@phdthesis{Lauruschkat2023, author = {Lauruschkat, Chris David}, title = {Entwicklung funktioneller Immunassays zur Detektion der humanen Immunantwort auf das opportunistische Pathogen \(Aspergillus\) \(fumigatus\)}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31983}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319835}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Aspergillus fumigatus ist ein opportunistisches fungales Humanpathogen, das ein breites Erkrankungsspektrum von der invasiven Aspergillose (IA) in immunkompromittierten Patienten bis zu einer Reihe von Hypersensitivit{\"a}tserkrankungen in immunkompetenten Individuen hervorrufen kann. Die Diagnostik f{\"u}r A. fumigatus assoziierte Krankheitsbilder beruht auf mehreren diagnostischen Tests, die auch in ihrer Kombination oft zu sp{\"a}ten und unzuverl{\"a}ssigen Diagnosen f{\"u}hren, was wiederum zu einer suboptimalen Patientenversorgung, erh{\"o}hter Mortalit{\"a}t und gesteigerten Kosten f{\"u}r das Gesundheitssystem f{\"u}hrt. Es besteht daher die unbedingte Notwendigkeit, neue und bessere diagnostische Tests zur Detektion von A. fumigatus zu entwickeln. T Zell Assays sind vielversprechende, innovative diagnostische Tests, die bereits f{\"u}r andere Infektionskrankheiten in der Routinediagnostik eingesetzt werden. Erste Versuche wurden bereits unternommen, diese Assays auch f{\"u}r A. fumigatus assoziierte Erkrankungen einzusetzen. Die g{\"a}ngigsten, auf mononukle{\"a}ren Zellen des peripheren Blutes (PBMC)-basierten T Zell Assays sind der Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Enzyme-linked Immuno Spot Assay (ELISPOT) und die Durchflusszytometrie. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Entwicklung eines klinisch einsetzbaren T-Zell-Assays f{\"u}r A. fumigatus assoziierte Erkrankungen. Die in der Literatur beschriebenen Assays zeigten in unseren Experimenten bei der Anwendung f{\"u}r mykologische Fragestellungen eine hohe Suszeptibilit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber bereits kurzen pr{\"a}analytischen Lagerzeiten und Krykonservierung, was einen klinischen Einsatz erschwerte. Wir entwickelten deshalb einen Vollblut basierten ELISA (VB-ELISA) mit dualer Kostimulation (α-CD28 und α-CD49d), hoher Reproduzierbarkeit und verbesserter Robustheit gegen{\"u}ber pr{\"a}analytischen Einflussfaktoren. Der VB ELISA konnte hohe Differenzen zwischen Typ 1 T Helferzellen (Th1) , Th2 und Th17 Zytokinkonzentrationen bei Patienten mit Aspergillus assoziierten Hypersensitivit{\"a}tskrankheitsbildern und Kontrollpatienten feststellen. Um zu testen, ob dieser Anstieg auf die Erkrankung zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist oder auch bei hoher Aspergillus-Umweltexposition vorzufinden ist, wurde der Assay in Aspergillus exponierten gesunden {\"o}kologischen Landwirten getestet. In dieser Gruppe fanden wir ebenfalls eine erh{\"o}hte Th1 und Th2 Expansion und Zytokinsekretion gegen{\"u}ber gesunden Kontrollspendern, jedoch wurde nur ein geringer Anstieg des Th17 Signalzytokines IL-17 detektiert. Die Detektion von IL-17 im VB-ELISA in Kombination mit anderen Zytokinmarkern ist daher ein vielversprechender Biomarker f{\"u}r die Diagnose von A. fumigatus assoziierten Hypersensitivit{\"a}tserkrankungen. Neben diesen Hypersensitivit{\"a}tserkrankungen haben wir den VB-ELISA auch in immunkompromittierten Patienten nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation (alloSZT), einer Hochrisikogruppe f{\"u}r die IA und die durch das humane Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) ausgel{\"o}ste Zytomegalie, evaluiert. W{\"a}hrend in unserer monozentrischen Pilotstudie aufgrund der geringen Inzidenz keine Evaluation an IA-Patienten erfolgen konnte, wurde mittels VB-ELISA eine hohe Konkordanz der HCMV-spezifischen T Zell Antwort mit der HCMV Serologie sowie eine vergleichbare Leistung zum ELISPOT, dem am h{\"a}ufigsten eingestetzen Assay f{\"u}r diese Fragestellung, festgestellt. Zusammenfassend haben wir mit dem VB ELISA einen vielversprechenden und breitfl{\"a}chig im Spektrum A. fumigatus assoziierter Erkrankungen einsetzbaren T Zell Assay entwickelt, der in der Zukunft in großen Studien mit klar definierten Patientenkohorten getestet werden sollte. Auf Grund von Daten aus Folgestudien, die auf dieser Arbeit basieren, ist des Weiteren davon auszugehen, dass der VB-ELISA auf Grund seiner St{\"a}rken potenziell in einer Vielzahl von Anwendungsgebieten und Pathogenen (eine Folgestudie mit SARS-CoV-2 wurde vor kurzem ver{\"o}ffentlicht) universell eingesetzt werden kann. Neben der Immundiagnostik f{\"u}r diverse Infektionserkrankungen k{\"o}nnte der Assay außerdem f{\"u}r T Zell Antworten auf Vakzinierungen und Immuntherapien, in vivo Experimente und in vitro Toxizit{\"a}tstests verwendet werden.}, subject = {Immunologie}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Berberich2024, author = {Berberich, Oliver}, title = {Lateral Cartilage Tissue Integration - Evaluation of Bonding Strength and Tissue Integration \(in\) \(vitro\) Utilizing Biomaterials and Adhesives}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-34602}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-346028}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Articular cartilage defects represent one of the most challenging clinical problem for orthopedic surgeons and cartilage damage after trauma can result in debilitating joint pain, functional impairment and in the long-term development of osteoarthritis. The lateral cartilage-cartilage integration is crucial for the long-term success and to prevent further tissue degeneration. Tissue adhesives and sealants are becoming increasingly more popular and can be a beneficial approach in fostering tissue integration, particularly in tissues like cartilage where alternative techniques, such as suturing, would instead introduce further damage. However, adhesive materials still require optimization regarding the maximization of adhesion strength on the one hand and long-term tissue integration on the other hand. In vitro models can be a valuable support in the investigation of potential candidates and their functional mechanisms. For the conducted experiments within this work, an in vitro disc/ring model obtained from porcine articular cartilage tissue was established. In addition to qualitative evaluation of regeneration, this model facilitates the implementation of biomechanical tests to quantify cartilage integration strength. Construct harvesting for histology and other evaluation methods could be standardized and is ethically less questionable compared to in vivo testing. The opportunity of cell culture technique application for the in vitro model allowed a better understanding of cartilage integration processes. Tissue bonding requires chemical or physical interaction of the adhesive material and the substrate. Adhesive hydrogels can bind to the defect interface and simultaneously fill the gap of irregularly shaped defect voids. Fibrin gels are derived from the physiological blood-clot formation and are clinically applied for wound closure. Within this work, comparisons of different fibrin glue formulations with the commercial BioGlue® were assessed, which highlighted the need for good biocompatibility when applied on cartilage tissue in order to achieve satisfying long-term integration. Fibrin gel formulations can be adapted with regard to their long-term stability and when applied on cartilage disc/ring constructs improved integrative repair is observable. The kinetic of repairing processes was investigated in fibrin-treated cartilage composites as part of this work. After three days in vitro cultivation, deposited extracellular matrix (ECM) was obvious at the glued interface that increased further over time. Interfacial cell invasion from the surrounding native cartilage was detected from day ten of tissue culture. The ECM formation relies on molecular factors, e.g., as was shown representatively for ascorbic acid, and contributes to increasing integration strengths over time. The experiments performed with fibrin revealed that the treatment with a biocompatible adhesive that allows cartilage neosynthesis favors lateral cartilage integration in the long term. However, fibrin has limited immediate bonding strength, which is disadvantageous for use on articular cartilage that is subject to high mechanical stress. The continuing aim of this thesis was to further develop adhesive mechanisms and new adhesive hydrogels that retain the positive properties of fibrin but have an increased immediate bonding strength. Two different photochemical approaches with the advantage of on-demand bonding were tested. Such treatment potentially eases the application for the professional user. First, an UV light induced crosslinking mechanism was transferred to fibrin glue to provide additional bonding strength. For this, the cartilage surface was functionalized with highly reactive light-sensitive diazirine groups, which allowed additional covalent bonds to the fibrin matrix and thus increased the adhesive strength. However, the disadvantages of this approach were the multi-step bonding reactions, the need for enzymatic pretreatment of the cartilage, expensive reagents, potential UV-light damage, and potential toxicity hazards. Due to the mentioned disadvantages, no further experiments, including long-term culture, were carried out. A second photosensitive approach focused on blue light induced crosslinking of fibrinogen (RuFib) via a photoinitiator molecule instead of using thrombin as a crosslinking mediator like in normal fibrin glue. The used ruthenium complex allowed inter- and intramolecular dityrosine binding of fibrinogen molecules. The advantage of this method is a one-step curing of fibrinogen via visible light that further achieved higher adhesive strengths than fibrin. In contrast to diazirine functionalization of cartilage, the ruthenium complex is of less toxicological concern. However, after in vitro cultivation of the disc/ring constructs, there was a decrease in integration strength. Compared to fibrin, a reduced cartilage synthesis was observed at the defect. It is also disadvantageous that a direct adjustment of the adhesive can only be made via protein concentration, since fibrinogen is a natural protein that has a fixed number of tyrosine binding sites without chemical modification. An additional cartilage adhesive was developed that is based on a mussel-inspired adhesive mechanism in which reactivity to a variety of substrates is enabled via free DOPA amino acids. DOPA-based adhesion is known to function in moist environments, a major advantage for application on water-rich cartilage tissue surrounded by synovial liquid. Reactive DOPA groups were synthetically attached to a polymer, here POx, to allow easy chemical modifiability, e.g. insertion of hydrolyzable ester motifs for tunable degradation. The possibility of preparing an adhesive hybrid hydrogel of POx in combination with fibrinogen led to good cell compatibility as was similarly observed with fibrin, but with increased immediate adhesive strength. Degradation could be adjusted by the amount of ester linkages on the POx and a direct influence of degradation rates on the development of integration in the in vitro model could be shown. Hydrogels are well suited to fill defect gaps and immediate integration can be achieved via adhesive properties. The results obtained show that for the success of long-term integration, a good ability of the adhesive to take up synthesized ECM components and cells to enable regeneration is required. The degradation kinetics of the adhesive must match the remodeling process to avoid intermediate loss of integration power and to allow long-term firm adhesion to the native tissue. Hydrogels are not only important as adhesives for smaller lesions, but also for filling large defect volumes and populating them with cells to produce tissue engineered cartilage. Many different hydrogel types suitable for cartilage synthesis are reported in the literature. A long-term stable fibrin formulation was tested in this work not only as an adhesive but also as a bulk hydrogel construct. Agarose is also a material widely used in cartilage tissue engineering that has shown good cartilage neosynthesis and was included in integration assessment. In addition, a synthetic hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel (HA SH/P(AGE/G)) was used. The disc/ring construct was adapted for such experiments and the inner lumen of the cartilage ring was filled with the respective hydrogel. In contrast to agarose, fibrin and HA-SH/P(AGE/G) gels have a crosslink mechanism that led to immediate bonding upon contact with cartilage during curing. The enhanced cartilage neosynthesis in agarose compared to the other hydrogel types resulted in improved integration during in vitro culture. This shows that for the long-term success of a treatment, remodeling of the hydrogel into functional cartilage tissue is a very high priority. In order to successfully treat larger cartilage defects with hydrogels, new materials with these properties in combination with chemical modifiability and a direct adhesion mechanism are one of the most promising approaches.}, subject = {Knorpel}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{PenaMosca2024, author = {Pe{\~n}a Mosca, Mar{\´i}a Josefina}, title = {Local regulation of T-cell immunity in the intestinal mucosa}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-35266}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-352665}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {After priming in Peyer's patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) T- cells infiltrate the intestine through lymphatic draining and homing through the bloodstream. However, we found that in mouse models of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a subset of alloreactive T-cells directly migrates from PPs to the adjacent intestinal lamina propria (LP), bypassing the normal lymphatic drainage and vascular trafficking routes. Notably, this direct migration occurred in irradiated and unirradiated GvHD models, indicating that irradiation is not a prerequisite for this observed behavior. Next, we established a method termed serial intravascular staining (SIVS) in mouse models to systematically investigate the trafficking and migration of donor T- cells in the early stages of acute GvHD initiation. We found that the direct migration of T-cells from PPs to LP resulted in faster recruitment of cells after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). These directly migrating T-cells were found to be in an activated and proliferative state, exhibiting a TH1/TH17-like phenotype and producing cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Furthermore, we observed that the directly migrating alloreactive T-cells expressed specific integrins (α4+, αE+) and chemokine receptors (CxCR3+, CCR5+, and CCR9+). Surprisingly, blocking these integrins and chemokine-coupled receptors did not hinder the direct migration of T- cells from PPs to LP, suggesting the involvement of alternative mechanisms. Previous experiments ruled out the involvement of S1PR1 and topographical features of macrophages, leading us to hypothesize that mediators of cytoskeleton reorganization, such as Coro1a, Dock2, or Cdc42, may play a role in this unique migration process. Additionally, we observed that directly migrating T-cells created a local inflammatory microenvironment, which attracts circulating T-cells. Histological analysis confirmed that alloreactive PPs-derived T-cells and bloodborne T-cells colocalized. We employed two experimental approaches, including either photoconversion of T-cells in PPs or direct transfer of activated T-cells into the vasculature, to demonstrate this colocalization. We hypothesize that cytokines released by migrating T-cells, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, may play a role in recruiting T-cells from the vasculature, as inhibiting chemokine-coupled receptors did not impair recruitment.}, subject = {T-Lymphozyt}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fleissner2024, author = {Fleißner, Janik Frank Hans-Werner}, title = {Die Bedeutung von Oncostatin M f{\"u}r die Lipidhom{\"o}ostase Apoe- und Ldlr-deletierter M{\"a}use}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-28059}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-280592}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {OSM, ein Vertreter der IL-6-Typ-Zytokine, ist nicht nur f{\"u}r entz{\"u}ndliche, sondern auch f{\"u}r metabolische Prozesse von Bedeutung. Vorarbeiten der Arbeitsgruppe GEIER/HERMANNS und Studien von KOMORI et al. legen protektive Eigenschaften des Zytokins nahe, da M{\"a}use, denen OSMR fehlte, Charakteristika des metabolischen Syndroms aufwiesen. Zur eingehenderen Untersuchung der von OSM vermittelten Wirkung auf den murinen Lipidstoffwechsel wurden zwei f{\"u}r die NAFLD und Atherosklerose anf{\"a}llige Modelle herangezogen und jeweils in Gegenwart und Abwesenheit des Osmr studiert: Weibliche Apoe-/-(Osmr-/-) und Ldlr-/-(Osmr-/-) M{\"a}use wurden {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von zw{\"o}lf Wochen mit westlicher Di{\"a}t gef{\"u}ttert, w{\"o}chentlich gewogen, am Ende der Di{\"a}t geopfert und geerntet. Wildtypische C57Bl/6-M{\"a}use erfuhren die gleiche Behandlung und dienten als Referenzgruppe. Im Rahmen des Promotionsprojektes wurden Leberfettgehalt, Serumlipidspiegel, Lipoproteinfraktionen und Stuhllipide von Apoe-deletierten M{\"a}usen bestimmt und mit bereits vorhandenen Daten der Ldlr-/-(Osmr-/-) und wildtypischen M{\"a}use in Beziehung gesetzt. Expressionsanalysen von am Lipidstoffwechsel beteiligten Genen in Darm-, Leber- und Fettgewebe trugen dazu bei, OSM-abh{\"a}ngige Regulationen aufzudecken. Ldlr-/- Tiere nahmen unter der Di{\"a}t exzessiv zu, hatten hohe Serumspiegel an Leptin, Gluco-se und Lipiden, eine Lebersteatose und, begleitet von einer Induktion des Vldlr, erh{\"o}hte inflammatorische Marker im visceralen Fettgewebe. Der zus{\"a}tzliche Knockout des Osmr ging mit einer geringeren Vldlr-Expression im Fettgewebe und einer hepatozyt{\"a}ren Induktion von Cyp7a1 einher und resultierte in einem metabolisch g{\"u}nstigeren Ph{\"a}notyp. Apoe-defiziente Tiere unterschieden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Gewichtszunahme nicht von Ldlr-/-Osmr-/- und C57Bl/6-M{\"a}usen. {\"U}berraschenderweise zeigten sich im Serum von Apoe-/-Osmr-/- jedoch gegen{\"u}ber Apoe-/- M{\"a}usen erh{\"o}hte Konzentrationen des Gesamt- und VLDL-Cholesterins, der Triglyceride und freien Fetts{\"a}uren. Obwohl Lebern der Apoe-/-Osmr-/- M{\"a}use geringere Ldlr- und Lrp1-mRNA-Spiegel als die der Apoe-/- M{\"a}use aufwiesen, hatten sie einen h{\"o}heren hepatischen Cholesteringehalt. Bei gesteigerter Cpt1a-Expression fiel der hepatische Tri-glyceridgehalt Apoe-deletierter M{\"a}use geringer aus als in Ldlr-/-(Osmr-/-) und wildtypischen Tieren. Unter Umgehung einer Fettgewebsentz{\"u}ndung pr{\"a}sentierten Apoe-defiziente M{\"a}use Hinweise einer inflammatorischen Lebersch{\"a}digung, die pathogenetisch am ehesten mit einer gest{\"o}rten Cholesterinhom{\"o}ostase in Verbindung zu bringen war. Abh{\"a}ngig vom genetischen Hintergrund des Mausmodells hatte OSM sch{\"u}tzende oder sch{\"a}dliche Effekte auf den Lipidmetabolismus. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit betonen die entscheidende Bedeutung entz{\"u}ndlicher, von OSM modulierter Prozesse f{\"u}r den Fettstoffwechsel in Leber- und Fettgewebe. Weiterf{\"u}hrende Experimente sind n{\"o}tig, um die den Beobachtungen zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen zu entschl{\"u}sseln.}, subject = {Apolipoprotein E}, language = {de} }