgung in Franken abzuleiten, war einerseits dieses Pilotprojekt mit 100 Proben noch zu klein, andererseits ist keine verbindliche untere Grenze f{\"u}r eine ausreichende Selenkonzentration im Urin bekannt. {\"U}ber einen Selenmangel l{\"a}ßt sich bei fehlenden Vergleichsdaten kaum eine Aussage treffen. Standardwerte f{\"u}r den Selengehalt im Urin, die einen Selenmangel anzeigen w{\"u}rden, sind nicht bekannt. Nimmt man die Daten einer Untersuchung mit gesunden Kindern in Deutschland aus dem Jahre 1997 zum Vergleich, liegen die Messergebnisse dieser Arbeit im Durchschnitt etwas h{\"o}her. Damit ist f{\"u}r die Region Franken eine bessere Selenversorgung zumindest im bundesweiten Vergleich gegeben. Eine Gruppe der Kinder wies eine auff{\"a}llig h{\"o}here Selenversorgung auf. Dies k{\"o}nnte auf eine bessere Selenversorgung aufgrund hochwertigerer und ausgewogener Ern{\"a}hrung hinweisen. Vielleicht hatten diese Probanden aber nur unmittelbar vor der Urinabgabe selenhaltige Nahrung zu sich genommen. Die Jodkonzentrationen aus den vorliegenden p{\"a}diatrischen Urinproben waren aus einer fr{\"u}heren Studie bekannt. Beim Vergleich der Selen- mit den Jod-Daten war eine Korrelation erkennbar, jedoch lag der Wert des Korrelationskoeffizienten unter 0,8 und war damit f{\"u}r eine fundiere Aussage statistisch unzureichend. Nur ein einziger Proband fiel bei einer mittleren Selenkonzentration durch eine auff{\"a}llig hohe Jodkonzentration auf. Dies k{\"o}nnte man durch eine Jod-Supplementation dieses Sch{\"u}lers erkl{\"a}ren. Die Frage, ob Selen im Urin aussagekr{\"a}ftig f{\"u}r den gesamten Selenhaushalt des K{\"o}rpers ist, muss weitergehend untersucht werden. In der Fachliteratur wird der Selengesamtstatus oft mit den Serumwerten veranschaulicht. Unklar ist, ob Selen entsprechend der H{\"o}he im Blut auch im Urin erscheint. Hierzu wurde ein Versuchsansatz in beschr{\"a}nktem Umfang mit 13 Probanden durchgef{\"u}hrt; es wurden die Selenkonzentrationen im Urin und im Serum der Probanden miteinander verglichen. Ein signifikanter Zusammenhang war jedoch nicht ersichtlich. Diese Schlussfolgerung ist aufgrund der geringen Probenzahl allerdings nicht ausreichend fundiert und bedarf eines umfangreicheren Experimentes. In einer groß angelegten Untersuchung wird bei Combs et al. [60] eine positive Korrelation zwischen der Selenzufuhr und der Ausscheidung im Urin beschrieben. Allerdings wurden nicht die Selenwerte im Blut und Urin miteinander verglichen. So k{\"o}nnte das aufgenommene Selen auch zun{\"a}chst in die organischen Selenspeicher gelangen und demzufolge nur das {\"u}berfl{\"u}ssige Selen im Harn erscheinen. F{\"u}r weitere Experimente in diese Richtung ist die Selenmessung im 24-Stunden-Urin und in mehreren, {\"u}ber den Tag hinweg gewonnenen Blutproben zu empfehlen, da Messungen im Blut und Urin sonst nur Momentanaufnahmen darstellen. Die Hauptmotivation dieser Promotionsarbeit war der Nachweis, dass die optimierte Methode der Spektrofluorimetrie zur genauen Messung des Selengehaltes in Urinproben geeignet ist. Da von Kindern leichter Urin als Blut abgenommen werden kann, ist eine solche Selenmessung in Urin generell von Vorteil. Mit diesem Nachweis ist die Voraussetzung geschaffen, weitergehende epidemiologische Untersuchungen durchzuf{\"u}hren. Im Ausblick auf zuk{\"u}nftige epidemiologische Untersuchungen k{\"o}nnten die Proben mit wenig Aufwand gewonnen werden und es w{\"a}ren auch mehr Probanden zur Teilnahme bereit. Da die wichtige Frage nach der Aussagef{\"a}higkeit der Selenkonzentration im Urin in Bezug zum Selen-Gesamtk{\"o}rperstatus in dieser Arbeit nicht hinreichend gekl{\"a}rt werden konnte, m{\"u}ssen zun{\"a}chst weitergehende einschl{\"a}gige Untersuchungen zu dieser wichtigen Fragestellung durchgef{\"u}hrt werden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Warnke2007,
  author    = {Warnke, Clemens},
  title     = {Mechanismen TNF-induzierter Genexpression},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-23989},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {TNF wird zun{\"a}chst als TypII-Transmembranprotein (mTNF) gebildet und erst anschließend durch spezifische Spaltung durch die Metalloprotease TACE zum l{\"o}slichen Zytokin sTNF prozessiert. Da mTNF der alleinige Hauptaktivator des TNFR2 ist und sich bisherige Untersuchungen zum TNF-Signaling weitgehend auf sTNF konzentrierten, ist vergleichsweise wenig {\"u}ber TNFR2-vermittelte Signaltransduktion bekannt. An TNFR1 sind dagegen beide TNF-Varianten bioaktiv. Trotz intensiver Untersuchung des TNFR1-Signaling sind jedoch auch hier viele Fragen noch unbeantwortet. Derzeit existieren deshalb zum TNFR1-Signaling zwei verschiedene Modellvorstellungen nebeneinander. Im ersten Modell, dem Modell der Kompartmentalisation, bindet TRADD erst nach Rezeptorinternalisierung an TNFR1, genauso wie FADD und Caspase-8. Die Rezeptorinternalisierung nach Ligandenbindung gilt hier daher als Voraussetzung f{\"u}r die TRADD-Rekrutierung und f{\"u}r die Apoptoseinduktion. Im zweiten Modell, dem Modell zweier sequentiell arbeitender Signalkomplexe, bindet TRADD dagegen bereits im membrangebundenen Signalkomplex an TNFR1. Anschließend dissoziiert TRADD vom Rezeptor, um im Zytoplasma einen zweiten, apoptoseinduzierenden Komplex mit FADD und Caspase-8 zu formen. Um mehr {\"u}ber TNFR2 zu erfahren und um das TNFR1-Signaling besser zu verstehen, wurden in dieser Arbeit die Signaltransduktion und die Geninduktion {\"u}ber TNFR1 und TNFR2 nach Stimulation mit mTNF untersucht. Ziel war es letztlich, eine Methode zu etablieren, die es erlaubt, membrangebundene TNFR1- und TNFR2-Signalkomplexe getrennt zu isolieren. Dazu wurden zun{\"a}chst nicht zu sTNF spaltbare TNFR1- bzw. TNFR2-spezifische mTNF-Varianten mit GST-Tag hinsichtlich Rezeptorbindung und Rezeptoraktivierung n{\"a}her charakterisiert. Die selektive Bindung dieser mTNF-Varianten an TNFR1 bzw. TNFR2 konnte gezeigt werden. Auch der Nachweis ihre Funktionalit{\"a}t in Versuchen zur IL8-Induktion war m{\"o}glich. Mit Hilfe der TNFR1-spezifischen mTNF-Variante gelang im GST-Fishing die Koimmunopr{\"a}zipitation von TNFR1, TRADD und TRAF2 und damit die Isolierung des membrangebundenen Signalkomplexes des TNFR1. Mit Hilfe einer TNFR2-spezifischen Variante konnten dagegen TNFR2 und TRAF2 koimmunopr{\"a}zipitiert werden, TRADD dagegen nicht. Somit ließen sich mit den rezeptorspezifischen Varianten von mTNF die Rezeptorsignalkomplexe des TNFR1 und TNFR2 getrennt isolieren. Interessant war dabei insbesondere die TRADD-Rekrutierung an TNFR1 im membrangebundenen TNFR1-Signalkomplex. Da die Internalisierung von TNFR1 nach mTNF-Stimulation schwer vorstellbar ist, bindet TRADD offensichtlich an TNFR1, ohne dass eine Rezeptorinternalisierung Voraussetzung w{\"a}re. Damit erscheint das Modell der Kompartmentalisation zumindest f{\"u}r mTNF wenig plausibel. Dagegen sind die bisher f{\"u}r mTNF erhobenen Daten mit einer TRADD-Dissoziation vom Rezeptor vereinbar, weshalb ein Modell zweier sequentiell arbeitender Signalkomplexe durchaus auch f{\"u}r mTNF G{\"u}ltigkeit besitzen k{\"o}nnte.},
  subject      = {Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Rumpf2007,
  author    = {Rumpf, Jost-Julian},
  title     = {Mechanismen der TRAIL-induzierten Signaltransduktion},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27112},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {TRAIL (TNF Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand), ein Mitglied der TNF-Ligandenfamilie, wurde bislang haupts{\"a}chlich hinsichtlich seiner dominanten Funktion als Ausl{\"o}ser des apoptotischen Programms untersucht. In neueren Untersuchungen konnte allerdings gezeigt werden, dass TRAIL unter bestimmten Bedingungen auch eine starke Aktivierung nicht-apoptotischer Signalwege induzieren kann. Um die Mechanismen der TRAIL-induzierten nicht-apoptotischen Signaltransduktion genauer zu untersuchen, wurde in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit besonderes Augenmerk auf die TRAIL-vermittelte Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NFkB und deren Modulation durch Interferon gamma und FLIP gelegt. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass Interferon gamma, neben einer synergistischen Wirkung hinsichtlich der TRAIL-induzierten Apoptose, unter nicht-apoptotischen Bedingungen, die durch Caspase-Inhibition oder Bcl2-{\"U}berexpression geschaffen wurden, auch eine verst{\"a}rkende Wirkung auf die TRAIL-induzierten NFkB-Aktivierung in KB-Zellen entfaltet. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass FLIP, ein Inhibitor der Caspase-8-Aktivierung, dessen Expression unter anderem durch Interferon gamma reguliert wird, neben einer Apoptose-inhibierenden Wirkung auch die TRAIL-induzierte NFkB-Aktivierung in KB-Zellen inhibiert, was auf eine gemeinsame Regulation beider Mechanismen auf der Ebene des DISC (Death Inducin Signaling Complex) hindeutet.},
  subject      = {Interferon <gamma->},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Stober2003,
  author    = {Stober, Christina Nicole},
  title     = {Spektrofluorimetrische Selenbestimmung in biologischen Proben : Entwicklung und Validierung der Methode},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-7882},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {Das Spurenelement Selen hat in den vergangenen Jahren zunehmend an klinischer Relevanz gewonnen, da einige Krankheiten mit einem Selenmangel in Verbindung gebracht werden konnten. Um den Selenstatus eines Individuums erfassen zu k{\"o}nnen und gegebenenfalls eine Selen-Substitution einzuleiten, bedarf es einer Methode, die genau, einfach und im klinischen Alltag einsetzbar ist. Die bislang {\"u}blichen Verfahren der AAS sind relativ teuer bei der Ger{\"a}teanschaffung und im Vergleich zu der hier vorgestellten optimierten spektrofluorimetrischen Methode ungenauer. Das derzeit genaueste Verfahren zur quantitativen Selenbestimmung, die NAA, ist aufgrund des immensen zeitlichen Aufwands und hoher Kosten f{\"u}r die klinische Routine ungeeignet. In dieser Arbeit wurde die erstmals von Koh und Benson [56] beschriebene spektrofluorimetrische Methode zur Selenbestimmung so modifiziert und optimiert, dass eine f{\"u}r die klinische Selenbestimmung biologischer Proben geeignete, genaue Methode resultierte. Das zur Bestimmung eingesetzte Volumen an Serum konnte gegen{\"u}ber dem von Koh und Benson [56] beschriebenen Verfahren um mehr als die H{\"a}lfte reduziert werden. Außerdem wurden in dieser Arbeit nur 400 µL einer Selen-Standardprobe im Gegensatz zu dem von Koh und Benson [56] eingesetzten 1 mL verwendet. Durch das geringere Probenvolumen war 1 mL der S{\"a}uremischung zum Aufschluss der Proben ausreichend. Die Schritte der Inkubation wurden verk{\"u}rzt und mittels eines Heizblocks dahingehend vereinfacht, dass Inkubationen im Wasserbad {\"u}berfl{\"u}ssig waren. Unn{\"o}tige Wartezeiten durch Vorheizen des Heizblocks wurden ausgelassen. Außerdem wurde die Temperatur auf 190 °C reduziert, weil sie f{\"u}r den Probenaufschluss ausreichend war. Da bei dieser Temperatur die Teflon-beschichteten Deckel der Probenr{\"o}hrchen geschont wurden, konnten sie f{\"u}r mehrere Versuchsreihen eingesetzt werden. Dies f{\"u}hrte zu einer weiteren Kosteneinsparung. Bei der Zugabe von rauchender Salzs{\"a}ure zu den Proben wurden potenzielle Selenverluste durch Aussp{\"u}len der Deckel vermieden. Die Reduktion erfolgte mit offenen Probenr{\"o}hrchen, was zus{\"a}tzlich das Abrauchen von {\"u}bersch{\"u}ssiger Salpeters{\"a}ure bewirkte. Die Waschvorg{\"a}nge der DAN-L{\"o}sung konnten auf 3 Durchg{\"a}nge reduziert werden, da sich die Ergebnisse gut mit den Resultaten decken, die man mit den von Koh und Benson [56] verwendeten 4 Waschvorg{\"a}ngen erhielt. Die in der Literatur widerspr{\"u}chlich diskutierte Frage eines pH-Wert-Einflusses auf die Piazselenolbildung wurde auch f{\"u}r die hier beschriebene Methode er{\"o}rtert. In {\"U}bereinstimmung mit Koh und Benson [56] wurde auch bei der optimierten Methode keine Einstellung des pH-Wertes vorgenommen. Im Gegensatz zu der von Koh und Benson [56] beschriebenen Methode erfolgte in dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren die Zugabe von Cyclohexan zur Extraktion erst nach der Piazselenolbildung, da dadurch die Werte der Standardabweichung erheblich gesenkt werden konnten. Die weitere Optimierung des Extraktionsprozesses beinhaltete den zus{\"a}tzlichen Gebrauch eines Vibrofix. Entgegen der von Koh und Benson [56] postulierten Unabh{\"a}ngigkeit des Piazselenols gegen{\"u}ber Lichteinwirkung, ergaben die Untersuchungen zur Lichtempfindlichkeit in dieser Arbeit, dass das Piazselenol direkter Lichteinwirkung nicht ausgesetzt werden sollte. Aus diesem Grund empfiehlt es sich auch, die spektrofluorimetrische Messung derselben Probe nur ein Mal durchzuf{\"u}hren. Die Einstellungen des Perkin-Elmer Modells zur spektrofluorimetrischen Messung erwiesen sich als optimal bei einer Spaltbreite f{\"u}r die Excitation von 2,5 nm, einer Spaltbreite f{\"u}r die Emission von 10 nm, 364 nm f{\"u}r die Excitation, 520 nm f{\"u}r die Emission und einer Integrationszeit von 1 Sekunde. Die Versuche zur Validierung zeigten, dass die hier beschriebene Methode eine zuverl{\"a}ssige und gut reproduzierbare Bestimmung der Selenkonzentration erm{\"o}glicht, deren Ergebnisse gut mit denen von standardisierten Referenzsubstanzen {\"u}bereinstimmen. Ein Selenverlust tritt nicht auf; zu den Proben zugesetztes Selen wird vollst{\"a}ndig nachgewiesen. Auch in organischen Verbindungen gebundenes Selen kann g{\"a}nzlich aus den Verbindungen gel{\"o}st und nachgewiesen werden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Banaszek2013,
  author    = {Banaszek, Agnes},
  title     = {Dual Antigen-Restricted Complementation of a Two-Part Trispecific Antibody for Targeted Immunotherapy of Blood Cancer},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90174},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Cancer cells frequently escape from immune surveillance by down-regulating two important components of the immune defence: antigen-presenting MHC and costimulatory molecules. Therefore several novel anti-tumour compounds that aim to assist the immune system in recognising and fighting cancer are currently under development. Recombinant bispecific antibodies represent one group of such novel therapeutics. They target two different antigens and recruit cytotoxic effector cells to tumour cells. For cancer immunotherapy, bispecific T cell-engaging antibodies are already well characterised. These antibodies target a tumour-associated antigen and CD3ε, the constant molecule of the T cell receptor complex. On the one hand, this study presents the development of a bispecific antibody targeting CD3ε and the rhabdomyosarcoma-associated fetal acetylcholine receptor. On the other hand, it describes a novel two-part trispecific antibody format for the treatment of leukaemia and other haematological malignancies in the context of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). For HSCT, an HLA-identical donor is preferred, but very rarely available. In an HLA-mismatched setting, the HLA disparity could be exploited for targeted cancer treatment. In the present study, a two-part trispecific HLA-A2 × CD45 × CD3 antibody was developed for potential cases in which the patient is HLA-A2-positive, but the donor is not. This holds true for about half the cases in Germany, since HLA-A2 is the most common HLA molecule found here. Combinatorial targeting of HLA-A2 and the leucocyte-common antigen CD45 allows for highly specific dual-antigen restricted tumour targeting. More precisely, two single-chain antibody constructs were developed: i) a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) specific for HLA-A2, and ii) a scFv against CD45, both linked to the VL and the VH domain of a CD3ε-specific antibody, respectively. It turned out that, after the concomitant binding of these constructs to the same HLA-A2- and CD45-expressing cell, the unpaired variable domains of a CD3ε-specific antibody assembled to a functional scFv. In a therapeutic situation, this assembly should exclusively occur on the recipient's blood cancer cells, leading to T cell-mediated cancer cell destruction. In this way, a relapse of disease might be prevented, and standard therapy (radiation and chemotherapy) might be omitted. For both approaches, the antibody constructs were periplasmically expressed in E. coli, purified via His tag, and biochemically characterised. Their binding to the respective targets was proven by flow cytometry. The stimulatory properties of the antibodies were assayed by measuring IL-2 release after incubation with T cells and antigen-expressing target cells. Both the bispecific antibody against rhabdomyosarcoma and the assembled trispecific antibody against blood cancer mediated T-cell activation in a concentration-dependent manner at nanomolar concentrations. For the trispecific antibody, this effect indeed proved to be dual antigen-restricted, as it could be blocked by prior incubation of either HLA-A2- or CD45-specific scFv and did not occur on single-positive (CD45+) or double-negative (HLA-A2- CD45-) target cells. Furthermore, antibodies from both approaches recruited T cells for tumour cell destruction in vitro.},
  subject      = {Immuntherapie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Strohm2013,
  author    = {Strohm, Corinna Andrea},
  title     = {Entwicklung CD40/DC-stimulierender rekombinanter Proteine mit Tumorantigen-restringierter Aktivit{\"a}t},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72525},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Dendritische Zellen (DC) sind spezielle Antigen-pr{\"a}sentierende Zellen und daher oft auch in die k{\"o}rpereigene Bek{\"a}mpfung von Tumoren involviert. {\"U}ber das CD40-CD40L-System stellen sie ein Ziel in der Tumorimmuntherapieforschung dar. CD40-spezifische Antik{\"o}rper bewirken jedoch aufgrund der systemischen CD40-Aktivierung schwere Nebenwirkungen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, mit Hilfe von Tumor-spezifischen scFvs (antigenbindenden Einzelkettenfragmenten) Fusionsproteine zu generieren, die ausschließlich bzw. stark bevorzugt Tumor-lokalisiert dendritische Zellen aktivieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde anhand von Kokulturen von Tumorantigen-positiven Tumorzellen mit dendritischen Zellen gezeigt, dass dies m{\"o}glich ist. Das hierf{\"u}r generierte Fusionsprotein anti-CD20-Flag-CD40L f{\"u}hrte CD20-restringiert, d.h. bei gleichzeitiger Bindung von CD20-positiven Tumorzelllinien (B-Zelllinien) zu einer deutlich verst{\"a}rkten Aktivierung der DC. Mit einem solchen Fusionsprotein ist nun grunds{\"a}tzlich die M{\"o}glichkeit vorhanden, DCs Tumorantigen-abh{\"a}ngig, das heißt im Tumorgewebe selbst verst{\"a}rkt zu stimulieren. Die auf diese Weise aktivierten DCs k{\"o}nnen nun aufgrund der induzierten Ver{\"a}nderungen (IL-12-Produktion, Hochregulation kostimulierender Molek{\"u}le) Tumor-lokalisiert eine lokale, auf den Tumor begrenzte Immunantwort ausl{\"o}sen. Auf diese Weise sollte es m{\"o}glich werden, Nebenwirkungen einer systemischen CD40-Aktivierung zu vermeiden bzw. zu reduzieren. Zudem stellt der Einsatz von anti-CD20-Flag-CD40L m{\"o}glicherweise sogar eine Option zur Behandlung maligner B-Zell-Lymphome sowie Rituximab-resistenter Lymphome dar.},
  subject      = {Antigen CD40},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KraftFleischerWiedmannetal.2017,
  author    = {Kraft, Peter and Fleischer, Anna and Wiedmann, Silke and R{\"u}cker, Viktoria and Mackenrodt, Daniel and Morbach, Caroline and Malzahn, Uwe and Kleinschnitz, Christoph and St{\"o}rk, Stefan and Heuschmann, Peter U.},
  title     = {Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care handheld echocardiography in acute ischemic stroke patients - a pilot study},
  series = {BMC Neurology},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {BMC Neurology},
  number    = {159},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12883-017-0937-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158081},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: Standard echocardiography (SE) is an essential part of the routine diagnostic work-up after ischemic stroke (IS) and also serves for research purposes. However, access to SE is often limited. We aimed to assess feasibility and accuracy of point-of-care (POC) echocardiography in a stroke unit (SU) setting. Methods: IS patients were recruited on the SU of the University Hospital W{\"u}rzburg, Germany. Two SU team members were trained in POC echocardiography for a three-month period to assess a set of predefined cardiac parameters including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Diagnostic agreement was assessed by comparing POC with SE executed by an expert sonographer, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) or kappa (κ) with 95\% confidence intervals (95\% CI) were calculated. Results: In the 78 patients receiving both POC and SE agreement for cardiac parameters was good, with ICC varying from 0.82 (95\% CI 0.71-0.89) to 0.93 (95\% CI 0.87-0.96), and κ from 0.39 (-95\% CI 0.14-0.92) to 0.79 (95\% CI 0.67-0.91). Detection of systolic dysfunction with POC echocardiography compared to SE was very good, with an area under the curve of 0.99 (0.96-1.00). Interrater agreement for LVEF measured by POC echocardiography was good with κ 0.63 (95\% CI 0.40-0.85). Conclusions: POC echocardiography in a SU setting is feasible enabling reliable quantification of LVEF and preliminary assessment of selected cardiac parameters that might be used for research purposes. Its potential clinical utility in triaging stroke patients who should undergo or do not necessarily require SE needs to be investigated in larger prospective diagnostic studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LaglerElMeseryKuebleretal.2017,
  author    = {Lagler, Charlotte and El-Mesery, Mohamed and K{\"u}bler, Alexander Christian and M{\"u}ller-Richter, Urs Dietmar Achim and St{\"u}hmer, Thorsten and Nickel, Joachim and M{\"u}ller, Thomas Dieter and Wajant, Harald and Seher, Axel},
  title     = {The anti-myeloma activity of bone morphogenetic protein 2 predominantly relies on the induction of growth arrest and is apoptosis-independent},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {10},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158993},
  pages     = {e0185720},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy of the bone marrow, is characterized by a pathological increase in antibody-producing plasma cells and an increase in immunoglobulins (plasmacytosis). In recent years, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been reported to be activators of apoptotic cell death in neoplastic B cells in MM. Here, we use bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) to show that the "apoptotic" effect of BMPs on human neoplastic B cells is dominated by anti-proliferative activities and cell cycle arrest and is apoptosis-independent. The anti-proliferative effect of BMP2 was analysed in the human cell lines KMS12-BM and L363 using WST-1 and a Coulter counter and was confirmed using CytoTox assays with established inhibitors of programmed cell death (zVAD-fmk and necrostatin-1). Furthermore, apoptotic activity was compared in both cell lines employing western blot analysis for caspase 3 and 8 in cells treated with BMP2 and FasL. Additionally, expression profiles of marker genes of different cell death pathways were analysed in both cell lines after stimulation with BMP2 for 48h using an RT-PCR-based array. In our experiments we observed that there was rather no reduction in absolute cell number, but cells stopped proliferating following treatment with BMP2 instead. The time frame (48-72 h) after BMP2 treatment at which a reduction in cell number is detectable is too long to indicate a directly BMP2-triggered apoptosis. Moreover, in comparison to robust apoptosis induced by the approved apoptotic factor FasL, BMP2 only marginally induced cell death. Consistently, neither the known inhibitor of apoptotic cell death zVAD-fmk nor the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 was able to rescue myeloma cell growth in the presence of BMP2.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HorvatVogelKampfetal.2020,
  author    = {Horvat, Sonja and Vogel, Patrick and Kampf, Thomas and Brandl, Andreas and Alshamsan, Aws and Alhadlaq, Hisham A. and Ahamed, Maqusood and Albrecht, Krystyna and Behr, Volker C. and Beilhack, Andreas and Groll, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Crosslinked Coating Improves the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)},
  series = {ChemNanoMat},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {ChemNanoMat},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1002/cnma.202000009},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214718},
  pages     = {755 -- 758},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Magnetic particle imaging is an emerging tomographic method used for evaluation of the spatial distribution of iron-oxide nanoparticles. In this work, the effect of the polymer coating on the response of particles was studied. Particles with covalently crosslinked coating showed improved signal and image resolution.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KuckaWajant2021,
  author    = {Kucka, Kirstin and Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {Receptor Oligomerization and Its Relevance for Signaling by Receptors of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily},
  series = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology},
  issn      = {2296-634X},
  doi       = {10.3389/fcell.2020.615141},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227180},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {With the exception of a few signaling incompetent decoy receptors, the receptors of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are signaling competent and engage in signaling pathways resulting in inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell migration and also in cell death induction. TNFRSF receptors (TNFRs) become activated by ligands of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF). TNFSF ligands (TNFLs) occur as trimeric type II transmembrane proteins but often also as soluble ligand trimers released from the membrane-bound form by proteolysis. The signaling competent TNFRs are efficiently activated by the membrane-bound TNFLs. The latter recruit three TNFR molecules, but there is growing evidence that this is not sufficient to trigger all aspects of TNFR signaling; rather, the formed trimeric TNFL-TNFR complexes have to cluster secondarily in the cell-to-cell contact zone for full TNFR activation. With respect to their response to soluble ligand trimers, the signaling competent TNFRs can be subdivided into two groups. TNFRs of one group, designated as category I TNFRs, are robustly activated by soluble ligand trimers. The receptors of a second group (category II TNFRs), however, failed to become properly activated by soluble ligand trimers despite high affinity binding. The limited responsiveness of category II TNFRs to soluble TNFLs can be overcome by physical linkage of two or more soluble ligand trimers or, alternatively, by anchoring the soluble ligand molecules to the cell surface or extracellular matrix. This suggests that category II TNFRs have a limited ability to promote clustering of trimeric TNFL-TNFR complexes outside the context of cell-cell contacts. In this review, we will focus on three aspects on the relevance of receptor oligomerization for TNFR signaling: (i) the structural factors which promote clustering of free and liganded TNFRs, (ii) the signaling pathway specificity of the receptor oligomerization requirement, and (iii) the consequences for the design and development of TNFR agonists.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AidoZaitsevaWajantetal.2021,
  author    = {Aido, Ahmed and Zaitseva, Olena and Wajant, Harald and Buzgo, Matej and Simaite, Aiva},
  title     = {Anti-Fn14 antibody-conjugated nanoparticles display membrane TWEAK-like agonism},
  series = {Pharmaceutics},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Pharmaceutics},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {1999-4923},
  doi       = {10.3390/pharmaceutics13071072},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242710},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Conventional bivalent IgG antibodies targeting a subgroup of receptors of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF) including fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (anti-Fn14) typically display no or only very limited agonistic activity on their own and can only trigger receptor signaling by crosslinking or when bound to Fcγ receptors (FcγR). Both result in proximity of multiple antibody-bound TNFRSF receptor (TNFR) molecules, which enables engagement of TNFR-associated signaling pathways. Here, we have linked anti-Fn14 antibodies to gold nanoparticles to mimic the "activating" effect of plasma membrane-presented FcγR-anchored anti-Fn14 antibodies. We functionalized gold nanoparticles with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) linkers and then coupled antibodies to the PEG surface of the nanoparticles. We found that Fn14 binding of the anti-Fn14 antibodies PDL192 and 5B6 is preserved upon attachment to the nanoparticles. More importantly, the gold nanoparticle-presented anti-Fn14 antibody molecules displayed strong agonistic activity. Our results suggest that conjugation of monoclonal anti-TNFR antibodies to gold nanoparticles can be exploited to uncover their latent agonism, e.g., for immunotherapeutic applications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PhilippAbbrederisHerrmannKnopetal.2015,
  author    = {Philipp-Abbrederis, Kathrin and Herrmann, Ken and Knop, Stefan and Schottelius, Margret and Eiber, Matthias and L{\"u}ckerath, Katharina and Pietschmann, Elke and Habringer, Stefan and Gerngroß, Carlos and Franke, Katharina and Rudelius, Martina and Schirbel, Andreas and Lapa, Constantin and Schwamborn, Kristina and Steidle, Sabine and Hartmann, Elena and Rosenwald, Andreas and Kropf, Saskia and Beer, Ambros J and Peschel, Christian and Einsele, Hermann and Buck, Andreas K and Schwaiger, Markus and G{\"o}tze, Katharina and Wester, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and Keller, Ulrich},
  title     = {In vivo molecular imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in patients with advanced multiple myeloma},
  series = {EMBO Molecular Medicine},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {EMBO Molecular Medicine},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.15252/emmm.201404698},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148738},
  pages     = {477-487},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {CXCR4 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that mediates recruitment of blood cells toward its ligand SDF-1. In cancer, high CXCR4 expression is frequently associated with tumor dissemination andpoor prognosis. We evaluated the novel CXCR4 probe [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor for invivo mapping of CXCR4 expression density in mice xenografted with human CXCR4-positive MM cell lines and patients with advanced MM by means of positron emission tomography (PET). [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor PET provided images with excellent specificity and contrast. In 10 of 14 patients with advanced MM [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT scans revealed MM manifestations, whereas only nine of 14 standard [\(^{18}\)F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans were rated visually positive. Assessment of blood counts and standard CD34\(^{+}\) flow cytometry did not reveal significant blood count changes associated with tracer application. Based on these highly encouraging data on clinical PET imaging of CXCR4 expression in a cohort of MM patients, we conclude that [\(^{68}\)Ga]Pentixafor PET opens a broad field for clinical investigations on CXCR4 expression and for CXCR4-directed therapeutic approaches in MM and other diseases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraftDrechslerGunrebenetal.2015,
  author    = {Kraft, Peter and Drechsler, Christiane and Gunreben, Ignaz and Heuschmann, Peter Ulrich and Kleinschnitz, Christoph},
  title     = {Case-control study of platelet glycoprotein receptor Ib and IIb/IIIa expression in patients with acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0119810},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148806},
  pages     = {e0119810},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Background Animal models have been instrumental in defining thrombus formation, including the role of platelet surface glycoprotein (GP) receptors, in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the involvement of GP receptors in human ischemic stroke pathophysiology and their utility as biomarkers for ischemic stroke risk and severity requires elucidation. Aims To determine whether platelet GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa receptors are differentially expressed in patients with AIS and chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCD) compared with healthy volunteers (HV) and to identify predictors of GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa expression. Methods This was a case-control study of 116 patients with AIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA), 117 patients with CCD, and 104 HV who were enrolled at our University hospital from 2010 to 2013. Blood sampling was performed once in the CCD and HV groups, and at several time points in patients with AIS or TIA. Linear regression and analysis of variance were used to analyze correlations between platelet GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa receptor numbers and demographic and clinical parameters. Results GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa receptor numbers did not significantly differ between the AIS, CCD, and HV groups. GPIb receptor expression level correlated significantly with the magnitude of GPIIb/IIIa receptor expression and the neutrophil count. In contrast, GPIIb/IIIa receptor numbers were not associated with peripheral immune-cell sub-population counts. Creactive protein was an independent predictor of GPIIb/IIIa (not GPIb) receptor numbers. Conclusions Platelet GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa receptor numbers did not distinguish between patient or control groups in this study, negating their potential use as a biomarker for predicting stroke risk.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SeherLaglerStuehmeretal.2017,
  author    = {Seher, Axel and Lagler, Charlotte and St{\"u}hmer, Thorsten and M{\"u}ller-Richter, Urs Dietmar Achim and K{\"u}bler, Alexander Christian and Sebald, Walter and M{\"u}ller, Thomas Dieter and Nickel, Joachim},
  title     = {Utilizing BMP-2 muteins for treatment of multiple myeloma},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0174884},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158144},
  pages     = {e0174884},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Multiple myeloma (MM) represents a haematological cancer characterized by the pathological hyper proliferation of antibody-producing B-lymphocytes. Patients typically suffer from kidney malfunction and skeletal disorders. In the context of MM, the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) member Activin A was recently identified as a promoter of both accompanying symptoms. Because studies have shown that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-mediated activities are counteracted by Activin A, we analysed whether BMP2, which also binds to the Activin A receptors ActRII and ActRIIB but activates the alternative SMAD-1/5/8 pathway, can be used to antagonize Activin A activities, such as in the context of MM. Therefore three BMP2 derivatives were generated with modified binding activities for the type II (ActRIIB) and/or type I receptor (BMPRIA) showing either increased or decreased BMP2 activity. In the context of MM these BMP2 muteins show two functionalities since they act as a) an anti-proliferative/apoptotic agent against neoplastic B-cells, b) as a bone-formation promoting growth factor. The molecular basis of both activities was shown in two different cellular models to clearly rely on the properties of the investigated BMP2 muteins to compete for the binding of Activin A to the Activin type II receptors. The experimental outcome suggests new therapeutic strategies using BMP2 variants in the treatment of MM-related pathologies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZaitsevaHoffmannOttoetal.2022,
  author    = {Zaitseva, Olena and Hoffmann, Annett and Otto, Christoph and Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {Targeting fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-inducible 14 (Fn14) for tumor therapy},
  series = {Frontiers in Pharmacology},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Pharmacology},
  issn      = {1663-9812},
  doi       = {10.3389/fphar.2022.935086},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290238},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and is activated by its ligand TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK). The latter occurs as a homotrimeric molecule in a soluble and a membrane-bound form. Soluble TWEAK (sTWEAK) activates the weakly inflammatory alternative NF-κB pathway and sensitizes for TNF-induced cell death while membrane TWEAK (memTWEAK) triggers additionally robust activation of the classical NF-κB pathway and various MAP kinase cascades. Fn14 expression is limited in adult organisms but becomes strongly induced in non-hematopoietic cells by a variety of growth factors, cytokines and physical stressors (e.g., hypoxia, irradiation). Since all these Fn14-inducing factors are frequently also present in the tumor microenvironment, Fn14 is regularly found to be expressed by non-hematopoietic cells of the tumor microenvironment and most solid tumor cells. In general, there are three possibilities how the tumor-Fn14 linkage could be taken into consideration for tumor therapy. First, by exploitation of the cancer associated expression of Fn14 to direct cytotoxic activities (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), cytotoxic payloads, CAR T-cells) to the tumor, second by blockade of potential protumoral activities of the TWEAK/Fn14 system, and third, by stimulation of Fn14 which not only triggers proinflammtory activities but also sensitizes cells for apoptotic and necroptotic cell death. Based on a brief description of the biology of the TWEAK/Fn14 system and Fn14 signaling, we discuss the features of the most relevant Fn14-targeting biologicals and review the preclinical data obtained with these reagents. In particular, we address problems and limitations which became evident in the preclinical studies with Fn14-targeting biologicals and debate possibilities how they could be overcome.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{IsbernerKrausGrigoleitetal.2021,
  author    = {Isberner, Nora and Kraus, Sabrina and Grigoleit, G{\"o}tz Ulrich and Aghai, Fatemeh and Kurlbaum, Max and Zimmermann, Sebastian and Klinker, Hartwig and Scherf-Clavel, Oliver},
  title     = {Ruxolitinib exposure in patients with acute and chronic graft versus host disease in routine clinical practice-a prospective single-center trial},
  series = {Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology},
  volume    = {88},
  journal   = {Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {1432-0843},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00280-021-04351-w},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-266476},
  pages     = {973-983},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Purpose Knowledge on Ruxolitinib exposure in patients with graft versus host disease (GvHD) is scarce. The purpose of this prospective study was to analyze Ruxolitinib concentrations of GvHD patients and to investigate effects of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 inhibitors and other covariates as well as concentration-dependent effects. Methods 262 blood samples of 29 patients with acute or chronic GvHD who were administered Ruxolitinib during clinical routine were analyzed. A population pharmacokinetic model obtained from myelofibrosis patients was adapted to our population and was used to identify relevant pharmacokinetic properties and covariates on drug exposure. Relationships between Ruxolitinib exposure and adverse events were assessed. Results Median of individual mean trough serum concentrations was 39.9 ng/mL at 10 mg twice daily (IQR 27.1 ng/mL, range 5.6-99.8 ng/mL). Applying a population pharmacokinetic model revealed that concentrations in our cohort were significantly higher compared to myelofibrosis patients receiving the same daily dose (p < 0.001). Increased Ruxolitinib exposure was caused by a significant reduction in Ruxolitinib clearance by approximately 50\%. Additional comedication with at least one strong CYP3A4 or CYP2C9 inhibitor led to a further reduction by 15\% (p < 0.05). No other covariate affected pharmacokinetics significantly. Mean trough concentrations of patients requiring dose reduction related to adverse events were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). Conclusion Ruxolitinib exposure is increased in GvHD patients in comparison to myelofibrosis patients due to reduced clearance and comedication with CYP3A4 or CYP2C9 inhibitors. Elevated Ruxolitinib trough concentrations might be a surrogate for toxicity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KredelKunzmannSchlegeletal.2017,
  author    = {Kredel, Markus and Kunzmann, Steffen and Schlegel, Paul-Gerhardt and W{\"o}lfl, Matthias and Nordbeck, Peter and B{\"u}hler, Christoph and Lotz, Christopher and Lepper, Philipp M. and Wirbelauer, Johannes and Roewer, Norbert and Muellenbach, Ralf M.},
  title     = {Double Peripheral Venous and Arterial Cannulation for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Combined Septic and Cardiogenic Shock},
  series = {American Journal of Case Reports},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {American Journal of Case Reports},
  doi       = {10.12659/AJCR.902485},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158193},
  pages     = {723-727},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: The use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (va-ECMO) via peripheral cannulation for septic shock is limited by blood flow and increased afterload for the left ventricle. Case Report: A 15-year-old girl with acute myelogenous leukemia, suffering from severe septic and cardiogenic shock, was treated by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (va-ECMO). Sufficient extracorporeal blood flow matching the required oxygen demand could only be achieved by peripheral cannulation of both femoral arteries. Venous drainage was performed with a bicaval cannula inserted via the left V. femoralis. To accomplish left ventricular unloading, an additional drainage cannula was placed in the left atrium via percutaneous atrioseptostomy (va-va-ECMO). Cardiac function recovered and the girl was weaned from the ECMO on day 6. Successful allogenic stem cell transplantation took place 2 months later. Conclusions: In patients with vasoplegic septic shock and impaired cardiac contractility, double peripheral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (va-va-ECMO) with transseptal left atrial venting can by a lifesaving option.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WajantBeilhack2019,
  author    = {Wajant, Harald and Beilhack, Andreas},
  title     = {Targeting regulatory T cells by addressing tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and cancer},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  number    = {2040},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2019.02040},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201578},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {An intricate network of molecular and cellular actors orchestrates the delicate balance between effector immune responses and immune tolerance. The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) proves as a pivotal protagonist promoting but also suppressing immune responses. These opposite actions are accomplished through specialist cell types responding to TNF via TNF receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. Recent findings highlight the importance of TNFR2 as a key regulator of activated natural FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in inflammatory conditions, such as acute graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) and the tumor microenvironment. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of TNFR2 signaling in T cells and discuss how these can reconcile seemingly conflicting observations when manipulating TNF and TNFRs. As TNFR2 emerges as a new and attractive target we furthermore pinpoint strategies and potential pitfalls for therapeutic targeting of TNFR2 for cancer treatment and immune tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaurBuentemeyerMegerleetal.2017,
  author    = {Baur, Johannes and B{\"u}ntemeyer, Tjark-Ole and Megerle, Felix and Deutschbein, Timo and Spitzweg, Christine and Quinkler, Marcus and Nawroth, Peter and Kroiss, Matthias and Germer, Christoph-Thomas and Fassnacht, Martin and Steger, Ulrich},
  title     = {Outcome after resection of Adrenocortical Carcinoma liver metastases: a retrospective study},
  series = {BMC Cancer},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {BMC Cancer},
  number    = {522},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12885-017-3506-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159409},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor 5-year-survival rate (<15\%). A surgical approach is recommended in selected patients if complete resection of distant metastasis can be achieved. To date there are only limited data on the outcome after surgical resection of hepatic metastases of ACC. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the German Adrenocortical Carcinoma Registry was conducted. Patients with liver metastases of ACC but without extrahepatic metastases or incomplete tumour resection were included. Results: Seventy-seven patients fulfilled these criteria. Forty-three patients underwent resection of liver metastases of ACC. Complete tumour resection (R0) could be achieved in 30 (69.8\%). Median overall survival after liver resection was 76.1 months in comparison to 10.1 months in the 34 remaining patients with unresected liver metastases (p < 0.001). However, disease free survival after liver resection was only 9.1 months. Neither resection status (R0/R1) nor extent of liver resection were significant predictive factors for overall survival. Patients with a time interval to the first metastasis/recurrence (TTFR) of greater than 12 months or solitary liver metastases showed significantly prolonged survival. Conclusions: Liver resection in the case of ACC liver metastases can achieve long term survival with a median overall survival of more than 5 years, but disease free survival is short despite metastasectomy. Time to recurrence and single versus multiple metastases are predictive factors for the outcome.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidFalterWeberetal.2017,
  author    = {Schmid, Tobias and Falter, Lena and Weber, Sabine and M{\"u}ller, Nils and Molitor, Konstantin and Zeller, David and Weber-Steffens, Dorothea and Hehlgans, Thomas and Wajant, Harald and Mostb{\"o}ck, Sven and M{\"a}nnel, Daniela N.},
  title     = {Chronic inflammation increases the sensitivity of mouse Treg for TNFR2 costimulation},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2017.01471},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173259},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) has gained attention as a costimulatory receptor for T cells and as critical factor for the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid suppressor cells. Using the TNFR2-specific agonist TNCscTNF80, direct effects of TNFR2 activation on myeloid cells and T cells were investigated in mice. \(In\) \(vitro\), TNCscTNF80 induced T cell proliferation in a costimulatory fashion, and also supported \(in\) \(vitro\) expansion of Treg cells. In addition, activation of TNFR2 retarded differentiation of bone marrow-derived immature myeloid cells in culture and reduced their suppressor function. \(In\) \(vivo\) application of TNCscTNF80-induced mild myelopoiesis in na{\"i}ve mice without affecting the immune cell composition. Already a single application expanded Treg cells and improved suppression of CD4 T cells in mice with chronic inflammation. By contrast, multiple applications of the TNFR2 agonist were required to expand Treg cells in na{\"i}ve mice. Improved suppression of T cell proliferation depended on expression of TNFR2 by T cells in mice repeatedly treated with TNCscTNF80, without a major contribution of TNFR2 on myeloid cells. Thus, TNFR2 activation on T cells in na{\"i}ve mice can lead to immune suppression \(in\) \(vivo\). These findings support the important role of TNFR2 for Treg cells in immune regulation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZieglerEhlisWeberetal.2021,
  author    = {Ziegler, Georg C. and Ehlis, Ann-Christine and Weber, Heike and Vitale, Maria Rosaria and Z{\"o}ller, Johanna E. M. and Ku, Hsing-Ping and Schiele, Miriam A. and K{\"u}rbitz, Laura I. and Romanos, Marcel and Pauli, Paul and Kalisch, Raffael and Zwanzger, Peter and Domschke, Katharina and Fallgatter, Andreas J. and Reif, Andreas and Lesch, Klaus-Peter},
  title     = {A Common CDH13 Variant is Associated with Low Agreeableness and Neural Responses to Working Memory Tasks in ADHD},
  series = {Genes},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Genes},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {2073-4425},
  doi       = {10.3390/genes12091356},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245220},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The cell—cell signaling gene CDH13 is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and major depression. CDH13 regulates axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, substantiating its relevance for neurodevelopmental processes. Several studies support the influence of CDH13 on personality traits, behavior, and executive functions. However, evidence for functional effects of common gene variation in the CDH13 gene in humans is sparse. Therefore, we tested for association of a functional intronic CDH13 SNP rs2199430 with ADHD in a sample of 998 adult patients and 884 healthy controls. The Big Five personality traits were assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Assuming that altered neural correlates of working memory and cognitive response inhibition show genotype-dependent alterations, task performance and electroencephalographic event-related potentials were measured by n-back and continuous performance (Go/NoGo) tasks. The rs2199430 genotype was not associated with adult ADHD on the categorical diagnosis level. However, rs2199430 was significantly associated with agreeableness, with minor G allele homozygotes scoring lower than A allele carriers. Whereas task performance was not affected by genotype, a significant heterosis effect limited to the ADHD group was identified for the n-back task. Heterozygotes (AG) exhibited significantly higher N200 amplitudes during both the 1-back and 2-back condition in the central electrode position Cz. Consequently, the common genetic variation of CDH13 is associated with personality traits and impacts neural processing during working memory tasks. Thus, CDH13 might contribute to symptomatic core dysfunctions of social and cognitive impairment in ADHD.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Wajant2019,
  author    = {Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {Molecular mode of action of TRAIL receptor agonists—common principles and their translational exploitation},
  series = {Cancers},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Cancers},
  number    = {7},
  doi       = {10.3390/cancers11070954},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202416},
  pages     = {954},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its death receptors TRAILR1/death receptor 4 (DR4) and TRAILR2/DR5 trigger cell death in many cancer cells but rarely exert cytotoxic activity on non-transformed cells. Against this background, a variety of recombinant TRAIL variants and anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Despite promising results from mice tumor models, TRAIL death receptor targeting has failed so far in clinical studies to show satisfying anti-tumor efficacy. These disappointing results can largely be explained by two issues: First, tumor cells can acquire TRAIL resistance by several mechanisms defining a need for combination therapies with appropriate sensitizing drugs. Second, there is now growing preclinical evidence that soluble TRAIL variants but also bivalent anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies typically require oligomerization or plasma membrane anchoring to achieve maximum activity. This review discusses the need for oligomerization and plasma membrane attachment for the activity of TRAIL death receptor agonists in view of what is known about the molecular mechanisms of how TRAIL death receptors trigger intracellular cell death signaling. In particular, it will be highlighted which consequences this has for the development of next generation TRAIL death receptor agonists and their potential clinical application.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LapaKircherHaenscheidetal.2018,
  author    = {Lapa, Constantin and Kircher, Malte and H{\"a}nscheid, Heribert and Schirbel, Andreas and Grigoleit, G{\"o}tz Ulrich and Klinker, Erdwine and B{\"o}ck, Markus and Samnick, Samuel and Pelzer, Theo and Buck, Andreas K},
  title     = {Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy as a new tool in treatment-refractory sarcoidosis - initial experience in two patients},
  series = {Theranostics},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Theranostics},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.7150/thno.22161},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158983},
  pages     = {644-649},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology that can involve virtually all organ systems. Whereas most patients present without symptoms, progressive and disabling organ failure can occur in up to 10\% of subjects. Somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-directed peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has recently received market authorization for treatment of SSTR-positive neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: We describe the first case series comprising two patients with refractory multi-organ involvement of sarcoidosis who received 4 cycles of PRRT. Results: PRRT was well-tolerated without any acute adverse effects. No relevant toxicities could be recorded during follow-up. Therapy resulted in partial response accompanied by a pronounced reduction in pain (patient \#1) and stable disease regarding morphology as well as disease activity (patient \#2), respectively. Conclusion: Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in sarcoidosis is feasible and might be a new valuable tool in patients with otherwise treatment-refractory disease. Given the long experience with and good tolerability of PRRT, further evaluation of this new treatment option for otherwise treatment-refractory sarcoidosis in larger patient cohorts is warranted.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeineltKarathanasisSmithetal.2021,
  author    = {Weinelt, Nadine and Karathanasis, Christos and Smith, Sonja and Medler, Juliane and Malkusch, Sebastian and Fulda, Simone and Wajant, Harald and Heilemann, Mike and van Wijk, Sjoerd J. L.},
  title     = {Quantitative single-molecule imaging of TNFR1 reveals zafirlukast as antagonist of TNFR1 clustering and TNFα-induced NF-ĸB signaling},
  series = {Journal of Leukocyte Biology},
  volume    = {109},
  journal   = {Journal of Leukocyte Biology},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.1002/JLB.2AB0420-572RR},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215960},
  pages     = {363 -- 371},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {TNFR1 is a crucial regulator of NF-ĸB-mediated proinflammatory cell survival responses and programmed cell death (PCD). Deregulation of TNFα- and TNFR1-controlled NF-ĸB signaling underlies major diseases, like cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, although being routinely used, antagonists of TNFα might also affect TNFR2-mediated processes, so that alternative approaches to directly antagonize TNFR1 are beneficial. Here, we apply quantitative single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) of TNFR1 in physiologic cellular settings to validate and characterize TNFR1 inhibitory substances, exemplified by the recently described TNFR1 antagonist zafirlukast. Treatment of TNFR1-mEos2 reconstituted TNFR1/2 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with zafirlukast inhibited both ligand-independent preligand assembly domain (PLAD)-mediated TNFR1 dimerization as well as TNFα-induced TNFR1 oligomerization. In addition, zafirlukast-mediated inhibition of TNFR1 clustering was accompanied by deregulation of acute and prolonged NF-ĸB signaling in reconstituted TNFR1-mEos2 MEFs and human cervical carcinoma cells. These findings reveal the necessity of PLAD-mediated, ligand-independent TNFR1 dimerization for NF-ĸB activation, highlight the PLAD as central regulator of TNFα-induced TNFR1 oligomerization, and demonstrate that TNFR1-mEos2 MEFs can be used to investigate TNFR1-antagonizing compounds employing single-molecule quantification and functional NF-ĸB assays at physiologic conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WiegeringRiegelWagneretal.2017,
  author    = {Wiegering, Armin and Riegel, Johannes and Wagner, Johanna and Kunzmann, Volker and Baur, Johannes and Walles, Thorsten and Dietz, Ulrich and Loeb, Stefan and Germer, Christoph-Thomas and Steger, Ulrich and Klein, Ingo},
  title     = {The impact of pulmonary metastasectomy in patients with previously resected colorectal cancer liver metastases},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0173933},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158036},
  pages     = {e0173933},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background 40-50\% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) will develop liver metastases (CRLM) during the course of the disease. One third of these patients will additionally develop pulmonary metastases. Methods 137 consecutive patients with CRLM, were analyzed regarding survival data, clinical, histological data and treatment. Results were stratified according to the occurrence of pulmonary metastases and metastases resection. Results 39\% of all patients with liver resection due to CRLM developed additional lung metastases. 44\% of these patients underwent subsequent pulmonary resection. Patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy showed a significantly better five-year survival compared to patients not qualified for curative resection (5-year survival 71.2\% vs. 28.0\%; p = 0.001). Interestingly, the 5-year survival of these patients was even superior to all patients with CRLM, who did not develop pulmonary metastases (77.5\% vs. 63.5\%; p = 0.015). Patients, whose pulmonary metastases were not resected, were more likely to redevelop liver metastases (50.0\% vs 78.6\%; p = 0.034). However, the rate of distant metastases did not differ between both groups (54.5 vs.53.6; p = 0.945). Conclusion The occurrence of colorectal lung metastases after curative liver resection does not impact patient survival if pulmonary metastasectomy is feasible. Those patients clearly benefit from repeated resections of the liver and the lung metastases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Wajant2019,
  author    = {Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {Molecular mode of action of TRAIL receptor agonists—common principles and their translational exploitation},
  series = {Cancers},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Cancers},
  number    = {7},
  doi       = {10.3390/cancers11070954},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201833},
  pages     = {954},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its death receptors TRAILR1/death receptor 4 (DR4) and TRAILR2/DR5 trigger cell death in many cancer cells but rarely exert cytotoxic activity on non-transformed cells. Against this background, a variety of recombinant TRAIL variants and anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. Despite promising results from mice tumor models, TRAIL death receptor targeting has failed so far in clinical studies to show satisfying anti-tumor efficacy. These disappointing results can largely be explained by two issues: First, tumor cells can acquire TRAIL resistance by several mechanisms defining a need for combination therapies with appropriate sensitizing drugs. Second, there is now growing preclinical evidence that soluble TRAIL variants but also bivalent anti-TRAIL death receptor antibodies typically require oligomerization or plasma membrane anchoring to achieve maximum activity. This review discusses the need for oligomerization and plasma membrane attachment for the activity of TRAIL death receptor agonists in view of what is known about the molecular mechanisms of how TRAIL death receptors trigger intracellular cell death signaling. In particular, it will be highlighted which consequences this has for the development of next generation TRAIL death receptor agonists and their potential clinical application.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OthmanBekhitAnanyetal.2021,
  author    = {Othman, Eman M. and Bekhit, Amany A. and Anany, Mohamed A. and Dandekar, Thomas and Ragab, Hanan M. and Wahid, Ahmed},
  title     = {Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Screening for Repurposed Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives on Four Mammalian Cancer Cell Lines},
  series = {Molecules},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Molecules},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {1420-3049},
  doi       = {10.3390/molecules26102961},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239734},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The present study reports the synthesis of new purine bioisosteres comprising a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold linked to mono-, di-, and trimethoxy benzylidene moieties through hydrazine linkages. First, in silico docking experiments of the synthesized compounds against Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Ki67, p21, and p53 were performed in a trial to rationalize the observed cytotoxic activity for the tested compounds. The anticancer activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro against Caco-2, A549, HT1080, and Hela cell lines. Results revealed that two (5 and 7) of the three synthesized compounds (5, 6, and 7) showed high cytotoxic activity against all tested cell lines with IC50 values in the micro molar concentration. Our in vitro results show that there is no significant apoptotic effect for the treatment with the experimental compounds on the viability of cells against A549 cells. Ki67 expression was found to decrease significantly following the treatment of cells with the most promising candidate: drug 7. The overall results indicate that these pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives possess anticancer activity at varying doses. The suggested mechanism of action involves the inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cells.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SiegmundKumsEhrenschwenderetal.2016,
  author    = {Siegmund, Daniela and Kums, Juliane and Ehrenschwender, Martin and Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {Activation of TNFR2 sensitizes macrophages for TNFR1-mediated necroptosis},
  series = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  doi       = {10.1038/cddis.2016.285},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162317},
  pages     = {e2375},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Macrophages express TNFR1 as well as TNFR2 and are also major producers of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), especially upon contact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Consequently, TNF not only acts as a macrophage-derived effector molecule but also regulates the activity and viability of macrophages. Here, we investigated the individual contribution of TNFR1 and TNFR2 to TNF-induced cell death in macrophages. Exclusive stimulation of TNFR1 showed no cytotoxic effect whereas selective stimulation of TNFR2 displayed mild cytotoxicity. Intriguingly, the latter was strongly enhanced by the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. The strong cytotoxic activity of TNFR2 in the presence of zVAD-fmk was reversed by necrostatin-1, indicating necroptotic cell death. TNFR1- and TNF-deficient macrophages turned out to be resistant against TNFR2-induced cell death. In addition, the cIAP-depleting SMAC mimetic BV6 also enforced TNF/TNFR1-mediated necroptotic cell death in the presence of zVAD-fmk. In sum, our data suggest a model in which TNFR2 sensitizes macrophages for endogenous TNF-induced TNFR1-mediated necroptosis by the known ability of TNFR2 to interfere with the survival activity of TRAF2-cIAP1/2 complexes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZellerHeidemeierGrigoleitetal.2017,
  author    = {Zeller, Daniel and Heidemeier, Anke and Grigoleit, G{\"o}tz Ulrich and M{\"u}llges, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Case report: subacute tetraplegia in an immunocompromised patient},
  series = {BMC Neurology},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {BMC Neurology},
  number    = {31},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12883-017-0814-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157576},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: Clinical reasoning in Neurology is based on general associations which help to deduce the site of the lesion. However, even "golden principles" may occasionally be deceptive. Here, we describe the case of subacute flaccid tetraparesis due to motor cortical lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first report to include an impressive illustration of nearly symmetric motor cortical involvement of encephalitis on brain MRI. Case presentation: A 51 year old immunocompromized man developed a high-grade pure motor flaccid tetraparesis over few days. Based on clinical presentation, critical illness polyneuromyopathy was suspected. However, brain MRI revealed symmetrical hyperintensities strictly limited to the subcortical precentral gyrus. An encephalitis, possibly due to CMV infection, turned out to be the most likely cause. Conclusion: While recognition of basic clinical patterns is indispensable in neurological reasoning, awareness of central conditions mimicking peripheral nervous disease may be crucial to detect unsuspected, potentially treatable conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MedlerKuckaWajant2022,
  author    = {Medler, Juliane and Kucka, Kirstin and Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2): an emerging target in cancer therapy},
  series = {Cancers},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Cancers},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {2072-6694},
  doi       = {10.3390/cancers14112603},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275143},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Despite the great success of TNF blockers in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the identification of TNF as a factor that influences the development of tumors in many ways, the role of TNFR2 in tumor biology and its potential suitability as a therapeutic target in cancer therapy have long been underestimated. This has been fundamentally changed with the identification of TNFR2 as a regulatory T-cell (Treg)-stimulating factor and the general clinical breakthrough of immunotherapeutic approaches. However, considering TNFR2 as a sole immunosuppressive factor in the tumor microenvironment does not go far enough. TNFR2 can also co-stimulate CD8\(^+\) T-cells, sensitize some immune and tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of TNFR1 and/or acts as an oncogene. In view of the wide range of cancer-associated TNFR2 activities, it is not surprising that both antagonists and agonists of TNFR2 are considered for tumor therapy and have indeed shown overwhelming anti-tumor activity in preclinical studies. Based on a brief summary of TNFR2 signaling and the immunoregulatory functions of TNFR2, we discuss here the main preclinical findings and insights gained with TNFR2 agonists and antagonists. In particular, we address the question of which TNFR2-associated molecular and cellular mechanisms underlie the observed anti-tumoral activities of TNFR2 agonists and antagonists.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VargasWagnerShaikhetal.2022,
  author    = {Vargas, Juan Gamboa and Wagner, Jennifer and Shaikh, Haroon and Lang, Isabell and Medler, Juliane and Anany, Mohamed and Steinfatt, Tim and Mosca, Josefina Pe{\~n}a and Haack, Stephanie and Dahlhoff, Julia and B{\"u}ttner-Herold, Maike and Graf, Carolin and Viera, Estibaliz Arellano and Einsele, Hermann and Wajant, Harald and Beilhack, Andreas},
  title     = {A TNFR2-Specific TNF fusion protein with improved in vivo activity},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  issn      = {1664-3224},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2022.888274},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-277436},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2 (TNFR2) has attracted considerable interest as a target for immunotherapy. Indeed, using oligomeric fusion proteins of single chain-encoded TNFR2-specific TNF mutants (scTNF80), expansion of regulatory T cells and therapeutic activity could be demonstrated in various autoinflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). With the aim to improve the in vivo availability of TNFR2-specific TNF fusion proteins, we used here the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-interacting IgG1 molecule as an oligomerizing building block and generated a new TNFR2 agonist with improved serum retention and superior in vivo activity. Methods Single-chain encoded murine TNF80 trimers (sc(mu)TNF80) were fused to the C-terminus of an in mice irrelevant IgG1 molecule carrying the N297A mutation which avoids/minimizes interaction with Fcγ-receptors (FcγRs). The fusion protein obtained (irrIgG1(N297A)-sc(mu)TNF80), termed NewSTAR2 (New selective TNF-based agonist of TNF receptor 2), was analyzed with respect to activity, productivity, serum retention and in vitro and in vivo activity. STAR2 (TNC-sc(mu)TNF80 or selective TNF-based agonist of TNF receptor 2), a well-established highly active nonameric TNFR2-specific variant, served as benchmark. NewSTAR2 was assessed in various in vitro and in vivo systems. Results STAR2 (TNC-sc(mu)TNF80) and NewSTAR2 (irrIgG1(N297A)-sc(mu)TNF80) revealed comparable in vitro activity. The novel domain architecture of NewSTAR2 significantly improved serum retention compared to STAR2, which correlated with efficient binding to FcRn. A single injection of NewSTAR2 enhanced regulatory T cell (Treg) suppressive activity and increased Treg numbers by > 300\% in vivo 5 days after treatment. Treg numbers remained as high as 200\% for about 10 days. Furthermore, a single in vivo treatment with NewSTAR2 upregulated the adenosine-regulating ectoenzyme CD39 and other activation markers on Tregs. TNFR2-stimulated Tregs proved to be more suppressive than unstimulated Tregs, reducing conventional T cell (Tcon) proliferation and expression of activation markers in vitro. Finally, singular preemptive NewSTAR2 administration five days before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) protected mice from acute GvHD. Conclusions NewSTAR2 represents a next generation ligand-based TNFR2 agonist, which is efficiently produced, exhibits improved pharmacokinetic properties and high serum retention with superior in vivo activity exerting powerful protective effects against acute GvHD.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KreckelAnanySiegmundetal.2019,
  author    = {Kreckel, Jennifer and Anany, Mohammed A. and Siegmund, Daniela and Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {TRAF2 controls death receptor-induced caspase-8 processing and facilitates proinflammatory signaling},
  series = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  number    = {2024},
  doi       = {10.3389/fimmu.2019.02024},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201822},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) knockout (KO) cells were generated to investigate the role of TRAF2 in signaling by TNFR1 and the CD95-type death receptors (DRs) TRAILR1/2 and CD95. To prevent negative selection effects arising from the increased cell death sensitivity of TRAF2-deficient cells, cell lines were used for the generation of the TRAF2 KO variants that were protected from DR-induced apoptosis downstream of caspase-8 activation. As already described in the literature, TRAF2 KO cells displayed enhanced constitutive alternative NFκB signaling and reduced TNFR1-induced activation of the classical NFκB pathway. There was furthermore a significant but only partial reduction in CD95-type DR-induced upregulation of the proinflammatory NFκB-regulated cytokine interleukin-8 (IL8), which could be reversed by reexpression of TRAF2. In contrast, expression of the TRAF2-related TRAF1 protein failed to functionally restore TRAF2 deficiency. TRAF2 deficiency resulted furthermore in enhanced procaspase-8 processing by DRs, but this surprisingly came along with a reduction in net caspase-8 activity. In sum, our data argue for (i) a non-obligate promoting function of TRAF2 in proinflammatory DR signaling and (ii) a yet unrecognized stabilizing effect of TRAF2 on caspase-8 activity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KuckaLangZhangetal.2021,
  author    = {Kucka, Kirstin and Lang, Isabell and Zhang, Tengyu and Siegmund, Daniela and Medler, Juliane and Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {Membrane lymphotoxin-α\(_2\)β is a novel tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 (TNFR2) agonist},
  series = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Cell Death \& Disease},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41419-021-03633-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260077},
  pages     = {360},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In the early 1990s, it has been described that LTα and LTβ form LTα\(_2\)β and LTαβ\(_2\) heterotrimers, which bind to TNFR1 and LTβR, respectively. Afterwards, the LTαβ\(_2\)-LTβR system has been intensively studied while the LTα\(_2\)β-TNFR1 interaction has been ignored to date, presumably due to the fact that at the time of identification of the LTα\(_2\)β-TNFR1 interaction one knew already two ligands for TNFR1, namely TNF and LTα. Here, we show that LTα\(_2\)β interacts not only with TNFR1 but also with TNFR2. We furthermore demonstrate that membrane-bound LTα\(_2\)β (memLTα\(_2\)β), despite its asymmetric structure, stimulates TNFR1 and TNFR2 signaling. Not surprising in view of its ability to interact with TNFR2, LTα\(_2\)β is inhibited by Etanercept, which is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and also inhibits TNF and LTα.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WajantSiegmund2019,
  author    = {Wajant, Harald and Siegmund, Daniela},
  title     = {TNFR1 and TNFR2 in the control of the life and death balance of macrophages},
  series = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology},
  number    = {91},
  doi       = {10.3389/fcell.2019.00091},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201551},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Macrophages stand in the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens but are also involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. To fulfill their functions macrophages sense a broad range of pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) by plasma membrane and intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Intriguingly, the overwhelming majority of PPRs trigger the production of the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). TNF affects almost any type of cell including macrophages themselves. TNF promotes the inflammatory activity of macrophages but also controls macrophage survival and death. TNF exerts its activities by stimulation of two different types of receptors, TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, which are both expressed by macrophages. The two TNF receptor types trigger distinct and common signaling pathways that can work in an interconnected manner. Based on a brief general description of major TNF receptor-associated signaling pathways, we focus in this review on research of recent years that revealed insights into the molecular mechanisms how the TNFR1-TNFR2 signaling network controls the life and death balance of macrophages. In particular, we discuss how the TNFR1-TNFR2 signaling network is integrated into PRR signaling.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ElHawarySayedMohammedetal.2019,
  author    = {El-Hawary, Seham S. and Sayed, Ahmed M. and Mohammed, Rabab and Hassan, Hossam M. and Rateb, Mostafa E. and Amin, Elham and Mohammed, Tarek A. and El-Mesery, Mohamed and Bin Muhsinah, Abdullatif and Alsayari, Abdulrhman and Wajant, Harald and Anany, Mohamed A. and Abdelmohsen, Usama Ramadan},
  title     = {Bioactive brominated oxindole alkaloids from the Red Sea sponge Callyspongia siphonella},
  series = {Marine Drugs},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Marine Drugs},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.3390/md17080465},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201485},
  pages     = {465},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In the present study, LC-HRESIMS-assisted dereplication along with bioactivity-guided isolation led to targeting two brominated oxindole alkaloids (compounds 1 and 2) which probably play a key role in the previously reported antibacterial, antibiofilm, and cytotoxicity of Callyspongia siphonella crude extracts. Both metabolites showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 8 and 4 µg/mL) and Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 16 and 4 µg/mL), respectively. Furthermore, they displayed moderate biofilm inhibitory activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (49.32\% and 41.76\% inhibition, respectively), and moderate in vitro antitrypanosomal activity (13.47 and 10.27 µM, respectively). In addition, they revealed a strong cytotoxic effect toward different human cancer cell lines, supposedly through induction of necrosis. This study sheds light on the possible role of these metabolites (compounds 1 and 2) in keeping fouling organisms away from the sponge outer surface, and the possible applications of these defensive molecules in the development of new anti-infective agents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LangZaitsevaWajant2022,
  author    = {Lang, Isabell and Zaitseva, Olena and Wajant, Harald},
  title     = {FcγRs and their relevance for the activity of anti-CD40 antibodies},
  series = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  number    = {21},
  issn      = {1422-0067},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijms232112869},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290458},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Simple Summary Targeting of CD40 with antibodies attracts significant translational interest. While inhibitory CD40 targeting appears particularly attractive in the field of organ transplantation and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, stimulatory CD40 targeting is the aim in tumor immunotherapy and vaccination against infectious pathogens. It turned out that lack of FcγR-binding is the crucial factor for the development of safe and well-tolerated inhibitory anti-CD40 antibodies. In striking contrast, FcγR-binding is of great importance for the CD40 stimulatory capacity of the majority of anti-CD40 antibodies. Typically, anti-CD40 antibodies only robustly stimulate CD40 when presented by FcγRs. However, FcγR-binding of anti-CD40 antibodies also triggers unwanted activities such as destruction of CD40 expressing cells by ADCC or ADCP. Based on a brief discussion of the mechanisms of CD40 activation, we give an overview of the ongoing activities in the development of anti-CD40 antibodies under special consideration of attempts aimed at the development of anti-CD40 antibodies with FcγR-independent agonism or FcγR subtype selectivity. Abstract Inhibitory targeting of the CD40L-CD40 system is a promising therapeutic option in the field of organ transplantation and is also attractive in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. After early complex results with neutralizing CD40L antibodies, it turned out that lack of Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-binding is the crucial factor for the development of safe inhibitory antibodies targeting CD40L or CD40. Indeed, in recent years, blocking CD40 antibodies not interacting with FcγRs, has proven to be well tolerated in clinical studies and has shown initial clinical efficacy. Stimulation of CD40 is also of considerable therapeutic interest, especially in cancer immunotherapy. CD40 can be robustly activated by genetically engineered variants of soluble CD40L but also by anti-CD40 antibodies. However, the development of CD40L-based agonists is biotechnologically and pharmacokinetically challenging, and anti-CD40 antibodies typically display only strong agonism in complex with FcγRs or upon secondary crosslinking. The latter, however, typically results in poorly developable mixtures of molecule species of varying stoichiometry and FcγR-binding by anti-CD40 antibodies can elicit unwanted side effects such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) of CD40 expressing immune cells. Here, we summarize and compare strategies to overcome the unwanted target cell-destroying activity of anti-CD40-FcγR complexes, especially the use of FcγR type-specific mutants and the FcγR-independent cell surface anchoring of bispecific anti-CD40 fusion proteins. Especially, we discuss the therapeutic potential of these strategies in view of the emerging evidence for the dose-limiting activities of systemic CD40 engagement.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Shaikh2024,
  author    = {Shaikh, Muhammad Haroon},
  title     = {Nicht-h{\"a}matopoetische lymphoide Stromazellen aktivieren alloreaktive CD4\(^+\) T-Zellen in der Initiierung der akuten Graft-versus-Host Disease},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25201},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-252015},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {In der Initiationsphase der akuten Graft-versus-Host Erkrankung (GvHD) werden CD4+ T-Zellen in den lymphatischen Organen durch h{\"a}matopoietische Antigen-pr{\"a}sentierende Zellen aktiviert. Im Gegensatz dazu, werden in der Effektorphase CD4+ T-Zellen von nicht-h{\"a}matopoetischen Zellen im D{\"u}nndarm aktiviert. Wir stellten die Hypothese auf, dass alloreaktive CD4+ T-Zellen nach allogener h{\"a}matopoetischer Zelltransplantation, welche in der Initiationsphase der aGvHD vorwiegend in die sekund{\"a}ren lymphatischen Organe migrieren, dort durch nicht-h{\"a}matopoetische Lymphknoten-Stromazellen {\"u}ber die Erkennung von MHC-Klasse II aktiviert werden. Um diese Hypothese zu testen, setzten wir ein von allogenen CD4+ T-Zellen-abh{\"a}ngiges MHC Major Mismatch aGvHD Mausmodell ein, um diese Zusammenh{\"a}nge n{\"a}her zu erforschen. Mittels Biolumineszenz-Bildgebung und dreidimensionale Lichtblattmikroskopie und Durchflusszytometrie-Analysen von fr{\"u}heren Zeitpunkten nach einer alloHCT bzw. im Anfangsstadium der aGvHD konnten wir zeigen, dass allogene T-Zellen exklusiv in die Milz, Lymphknoten und die Peyerschen Plaques migrieren und nicht in die intestinale Lamina propria. Indem wir transgene Mauslinien verwendeten, die keine oder eine nur partielle komplette h{\"a}matopoietische Antigenpr{\"a}sentation aufwiesen, konnten wir eine sehr fr{\"u}h auf die alloHCT folgende allogene CD4+ T-Zellaktivierung in den lymphoiden Organen von MHCIIΔCD11c and MHCIIΔ Knochenmark-Chim{\"a}ren nachweisen. Aufgrund des, bei den MHCIIΔ Knochenmarks-Chim{\"a}ren auftretenden Versagens der negativen Thymusselektion und die daraus resultierende autoreaktive Immunreaktionen nach einer syngenen HCST stellte sich heraus, dass dies ein ungeeignetes Modell f{\"u}r die Untersuchung der Pr{\"a}sentation nicht-h{\"a}matopoetischer Antigene bei GvHD ist. Um diese Herausforderung zu bew{\"a}ltigen, generierten wir MHCIIΔVav1 M{\"a}use bei denen die MHC-Klasse-II-Expression auf allen h{\"a}matopoetischen Zellen fehlt. MHCIIΔVav1 M{\"a}use entwickelten eine aGvHD, wobei die Lymphknoten-Stromazellen dieser Tiere allogene CD4+ T-Zellen in gemischten Lymphozytenreaktionen aktivieren konnten. Ebenso konnten mesenteriale Lymphknoten von CD11c.DTR-M{\"a}usen, die zuvor in eine MHCIIΔ Maus transplantiert wurden, CD4+ T-Zellen in vivo aktivieren, wodurch die Lymphknoten-Stromazellen eindeutig als nicht-h{\"a}matopoetische Antigen-pr{\"a}sentierende Zellen der lymphoiden Organe nachgewiesen werden konnten. {\"U}ber das Cre/loxP-System konnten wir Knockout-M{\"a}use mit fehlender MHCII-Expression in Subpopulationen von Lymphknoten-Stromazellen generieren und verwendeten dann Einzelzell-RNA-Sequenzierung. Hier w{\"a}hlten wir Ccl19 und VE-Cadherin aus, um unsere Analyse spezifisch auf die fibroblastischen retikul{\"a}ren Zellen bzw. Endothelzellen der Lymphknoten zu konzentrieren. Bei MHCIIΔCcl19 M{\"a}usen war die Aktivierung alloreaktiver CD4+ T-Zellen in der Initiationsphase der aGvHD m{\"a}ßig reduziert, w{\"a}hrend das Fehlen von MHCII auf den fibroblastischen retikul{\"a}ren Zellen zu einer Hyperaktivierung allogener CD4+ T-Zellen f{\"u}hrte, was wiederum eine schlechtere {\"U}berlebensrate der M{\"a}use zur Folge hatte. Dieser Ph{\"a}notyp wurde durch regulatorische T-Zellen moduliert, die in der Lage waren, H2-Ab1fl M{\"a}use von den Folgen von GvHD zu retten, jedoch nicht die MHCIIΔCcl19. Ein Knock-out von MHCII auf Endothelzellen von MHCIIΔVE-Cadherin M{\"a}usen, f{\"u}hrte in der Initiationsphase der GvHD nur zu einer m{\"a}ßig reduzierten Aktivierung von CD4+ T-Zellen. Umgekehrt zeigten MHCIIΔVE-Cadherin M{\"a}use im Langzeit{\"u}berleben jedoch einen protektiven Ph{\"a}notyp verglichen mit wurfgeschwister H2-Ab1fl M{\"a}usen. Um die Bedeutung der MHCII-Antigenpr{\"a}sentation der Endothelzellen zu untersuchen, generierten wir außerdem MHCIIΔVE-CadherinΔVav1 M{\"a}use, bei welchen eine Antigenpr{\"a}sentation, weder im endothelialen noch im h{\"a}matopoetischen Kompartiment m{\"o}glich war. Lymphknoten-Stromazellen von MHCIIΔVE-CadherinΔVav1 M{\"a}usen waren nicht in der Lage, alloreaktive CD4+ T-Zellen in einer gemischten Lymphozytenreaktion zu aktivieren. Insgesamt konnten wir zum ersten Mal beweisen, dass die MHC-Klassse II auf den Lymphknoten-Stromazellen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Modulation allogener CD4+ T-Zellen in der Initiations- und schließlich in der Effektorphase der Graft-versus-Host-Disease spielt.},
  subject      = {Transplantat-Wirt-Reaktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchanbacherHermannsLorenzetal.2023,
  author    = {Schanbacher, Constanze and Hermanns, Heike M. and Lorenz, Kristina and Wajant, Harald and Lang, Isabell},
  title     = {Complement 1q/tumor necrosis factor-related proteins (CTRPs): structure, receptors and signaling},
  series = {Biomedicines},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Biomedicines},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {2227-9059},
  doi       = {10.3390/biomedicines11020559},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304136},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Adiponectin and the other 15 members of the complement 1q (C1q)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein (CTRP) family are secreted proteins composed of an N-terminal variable domain followed by a stalk region and a characteristic C-terminal trimerizing globular C1q (gC1q) domain originally identified in the subunits of the complement protein C1q. We performed a basic PubMed literature search for articles mentioning the various CTRPs or their receptors in the abstract or title. In this narrative review, we briefly summarize the biology of CTRPs and focus then on the structure, receptors and major signaling pathways of CTRPs. Analyses of CTRP knockout mice and CTRP transgenic mice gave overwhelming evidence for the relevance of the anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects of CTRPs in autoimmune diseases, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiac dysfunction. CTRPs form homo- and heterotypic trimers and oligomers which can have different activities. The receptors of some CTRPs are unknown and some receptors are redundantly targeted by several CTRPs. The way in which CTRPs activate their receptors to trigger downstream signaling pathways is largely unknown. CTRPs and their receptors are considered as promising therapeutic targets but their translational usage is still hampered by the limited knowledge of CTRP redundancy and CTRP signal transduction.},
  language  = {en}
}