@techreport{NeukumWalterSchumacheretal.2006,
  author    = {Neukum, Alexandra and Walter, Martina and Schumacher, Markus and Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter},
  title     = {Trainingskonzeption und Evaluation des Moduls A: "Gefahrenkognition" (Projekt: Simulation von Einsatzfahrten im Auftrag des Pr{\"a}sidiums der Bayerischen Bereitschaftspolizei, Abschlussbericht - Teil I)},
  organization    = {Interdisziplin{\"a}res Zentrum f{\"u}r Verkehrswissenschaften an der Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77833},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Mit dem Ziel der Optimierung der bestehenden polizeilichen Fahrausbildung hat das Pr{\"a}sidium der Bayerischen Bereitschaftspolizei im Jahr 2001 ein mehrj{\"a}hriges Pilotprojekt initiiert, in dem ein technologiegest{\"u}tztes und didaktisch begr{\"u}ndetes Ausbildungssystem entwickelt und erprobt werden sollte. Im Zentrum dieses Pilotprojekts stand die Frage der Anwendung moderner Simulationstechnologie in der Fahrausbildung. Inhaltliche Entwicklung und Projektevaluation oblagen dem IZVW. Das Pilotprojekt ist integriert in das Gesamtcurriculum der Fahrausbildung bei der Bayerischen Bereitschaftspolizei (Rager \& M{\"u}ller, 2000). Dieses basiert auf drei unterschiedlichen Ausbildungsbl{\"o}cken und umfasst insgesamt 93 Unterrichtseinheiten. Die Inhalte des dreistufigen Programms im Rahmen der Ausbildung f{\"u}r den mittleren Polizeivollzugsdienst sind gekennzeichnet als „Situations- und typenbezogenes Fahrtraining" (Stufe 1), „Sicherheitstraining mit Gefahrenlehre" (Stufe II) und „Gefahrentraining zur Bew{\"a}ltigung von Einsatzfahrten mit und ohne Inanspruchnahme von Sonder- und Wegerechten" (Stufe III). In dieser letzten Ausbildungsstufe ist das Pilotprojekt „Simulation von Einsatzfahrten" positioniert. Das verkehrswissenschaftliche Projekt setzte sich zum Ziel, in enger Zusammenarbeit mit polizeilichen Experten und Ausbildern eine an den Erfordernissen der beruflichen Praxis orientierte Ausbildungs- und Trainingskonzeption zu entwickeln und insbesondere die Anwendung der Simulationsmethodik innerhalb der Fahrausbildung zu evaluieren. Der vorliegende Text konzentriert sich als Teil der Abschlussdokumentation auf die Evaluation des Simulatortrainings. Dieses ist konzipiert als zentraler Bestandteil des inhaltlichen Moduls „Gefahrenkognition" und wird erg{\"a}nzt durch ein vorbereitendes computerbasiertes Training. Gegenstand dieses Berichts sind die Arbeiten zur Erfassung von Trainingsakzeptanz und Lernerfolg der Lerneinheit Gefahrenkognition. Hierzu wird zun{\"a}chst ein {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber aktuelle in der Literatur vorliegende Studien gegeben, die sich mit der Evaluation der Simulation als Lehrmethode in der Fahrausbildung besch{\"a}ftigen. Kapitel 3 gibt einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Inhalte des Moduls und den Aufbau der {\"U}bungen in CBT und Simulator. Fragestellungen, Konzeption und methodisches Vorgehen der Evaluationsuntersuchungen sind beschrieben in Kapitel 4. Die Darstellung der Ergebnisse erfolgt in den Abschnitten 5 bis 7.},
  subject      = {Verkehrssicherheit},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schubert2012,
  author    = {Schubert, Lisa},
  title     = {The Respective Impact of Stimulus Valence and Processing Fluency on Evaluative Judgments in Stereotype Disconfirmation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77426},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Both specific stimulus valence and unspecific processing dynamics can influence evaluative responses. Eight experiments investigated their respective influence on evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. Valence of stereotypic information and consistency-driven fluency were manipulated in an impression formation paradigm. When information about the to-be-evaluated target person was strongly valenced, no effects of consistency-driven fluency were observed. Higher cognitive processes, valence of inconsistent attributes, processing priority of category information, and impression formation instructions were ruled out as possible factors responsible for the non-occurrence of fluency effects. However, consistency-driven fluency did influence the evaluative judgment, if the information about a target person was not strongly valenced. It is therefore concluded that both stimulus valence and consistency-driven processing fluency play a role in evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. The respective impact of stimulus valence is much stronger than the impact of unspecific processing dynamics, however. Implications for fluency research and the applied field of stereotype change are discussed.},
  subject      = {Vorurteil},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MachtJanke1993,
  author    = {Macht, Michael and Janke, Wilhelm},
  title     = {Effects of short-term energy deprivation on stress reactions in humans},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87093},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {Stressreaktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HommersLee2010,
  author    = {Hommers, Wilfried and Lee, Wha-Yong},
  title     = {Unifying Kohlberg with Information Integration: The Moral Algebra of Recompense and of Kohlbergian Moral Informers},
  series = {Psicol{\´o}gica},
  journal   = {Psicol{\´o}gica},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85875},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In order to unify two major theories of moral judgment, a novel task is employed which combines elements of Kohlberg´s stage theory and of the theory of information integration. In contrast to the format of Kohlberg´s moral judgment interview, a nonverbal and quantitative response which makes low demands on verbal facility was used . Moral informers differing in value, i.e. high and low, are presented. The differences in effect of those two pieces of information should be substantial for a person at that specific moral stage, but small for a person at a different stage. Hence, these differences may diagnose the person's moral stage in the simplest possible way as the two levels of each of the thoughts were about typical content of the four Kohlbergian preconventional and conventional stages. The novel task allowed additionally to measure the influence of another moral concept which was about the non-Kohlbergian moral concept of recompense. After a training phase, pairs of those thoughts were presented to allow for the study of integration and individual differences. German and Korean children, 8, 10, and 12 years in age, judged deserved punishment. The patterns of means, correlations and factor loadings showed that elements of both theories can be unified, but produced unexpected results also. Additive integration of each of the two pairs of moral informers appeared, either with two Kohlbergian moral informers or with another Kohlbergian moral informer in combination with information about recompense. Also cultural independence as well as dependence, developmental changes between 8 and 10 years, and an outstanding moral impact of recompense in size and distinctiveness were observed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wu2013,
  author    = {Wu, Lingdan},
  title     = {Emotion Regulation in Addicted Smokers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85471},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: Nicotine addiction is the most prevalent type of drug addiction that has been described as a cycle of spiraling dysregulation of the brain reward systems. Imaging studies have shown that nicotine addiction is associated with abnormal function in prefrontal brain regions that are important for cognitive emotion regulation. It was assumed that addicts may perform less well than healthy nonsmokers in cognitive emotion regulation tasks. The primary aims of this thesis were to investigate emotional responses to natural rewards among smokers and nonsmokers and to determine whether smokers differ from nonsmokers in cognitive regulation of positive and negative emotions. To address these aims, two forms of appraisal paradigms (i.e., appraisal frame and reappraisal) were applied to compare changes in emotional responses of smokers with that of nonsmokers as a function of appraisal strategies. Experiment 1: The aim of the first experiment was to evaluate whether and how appraisal frames preceding positive and negative picture stimuli affect emotional experience and facial expression of individuals. Twenty participants were exposed to 125 pairs of auditory appraisal frames (either neutral or emotional) followed by picture stimuli reflecting five conditions: unpleasant-negative, unpleasant-neutral, pleasant-positive, pleasant-neutral and neutral-neutral. Ratings of valence and arousal as well as facial EMG activity over the corrugator supercilii and the zygomaticus major were measured simultaneously. The results indicated that appraisal frames could alter both subjective emotional experience and facial expressions, irrespective of the valence of the pictorial stimuli. These results suggest and support that appraisal frame is an efficient paradigm in regulation of multi-level emotional responses. 8 Experiment 2: The second experiment applied the appraisal frame paradigm to investigate how smokers differ from nonsmokers on cognitive emotion regulation. Sixty participants (22 nonsmokers, 19 nondeprived smokers and 19 12-h deprived smokers) completed emotion regulation tasks as described in Experiment 1 while emotional responses were concurrently recorded as reflected by self-ratings and psychophysiological measures (i.e., facial EMG and EEG). The results indicated that there was no group difference on emotional responses to natural rewards. Moreover, nondeprived smokers and deprived smokers performed as well as nonsmokers on the emotion regulation task. The lack of group differences in multiple emotional responses (i.e., self-reports, facial EMG activity and brain EEG activity) suggests that nicotine addicts have no deficit in cognitive emotion regulation of natural rewards via appraisal frames. Experiment 3: The third experiment aimed to further evaluate smokers' emotion regulation ability by comparing performances of smokers and nonsmokers in a more challenging cognitive task (i.e., reappraisal task). Sixty-five participants (23 nonsmokers, 22 nondeprived smokers and 20 12-h deprived smokers) were instructed to regulate emotions by imagining that the depicted negative or positive scenario would become less negative or less positive over time, respectively. The results showed that nondeprived smokers and deprived smokers responded similarly to emotional pictures and performed as well as nonsmokers in down-regulating positive and negative emotions via the reappraisal strategy. These results indicated that nicotine addicts do not have deficit in emotion regulation using cognitive appraisal strategies. In sum, the three studies consistently revealed that addicted smokers were capable to regulate emotions via appraisal strategies. This thesis establishes the groundwork for therapeutic use of appraisal instructions to cope with potential self-regulation failures in nicotine addicts.},
  subject      = {Gef{\"u}hl},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Ellgring1991,
  author    = {Ellgring, Johann Heinrich},
  title     = {Introduction. The use of Video for behavior description and intervention},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42019},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stroebl2007,
  author    = {Str{\"o}bl, Veronika},
  title     = {{\"U}berpr{\"u}fung des Stufenkonzeptes im Transtheoretischen Modell der Verhaltens{\"a}nderung am Beispiel sportlicher Aktivit{\"a}t},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26796},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {F{\"u}r die Gestaltung von Interventionen zur F{\"o}rderung von Gesundheitsverhalten ist es entscheidend, ob der Prozess der Verhaltens{\"a}nderung stufenf{\"o}rmig oder kontinuierlich verl{\"a}uft. Im Transtheoretischen Modell der Verhaltens{\"a}nderung (Prochaska \& DiClemente, 1983, 1992) werden f{\"u}nf Stufen postuliert. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen, ob sich empirische Hinweise auf das Vorliegen von Stufen im Transtheoretischen Modell erbringen lassen. Dies wurde exemplarisch f{\"u}r den Verhaltensbereich der sportlichen Aktivit{\"a}t vorgenommen. Hierzu wurde {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, ob den kognitiven Modellvariablen (Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, wahrgenommene Vorteile, wahrgenommene Nachteile) auf den verschiedenen Stufen eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung f{\"u}r eine Verbesserung auf die n{\"a}chst h{\"o}here Stufe zukommt. Da die kausalen Zusammenh{\"a}nge innerhalb des Modells nicht gekl{\"a}rt sind, wurde zudem die Bedeutung des Sportverhaltens auf den Stufen untersucht. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden explorativ Pr{\"a}diktoren der allgemeinen Stufenverbesserung, d.h. der Verbesserung um beliebig viele Stufen identifiziert sowie stufenspezifische Pr{\"a}diktoren der Stufenverschlechterung ermittelt. In die Sekund{\"a}ranalyse einer multizentrischen, kontrollierten Interventionsstudie gingen Daten von 610 Patienten ein, die eine medizinische Rehabilitation erhalten hatten. In die Auswertungen wurden Daten zu drei Messzeitpunkten einbezogen: Rehabilitationsbeginn, 3 Monate nach der Rehabilitation und 12 Monate nach der Rehabilitation. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellungen wurden zwei der von Weinstein, Rothman und Sutton (1998) vorgeschlagenen Forschungsstrategien zum Nachweis von Stufen eingesetzt: Intraindividuelle Vorhersage der Stufenverbesserung zur Identifikation stufenspezifischer Pr{\"a}diktoren der Stufenverbesserung aufgrund l{\"a}ngsschnittlicher Daten sowie Untersuchung interindividueller Unterschiede zwischen benachbarten Stufen im Querschnitt zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung auf Diskontinuit{\"a}t. Die Ergebnisse der beiden Vorgehensweisen stimmen in weiten Teilen {\"u}berein. Insgesamt konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit Hinweise darauf erzielt werden, dass sich der Prozess der Verhaltens{\"a}nderung in Stufen vollzieht, wobei die Daten lediglich eine Unterscheidung von drei Stufen rechtfertigen. Von den ber{\"u}cksichtigten Variablen scheint nur den wahrgenommenen Vorteilen und dem Verhalten stufenspezifisch eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung zuzukommen, wobei letzterem f{\"u}r die Differenzierung von Stufen eine geringere Bedeutung beigemessen wurde als den kognitiven Variablen. Die Ergebnisse zur Stufenverschlechterung weisen darauf hin, dass Faktoren, die f{\"u}r eine Verbesserung, und solche, die f{\"u}r eine Verschlechterung zwischen zwei Stufen relevant sind, nicht {\"u}berein stimmen. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r die Gestaltung stufenspezifischer Interventionen abgeleitet. Diese Erkenntnisse k{\"o}nnen sowohl im Rahmen der Gesundheitsbildung in der medizinischen Rehabilitation, als auch bei der Gestaltung von Angeboten der prim{\"a}ren Pr{\"a}vention genutzt werden.},
  subject      = {Gesundheitsverhalten},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Ehlis2007,
  author    = {Ehlis, Ann-Christine},
  title     = {Hirnelektrische Hypofrontalit{\"a}t bei schizophrenen Patienten und ihre Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Auswahl der neuroleptischen Medikation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26566},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Hintergrund und Ziel der Untersuchung: Patienten mit schizophrenen Erkrankungen zeigen in einer Vielzahl von Untersuchungssituationen eine verminderte Funktion frontaler Hirnregionen (Hypofrontalit{\"a}t), die insbesondere auch den anterioren cingul{\"a}ren Cortex (ACC) betrifft. Verschiedene Arten antipsychotischer Medikation unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf Metabolismus und Funktion des Frontalcortex, wobei es Hinweise darauf gibt, dass atypische Antipsychotika diesen Bereich des Gehirns positiv beeinflussen, w{\"a}hrend konventionelle Antipsychotika (Typika) hier nur geringe oder sogar negative Effekte zeigen. Hinsichtlich der Auswahl eines Antipsychotikums zu Beginn einer medikament{\"o}sen Behandlung gibt es bislang keine etablierten neurophysiologischen/biologischen Marker, die eine Vorhersage der Therapie-Response unter verschiedenen Arten antipsychotischer Medikation erlauben. Ziel der Studie war es daher, die Eignung der NoGo-Anteriorisierung (NGA) als Pr{\"a}diktor der Therapie-Response schizophrener Patienten unter typischer bzw. atypischer Medikation zu untersuchen. Die NGA ist ein neurophysiologischer Marker, der die Funktion pr{\"a}frontaler Areale einschließlich des ACC widerspiegeln soll. Unter Zuhilfenahme dieses Parameters wurde an einer Gruppe schizophrener Patienten {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, ob das Ausmaß der initialen Hypofrontalit{\"a}t eine Vorhersage der individuellen Therapie-Response erlaubt. Methoden: Es wurden 76 Patienten mit Erkrankungen aus dem schizophrenen Formenkreis zu jeweils drei Messzeitpunkten neurophysiologisch, neuropsychologisch und psychometrisch getestet. Die Baseline-Messung (t1) fand innerhalb der ersten drei Tage eines station{\"a}r-psychiatrischen Aufenthalts, die beiden Folgemessungen (t2, t3) drei bzw. sechs Wochen nach Beginn einer Therapie mit typischen (n=36) oder atypischen Antipsychotika (n=40) statt. Im Rahmen der neurophysiologischen Untersuchung f{\"u}hrten die Patienten eine Go-NoGo-Aufgabe durch, wobei anhand der durch Go- und NoGo-Stimuli evozierten ereigniskorrelierten Potentiale individuell die NGA ermittelt wurde. Beide Behandlungsgruppen wurden aufgrund der NGA-Werte zu t1 in Patienten mit initial starker vs. schwacher Frontalhirnfunktion unterteilt (Mediansplit). Ergebnisse: Alle Patientengruppen zeigten eine signifikante Besserung der psychotischen Symptomatik im Verlauf des 6-w{\"o}chigen Untersuchungszeitraums. Außerdem hatten Atypika hypothesengem{\"a}ß einen signifikant positiven Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der neuropsychologischen Testleistungen, w{\"a}hrend Typika oftmals mit einer Verschlechterung entsprechender Maße einhergingen. Atypika hatten zudem eine g{\"u}nstigere Wirkung auf die subjektiv erlebte Lebensqualit{\"a}t der Patienten. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus war die zu t1 erhobene NGA ein signifikanter Pr{\"a}diktor der Therapie-Response. Niedrige Werte der NGA zu Beginn der Behandlung sagten dabei ein besonders gutes Ansprechen auf atypische Antipsychotika voraus, w{\"a}hrend hohe Werte der NGA zu t1 mit einer besonders deutlichen klinischen Besserung unter typischer Medikation einhergingen. Die NGA korrelierte zudem signifikant mit den neuropsychologischen Testleistungen, unterlag selbst aber keinen systematischen Ver{\"a}nderungen unter typischer vs. atypischer Medikation. Schlussfolgerung: Der auf der Basis fr{\"u}herer Untersuchungen vermutete Zusammenhang zwischen der NGA und pr{\"a}frontalen Hirnfunktionen konnte anhand der vorliegenden Befunde best{\"a}tigt werden. Außerdem war aufgrund der zu Beginn einer station{\"a}r-psychiatrischen Behandlung gemessenen NGA eine signifikante Vorhersage der Therapie-Response unter typischen und atypischen Antipsychotika m{\"o}glich. Die NGA k{\"o}nnte somit im klinischen Alltag zu einer individualisierten Entscheidungsfindung bei der Auswahl eines antipsychotischen Pr{\"a}parats, unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung pathophysiologischer Aspekte der Erkrankung, beitragen.},
  subject      = {Schizophrenie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Eisenbarth2008,
  author    = {Eisenbarth, Hedwig},
  title     = {Assessment of emotional detachment in psychopathy via self-report and an emotion detection task},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27817},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The personality construct of psychopathy is subject of growing research, but data on psychopathy in female incarcerated and in non-institutionalized samples are rare. In this thesis emotional detachment as one factor of psychopathy is investigated in general population, in patients and in incarcerated samples. After verifying the validity of the Psychopathy Personality Inventory Revised (PPI-R) measuring emotional detachment, the sensitivity of the questionnaire concerning emotional detachment has been proven. Additionally it has been shown that symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder can be distinguished from psychopathic traits by emotional detachment. In addition, these results confirm the core role of the feature emotional detachment for psychopathy. Furthermore, two emotion recognition tasks have been conducted in a criminal female inpatients sample. Compared to the low psychopathic patients, the high psychopathic patients showed deficits in categorization only in shortly presented sad facial expressions, but rated emotional facial expressions as less arousing. These results point to emotional detachment as a core characteristic of psychopathy, and is specific even in non-incarcerated and female incarcerated samples. It can be measured with the PPI-R as well as with emotion detection tasks.},
  subject      = {Psychopathie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Krieglmeyer2007,
  author    = {Krieglmeyer, Regina},
  title     = {How to Overcome Frustration? The Influence of Frustration on Motivational Orientation and Motivational Intensity},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27841},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Frustration has been investigated since the early beginnings of psychological research. Yet, it is still unclear how frustration influences the two main parameters of motivation, i.e., orientation (approach-avoidance) and intensity. Some theories propose that controllable frustration increases approach motivation, thereby maintaining motivational intensity. In contrast, other theories propose that the perception of obstacles immediately elicits an avoidance orientation because of the negative valence of the perceptual input. Yet, the latter theories can not explain how motivational intensity is maintained upon encountering obstacles. The aim of the present thesis is to integrate previous contradicting assumptions by describing the influence of frustration on motivational orientation and motivational intensity on the basis of a two-system model of behavior. The definition of frustration as an unexpected obstacle blocking the attainment of an anticipated gratification implies that the obstacle is immediately perceived, whereas the goal is only represented in working memory. According to two-system models, these two types of representations influence different levels of behavior regulation. Whereas spontaneous approach-avoidance tendencies are mainly determined by the valence of the perceptual input, decisions to engage effort to reach the goal are based on knowledge about goals and appraisals of controllability of obstacles. Supporting this theorizing, six experiments demonstrated that frustration immediately activates avoidance tendencies. This was true for frustration of approach goals as well as for frustration of avoidance goals. Furthermore, this effect did not depend on the type of frustration feedback, and was found when approach-avoidance tendencies were measured after completion of goal pursuit as well as while overcoming frustration. In addition, approaching obstacles impaired performance in a subsequent task, suggesting that approaching obstacles consumed cognitive resources. This further supports the assumption that obstacles immediately activate avoidance tendencies. Furthermore, dispositional action-state orientation, which has been previously shown to moderate automatic affective reactions, influenced approach-avoidance tendencies, indicating that affect mediates the impact of frustration on behavioral tendencies. Finally, manipulations of controllability of frustration did not influence spontaneous approach-avoidance tendencies, but measures of motivational intensity such as decisions to engage more effort as well as activation of goal-relevant behavioral schemata. In sum, these findings support the assumptions that immediately elicited motivational orientations are mainly a function of the valence of perceptual input, whereas behavior to reach the goal (i.e. motivational intensity) is regulated by working memory representations such as appraisals of goal expectancy. Motivational orientations may serve to prepare organisms for quick reactions to sudden, unexpected occurrences, whereas behavior regulation based on goal appraisals may provide stability and flexibility in long-term goal pursuit.},
  subject      = {Sozialpsychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hoefling2008,
  author    = {H{\"o}fling, Atilla},
  title     = {Beggars cannot be choosers - The influence of food deprivation on food related disgust},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34609},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The main goals of the present thesis were to investigate how food deprivation influences food related disgust and to identify mental mechanisms that might underlie alterations in food related disgust. For this purpose, 9 studies were conducted that employed direct and indirect measures of attitudes, biological measures of affect as well as measures of real eating behavior and food choice, and compared responses of deprived and non deprived subjects on each of these measures. Spontaneous facial reactions were assessed via EMG and revealed that food deprived subjects showed weaker disgust reactions than satiated participants when being confronted with photographs of disgusting foods. Interestingly, deprived and non deprived subjects evaluated disgusting foods equally negative on a conscious level of information processing, indicating that food deprivation has the potential to attenuate food related disgust irrespective of conscious evaluations. Furthermore, it was found that food deprived participants readily consumed disgust related foods ("genetically modified foods"), while satiated participants rejected those foods. Again, no difference emerged between deprived and non deprived subjects in respect to their conscious evaluations of genetically modified foods (that were negative in both experimental groups). The dissociation between conscious evaluations and actual eating behavior that was observed amongst food deprived participants resembles the dissociation between conscious evaluations and facial reactions, thereby corroborating the assumption that alterations in food related disgust might directly influence eating behavior without changing conscious evaluations of foods. The assumption that a shift in automatic attitudes towards disgusting foods might be responsible for these effects received only partial support. That is, there was only a non significant tendency for food deprived subjects to evaluate disgusting foods more positive than satiated subjects on an automatic level of information processing. Instead, the results of the present thesis suggest that food deprived subjects exhibit a stronger motivation than satiated subjects to approach disgusting foods immediately. More precisely, food deprived participants exhibited strong approach motivational tendencies towards both, palatable and disgusting foods in an "Approach- Avoidance Task" whereas satiated participants only approached palatable (but not disgusting) foods on an automatic level of information processing. Moreover, food deprivation seems to change the subjective weighting of hedonic and functional food attributes in the context of more elaborated decisions about which foods to pick for consumption and which foods to reject. It was found that individual taste preferences were of minor importance for food deprived subjects but very important for satiated subjects when actually choosing between several food alternatives. In contrast, functional food attributes (e.g., immediate availability of a given food, large portion size) were more important selection criteria for food deprived subjects than for satiated subjects. Thus, food deprived participants were less picky than satiated participants, but showed a clear preference for those food alternatives that were functional in ending a state of food deprivation quickly - even if this meant choosing a food that was not considered tasty. Taken together, the present thesis shows that physiological need states (e.g., food deprivation) are tightly linked to the affective and motivational processing of need relevant cues. This link is so strong that food deprivation even modulates affective and motivational reactions as well as eating behavior and choice behavior towards disgusting (but need relevant) foods.},
  subject      = {Ekel},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Plichta2009,
  author    = {Plichta, Michael M.},
  title     = {Neural correlates of delay discounting: Effects of dopamine bioavailability and implications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35953},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Humans and other animals share choice preference for smaller-but-sooner over later-but-larger rewards, indicating that the subjective value of a reward is discounted as a function of time. This phenomenon referred to as delay discounting (DD), represents one facet of impulsivity which is inherently connected with reward processing and, within a certain range, adaptive. Maladaptive levels, however, can lead to suboptimal decision-making and represent important characteristics of psychopathologies such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In line with a proposed influence of dysregulated dopamine (DA) levels on impulsivity, neural structures involved in DD (the ventral-striatum [VS]; orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]) are highly innervated by dopaminergic neurons. However, studies explicitly testing the triadic interplay of dopaminergic neurotransmission, impulsivity and brain activation during intertemporal choice are missing. Therefore, the first study of the thesis examined the effect of different DA-bioavailability levels, indicated by a genetic polymorphism (Val158Met) in the gene of the catechol-O-methyltransferase, on the association of delay discounting and OFC activation. OFC response to monetary rewards that varied by delay-to-delivery was recorded with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a sample of 49 healthy human subjects. The results suggest a DA-related enhancement in OFC function from low (low DA level) to partial (intermediate DA level) and full (high DA level) reward delay sensitivity. Furthermore, DA-bioavailability was shown to moderate the association of neural reward delay sensitivity and impulsivity: OFC reward delay sensitivity was strongly correlated with impulsivity at intermediate DA-levels, but not at low or high DA-levels where impulsivity was related to delay-independent OFC amplitudes. It is concluded that DA-level should be considered as a crucial factor whenever impulsivity-related brain activation, in particular to reward delay, is examined in healthy subjects. Dysfunctional reward processing, accompanied by a limited ability to tolerate reward delays (delay aversion), has been proposed as an important feature in ADHD putatively caused by striatal hypo-dopaminergia. Therefore, the aim of the second study of this thesis was to examine subcortical processing of reward delays and to test for neural indicators of a negative emotional response to delay periods. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), brain activation in adult patients with ADHD (n=14) and healthy control subjects (n=12) was recorded during the processing of immediate and delayed rewards. Compared with healthy control subjects, hyporesponsiveness of the VS reward system was evident in patients with ADHD for both immediate and delayed rewards. In contrast, delayed rewards evoked hyperactivation in the dorsal caudate nucleus and the amygdala of ADHD patients, corroborating the central predictions of the delay aversion hypothesis. In combination both studies support the conception of a close link between delay discounting, brain activation and dopaminergic neurotransmission. The results implicate that studies on neural correlates of DD have to account for the DA-bioavailability level and for a negative emotional response to reward delays.},
  subject      = {Impulsivit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Lenhard2008,
  author    = {Lenhard, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Bridging the Gap to Natural Language: A Review on Intelligent Tutoring Systems based on Latent Semantic Analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27980},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {One of the major drawbacks in the implementation of intelligent tutoring systems is the limited capacity to process natural language and to automatically deal with unexpected or unknown vocabulary. Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a statistical technique of automatic language processing, which can attenuate the "language barrier" between humans and tutoring systems. LSA-based intelligent tutoring systems address the goals of modelling human tutoring dialogues (AutoTutor), enhancing text comprehension and summarisation skills (State-The-Essence, Summary Street®, conText, Apex), training of comprehension strategies (iStart, a French system in development) and improving story and essay writing (Write To Learn, Select-a-Kibitzer, StoryStation). The systems are reviewed concerning their efficacy in modelling skilled human tutors and regarding their effects on the learner.},
  subject      = {Intelligentes Tutorsystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gerdes2008,
  author    = {Gerdes, Antje B. M.},
  title     = {Preferential Processing of Phobic Cues : Attention and Perception in Spider Phobic Patients},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28684},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Cognitive views of the psychopathology of anxiety propose that attentional biases toward threatening information play a substantial role in the disorders' etiology and maintenance. For healthy subjects, converging evidence show that threatening stimuli attract attention and lead to enhanced activation in visual processing areas. It is assumed that this preferential processing of threat occurs at a preattentive level and is followed by fast attentional engagement. High-anxious individuals show augmented tendencies to selectively attend toward fear-relevant cues (Mathews, 1990) and exhibit elevated neural processing of threatening cues compared to non-anxious individuals (Dilger et al., 2003). Regarding attentional biases in high-anxious subjects, it remains unanswered up to now whether initial engagement of attention toward threat or difficulties to disengage from threat is an underlying mechanism. Furthermore, little is known whether the preferential (attentive) processing of threatening cues does influence perceptional outcomes of anxious subjects. In order to directly study separate components of attentional bias the first study of this dissertation was a combined reaction time and eye-tracking experiment. Twenty one spider phobic patients and 21 control participants were instructed to search for a neutral target while ignoring task-irrelevant abrupt-onset distractor circles which contained either a small picture of a spider (phobic), a flower (non-phobic, but similar to spiders in shape), a mushroom (non-phobic, and not similar to spiders in shape), or small circles with no picture. As expected, patients' reaction times to targets were longer on trials with spider distractors. However, analyses of eye movements revealed that this was not due to attentional capture by spider distractors; patients more often fixated on all distractors with pictures. Instead, reaction times were delayed by longer fixation durations on spider distractors. This result does not support automatic capture of attention by phobic cues but suggests that phobic patients fail to disengage attention from spiders. To assess whether preferential processing of phobic cues differentially affects visual perception in phobic patients compared to healthy controls, the second study of this dissertation used a binocular rivalry paradigm, where two incompatible pictures were presented to each eye. These pictures cannot be merged to a meaningful percept and temporarily, one picture predominates in conscious perception whereas the other is suppressed. 23 spider phobic patients and 20 non-anxious control participants were shown standardized pictures of spiders or flowers, each paired with a neutral pattern under conditions of binocular rivalry. Their task was to continuously indicate the predominant percept by key presses. Analyses show that spider phobic patients perceived the spider picture more often and longer as dominant compared to non-anxious control participants. Thus, predominance of phobic cues in binocular rivalry provides evidence that preferential processing of fear-relevant cues in the visual system actually leads to superior perception. In combination both studies support the notion that phobic patients process phobic cues preferentially within the visual system resulting in enhanced attention and perception. At early stages of visual processing, this is mainly reflected by delayed attentional disengagement and across time, preferential processing leads to improved perception of threat cues.},
  subject      = {Phobie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Meule2014,
  author    = {Meule, Adrian},
  title     = {Food craving as a central construct in the self-regulation of eating behavior},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-104597},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Food craving refers to an intense desire to consume a specific kind of food of which chocolate is the most often craved one. It is this intensity and specificity that differentiates food craving from feelings of hunger. Although food craving and hunger often co-occur, an energy deficit is not a prerequisite for experiencing food craving, that is, it can also occur without being hungry. Food craving often precedes and predicts over- or binge eating which makes it a reasonable target in the treatment of eating disorders or obesity. One of the arguably most extensively validated measures for the assessment of food craving are the Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQs), which measure food craving on a state (FCQ-S) and trait (FCQ-T) level. Specifically, the FCQ-S measures the intensity of current food craving whereas the FCQ-T measures the frequency of food craving experiences in general. The aims of the present thesis were to provide a German measure for the assessment of food craving and to investigate cognitive, behavioral, and physiological correlates of food craving. For this purpose, a German version of the FCQs was presented and its reliability and validity was evaluated. Using self-reports, relationships between trait food craving and dieting were examined. Cognitive-behavioral correlates of food craving were investigated using food-related tasks assessing executive functions. Psychophysiological correlates of food craving were investigated using event-related potentials (ERPs) in the electroencephalogram and heart rate variability (HRV). Possible intervention approaches to reduce food craving were derived from results of those studies. Methods: The FCQs were translated into German and their psychometric properties and correlates were investigated in a questionnaire-based study (articles \#1 \& \#2). The relationship between state and trait food craving with executive functioning was examined with behavioral tasks measuring working memory performance and behavioral inhibition which involved highly palatable food-cues (articles \#3 \& \#4). Electrophysiological correlates of food craving were tested with ERPs during a craving regulation task (article \#5). Finally, a pilot study on the effects of HRV-biofeedback for reducing food craving was conducted (article \#6). Results: The FCQs demonstrated high internal consistency while their factorial structure could only partially be replicated. The FCQ-T also had high retest-reliability which, expectedly, was lower for the FCQ-S. Validity of the FCQ-S was shown by positive relationships with current food deprivation and negative affect. Validity of the FCQ-T was shown by positive correlations with related constructs. Importantly, scores on the subscales of the FCQ-T were able to discriminate between non-dieters and successful and unsuccessful dieters (article \#1). Furthermore, scores on the FCQ-T mediated the relationship between rigid dietary control strategies and low dieting success (article \#2). With regard to executive functioning, high-calorie food-cues impaired working memory performance, yet this was independent of trait food craving and rarely related to state food craving (article \#3). Behavioral disinhibition in response to high-calorie food-cues was predicted by trait food craving, particularly when participants were also impulsive (article \#4). Downregulation of food craving by cognitive strategies in response to high-calorie food-cues increased early, but not later, segments of the Late Positive Potential (LPP) (article \#5). Few sessions of HRV-biofeedback reduced self-reported food cravings and eating and weight concerns in high trait food cravers (article \#6). Conclusions: The German FCQs represent sound measures with good psychometric properties for the assessment of state and trait food craving. Although state food craving increases during cognitive tasks involving highly palatable food-cues, impairment of task performance does not appear to be mediated by current food craving experiences. Instead, trait food craving is associated with low behavioral inhibition in response to high-calorie food-cues, but not with impaired working memory performance. Future studies need to examine if trait food craving and, subsequently, food-cue affected behavioral inhibition can be reduced by using food-related inhibition tasks as a training. Current food craving and ERPs in response to food-cues can easily be modulated by cognitive strategies, yet the LPP probably does not represent a direct index of food craving. Finally, HRV-biofeedback may be a useful add-on element in the treatment of disorders in which food cravings are elevated. To conclude, the current thesis provided measures for the assessment of food craving in German and showed differential relationships between state and trait food craving with self-reported dieting behavior, food-cue affected executive functioning, ERPs and HRV-biofeedback. These results provide promising starting points for interventions to reduce food craving based on (1) food-cue-related behavioral trainings of executive functions, (2) cognitive craving regulation strategies, and (3) physiological parameters such as HRV-biofeedback.},
  subject      = {Craving},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reicherts2013,
  author    = {Reicherts, Philipp},
  title     = {Cognitive and Emotional Influences on Placebo Analgesia and Nocebo Hyperalgesia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106455},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The perception of pain can be modulated by a variety of factors such as biological/pharmacological treatments as well as potent cognitive and emotional manipulations. Placebo and nocebo effects are among the most prominent examples for such manipulations. Placebo and nocebo manipulations cause reliable psychological and physiological changes, although the administered agent or treatment is inert. The present dissertation aimed at investigating the role of cognitive and emotional influences in the generation of placebo and nocebo effects on pain perception. In addition, the feasibility of solely psychological placebo manipulations to alter the perception of pain was tested. Two commonly discussed preconditions for the generation of placebo and nocebo effects are prior experiences (i.e., past encounter of drug effects) and expectations (i.e., positive or negative attitudes towards an intervention). So far, research on placebo and nocebo effects relied on the administration of sham interventions, which resembled medical treatments like inert pills, creams or injections. However, such experimental procedures deal with confounds due to earlier experiences and expectations resulting from the individual's history with medical interventions. Accordingly, the implementation of a placebo manipulation that is completely new to an individual, seems necessary to disentangle the contribution of experience and expectation for the induction of placebo and nocebo effects. To this end, in Experiment 1 the level of experience and expectation regarding a placebo-nocebo treatment was stepwise manipulated across three different experimental groups. To avoid any resemblances to earlier experiences and individual expectations, a mere psychological placebo-nocebo treatment was chosen that was new to all participants. They were instructed that visual black and white stripe patterns had been found to reliably alter the perception of pain. One group of participants received only the placebo-nocebo instruction (expectation), a second group experienced a placebo-nocebo treatment within a conditioning phase (experience) but no instruction, and a third group received the combination of both that is a placebo-nocebo instruction and a placebo-nocebo conditioning (experience + expectation). It was shown that only the experience + expectation group revealed significantly higher pain ratings and physiological responses during nocebo, compared to placebo trials of the succeeding test phase. These findings demonstrate that the induction of a mere psychological placebo-nocebo effect on pain is in principle possible. Most important, results indicate that such effects most likely rely on both, a positive treatment experience, due to the encounter of an effective intervention (placebo conditioning), and a positive expectation about the intervention (placebo instruction).Besides experience and expectation, the current mood state has been shown to modulate pain and to impact the induction of placebo and nocebo effects. In this vein it has been demonstrated that placebo effects come along with positive affect, while nocebo effects often occur together with elevated feelings of anxiety. To clarify the interaction of emotions and placebo-nocebo manipulations on pain perception, in Experiment 2 the paradigm of Experiment 1 was modified. Instead of black and white stripe patterns, positive and negative emotional pictures were presented, which either cued pain increase (nocebo) or pain decrease (placebo). Two experimental groups were compared, which differed with regard to the instructed contingency of positive pictures serving as placebo and negative pictures serving as nocebo cues or vice versa (congruent vs. incongruent). Results indicate that the differentiation of placebo and nocebo trials (behaviorally and physiologically) was more pronounced for the congruent compared to the incongruent group. However, in the incongruent group, affective pain ratings were also significantly higher for nocebo (positive pictures) than placebo (negative pictures) trials, similar to the congruent group. These findings demonstrate that a placebo-nocebo manipulation is capable to dampen and even reverse the originally pain augmenting effect of negative emotions. The results of Experiment 2 were further corroborated in Experiment 3, when the design was adapted to the fMRI scanner, and again a congruent and an incongruent experimental group were compared. Behavioral, physiological and neurophysiological markers of pain processing revealed a differentiation between nocebo and placebo conditions that was present irrespective of the experimental group. In addition, the fMRI analysis revealed an increased engagement of prefrontal areas for the incongruent group only, supposedly reflecting the reinterpretation or appraisal process when positive pictures were cueing negative outcomes. Taken together, the results of the present studies showed (a) that it is possible to induce a placebo-nocebo effect on pain solely by a psychological manipulation, (b) that both, prior experiences and positive expectation, are necessary preconditions for this placebo-nocebo effect, (c) that the impact of negative emotion on pain can be dampened and even reversed by placebo-nocebo manipulations, and (d) that most likely a cognitive top-down process is crucial for the induction of (psychological) placebo-nocebo effects. These results significantly enhance our understanding of psychological mechanisms involved in the induction of placebo-nocebo effects. Further, a fruitful foundation for future studies is provided, which will need to determine the contributions of primarily nocebo or placebo responses mediating the effects as demonstrated in the present studies. In a long-term perspective, the present findings may also help to exploit placebo effects and prevent from nocebo effect in clinical contexts by further elucidating crucial psychological factors that contribute to the placebo and nocebo response.},
  subject      = {Placebo},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Weiland2010,
  author    = {Weiland, Romy},
  title     = {Facial reactions in response to gustatory and olfactory stimuli in healthy adults, patients with eating disorders, and patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51759},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The aim of this project was to investigate whether reflex-like innate facial reactions to tastes and odors are altered in patients with eating disorders. Qualitatively different tastes and odors have been found to elicit specific facial expressions in newborns. This specificity in newborns is characterized by positive facial reactions in response to pleasant stimuli and by negative facial reactions in response to unpleasant stimuli. It is, however, unclear, whether these specific facial displays remain stable during ontogeny (1). Despite the fact that several studies had shown that taste-and odor-elicited facial reactions remain quite stable across a human's life-span, the specificity of research questions, as well as different research methods, allow only limited comparisons between studies. Moreover, the gustofacial response patterns might be altered in pathological eating behavior (2). To date, however, the question of whether dysfunctional eating behavior might alter facial activity in response to tastes and odors has not been addressed. Furthermore, changes in facial activity might be linked to deficient inhibitory facial control (3). To investigate these three research questions, facial reactions in response to tastes and odors were assessed. Facial reactions were analyzed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS, Ekman \& Friesen, 1978; Ekman, Friesen, \& Hager, 2002) and electromyography.},
  subject      = {Mimik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Andreatta2010,
  author    = {Andreatta, Marta},
  title     = {Emotional reactions after event learning : a Rift between Implicit and Explicit Conditioned Valence in Humans Pain Relief Lerning},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55715},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Organismen vermeiden Gefahren und streben nach Belohnungen, um zu {\"u}berleben. Klassische Konditionierung ist ein einfaches Model, das erkl{\"a}rt, wie Tiere und Menschen Ereignisse in Verbindung bringen. Dieses Lernen erm{\"o}glicht Lebewesen Gefahr oder Belohnung direkt vorherzusehen. Normalerweise besteht das Konditionierungsparadigma aus der Pr{\"a}sentation eines neutralen Stimulus zusammen mit einem biologisch bedeutsamen Event (der unkonditionierte Stimulus - US). Aufgrund dieser Assoziation erwirbt der neutrale Stimulus affektive Eigenschaften und wird dann konditionierter Stimulus (CS+) genannt. Wenn der CS+ mit Schmerz w{\"a}hrend der Trainingsphase assoziiert wird, leitet er eine defensive Reaktion, wie z.B. Vermeidung ein. Wenn der CS+ mit einer Belohnung assoziiert wird, leitet er eine appetitive Reaktion, wie z.B. Ann{\"a}herungsreaktionen ein. Interessanterweise haben Tierstudien gezeigt, dass ein konditionierter Stimulus vermieden wurde, wenn er einem aversiven US in der Trainingsphase vorausgegangen war (CS+US; Vorw{\"a}rtskonditionierung). Das deutet darauf hin, dass der CS+ aversive Eigenschaften erlangt hat. Jedoch f{\"u}hrte ein konditionierter Stimulus zu einer Ann{\"a}herung, wenn er in der Trainingsphase auf einen aversiven US folgt (US CS+; R{\"u}ckw{\"a}rtskonditionierung). Das deutet darauf hin, dass der CS+ appetitive Eigenschaften erlangt hat. Kann das Event Timing sowohl aversive als auch appetitive konditionierten Reaktionen auch bei Menschen ausl{\"o}sen, die zu Kognitionen bez{\"u}glich der Assoziationen f{\"a}hig sind? Um diese Fragestellung zu beantworten, wurden vier Studien durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Studien hatten den gleichen Ablauf, variiert wurde nur die Zeit zwischen CS+ und US (das Interstimulusintervall - ISI - ist als das Zeitintervall zwischen dem Onset des CS+ und dem Onset des US definiert). W{\"a}hrend der Akquisitionsphase (Konditionierung) wurden, zwei einfache geometrische Figuren als konditionierte Stimuli dargeboten. Eine geometrische Figur (der CS+) war immer mit einem leichten schmerzhaften elektrischen Reiz (der aversive US) assoziiert; die andere Figur (der CS-) war nie mit dem elektrischen Reiz assoziiert. In einem between-subjects Design wurde entweder eine Vorw{\"a}rtskonditionierung oder eine R{\"u}ckw{\"a}rtskonditionierung durchgef{\"u}hrt. W{\"a}hrend der Testsphase (Extinktion) wurden CS+ und CS- pr{\"a}sentiert sowie zus{\"a}tzlich eine neue neutrale geometrische Figur pr{\"a}sentiert, die als Kontrollstimulus fungierte; der US wurde in dieser Phase nie dargeboten. Vor und nach der Konditionierung wurden die Probanden sowohl bez{\"u}glich der Valenz (bzw. Unangenehmheit und Angenehmheit) als auch der Erregung (bzw. Ruhe und Aufregung) hinsichtlich der geometrischen Figuren befragt. In der ersten Studie wurde der Schreckreflex (Startle Reflex) als Maß f{\"u}r die implizite Valenz der Stimuli gemessen. Der Schreckreflex ist eine defensive Urreaktion, die aus einem Muskelzucken des Gesichts und des K{\"o}rpers besteht. Dieser Reflex ist durch pl{\"o}tzliche und intensive visuelle, taktile oder akustische Reize evoziert. Einerseits war die Amplitude des Startles bei der Anwesenheit des vorw{\"a}rts CS+ potenziert und das deutet daraufhin, dass der CS+ eine implizite negative Valenz nach der Vorw{\"a}rtskonditionierung erworben hat. Anderseits war die Amplitude des Startles bei der Anwesenheit des r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ abgeschw{\"a}cht, was darauf hin deutet, dass der CS+ nach der R{\"u}ckw{\"a}rtskonditionierung eine implizite positive Valenz erworben hat. In der zweiten Studie wurde die oxygenierte Bloodsresponse (BOLD) mit funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRI) erhoben, um neuronale Korrelate des Event-Timings zu erfassen. Eine st{\"a}rkere Aktivierung wurde in der Amygdala in Erwiderung auf den vorw{\"a}rts CS+ und im Striatum in Erwiderung auf den r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ gefunden. Zum Einen entspricht dies einer Aktivierung des Defensive Motivational Systems, da die Amygdala eine wichtige Rolle beim Angstexpression und Angstakquisition hat. Deshalb wurde der vorw{\"a}rts CS+ als aversiv betrachtet. Zum Anderen entspricht dies einer Aktivierung des Appetitive Motivational System, da das Striatum eine wichtige Rolle bei Belohnung hat. Deshalb wurde der r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ als appetitiv betrachtet. In der dritten Studie wurden Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse beim Event-Timing n{\"a}her beleuchtet, indem steady-state visuelle evozierte Potentiale (ssVEP) gemessen wurden. Sowohl der vorw{\"a}rts CS+ als auch der r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ zog Aufmerksamkeit auf sich. Dennoch war die Amplitude der ssVEP großer w{\"a}hrend der letzen Sekunden des vorw{\"a}rts CS+, d.h. direkt vor dem aversiven US. Die Amplitude der ssVEP war aber gr{\"o}ßer w{\"a}hrend der ersten Sekunden des r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+, d.h. kurz nach dem aversiven US. Vermutlich wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf den hinsichtlich des aversiven US informativsten Teil des CS+. Alle Probanden der drei Studien haben den vorw{\"a}rts CS+ und den r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ negativer und erregender als den Kontrollstimulus beurteilt. Daher werden die expliziten Ratings vom Event-Timing nicht beeinflusst. Bemerkenswert ist die Dissoziation zwischen den subjektiven Ratings und den physiologischen Reaktionen. Nach der Dual-Prozess Theorie werden die Verhaltensreaktionen des Menschen von zwei Systemen determiniert: einem impulsiv impliziten System, das auf assoziativen Prinzipien beruht, und einem reflektiv expliziten System, das auf der Kenntnis {\"u}ber Fakten und Werte basiert. Wichtig ist, dass die zwei Systeme auf synergetische oder antagonistische Weise agieren k{\"o}nnen. Folglich k{\"o}nnte es sein, dass das impulsive und das reflektive System nach der R{\"u}ckw{\"a}rtskonditionierung antagonistisch arbeiten. Zusammen deuten die vorliegenden Studien daraufhin, dass Event-Timing eine Bestrafung in eine Belohnung umwandeln kann, aber die Probanden erleben den Stimulus assoziiert mit einem aversiven Event als negativ. Diese Dissoziation k{\"o}nnte zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der psychiatrischen St{\"o}rungen wie z.B. Angstst{\"o}rungen oder Drogenabh{\"a}ngigkeit beitragen.},
  subject      = {Gef{\"u}hl},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{KordtsFreudinger2010,
  author    = {Kordts-Freudinger, Robert},
  title     = {Relief: Approach Behavior and Avoidance Goals},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55366},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The thesis deals with the question which motivation direction—approach or avoidance—is connected to the emotion relief—a positive, low-arousal emotion, which is caused by an expected or nonexpected, motive-consistent change for the better, thus caused by the absence of an aversive stimulus. Based on the idea of postulating different levels of approach avoidance motivation, the Reflective-Impulsive Model of Behavior (RIM, Strack \& Deutsch, 2004) is applied to relief and approach avoidance. The RIM differentiates between an impulsive and a reflective system of information processing, with both systems working in relative independence from each other. Two central variables moderate the relation between relief and approach avoidance. The first is the psychological system in which approach avoidance is processed and assessed. Two levels of approach avoidance are distinguished: an impulsive distance orientation (distance change in relation to specific stimuli) and a reflective goal orientation (attainment of positive versus avoidance of negative end states). The second is the psychological system in which relief developed: In the impulsive system, relief develops as the affect that is conditioned to the absence of negative states; in the reflective system, relief develops as a result of goal-oriented behaviour of controlling or preventing of negative stimulation. The thesis looks at both moderators (level of approach avoidance and psychological system of development of relief) at once. The central prediction for the impulsive distance orientation is: Relief leads to an approach distance orientation (distance reduction), independent from the system in which relief develops. The central prediction for the reflective goal orientation is: Relief leads to an avoidance goal orientation (control of negative end states). This latter prediction is only made for the case when relief was caused by (develops in) the reflective system, that is by one's own, goal-directed behaviour; it is further necessary for an avoidance goal orientation that the relief state cannot certainly reached, instead there always has to uncertainty in the control of negative states. The methodology in the thesis is based on studies of aversive conditioning. In most studies, a differentiation paradigm is applied. The impulsive relief is operationalized via a classically conditioned relief (aversive CS-), whereas the reflective relief is operationalized via an active avoidance paradigm which ensures the methodological comparability of "reflective relief" to "impulsive relief". The predictions are as follows: Prediction A: Relief will elicit positive affective valence and an approach distance orientation. This should be true for both relief that is caused by the impulsive system and for relief that is caused by the reflective system (Experiments 2-3). Prediction B: More positive valence of relief—caused by a larger change of affective states—will elicit a stronger approach distance orientation (Experiment 4). Prediction C: Relief caused by the impulsive system will not elicit a specific goal orientation (Experiment 5). Prediction D: Uncertain self-induced relief—caused by the reflective system—will elicit an avoidance goal orientation (Experiments 6-7). In addition, Experiment 1 validated the conditioning paradigm used for the elicitation of relief. The experiments in the thesis support all predictions made in the theoretical part. The work has implications for the assumptions made in the RIM (Strack \& Deutsch, 2004). In the impulsive system, the affective valence determines approach avoidance orientation (e.g., R. Neumann \& Strack, 2000), the reflective goal not playing an important role. Relief elicits an approach orientation in the impulsive system. In the reflective system, the active goal is decisive for the approach avoidance orientation. Uncertain self-caused relief elicits an avoidance goal orientation in the reflective system. The studies of the thesis thus support and validate the assumptions made in the RIM (Strack \& Deutsch, 2004) in the specific field of motivational direction.},
  subject      = {Motivation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Walz2013,
  author    = {Walz, Nora},
  title     = {Der Mensch im Open-Field-Test: Agoraphobie als pathologische Form extraterritorialer Angst},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81402},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Angstverhalten bei der Panikst{\"o}rung mit Agoraphobie wird haupts{\"a}chlich unter dem Aspekt des „safety seekings" betrachtet. Kontrovers diskutiert wird, ob diese Verhaltensweisen f{\"u}r eine erfolgreiche Behandlung abgebaut werden sollen. Es wurde bisher kaum nach der ethologischen Bedeutung bestimmter Verhaltensweisen unter Angst gefragt. Dies ist erstaunlich, weil die Panikst{\"o}rung mit Agoraphobie h{\"a}ufig als gesteigerte Form extraterritorialer Angst gesehen wird. Extraterritoriale Angst tritt typischerweise bei Tieren auf, wenn sie ihr vertrautes Gebiet verlassen. Im Tiermodell liegen zahlreiche ethoexperimentelle Paradigmen vor, mit denen man das nat{\"u}rliche Angstverhalten von Tieren untersucht. Letztlich kl{\"a}rt man am Tiermodell aber Fragestellungen, die am Menschen nicht umsetzbar sind. Die experimentelle Untersuchung menschlichen Angstverhaltens unter ethologischer Perspektive erfordert eine Situation, die solches Verhalten ethisch unbedenklich ausl{\"o}st und geeignete messbare Parameter liefert. Der Open-Field Test als bekanntes Paradigma aus der Tierforschung erf{\"u}llt diese Voraussetzungen. Es war Ziel des Promotionsvorhabens, in einem realen Open-Field Test bei Agoraphobiepatien-ten und hoch{\"a}ngstlichen Probanden Thigmotaxis als ethologisches Angstverhalten nachzuweisen und mit dem Verhalten einer Kontrollgruppe bzw. niedrig{\"a}ngstlichen Personen zu vergleichen (Studie I). Thigmotaxis ist eine Bewegungstendenz entlang des Randes und wird im Tiermodell als Index f{\"u}r Angst benutzt. Es sollte die Frage gekl{\"a}rt werden, ob agoraphobes Verhalten evolution{\"a}r verankert werden kann. Ziel von Studie II war die Untersuchung der Wege in einer typischen Alltagstopographie. Dazu wurden Unterschiede im Raum-Zeit-Verhalten von Agora-phobiepatienten vs. Kontrollgruppe, sowie hoch- vs. niedrig{\"a}ngstlichen Probanden beim Gehen durch die Stadt verglichen. Die Aufzeichnung des Raum-Zeit-Verhaltens erfolgte in beiden Studien per GPS-Tracking. Studie I zeigte an insgesamt 69 Studienteilnehmern, dass Angstverhalten mit ethologischer Bedeutung bei Menschen im Open-Field Test eindeutig messbar ist. Agoraphobiepatienten zeigten w{\"a}hrend der Exploration eines ungef{\"a}hrlichen freien Fußballfeldes deutlich mehr Thigmotaxis und Vermeidung der Mitte als die Kontrollgruppe. Hoch{\"a}ngstliche im Vergleich zu niedrig{\"a}ngstlichen gesunden Probanden zeigten dies ebenfalls. So konnte die Vermutung unterst{\"u}tzt werden, dass die Agoraphobie m{\"o}glicherweise eine evolution{\"a}re Entsprechung in der tierischen Extraterritorialangst hat. Die Befunde sprechen auch f{\"u}r eine gemeinsame Pr{\"a}disposition zu Sicherheitsverhalten bei pathologischer Angst und hoher {\"A}ngstlichkeit. Die Bedeutung gemeinsamer Verhaltensdispositionen bei klinischen und nicht-klinischen Gruppen kann im Hinblick auf gemeinsame Endoph{\"a}notypen f{\"u}r die neuronale Angstverarbeitung diskutiert werden. Zuletzt konnte mit dem Open-Field Test ein aus der Tierforschung bekanntes ethoexperimentelles Paradigma auf den Menschen {\"u}bertragen werden, was die G{\"u}ltigkeit des Tiermodells unterst{\"u}tzt. Studie II lieferte Unterschiede in den Wegen der Agoraphobiepatienten vs. Kontrollpersonen bei der Passage des Marktplatzes. Die Patienten {\"u}berquerten den Marktplatz seltener als die Kon-trollgruppe, und tangierten ihn h{\"a}ufiger am Rand. Die Daten konnten in korrelativen Zusammenhang mit der Vermeidung der Mitte im Open-Field Test gebracht werden. Dies deutet auf eine starke Auswirkung der agoraphoben Symptomatik auf das Raum-Zeit-Verhalten in unterschiedlichen Situationen hin. Im Weiteren zeigte Studie II, dass sich GPS Tracking als Assessment-Methode in der klinischen Psychologie eignet. Bei den hoch-und niedrig{\"a}ngstlichen Probanden fand sich bei der Passage des Marktplatzes kein Unterschied, aber der weitere Streckenverlauf lieferte Hinweise darauf, dass bei hoher {\"A}ngstlichkeit die Navigation entlang h{\"a}ufig zur{\"u}ckgelegter Strecken bevorzugt werden k{\"o}nnte. Schlussfolgerung des explorativen Vorgehens bei Studie II ist, dass es sich lohnt, den Zusammenhang zwischen Emotion und Navigation in komplexer Umgebung weiter zu untersuchen},
  subject      = {Agoraphobie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kaufmann2013,
  author    = {Kaufmann, Tobias},
  title     = {Brain-computer interfaces based on event-related potentials: toward fast, reliable and easy-to-use communication systems for people with neurodegenerative disease},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83441},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Objective: Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) provide a muscle independent interaction channel making them particularly valuable for individuals with severe motor impairment. Thus, different BCI systems and applications have been proposed as assistive technology (AT) solutions for such patients. The most prominent system for communication utilizes event-related potentials (ERP) obtained from the electroencephalogram (EEG) to allow for communication on a character-by-character basis. Yet in their current state of technology, daily life use cases of such systems are rare. In addition to the high EEG preparation effort, one of the main reasons is the low information throughput compared to other existing AT solutions. Furthermore, when testing BCI systems in patients, a performance drop is usually observed compared to healthy users. Patients often display a low signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded EEG and detection of brain responses may be aggravated due to internally (e.g. spasm) or externally induced artifacts (e.g. from ventilation devices). Consequently, practical BCI systems need to cope with mani-fold inter-individual differences. Whilst these high demands lead to increasing complexity of the technology, daily life use of BCI systems requires straightforward setup including an easy-to-use graphical user interface that nonprofessionals can handle without expert support. Research questions of this thesis: This dissertation project aimed at bringing forward BCI technology toward a possible integration into end-users' daily life. Four basic research questions were addressed: (1) Can we identify performance predictors so that we can provide users with individual BCI solutions without the need of multiple, demanding testing sessions? (2) Can we provide complex BCI technology in an automated, user-friendly and easy-to-use manner, so that BCIs can be used without expert support at end-users' homes? (3) How can we account for and improve the low information transfer rates as compared to other existing assistive technology solutions? (4) How can we prevent the performance drop often seen when bringing BCI technology that was tested in healthy users to those with severe motor impairment? Results and discussion: (1) Heart rate variability (HRV) as an index of inhibitory control (i.e. the ability to allocate attention resources and inhibit distracting stimuli) was significantly related to ERP-BCI performance and accounted for almost 26\% of variance. HRV is easy to assess from short heartbeat recordings and may thus serve as a performance predictor for ERP-BCIs. Due to missing software solutions for appropriate processing of artifacts in heartbeat data (electrocardiogram and inter-beat interval data), our own tool was developed that is available free of charge. To date, more than 100 researchers worldwide have requested the tool. Recently, a new version was developed and released together with a website (www.artiifact.de). (2) Furthermore, a study of this thesis demonstrated that BCI technology can be incorporated into easy-to-use software, including auto-calibration and predictive text entry. Na{\"i}ve, healthy nonprofessionals were able to control the software without expert support and successfully spelled words using the auto-calibrated BCI. They reported that software handling was straightforward and that they would be able to explain the system to others. However, future research is required to study transfer of the results to patient samples. (3) The commonly used ERP-BCI paradigm was significantly improved. Instead of simply highlighting visually displayed characters as is usually done, pictures of famous faces were used as stimulus material. As a result, specific brain potentials involved in face recognition and face processing were elicited. The event-related EEG thus displayed an increased signal-to-noise ratio, which facilitated the detection of ERPs extremely well. Consequently, BCI performance was significantly increased. (4) The good results of this new face-flashing paradigm achieved with healthy participants transferred well to users with neurodegenerative disease. Using a face paradigm boosted information throughput. Importantly, two users who were highly inefficient with the commonly used paradigm displayed high accuracy when exposed to the face paradigm. The increased signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded EEG thus helped them to overcome their BCI inefficiency. Significance: The presented work at hand (1) successfully identified a physiological predictor of ERP-BCI performance, (2) proved the technology ready to be operated by na{\"i}ve nonprofessionals without expert support, (3) significantly improved the commonly used spelling paradigm and (4) thereby displayed a way to effectively prevent BCI inefficiency in patients with neurodegenerative disease. Additionally, missing software solutions for appropriate handling of artifacts in heartbeat data encouraged development of our own software tool that is available to the research community free of charge. In sum, this thesis significantly improved current BCI technology and enhanced our understanding of physiological correlates of BCI performance.},
  subject      = {Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bruetting2013,
  author    = {Br{\"u}tting, Johanna},
  title     = {Psychotherapie spezifischer Phobien: Die Bedeutung der Angstaktivierung f{\"u}r Therapieprozess und Therapieerfolg},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-80578},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, inwiefern die Angstaktivierung Einfluss auf den Therapieprozess und den Therapieerfolg bei der Behandlung spezifischer Phobien hat. Obwohl expositionsbasierte Therapieverfahren nachweislich effektiv sind und vor allem bei der Behandlung spezifischer Phobien als die Methode der Wahl gelten, sind deren genauen Wirkmechanismen doch noch nicht v{\"o}llig gekl{\"a}rt. In zwei empirischen Studien wurde hier die von Foa und Kozak (1986, 1991) in der „Emotional Processing Theory" als notwendig postulierte Rolle der Angstaktivierung w{\"a}hrend der Exposition untersucht. In der ersten Studie wurde auf Grundlage tier- und humanexperimenteller Befunde untersucht, ob durch eine Reaktivierung der Angst und darauffolgende Exposition innerhalb eines bestimmten Zeitfensters (= Rekonsolidierungsfenster) die R{\"u}ckkehr der Angst verhindert werden kann. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die {\"U}bertragung bisheriger Ergebnisse aus Konditionierungsstudien auf eine klinische Stichprobe. Die spinnenphobischen Untersuchungsteilnehmer (N = 36) wurden randomisiert entweder der Reaktivierungsgruppe (RG) oder einer Standardexpositionsgruppe (SEG) zugewiesen. Die RG bekam vor der Exposition in virtueller Realit{\"a}t (VRET) f{\"u}nf Sekunden lang einen Reaktivierungsstimulus - eine virtuelle Spinne - dargeboten, woraufhin zehn Minuten standardisierte Wartezeit folgte. In der SEG wurde die Angst vor der Exposition nicht reaktiviert. 24 Stunden nach der VRET wurde in einem Test die spontane R{\"u}ckkehr der Angst erfasst. Entgegen der Annahmen f{\"u}hrte die Reaktivierung vor der VRET nicht zu einer geringeren R{\"u}ckkehr der Angst in der Testsitzung 24 Stunden sp{\"a}ter. Die Angst kehrte in keiner der beiden Versuchsgruppen zur{\"u}ck, was sich bez{\"u}glich subjektiver Angstratings, f{\"u}r Verhaltensdaten und auch f{\"u}r physiologische Maße zeigte. Auch zeigte sich ein grunds{\"a}tzlich positiver Effekt der Behandlung, bei der im Anschluss noch eine Exposition in vivo stattfand. Ein Follow-Up nach sechs Monaten ergab eine weitere Reduktion der Spinnenangst. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass sich die experimentellen Befunde zu Rekonsolidierungsprozessen aus Konditionierungsstudien nicht einfach auf ein Therapiesetting und die Behandlung spezifischer Phobien {\"u}bertragen lassen. Die zweite Studie befasste sich mit der Frage, ob Koffein die initiale Angstaktivierung erh{\"o}hen kann und ob sich dies positiv auf den Therapieerfolg auswirkt. Die spinnenphobischen Studienteilnehmer (N = 35) wurden in einem doppelblinden Versuchsdesign entweder der Koffeingruppe (KOFG) oder der Placebogruppe (PG) zugeordnet. Die KOFG erhielt eine Stunde vor Beginn der VRET eine Koffeintablette mit 200 mg Koffein, die PG erhielt als {\"A}quivalent zur gleichen Zeit eine Placebotablette. Eine Analyse der Speichelproben der Probanden ergab, dass sich die Koffeinkonzentration durch die Koffeintablette signifikant erh{\"o}hte. Dies f{\"u}hrte jedoch nicht, wie erwartet, zu einer h{\"o}heren Angstaktivierung w{\"a}hrend der VRET, weshalb unter anderem diskutiert wird, ob evtl. die Koffeinkonzentration zu niedrig war, um anxiogen zu wirken. Dennoch profitierten die Teilnehmer beider Versuchsgruppen von unserem Behandlungsangebot. Die Spinnenangst reduzierte sich signifikant {\"u}ber vier Sitzungen hinweg. Diese Reduktion blieb stabil bis zum Follow-Up drei Monate nach Studienende. Zusammengefasst l{\"a}sst sich zur optimalen H{\"o}he der Angstaktivierung aufgrund der hier durchgef{\"u}hrten beiden Studien keine exakte Aussage machen, da sich die Versuchsgruppen in beiden Studien hinsichtlich der H{\"o}he der Angstaktivierung zu Beginn (und auch w{\"a}hrend) der Exposition nicht unterschieden. Es l{\"a}sst sich aber festhalten, dass die VRET und auch die in vivo Exposition in beiden Studien effektiv Angst ausl{\"o}sten und dass sich die Angst in beiden Gruppen signifikant bis zu den Follow-Ups (sechs bzw. drei Monate nach Studienende) signifikant reduzierte. Die Behandlung kann also als erfolgreich angesehen werden. M{\"o}gliche andere Wirkfaktoren der Expositionstherapie, wie z.B. die Rolle der wahrgenommenen Kontrolle werden neben der H{\"o}he der Angstaktivierung diskutiert.},
  subject      = {Psychotherapie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schmitz2013,
  author    = {Schmitz, Marcus},
  title     = {Simulationsgest{\"u}tzte Kompetenzfeststellung von Triebfahrzeugf{\"u}hrern - Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Verhaltensmarkersystems},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-82272},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung und Anwendung einer simulationsgest{\"u}tzten Methode zur Kompetenzfeststellung von Triebfahrzeugf{\"u}hrern (Tf) der Deutschen Bahn AG unter Anwendung eines Verhaltensmarkersystems. Diese Methode wurde als ein erweitertes Konzept zur Bewertung eines Tf im Rahmen einer j{\"a}hrlich stattfindenden {\"U}berwachungsfahrt entwickelt. Diese {\"U}berwachungsfahrt besteht aus einer etwa 45-min{\"u}tigen Pr{\"u}fungsfahrt, mit deren Hilfe die Handlungssicherheit eines Tf erh{\"o}ht sowie dessen Leistung und Leistungsf{\"a}higkeit beschrieben und bewertet wird. Die {\"U}berwachungsfahrt wird von geschulten Instruktoren durchgef{\"u}hrt. W{\"a}hrend der Simulatorfahrt werden unregelm{\"a}ßige Ereignisse eingespielt, die der Tf unter Anwendung der vorgeschriebenen Sollverhaltensweisen bew{\"a}ltigen muss. Ziel ist es, keinen sicherheitsrelevanten Mangel zu verursachen. Grundlage des eingef{\"u}hrten Verhaltensmarkersystems ist ein Datenkonzept, das auf den in den Regelwerken beschriebenen Fahrtereignissen und den entsprechenden Sollverhaltensweisen beruht. Die {\"U}berwachungsfahrt wird aus diesen Einzelereignissen zusammengestellt und somit entspricht auch das w{\"a}hrend der {\"U}berwachung zu zeigende Verhalten dem in den Regelwerken beschriebenen Sollverhalten. Um Abweichungen vom vorgeschriebenen Verhalten besser erkennen und bewerten zu k{\"o}nnen, werden sog. Verhaltensmarker eingef{\"u}hrt. Hierbei handelt es sich um objektive und nachpr{\"u}fbare Indikatoren, die etwas {\"u}ber den Grad der Erf{\"u}llung des Sollverhaltens Auskunft geben. Zentral f{\"u}r die Bewertung sind somit die Erfassung m{\"o}glicher Sollverhaltensabweichungen und die Frage nach der Festlegung der Schwere dieser Abweichung im Sinne eines Fehlers. Um Art und St{\"a}rke der Abweichungen vom Sollverhalten wurden objektive Fahrdaten aus dem Simulator herangezogen. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde ein standardisiertes Beobachtungsverfahren f{\"u}r die Instruktoren entwickelt. In einem zweiten Schritt wurden die {\"u}ber beide Verfahren erfassten Abweichungen vom Sollverhalten auf der Basis von Expertenurteilen entsprechend der potentiellen Auswirkungen gewichtet. Diese Gewichtung reicht in drei Stufen von leichten Fehlern bis hin zu sicherheitsrelevanten M{\"a}ngeln. F{\"u}r alle in den {\"U}berwachungsfahrten vorkommenden Sollverhaltensweisen wurden m{\"o}gliche Abweichungen erhoben und in einer Fehlertabelle den Fehlerkategorien „gering", „mittelschwer" und „sicherheitsrelevant" zugeordnet. Die so gewichtete Fehlerbetrachtung f{\"u}hrt zu einer Gesamtbewertung des Tf und zu einer detaillierten Analyse seiner St{\"a}rken und Schw{\"a}chen. Insgesamt wurden 1033 {\"U}berwachungsfahrten von den Instruktoren auf einem projektspezifischen Bogen protokolliert. {\"U}ber die an den Simulatoren vorhandenen Datenschnittstellen wurden 1314 {\"U}berwachungsfahrten aufgezeichnet. Diese Datenquellen wurden integriert und ausgewertet. Als {\"u}bergeordnetes Ergebnis l{\"a}sst sich festhalten, dass die Anwendung der in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Methode nachweislich die Qualit{\"a}t und Genauigkeit der Bewertung verbessern konnte. Die Verhaltensmarker erm{\"o}glichen eine differenziertere Bewertung des Leistungsstands eines Tf. So ist es nicht nur m{\"o}glich, sicherheitskritisches Verhalten („roter Bereich") und ein optimales, fehlerfreies Verhalten („gr{\"u}ner Bereich") festzustellen, sondern auch Aussagen {\"u}ber den „gelben Bereich" dazwischen zu treffen (z.B. M{\"a}ngel, die in anderen Situationen sicherheitskritisch sein k{\"o}nnen).},
  subject      = {Lokomotivf{\"u}hrer},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Reichert2014,
  author    = {Reichert, Andreas},
  title     = {Eltern stark machen! Eine randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie zur Evaluation des modularen Elterntrainings „Plan E" im kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Setting},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98337},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Die Arbeit legt bei den Ausf{\"u}hrungen zum theoretischen Hintergrund dar, dass sich hinsichtlich der Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r erzieherisches Handeln in den letzten Jahrzehnten viele gesellschaftliche und famili{\"a}re Ver{\"a}nderungen ergaben. Befragungen von Eltern zeigten teilweise eine Verunsicherung in Bezug auf die Erziehung ihrer Kinder. Gleichzeitig stellen psychische St{\"o}rungen und Verhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter ein gesellschaftlich relevantes Problem dar. Nahezu jedes f{\"u}nfte Kind weist nach epidemiologischen Studien psychische Probleme auf. Aus Studien zu Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren hinsichtlich der Entstehung solcher St{\"o}rungen lassen sich verschiedene pr{\"a}ventive oder therapeutische Interventionen ableiten. H{\"a}ufig werden dabei biologische, psychosoziale und famili{\"a}re Risikofaktoren unterschieden. Aspekte der Erziehung oder des famili{\"a}ren Umfelds k{\"o}nnen sowohl f{\"o}rderlich als auch dysfunktional bez{\"u}glich der Entwicklung eines Kindes sein. Famili{\"a}re Risikofaktoren sind im Vergleich zu vielen biologischen oder psychosozialen Einfl{\"u}ssen potentiell ver{\"a}nderbare Faktoren und sollten unbedingt bei der Behandlung von psychisch kranken Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden. Generell erweist sich die Psychotherapie im Kindes- und Jugendalter als {\"a}hnlich effektiv wie bei Erwachsenen. Verschiedene Original-, {\"U}bersichtsarbeiten und Metaanalysen belegen die Wirksamkeit von Elterntrainings hinsichtlich der Verbesserung von Erziehungsverhalten und Verhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten der Kinder. Wirksamkeitsnachweise finden sich mehrheitlich zu kognitiv-behavioralen Elterntrainings. Sie legen meistens den Schwerpunkt auf konkretes Erziehungsverhalten und versuchen im Sinne des Selbstmanagementansatzes eine Hilfe zu Selbsthilfe bzw. eine St{\"a}rkung der elterlichen Ressourcen zu erreichen. W{\"a}hrend vor allem randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien aus dem angloamerikanischen und australischen Raum vorliegen, bestanden in Deutschland - im Vergleich zu der Vielzahl der Elterntrainings und der H{\"a}ufigkeit der Angebote - bis vor einigen Jahren nur relativ wenige Evaluationsstudien. Mit „Plan E" stellte sich ein neues Elterntraining in der vorliegenden Studie der Frage nach seinem Wirksamkeitsnachweis. Nach Kenntnis des Autors handelt es sich dabei um das bisher einzige Elterntraining, welches st{\"o}rungsunspezifisch, altersunabh{\"a}ngig, als offene Gruppe und f{\"u}r den Einsatz sowohl im ambulanten als auch im (teil-)station{\"a}ren Bereich konzipiert wurde. Nachdem in dieser Studie zun{\"a}chst das Ausmaß der psychischen Belastung der teilnehmenden Kinder, Jugendlichen und deren Eltern ausf{\"u}hrlich dargestellt und entsprechende Zusammenhangsmaße berechnet und pr{\"a}sentiert werden, besteht der Hauptfokus der Arbeit auf der Evaluation des Trainings „Plan E". Die Untersuchung erfolgte anhand einer klinischen Inanspruchnahmepopulation in einem randomisiert-kontrollierten Design. Diesbez{\"u}glich kamen verschiedene Fragebogen- sowie ein standardisiertes Beobachtungsverfahren zum Einsatz. Durch „Plan E" ließ sich eine Reduktion dysfunktionaler Erziehungspraktiken sowie eine Verbesserung der emotionalen Befindlichkeit der Eltern erreichen. Auf das elterliche Kompetenzerleben zeigte das Programm keinen Einfluss. Hinsichtlich der Verhaltensauff{\"a}lligkeiten der Kinder fanden sich bei varianzanalytischen Auswertungen keine Hinweise f{\"u}r einen zus{\"a}tzlichen Effekt durch die Teilnahme an „Plan E"; dagegen wurde bei Analysen durch non-parametrische Verfahren deutliche Hinweise daf{\"u}r gefunden, dass durch die Teilnahme am Elterntraining der Anteil von auff{\"a}llig klassifizierten Kindern deutlicher abnahm. {\"U}berpr{\"u}fungen der Wirksamkeit des Elterntrainings auf die Eltern-Kind-Interaktion anhand einer Beobachtungsskala lieferten keine eindeutigen Befunde. Die Ergebnisse sowie die Untersuchungsmethodik werden abschließend kritisch diskutiert. Schlussfolgerungen f{\"u}r m{\"o}gliche weitere Forschungsvorhaben werden dargestellt.},
  subject      = {Elternbildung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Dignath2014,
  author    = {Dignath, David},
  title     = {Conflict Management},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103586},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Menschen haben die beeindruckende F{\"a}higkeit zu planen, sich Ziele zu setzen und entsprechend zu handeln. Dies ist aber nicht immer der Fall. Jeder kennt Situationen, in denen Impulse, wie zum Beispiel der Drang noch ein weiteres Bier zu trinken oder stark {\"u}berlernte Verhaltensgewohnheiten, wie zum Beispiel automatisch auf der rechten Straßenseite zu fahren unseren eigentlichen Zielen im Weg stehen. Dieser ´Wettstreit´ zwischen impulsiven oder habituellen Verhaltenstendenzen und zielgerichteten Handlungen wird auch als Konflikt bezeichnet. Solch ein Konflikt tritt st{\"a}ndig in Erscheinung und kann viele Formen annehmen. Daher {\"u}berrascht es nicht weiter, dass die Art und Weise wie Konflikt kontrolliert wird, auch sehr unterschiedlich sein kann. Es scheint offensichtlich, dass Menschen Konflikte ganz verschieden handhaben k{\"o}nnen: Wenn wir eine Konfliktsituation erwarten, k{\"o}nnen wir bereits vorausschauend zus{\"a}tzliche Anstrengungen unternehmen um den Konflikt dann in der Situation ad{\"a}quat zu l{\"o}sen. Alternativ k{\"o}nnen wir solche Situationen auch bereits im Vorfeld vermeiden und umgehen damit die Gefahr, unseren Impulsen nachzugeben. Auch wenn wir mit einer Konfliktsituation bereits konfrontiert sind, k{\"o}nnen wir versuchen durch besondere Anstrengungen diesen Konflikt aufzul{\"o}sen. Schließlich haben wir auch die M{\"o}glichkeit, uns aus der Situation zur{\"u}ckziehen wodurch wir das Risiko minimieren, entgegen unserer eigentlichen Ziele zu handeln. Um diese Variabilit{\"a}t von Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigung besser zu verstehen, versucht die vorliegende Arbeit eine genauere Beschreibung dieser Kontrollprozesse zu geben. Zwei Dimensionen von Kontrollfunktionen werden identifiziert. Diese ergeben sich aus teilweise antagonistischen Erfordernissen an erfolgreiche Handlungskontrolle und beschreiben zum einen die Abw{\"a}gung zwischen Flexibilit{\"a}t und Stabilit{\"a}t, zum Anderen die Abw{\"a}gung zwischen antizipativer Selektion und reaktiver Korrektur. Um zu erkl{\"a}ren, wie diese beiden Dimensionen von Kontrollfunktionen interagieren und wie daraus ein ad{\"a}quater Umgang mit Konflikten entstehen kann, wird das „Conflict Management Framework" eingef{\"u}hrt. Eine Hypothese, die aus diesem Rahmenmodel hervorgeht, beschreibt eine spezifische Strategie mit Konflikt umzugehen, die in dieser Art noch nicht untersucht wurde: Wenn Konflikt erlebt wird, ziehen sich Personen aus dieser Situation zur{\"u}ck und versuchen dadurch dem Konflikt zu entgehen. Der empirische Teil der Arbeit untersucht diese Verhaltensstrategie in Bezug auf Konflikterleben und testet, ob Personen unter bestimmten Bedingungen sich aus Konfliktsituationen zur{\"u}ckziehen. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung werden drei Reihen an Experimenten vorgestellt die sowohl Freie-Wahl Paradigmen, Klassifikationsaufgaben unter Zeitdruck, als auch die Aufzeichnung kontinuierlicher Bewegungen umfassen. Es zeigte sich, dass Konflikt motivationale Vermeidungstendenzen hervorruft (Experimente 1 und 2), Entscheidungsverhalten verzerrt, so dass kurzfristig mit Konflikt assoziierte Aufgaben vermieden werden (Experimente 3 und 5), und die Ausf{\"u}hrung von komplexen Handlungen beeinflusst (Experimente 6 und 7). Diese Ergebnisse unterst{\"u}tzen das vorgeschlagene Rahmenmodell und erm{\"o}glichen eine vertiefte Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, wie unterschiedliche Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien integriert werden k{\"o}nnen. Dazu wird ein konnektionistisches Modell vorgestellt, dass die parallele Anwendung von zwei unterschiedlichen Strategien zur Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigung erm{\"o}glicht und damit die empirischen Befunde der Experimente 3, 4 und 5 erkl{\"a}ren kann. Im verbleibenden Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Fehler einer solchen Integration von Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien analysiert. Es wird diskutiert, in wie fern das vorgeschlagene Rahmenmodell mit spezifischen klinischen St{\"o}rungen vereinbar ist. Außerdem wird darauf eingegangen, wie interindividuelle Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Art und Weise Konflikte zu meistern, mit Hilfe eines solches Modells besser erkl{\"a}rt werden k{\"o}nnten. Schließlich wird ein Versuch unternommen, so genannte Selbstkontroll-Fehler durch eine mangelhafte Dynamik unterschiedlicher Konfliktbew{\"a}ltigungsstrategien zu erkl{\"a}ren.},
  subject      = {Konflikt},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FazelRezaiAllisonGugeretal.2012,
  author    = {Fazel-Rezai, Reza and Allison, Brendan Z. and Guger, Christoph and Sellers, Eric W. and Kleih, Sonja C. and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {P300 brain computer interface: current challenges and emerging trends},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75941},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {A brain-computer interface (BCI) enables communication without movement based on brain signals measured with electroencephalography (EEG). BCIs usually rely on one of three types of signals: the P300 and other components of the event-related potential (ERP), steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), or event related desynchronization (ERD). Although P300 BCIs were introduced over twenty years ago, the past few years have seen a strong increase in P300 BCI research. This closed-loop BCI approach relies on the P300 and other components of the ERP, based on an oddball paradigm presented to the subject. In this paper, we overview the current status of P300 BCI technology, and then discuss new directions: paradigms for eliciting P300s; signal processing methods; applications; and hybrid BCIs. We conclude that P300 BCIs are quite promising, as several emerging directions have not yet been fully explored and could lead to improvements in bit rate, reliability, usability, and flexibility.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoeserEichholzSchwerdtleetal.2012,
  author    = {Roeser, Karolin and Eichholz, Ruth and Schwerdtle, Barbara and Schlarb, Angelika A. and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {Relationship of sleep quality and health-related quality of life in adolescents according to self- and proxy ratings: a questionnaire survey},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75953},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Introduction: Sleep disturbances are common in adolescents and adversely affect performance, social contact, and susceptibility to stress. We investigated the hypothesis of a relationship between sleep and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and applied self- and proxy ratings. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 92 adolescents aged 11-17 years. All participants and their parents completed a HRQoL measure and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC ). Children with SDSC T -scores above the normal range (above 60) were classified as poor sleepers. Results: According to self- and proxy ratings, good sleepers reported significantly higher HRQoL than poor sleep- ers. Sleep disturbances were significantly higher and HRQoL significantly lower in self- as compared to parental ratings. Parent-child agreement was higher for subscales measuring observable aspects. Girls experienced significantly stronger sleep disturbances and lower self-rated HRQoL than boys. Discussion: Our findings support the positive relationship of sleep and HRQoL. Furthermore, parents significantly underestimate sleep disturbances and overestimate HRQoL in their children.},
  subject      = {Psychiatrie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lingel2013,
  author    = {Lingel, Klaus},
  title     = {Metakognitives Wissen Mathematik - Entwicklung und Zusammenhang mit der Mathematikleistung in der Sekundarstufe I},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85655},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Das Wissen {\"u}ber Kognition oder metakognitives Wissen ist seit den 1970er Jahren Gegenstand der entwicklungspsychologischen Forschung. Besonders umfangreich wurde Entwicklung und Bedeutung des metakognitiven Wissens im Kontext der Ged{\"a}chtnisentwicklung vom Vorschul- bis ins Grundschulalter untersucht. Das metakognitive Wissen im Inhaltsbereich der mathematischen Informationsverarbeitung ist - trotz elaborierter theoretischer Modelle {\"u}ber Struktur und Inhalt - empirisch weitgehend unerschlossen. Die vorliegende Studie wurde durchgef{\"u}hrt, um systematisch zu untersuchen, wie sich das mathematische metakognitive Wissen in der Sekundarstufe entwickelt, welche Faktoren f{\"u}r individuelle Unterschiede in der Entwicklung verantwortlich sind und in welchem Zusammenhang die metakognitive Wissensentwicklung mit der parallel verlaufenden Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen steht. Zur Kl{\"a}rung der Fragestellungen wurden vier Messzeitpunkte einer breiter angelegten L{\"a}ngsschnittuntersuchung ausgewertet. Der dabei beobachtete Zeitraum umfasste die f{\"u}nfte und sechste Jahrgangsstufe. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 928 Sch{\"u}lern der Schularten Gymnasium, Realschule und Hauptschule. Die Messinstrumente zur Erfassung der Entwicklungsver{\"a}nderungen im mathematischen metakognitiven Wissen und der Mathematikleistung wurden auf Grundlage der item response theory konstruiert und mittels vertikalem linking fortlaufend an den Entwicklungsstand der Stichprobe angepasst. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden kognitive (Intelligenz und Arbeitsged{\"a}chtniskapazit{\"a}t), motivationale (mathematisches Interesse und Selbstkonzept) und sozio{\"o}konomische Merkmale (sozio{\"o}konomischer Status der Herkunftsfamilie) der Sch{\"u}ler erhoben. Die Lesekompetenz wurde als Methodenfaktor kontrolliert. Entwicklungsunterschiede und -ver{\"a}nderungen im metakognitiven Wissen wurde mit Hilfe von latenten Wachstumskurvenmodellen untersucht. Im beobachteten Zeitraum zeigte sich eine stetige Zunahme des metakognitiven Wissens. Allerdings verlief die Entwicklungsver{\"a}nderung nicht linear, sondern verlangsamte sich im Verlauf der sechsten Jahrgangsstufe. Individuelle Unterschiede in Auspr{\"a}gung und Ver{\"a}nderung des metakognitiven Wissens wurden durch kognitive und sozio{\"o}konomische Sch{\"u}lermerkmale vorhergesagt. Die motivationalen Merkmale wirkten sich demgegen{\"u}ber nicht auf den Entwicklungsprozess aus. Geschlechtsunterschiede zeigten sich im Entwicklungsverlauf als Schereneffekt zugunsten der M{\"a}dchen. Unterschiede zwischen den Sch{\"u}lern der drei Schularten erreichten bereits zum Eintritt in die Sekundarstufe Signifikanz. Zudem gewannen Gymnasiasten und Hauptsch{\"u}ler im Entwicklungsverlauf st{\"a}rker an metakognitivem Wissen hinzu als Realsch{\"u}ler. Explorative Mischverteilungsanalysen in der Stichprobe ergaben drei latente Entwicklungsklassen mit jeweils charakteristischem Ver{\"a}nderungsverlauf. Die Klassenzuweisung wurde von der besuchten Schulart sowie kognitiven und sozio{\"o}konomischen Sch{\"u}lermerkmalen vorhergesagt. Die Entwicklungsprozesse im mathematischen metakognitiven Wissen und der mathematischen Leistung standen in einem substanziellen, wechselseitigen Zusammenhang. Geschlechts- und Schulartunterschiede blieben ebenso wie die korrelativen Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen den Entwicklungsprozessen auch nach Kontrolle der individuellen Unterschiede in kognitiven, motivationalen und sozio{\"o}konomischen Merkmalen erhalten. Die Befunde best{\"a}tigen die konstruktivistischen Entwicklungsannahmen der ged{\"a}chtnispsychologisch gepr{\"a}gten Grundlagenforschung zum metakognitiven Wissen. Zudem wird mit der Untersuchung des mathematischen metakognitiven Wissens in der Sekundarstufe der traditionelle Forschungsfokus inhaltlich erweitert. Das im Rahmen der Studie konstruierte Instrument zur Erfassung des mathematischen metakognitiven Wissens erm{\"o}glicht die Untersuchung weiterer, bislang offener Fragen auf dem Gebiet der metakognitiven Entwicklung.},
  subject      = {Kognition},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Muehlbacher2013,
  author    = {M{\"u}hlbacher, Dominik},
  title     = {Die Pulksimulation als Methode zur Untersuchung verkehrspsychologischer Fragestellungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-90051},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Fahr- und Verkehrssimulation sind neben Studien mit realen Fahrzeugen die g{\"a}ngigen Methoden der empirischen Verkehrswissenschaft. W{\"a}hrend sich die Fahrsimulation mit dem Erleben und Verhalten von Fahrern besch{\"a}ftigt, untersucht die Verkehrssimulation das gesamte Verkehrssystem. Der Bereich zwischen diesen Polen „Fahrer" und „Verkehr", in dem Fahrer aufeinander treffen und miteinander interagieren, ist angesichts der Bedeutung sozialer Prozesse f{\"u}r das Erleben und Verhalten ein wichtiger Aspekt. Allerdings wurde dieser Bereich in der Verkehrswissenschaft bisher nur unzureichend abgebildet. Auch in der Fahr- und Verkehrssimulation wurde dieser Aspekt bislang weitgehend vernachl{\"a}ssigt. Um diese L{\"u}cke zu schließen, wurde mit der Pulksimulation eine neue Versuchsumgebung entwickelt. Sie besteht aus miteinander vernetzten Fahrsimulatoren und erm{\"o}glicht es, Interaktionsfragestellungen zu untersuchen. Jedoch bringt die Anwendung der Pulksimulation neue Anforderungen an den Untersucher mit sich, die bei der Fahr- bzw. Verkehrssimulation nicht notwendig sind und f{\"u}r die Pulksimulation neu entwickelt werden m{\"u}ssen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, diese Methode zur Untersuchung verkehrspsychologischer Fragestellungen weiterzuentwickeln, zu pr{\"u}fen und zu etablieren. In ersten Untersuchungsans{\"a}tzen werden in acht Teilstudien die grundlegenden methodischen Besonderheiten der Pulksimulation am Beispiel des Folgefahrens und des Kreuzens betrachtet. Hierbei wird auch stets der Vergleich zu den bisher genutzten Versuchsumgebungen Einzelfahrsimulation und Verkehrssimulation gezogen. Folgende Fragstellungen wurden im Rahmen dessen beantwortet: (1) Wie unterscheidet sich eine Pulkfahrt von einer Einzelfahrt? (2) Welchen Einfluss haben nachfolgende Fahrzeuge im Pulk? (3) Welche Effekte haben Positionierungen im Pulk? (4) Wie unterscheiden sich reale Fahrer und Modelle im Pulk? (5) Wie wirkt sich die Einf{\"u}hrung einer Nebenaufgabe auf den Pulk aus? (6) Wie wirken sich verschiedene Abstandsinstruktionen aus? (7) Mit welchen Parametern kann der Pulk beschrieben werden? (8) Wie kann das Verhalten des Pulks an Kreuzungen untersucht werden? Schließlich werden zwei Anwendungsbeispiele der Pulksimulation zu aktuell relevanten Themen aufgezeigt. In der ersten Untersuchung wird ein Gefahrenwarner evaluiert, der vor Bremsungen vorausfahrender Fahrzeuge warnt. W{\"a}hrend Fahrer direkt hinter dem bremsenden Fahrzeug vom System nicht profitieren, steigt der Nutzen des Systems mit zunehmender Positionierung im Pulk an. In einer zweiten Studie wird ein Ampelphasenassistent untersucht. Dieser informiert den Fahrer w{\"a}hrend der Ann{\"a}herung an eine Ampel {\"u}ber die optimale Geschwindigkeit, mit der diese Ampel ohne Halt bei Gr{\"u}n durchfahren werden kann. Um die Auswirkungen des Systems auf den nicht-assistierten Umgebungsverkehr bestimmen zu k{\"o}nnen, werden verschiedene Ausstattungsraten innerhalb des Pulks eingef{\"u}hrt. Mit diesem Untersuchungsansatz k{\"o}nnen gleichzeitig Effekte des Systems auf die assistierten Fahrer (z. B. Befolgungsverhalten), die nicht-assistierten Fahrer (z. B. {\"A}rger) sowie das Verkehrssystem (z. B. Verkehrsfluss) bestimmt werden. Der Ampelphasenassistent resultiert in einem {\"o}konomischeren Fahrverhalten der assistierten Fahrer, erh{\"o}ht aber gleichzeitig in gemischten Ausstattungsraten den {\"A}rger der nicht-assistierten Fahrer im Verkehrssystem. Erst bei Vollausstattung entwickelt sich dieser negative Effekt zur{\"u}ck. Die in den Anwendungsbeispielen berichteten Ph{\"a}nomene sind durch Untersuchungen in einer Einzelfahrsimulation oder Verkehrssimulation nicht beobachtbar. Insbesondere f{\"u}r die Untersuchung von Fragen, in denen soziale Interaktionen mit anderen Fahrern eine Rolle spielen, zeichnet sich die Pulksimulation in besonderer Weise aus. Hierf{\"u}r liefert die Anwendung in der Pulksimulation zus{\"a}tzliche Informationen und zeigt somit, dass die Pulksimulation das Methodeninventar in der Verkehrswissenschaft effektiv erg{\"a}nzt. Sie stellt zum einen eine Erweiterung der Fahrsimulation um den Faktor „Verkehr" und zum anderen eine Erweiterung der Verkehrssimulation um den Faktor „Mensch" dar und wird so zu einem zentralen Bindeglied beider Versuchsumgebungen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus erlaubt die Pulksimulation die Modellierung von Interaktionsverhalten im Straßenverkehr, was bisher nicht bzw. nur unter gr{\"o}ßtem Aufwand realisierbar war. Hierdurch k{\"o}nnen die Modelle der Fahr- und Verkehrssimulation weiterentwickelt werden. Mit den in dieser Arbeit neu entworfenen Parametern werden Kenngr{\"o}ßen zur Verf{\"u}gung gestellt, die Variationen bez{\"u}glich Quer- und L{\"a}ngsf{\"u}hrung auch auf Ebene des Pulks abbilden k{\"o}nnen. Weitere neu entwickelte Parameter sind in der Lage, Interaktionen {\"u}ber den Zeitverlauf zu beschreiben. Diese Parameter sind notwendig f{\"u}r den Einsatz der Pulksimulation in zuk{\"u}nftigen Untersuchungen. Zusammenfassend wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Methodik der Pulksimulation f{\"u}r den gesamten Anwendungsprozess von der Fragestellung bis hin zur Interpretation der Ergebnisse weiterentwickelt. Der Mehrwert dieser Methode wurde an aktuellen und bisher nicht untersuchbaren Fragestellungen belegt und somit die Validit{\"a}t der Pulksimulation gest{\"a}rkt. Die vorgestellten Untersuchungen zeigen das große Potenzial der Pulksimulation zur Bearbeitung von Fragen, die auf der Interaktion verschiedener Verkehrsteilnehmer basieren. Hierdurch wird erstmals die M{\"o}glichkeit geschaffen, soziale Interaktionen {\"u}ber den Zeitverlauf in die Fahrermodelle der Verkehrssimulation zu integrieren. Damit ist der Br{\"u}ckenschlag von der Fahr- zur Verkehrssimulation gelungen.},
  subject      = {Verkehrspsychologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Baeuerlein2014,
  author    = {B{\"a}uerlein, Kerstin},
  title     = {Leseverst{\"a}ndnisdiagnostik in der Sekundarstufe - Theoretische Grundlagen sowie Konstruktion und empirische Erprobung der Lesetests LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-008-5 (print)},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-009-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-95329},
  school      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {340},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Lesen ist keine passive Rezeption schriftlichen Materials, sondern eine aktive, wechselseitige Beeinflussung von Text und Leser. Der Erwerb von Lesekompetenz ist daher ein komplexer und langwieriger Prozess, der nicht mit der Alphabetisierung in der Grundschule endet, sondern bis ins Erwachsenenalter hinein andauert. In nationalen und internationalen Studien zeigten deutsche Jugendliche zum Teil gravierende Defizite im Hinblick auf die Lesekompetenz. Inzwischen wurden zwar zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren und Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r F{\"o}rdermaßnahmen identifizifiziert und Interventionen konzipiert. Um diese Maßnahmen jedoch gezielt und gewinnbringend einsetzen und evaluieren zu k{\"o}nnen, ist es erforderlich, den Leistungsstand der Sch{\"u}ler umfassend zu erheben. Bislang fehlten hierf{\"u}r geeignete Diagnoseinstrumente f{\"u}r die mittleren und h{\"o}heren Klassenstufen. Daher wurden im Projekt "LESEN - Lesen erm{\"o}glicht Sinnentnahme" zwei Lesetests f{\"u}r die Sekundarstufe entwickelt: LESEN 6-7 f{\"u}r die Klassenstufen sechs und sieben sowie LESEN 8-9 f{\"u}r die Klassenstufen acht und neun. LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9 sind zwei analog aufgebaute Lesetests, die vor allem auf die kognitiven Aspekte der Lesekompetenz, also das Leseverst{\"a}ndnis, fokussieren. Beide Tests enthalten jeweils zwei Subtests: Basale Lesekompetenz (BLK) und Textverst{\"a}ndnis (TV). Der Subtest BLK besteht aus einer Satzleseaufgabe und erfasst die Lesegeschwindigkeit und das Verst{\"a}ndnis einfacher, kurzer S{\"a}tze. Der Subtest TV enth{\"a}lt einen expositorischen und einen narrativen Text mit geschlossenen Verst{\"a}ndnisfragen, die die inhaltliche Verarbeitung pr{\"u}fen. Damit orientiert sich der Aufbau der Tests am aktuellen Forschungsstand, demzufolge Leseverst{\"a}ndnis sich aus basalen Prozessen und hierarchieh{\"o}heren Verst{\"a}ndnisleistungen zusammensetzt. Bez{\"u}glich des Verst{\"a}ndnisses werden in der Literatur verschiedene Verarbeitungsebenen beschrieben, die bei der Konstruktion des Subtests TV explizit Ber{\"u}cksichtigung fanden. Methodisch orientierte sich die Konstruktion von LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9 zun{\"a}chst an der Klassischen Testtheorie (KTT). W{\"a}hrend f{\"u}r den Subtest BLK dar{\"u}ber hinaus kein Testmodell n{\"o}tig war, da die Anzahl der in der vorgegebenen Zeit gelesenen S{\"a}tze bereits eine metrische Variable darstellt, wurde dem Subtest TV das dichotome Rasch-Modell zugrunde gelegt. Bei Letzterem wurden daher zus{\"a}tzlich entsprechende Rasch-Kennwerte f{\"u}r die Itemselektion herangezogen. Beide Tests wurden an einer großen Stichprobe, die jeweils Sch{\"u}ler mehrerer deutscher Bundesl{\"a}nder und verschiedener Schularten einschloss, normiert. Zudem wurden jeweils beide Subtests eingehend auf Reliabilit{\"a}t und Validit{\"a}t sowie weitere g{\"a}ngige Testg{\"u}tekriterien gepr{\"u}ft. Der Subtest TV wurde dar{\"u}ber hinaus auf Rasch-Modell-Konformit{\"a}t untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Erprobung der beiden Tests fallen sehr zufriedenstellend aus. Die Normstichprobe umfasst 1.644 Sch{\"u}ler f{\"u}r LESEN 6-7 und 945 Sch{\"u}ler f{\"u}r LESEN 8-9. Sowohl die KTT- als auch die Rasch-Kennwerte f{\"u}r die Reliabilit{\"a}t liegen im mittelhohen bis hohen Bereich. Die inhaltliche Validit{\"a}t ergibt sich aus den stringent aus der Theorie abgeleiteten Iteminhalten. Die Konstruktvalidit{\"a}t wird durch gr{\"o}ßtenteils hohe bis sehr hohe Korrelationen mit konstruktnahen Skalen gest{\"u}tzt. Im Sinne konvergenter Validit{\"a}t korrelieren die Ergebniswerte von LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9 außerdem h{\"o}her mit konstruktnahen Außenkriterien (Lehrerurteil zur Lesekompetenz, Deutschnote) als mit konstruktfernen Außenkriterien (Gesamtnotenschnitt, Mathematiknote). Die niedrige bis nicht vorhandene Korrelation mit konstruktfernen Außenkriterien weist auf diskriminante Validit{\"a}t der Tests hin. Weiter sprechen die gr{\"o}ßtenteils erwartungskonformen Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf verschiedene aus der Theorie und empirischen Vorbefunden abgeleitete Hypothesen u. a. in Bezug auf Klassenstufen- und Schulartunterschiede f{\"u}r die Validit{\"a}t von LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9. Die Ergebnisse der Rasch-Modell-Konformit{\"a}tspr{\"u}fung f{\"u}r den Subtest TV sprechen f{\"u}r das Vorliegen von Itemhomogenit{\"a}t in beiden Tests, jedoch eher gegen das Vorliegen von Personenhomogenit{\"a}t. Insgesamt erf{\"u}llen LESEN 6-7 und LESEN 8-9 g{\"a}ngige Testg{\"u}tekriterien in zufriedenstellendem Maße. Sie erm{\"o}glichen sowohl auf Gruppen- als auch auf Individualebene eine umfassende Erfassung des Leseverst{\"a}ndnisses von Sekundarsch{\"u}lern sowie in allen vier Klassenstufen eine Differenzierung im gesamten Leistungsspektrum.},
  subject      = {Leseverstehen},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Braun2013,
  author    = {Braun, Barbara},
  title     = {Versorgung pathologischer Gl{\"u}cksspieler: Differentielle Aspekte der Inanspruchnahme von Hilfsangeboten},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-95703},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Ziele. Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war eine Bewertung der Versorgungslage von Personen mit gl{\"u}cksspielbezogenen Problemen in Deutschland. Dabei wurden 1) der Zugang zum Versorgungssystem, n{\"a}mlich 1.1) Problembewusstsein bzgl. gl{\"u}cksspielbezogener Probleme und Erreichbarkeit von Gl{\"u}cksspielern {\"u}ber das Internet und 1.2) Faktoren der Inanspruchnahme von Hilfsangeboten untersucht sowie 1.3) eine Charakterisierung der Klientel in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen und deren Zugang zum Hilfesystem vorgenommen. Zudem wurden in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen 2) die erbrachten Leistungen f{\"u}r Personen mit gl{\"u}cksspielbezogenen Problemen und Einflussfaktoren auf die Versorgungsnutzung bzw. den Behandlungsverlauf sowie 3) das Behandlungsergebnis einer Analyse unterzogen. Methodik. Die Arbeit basiert auf drei Studien: einer Onlinestudie (OS), einer Versorgungsstudie (VS) und einer Bev{\"o}lkerungsstudie (BS). In der OS wurde eine Gelegenheitsstichprobe von Personen, die einen im Internet bereitgestellten Selbsttest zu pathologischem Gl{\"u}cksspielen (PG) vollst{\"a}ndig ausf{\"u}llten (n=277) und bei Erf{\"u}llen der Einschlusskriterien anschließend an einer vertiefenden Studie teilnahmen (n=52), hinsichtlich soziodemographischer Charakteristika, Spielverhalten und spielbezogener Motive, PG inklusive Folgen, Beratungserfahrungen sowie psychopathologischen Variablen untersucht. In den anderen Studien wurden weitestgehend dieselben Instrumente verwendet. Die VS war eine Verlaufsstudie (Messzeitpunkte: Behandlungsbeginn und -ende), bei der konsekutiv Klienten aus n=36 ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen in Bayern aufgenommen wurden, die sich zwischen April 2009 und August 2010 vorstellten (n=461). F{\"u}r die BS wurden Daten aus dem Epidemiologi-schen Suchtsurvey 2006 und 2009 herangezogen, einer Deutschland weiten repr{\"a}sentativen Querschnittbefragung 18- bis 64-J{\"a}hriger Erwachsener (2006: n=7.810; 2009: n=8.002). Ergebnisse. Zum Zugang zur Versorgung sind 1.1) {\"u}ber das Internet erreichbare Gl{\"u}cksspieler haupts{\"a}chlich junge, ledige M{\"a}nner, von denen ungef{\"a}hr die H{\"a}lfte die Diagnose PG erf{\"u}llen. Anhand der Spielmotive lassen sich drei Spielerklassen abbilden, die sich hinsichtlich ihres Schweregrads von PG unterschieden. Die Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an einem Online-Pr{\"a}ventionsprogramm h{\"a}ngt haupts{\"a}chlich mit der Anzahl erf{\"u}llter DSM-IV-Kriterien f{\"u}r PG zusammen. Im Gegensatz zur VS sind die online erreichten Gl{\"u}cksspieler j{\"u}nger und zu einem h{\"o}heren Anteil subklinisch pathologische Gl{\"u}cksspieler (SPG, ein bis vier erf{\"u}llte DSM-IV-Kriterien f{\"u}r PG). 1.2) Hinsichtlich der Faktoren der Inanspruchnahme best{\"a}tigen sich systematische Unterschiede zwischen Gl{\"u}cksspielern in Behandlung und nicht in Behandlung. Ebenso zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen SPGr und pathologischen Gl{\"u}cksspielern (PGr). Dabei ist die Anzahl erf{\"u}llter DSM-IV-Kriterien f{\"u}r PG der wichtigste Pr{\"a}diktor f{\"u}r einen positiven Behandlungsstatus. Auch soziodemographische Merkmale, insbesondere Alter und Staatsangeh{\"o}rigkeit, spielen eine Rolle. 1.3) Die Mehrheit der Klienten in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen ist m{\"a}nnlich, durchschnittlich 37 Jahre alt, ledig und kinderlos und hat h{\"a}ufig eine ausl{\"a}ndische Staatsb{\"u}rgerschaft. Die am h{\"a}ufigsten gespielte und bevorzugte Spielform ist das Spielen an Geldspielautomaten. Viele der Klienten haben bereits im Vorfeld Hilfe in Anspruch genommen und Gr{\"u}nde f{\"u}r die Vorstellung in der Beratungsstelle waren in ungef{\"a}hr drei Viertel der F{\"a}llen finanzielle Probleme und bei ungef{\"a}hr der H{\"a}lfte Probleme in der Partnerschaft. In der ambulanten Suchthilfe sind 2) Pr{\"a}diktoren f{\"u}r eine l{\"a}ngere Kontaktdauer u.a. der Einbezug der Familie und Gruppengespr{\"a}che. Behandlungsabbr{\"u}che werden u.a. durch eine nicht-deutsche Staatsb{\"u}rgerschaft und h{\"o}here Spielfrequenz vorhergesagt. 3) Regul{\"a}re Beendigung und h{\"o}here Kontaktzahl sind u.a. Pr{\"a}diktoren f{\"u}r eine Verbesserung der Gl{\"u}cksspielsymptomatik. Schlussfolgerungen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Ergebnisse werden Implikationen f{\"u}r die Weiterentwicklung des Versorgungssystems zum einen im Sinne einer Erweiterung und Anpassung der Versorgungsstrukturen abgeleitet, wobei auf Information und Aufkl{\"a}rung, Fr{\"u}herkennung und Fr{\"u}hintervention mit einem Fokus auf Online-Angeboten sowie zielgruppen-spezifische Angebote unter anderem f{\"u}r Angeh{\"o}rige eingegangen wird. Auch die Wichtigkeit der Vernetzung verschiedener an der Beratung/Behandlung von PGr beteiligten Einrichtungen wird herausgestellt. Zum anderen beziehen sich die diskutierten m{\"o}glichen Weiterentwicklungen auf das Versorgungsangebot und Behandlungsmerkmale, was Therapieumfeld/-voraussetzungen, Therapieplanung sowie therapeutische Maßnahmen beinhaltet.},
  subject      = {Gl{\"u}cksspieler},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MeuleFathRealetal.2013,
  author    = {Meule, Adrian and Fath, Katharina and Real, Ruben G. L. and S{\"u}tterlin, Stefan and V{\"o}gele, Claus and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {Quality of life, emotion regulation, and heart rate variability in individuals with intellectual disabilities and concomitant impaired vision},
  series = {Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice},
  journal   = {Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice},
  doi       = {10.1186/2211-1522-3-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96247},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background Positive associations have been found between quality of life, emotion regulation strategies, and heart rate variability (HRV) in people without intellectual disabilities. However, emotion regulation and HRV have rarely been investigated in people with intellectual disabilities. Assessment of subjectively reported quality of life and emotion regulation strategies in this population is even more difficult when participants are also visually impaired. Methods Subjective and objective quality of life, emotion regulation strategies, and HRV at rest were measured in a sample of people with intellectual disabilities and concomitant impaired vision (N = 35). Heart rate was recorded during a 10 min resting period. For the assessment of quality of life and emotion regulation, custom made tactile versions of questionnaire-based instruments were used that enabled participants to grasp response categories. Results The combined use of reappraisal and suppression as emotion regulation strategies was associated with higher HRV and quality of life. HRV was associated with objective quality of life only. Emotion regulation strategies partially mediated the relationship between HRV and quality of life. Conclusions Results replicate findings about associations between quality of life, emotion regulation, and HRV and extend them to individuals with intellectual disabilities. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that quality of life and emotion regulation could be assessed in such populations even with concomitant impaired vision with modified tactile versions of established questionnaires. HRV may be used as a physiological index to evaluate physical and affective conditions in this population.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmitt2022,
  author    = {Schmitt, Nadine J. B.},
  title     = {What is integrity and how do we use it? - Enhancing the validity of integrity by reviewing integrity tests, expanding the nomological network, and reducing faking},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-26046},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260468},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This dissertation focuses on the construct and criterion validity of integrity tests and aims to enhance both. To accomplish this goal, three approaches were adopted: First, an overview and systematic comparison of integrity tests was conducted with reference to the construction and application of the tests. Second, the nomological network of integrity tests was expanded with reference to honesty-humility and organizational citizenship behavior at their factor and facet level. Third, two promising methods to reduce faking on integrity tests were tested: the double rating method (Hui, 2001) and the indirect questioning technique. In line with previous research, the results of the overview and comparison of integrity measures confirmed that integrity tests are multidimensional and heterogenous. A clear definition of integrity is urgently needed. The personality trait of honesty-humility and its facets of fairness, and modesty revealed the most significant relationships to integrity. Moreover, organizational citizenship behavior and its facets of altruism, conscientiousness, and sportsmanship were found to significantly relate to integrity. Furthermore, integrity tests were able not only to predict organizational citizenship behavior but also to incrementally predict job performance and organizational citizenship behavior beyond the factor and facet level of the personality traits of conscientiousness and honesty-humility. In contrast to the indirect questioning technique, the double rating method, which includes an other rating and a self rating, was shown to be able to significantly reduce faking on integrity tests in an anonymous survey setting. This dissertation makes an important contribution to better explain the construct and nomological network of integrity, provide a more detailed view on integrity tests and their protection against faking, and expand the predictive and incremental validity of these tests. The implications for future research and practice are further discussed.},
  subject      = {Integrit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schecklmann2009,
  author    = {Schecklmann, Martin},
  title     = {Behavioraler und hirnphysiologischer Zusammenhang von Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung bei adulter Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36466},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Hintergrund: Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung (ADHS) umfasst die klinischen Symptome Hyperaktivit{\"a}t, Impulsivit{\"a}t und Unaufmerksamkeit und besitzt eine große erbliche Komponente. Ver{\"a}nderungen des Dopaminstoffwechsels und des pr{\"a}frontalen Kortex scheinen mit der Erkrankung assoziiert zu sein. Bekannt sind auch Defizite in exekutiven Funktionen wie Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung, welche gemeinsam als ein Endoph{\"a}notyp der ADHS betrachtet werden. Solche sogenannten intermedi{\"a}ren Ph{\"a}notypen bilden m{\"o}glicherweise {\"a}tiopathogenetisch sinnvollere Untergruppen von Krankheitsbildern als die Unterteilung nach den klassischen Diagnosesystemen. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen zu Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung bei ADHS finden Mittelwertsunterschiede im Vergleich zu gesunden Stichproben in behavioralen und hirnphysiologischen Maßen. Ein genetischer Polymorphismus (Val158Met) mit Einfluss auf die Synthese der Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) moduliert Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung bei Gesunden und Patienten mit ADHS. COMT ist ein Enzym, das den Abbau von pr{\"a}frontalem Dopamin katalysiert. Das Valin(Val)-Allel ist mit einer geringeren, das Methionin(Met)-Allel mit einer h{\"o}heren Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Dopamin in kortikalen Arealen assoziiert. Letzteres scheint die Funktion pr{\"a}frontaler Hirnareale zu optimieren. Ziel: Es ist unklar, ob die beiden Prozesse Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung miteinander in Verbindung stehen, also einen gemeinsamen Endoph{\"a}notypen bezeichnen, und ob ein m{\"o}glicher Zusammenhang dieser beiden Funktionen durch Dopamin moduliert wird. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, (1) die bekannten Mittelwertsunterschiede zwischen Patienten mit ADHS und gesunden Kontrollpersonen zu replizieren, (2) den Zusammenhang von Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung mit Korrelationsanalysen zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen, (3) den Einfluss des COMT-Polymorphismus auf Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung zu untersuchen und (4) festzustellen, ob der COMT-Polymorphismus die St{\"a}rke der Korrelationen beeinflusst. Die Fragestellungen 3 und 4 sind aufgrund der kleinen Stichproben als explorativ zu bewerten. Methoden: In die Auswertung aufgenommen wurden 45 erwachsene Patienten mit ADHS und 41 nach Alter, Geschlecht, H{\"a}ndigkeit, Intelligenz, Bildungsniveau und Kopfumfang vergleichbare Kontrollen. Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung wurden durch eine N-Back- bzw. eine Stoppsignal-Aufgabe operationalisiert. Als abh{\"a}ngige Variablen dienten als behaviorale Maße die Anzahl richtiger Antworten, Reaktionszeiten und Effizienz und als hirnphysiologische Parameter Konzentrationsver{\"a}nderungen von oxygeniertem (O2Hb) und deoxygeniertem H{\"a}moglobin (HHb) in pr{\"a}frontalen Arealen, die mittels funktioneller Nah-Infrarot Spektroskopie gemessen wurden. Korrelationen wurden zwischen den Kontrollbedingungen (1-Back und Go-Trials) und zwischen den eigentlichen Bedingungen der Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis- und Stoppsignal-Aufgabe (2-Back und Stopperfolge) berechnet. Ergebnisse: Kontrollen und Patienten zeigten hirnphysiologisch aufgabentypische signifikante Aktivierungsmuster, f{\"u}r das Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis mehr ausgepr{\"a}gt {\"u}ber dem dorso-lateralen pr{\"a}frontalen Kortex (DLPFC), f{\"u}r die Antworthemmung mehr {\"u}ber dem inferioren frontalen Kortex (IFC). Fragestellung 1: Patienten zeigten im Vergleich zu den gesunden Kontrollpersonen signifikante Defizite in allen erhobenen behavioralen Maßen. Sie zeigten auch signifikant reduzierte Anstiege von O2Hb {\"u}ber dem linken und rechten IFC f{\"u}r Stopperfolge und eine statistisch tendenziell verringerte O2Hb-Konzentration im linken DLPFC f{\"u}r die 2-Back-Bedingung. Es fanden sich jedoch auch Defizite in den einfachen Kontrollaufgaben (behaviorale Maße und O2Hb w{\"a}hrend 1-Back). Nach einer Anpassung der Gruppen f{\"u}r die Unterschiede in den Kontrollaufgaben blieben die Gruppenunterschiede in den Aufgaben f{\"u}r Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung bestehen. Fragestellung 2: Nur bei den Patienten und nur f{\"u}r die behavioralen Maße zeigten sich signifikante positive Assoziationen. Die Effizienz w{\"a}hrend 1-Back korrelierte mit der Reaktionszeit w{\"a}hrend der Go-Trials, und die Effizienz w{\"a}hrend 2-Back korrelierte mit der Stoppsignal-Reaktionszeit. Diese beiden Korrelationen unterschieden sich statistisch nicht in ihrer St{\"a}rke. In den f{\"u}r die Unterschiede in den Kontrollaufgaben angepassten Gruppen blieb nur die Korrelation der Kontrollaufgaben tendenziell signifikant, die Korrelation von Effizienz w{\"a}hrend 2-Back und Stoppsignal-Reaktionszeit verschwand. Die Patienten zeigten erh{\"o}hte Impulsivit{\"a}t (erhoben mit einem Fragebogen), die positiv mit behavioralen Maßen der beiden untersuchten Prozesse korrelierte. Fragestellung 3: F{\"u}r 1-Back (O2Hb in rechter Hemisph{\"a}re) und 2-Back (O2Hb in linker Hemisph{\"a}re) wurden statistisch tendenzielle COMT x Gruppe Interaktionen gefunden. F{\"u}r 1-Back zeigten die Kontrollen mit dem Val/Val-Genoytp sowohl im Vergleich zu Kontrollen mit dem Met/Met-Genotyp als auch im Vergleich zu Patienten mit zwei Val-Allelen eine signifikant h{\"o}here O2Hb-Konzentration. Gleichzeitig wies die Analyse der Verhaltensdaten auf eine h{\"o}here Effizienz der Kontrollen mit Met-Allelen im Vergleich zu Patienten mit Met-Allelen hin. F{\"u}r 2-Back zeigte der Val/Val-Genotyp der Kontrollen eine h{\"o}here O2Hb-Konzentration als der Val/Val-Genotyp der Patienten. Zus{\"a}tzlich wies der Met/Met-Genotyp in der ADHS-Gruppe einen st{\"a}rkeren Anstieg von O2Hb im Vergleich zu dem Val/Val-Genotyp in der ADHS-Gruppe auf. Die Analyse der Verhaltensdaten zeigte eine h{\"o}here Effizienz der Kontrollen im Vergleich zu den Patienten f{\"u}r die Gruppen mit einem oder zwei Val-Allelen. F{\"u}r Stopperfolge zeigten sich signifikante COMT x Gruppe Interaktionen f{\"u}r O2Hb in beiden Hemisph{\"a}ren. Die Kontrollen mit Val/Met-Genotyp hatten h{\"o}here O2Hb-Konzentrationen als Kontrollen mit Val/Val- oder Met/Met-Genotyp und als Patienten mit Val/Met-Genotyp. Patienten mit Val/Met-Genotyp hatten langsamere Stoppsignal-Reaktionszeiten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen mit Val/Met-Genotyp. Fragestellung 4: Die Korrelationen in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Stichproben und COMT-Gruppen zeigten unterschiedlich hohe und unterschiedlich gerichtete Korrelationskoeffizienten. Nur in der Gruppe der Patienten und nur f{\"u}r die Verhaltensdaten wurden positive Assoziationen f{\"u}r alle COMT-Gruppen gefunden, vergleichbar mit den Ergebnissen aus Fragestellung 2. Diskussion: Die behavioralen und hirnphysiologischen Unterschiede in den Aufgaben zum Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und zur Antworthemmung zwischen Patienten mit ADHS und Kontrollen replizieren gut die Ergebnisse fr{\"u}herer Arbeiten. Ausgehend von den Gruppenunterschieden in den einfachen Kontrollaufgaben muss aber {\"u}berlegt werden, inwieweit Patienten mit ADHS auch in einfachen psychomotorischen Aufgaben bereits Defizite zeigen. Die Korrelation behavioraler Maße der eigentlichen Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis- und Inhibitionsaufgabe in der Gruppe der Patienten, die allerdings die Assoziation der Kontrollaufgaben nicht {\"u}berschritt, und die mit dem Anpassen f{\"u}r Unterschiede in den Kontrollenaufgaben verschwand, l{\"a}sst Zweifel an dem spezifischen Zusammenhang der beiden Prozesse bei ADHS aufkommen. Zudem werfen die positiven Assoziationen dieser Prozesse (behaviorale Maße) mit der Impulsivit{\"a}t (Fragebogen) die Frage auf, ob es sich um die Operationalisierung des gleichen Konstrukts handelt bzw. ob Impulsivit{\"a}t in Form behavioraler Tests das Gleiche misst wie Impulsivit{\"a}t auf symptomatischer Ebene. Ein Faktor, der m{\"o}glicherweise Einfluss auf die Korrelationen zwischen den Aufgaben hat, k{\"o}nnte der Dopamingehalt sein, wie er in der vorliegenden Arbeit durch den COMT Polymorphismus operationalisiert wurde. Die Ergebnisse der COMT x Gruppe Interaktionen zeigten eine erh{\"o}hte O2Hb-Konzentration der Val-Alleltr{\"a}ger der Kontrollen f{\"u}r die N-Back-Aufgaben bei teilweise besserer Effizienz und eine erh{\"o}hte O2Hb-Konzentration und teilweise schnellere Stoppsignal-Reaktionszeit der Val/Met-Alleltr{\"a}ger der Kontrollen bei Stopperfolgen. Unsere Ergebnisse entsprechen nicht unbedingt den Annahmen aus der Literatur, dass das Met-Allel das g{\"u}nstige Allel in Bezug auf gute pr{\"a}frontale Hirnfunktion sei. Diese Unterschiede in den COMT x Gruppe Interaktionen legen eine Abh{\"a}ngigkeit pr{\"a}frontaler Hirnfunktionen vom allgemeinen dopaminergen Gehalt (Patienten vs. Kontrollen), vom pr{\"a}frontalen dopaminergen Niveau (COMT-Genotyp) und von der Aufgabenart (Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis vs. Antworthemmung) nahe. Diese Hypothese wird unterst{\"u}tzt durch die Unterschiede in den Korrelationskoeffizienten der beiden Prozesse in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der Stichproben und Genotyp-Gruppen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Befunde st{\"u}tzen nicht die Annahme, dass es sich bei Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis und Antworthemmung um zusammenh{\"a}ngende Funktionen bei ADHS oder Gesunden handelt, oder dass der exekutive Endoph{\"a}notyp einen einheitlichen Subtyp der ADHS darstellt. Zudem scheint eine m{\"o}gliche Assoziation der beiden Prozesse von mehreren Faktoren wie z. B. der Dopamin-Konzentration moduliert zu werden. Zuk{\"u}nftige Arbeiten sollten die Fragestellungen bearbeiten, welche Faktoren den Zusammenhang dieser Prozesse beeinflussen und welche Kombination solcher Faktoren eine Subgruppe von Patienten mit ADHS mit einem gemeinsamen exekutiven Endoph{\"a}notyp darstellen k{\"o}nnten.},
  subject      = {ADHS},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Conzelmann2009,
  author    = {Conzelmann, Annette},
  title     = {Emotional-motivationale Defizite bei Erwachsenen und Kindern mit einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung (ADHS)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46305},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung (ADHS) zeichnet sich durch eine starke klinische Heterogenit{\"a}t aus, deren Ursachen bislang noch nicht v{\"o}llig gekl{\"a}rt sind. Als erfolgversprechendes Erkl{\"a}rungsmodell hat sich das Endoph{\"a}notypenkonzept herausgestellt, das davon ausgeht, dass unterschiedliche Dysfunktionen den vielf{\"a}ltigen klinischen Ph{\"a}notypen der ADHS zugrunde liegen. Emotional-motivationalen Defiziten wird hierbei eine große Bedeutung beigemessen, allerdings wurden diese bislang kaum untersucht. Die wenigen vorliegenden Studien bezogen sich auf subjektive Daten und differenzierten nicht nach klinischen Subgruppen, wodurch sich heterogene Ergebnisse ergaben. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte somit zum Ziel, einen emotional-motivationalen Endoph{\"a}notyp der ADHS bei unterschiedlichen klinischen Subgruppen von ADHS-Patienten mit subjektiven und objektiven psychophysiologischen Daten zu untersuchen. Dies wurde mithilfe eines emotionalen Bilderparadigmas untersucht, bei dem neben subjektiven Bildbewertungen die affektmodulierte Startlereaktion als Valenzindikator und die elektrodermale Aktivit{\"a}t als Arousalindikator emotional-motivationaler Reaktivit{\"a}t gemessen wurden. Studie 1 (N = 325) konzentrierte sich auf die klinischen Subtypen der ADHS bei erwachsenen Patienten. Diese Studie konnte aufzeigen, dass ADHS-Patienten in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit vom ADHS-Subtypus Defizite in der emotional-motivationalen Reaktivit{\"a}t aufwiesen. Der Mischtypus und der hyperaktiv-impulsive Typus zeichneten sich durch eine verminderte Reaktivit{\"a}t auf positive Stimuli aus, was sich in einer reduzierten Startleinhibition widerspiegelte. Der hyperaktiv-impulsive Typus reagierte zudem vermindert auf negative Stimuli, was sich in einer verringerten Startlepotenzierung zeigte. Im Gegensatz dazu reagierte der unaufmerksame Typus vergleichbar zu Kontrollpersonen mit einer leicht geringeren Startleinhibition bei positiven Stimuli. Die besonders beeintr{\"a}chtigte emotionale Reaktivit{\"a}t des hyperaktiv-impulsiven Typus spiegelte sich auch in einem Bias zu positiveren Bewertungen aller Bilder und einer verminderten Arousaleinsch{\"a}tzung negativer Stimuli bei M{\"a}nnern dieses Typus wider. Die ADHS-Patienten zeigten keine elektrodermalen Arousaldysfunktionen, wobei auch hier der hyperaktiv-impulsive Typus deskriptiv auffallend abgeflachte Werte in der Reaktivit{\"a}t auf emotionale Stimuli aufwies. Die gefundenen Dysfunktionen k{\"o}nnten zu hyperaktiv-impulsivem Verhalten und Sensation Seeking durch die Suche nach Verst{\"a}rkern f{\"u}hren. Gleichzeitig k{\"o}nnten die Ergebnisse die starken sozialen Dysfunktionen und antisoziales Verhalten von ADHS-Patienten mit hyperaktiv-impulsiven Symptomen erkl{\"a}ren. Zur Ber{\"u}cksichtigung von Entwicklungsaspekten im Endoph{\"a}notypenmodell und Untersuchung des emotional-motivationalen Endoph{\"a}notyps bei Kindern mit ADHS konzentrierte sich Studie 2 (N = 102) auf Jungen mit ADHS, die mit und ohne Methylphenidat untersucht wurden. Durch die zus{\"a}tzliche Methylphenidatgruppe sollten die klinische Relevanz emotional-motivationaler Dysfunktionen belegt und Erkenntnisse zur Wirkweise von Methylphenidat gewonnen werden. Diese Studie konnte aufzeigen, dass sich ADHS-Kinder ohne Methylphenidat durch Hypoarousal auszeichneten, was sich in verminderten Hautleitf{\"a}higkeitsreaktionen auf die Bilder und Startlet{\"o}ne sowie einem verminderten tonischen Hautleitf{\"a}higkeitsniveau widerspiegelte. Diese Dysfunktionen wurden durch Methylphenidat normalisiert. Die Startledaten konnten aus methodischen Gr{\"u}nden die affektive Modulation bei den Kindern nicht abbilden. Diese Daten lieferten jedoch Hinweise, dass Methylphenidat die emotional-motivationale Reaktivit{\"a}t steigerte, da die ADHS-Kinder mit Methylphenidat eine verst{\"a}rkte Startlereaktivit{\"a}t w{\"a}hrend der Bildbetrachtung aufwiesen. Das gefundene Hypoarousal auf Stimuli k{\"o}nnte dazu f{\"u}hren, dass vermindert auf Umweltreize und auch auf Belohnung und Bestrafung reagiert wird. Dies k{\"o}nnte soziale Dysfunktionen und externalisierendes Verhalten nach sich ziehen. Hyperaktiv-impulsives Verhalten und Sensation Seeking k{\"o}nnten kompensatorisch zur Anhebung des Arousals resultieren. Unaufmerksamkeit k{\"o}nnte durch einen suboptimalen Aktiviertheitsgrad bedingt sein. Methylphenidat k{\"o}nnte durch eine Steigerung des Arousals und die Verst{\"a}rkung der emotionalen Reaktivit{\"a}t diesen Symptomen entgegenwirken. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte somit als erste einen emotional-motivationalen Endoph{\"a}notyp der ADHS unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung valenz- und arousalbezogener Maße bei unterschiedlichen klinischen Subgruppen mit objektiven psychophysiologischen Parametern aufzeigen. Die Normalisierung des Hypoarousals von der Kindheit zum Erwachsenenalter k{\"o}nnte mit der Ver{\"a}nderung der ADHS-Symptome {\"u}ber die Entwicklung zusammenh{\"a}ngen. Die weitere Erforschung des Endoph{\"a}notypenmodells der ADHS ist eine wichtige Aufgabe f{\"u}r die Zukunft. Die vorliegende Arbeit versuchte, hierzu einen Beitrag zu leisten.},
  subject      = {Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Wertgen2022,
  author    = {Wertgen, Andreas Gabriel},
  title     = {The Role of Source Credibility in the Validation of Text Information},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28861},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288619},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Numerous experiments have shown that an evaluative and passive process, known as validation, accompanies activation and integration, which are fundamental processes of text comprehension. During the construction of a mental model, validation implicitly assesses the plausibility of incoming information by checking its consistency with world knowledge, prior beliefs, and contextual information (e.g., the broader discourse context). However, research on potential influences that shape validation processes has just started. One branch of research is investigating how world knowledge and contextual information contribute to integration and validation. World knowledge usually influences validation more strongly because information plausibility is the primary criterion for validation, but strong contextual information can yield influences as well. Contextual information that may be specifically relevant for routine validation is the credibility of a source providing text information. Source credibility bears a strong conceptual relationship to the validity of information. However, a dearth of research has investigated joint effects of plausibility and source credibility for routine validation. To fill this research gap, the aim of the present dissertation was to examine the role of source credibility in routine validation processes of text information. This dissertation argues that both source credibility and plausibility are considered in these processes. In particular, information plausibility is proposed as the primary criterion, but source credibility may modulate validation as an additional criterion. To this end, three studies with five self-paced reading experiments were conducted in which reading times served as an implicit indicator of validation and plausibility judgments as an explicit indicator, and the convergence or divergence between the two indicators was interpreted. The first study examined the interplay of plausibility and source credibility for the validation of world-knowledge consistent versus inconsistent text information embedded in short narratives. This highly plausible or highly implausible information was provided by a high- or low-expertise source. In Study 1, plausibility dominated validation as suggested by faster reading times and higher plausibility judgments for world-knowledge consistent information. Importantly, source credibility modulated the validation of highly implausible information but seemed to not matter for plausible information. High-credible sources increased the implausibility of highly implausible information to a greater extent compared with low-credible sources as indicated by longer reading times and lower plausibility judgments. These results diverged from recent findings from Foy et al. (2017). The second study investigated whether the modulating role of source credibility depends on the degree of implausibility of an information. Thus, Study 2 extended Study 1 by an intermediate, somewhat implausible level of plausibility (comparable to the implausible claims in Foy et al., 2017). Similar to Study 1, plausibility dominated validation as indicated by lower reading times and plausibility judgments with higher world-knowledge inconsistency. Again, source credibility had no effect on the routine validation of plausible information. However, high-credible sources mitigated the implausibility of somewhat implausible information as indicated by faster reading times and higher plausibility judgments but exacerbated the implausibility of highly implausible information as indicated by slower reading times and lower plausibility judgments. In short, Study 2 findings not only integrates the seemingly divergent results of Study 1 and Foy et al. (2017) but also provides strong support for the assumption that the degree of implausibility determines the modulating role of source credibility for validation. The third study examined the relationship of source credibility and plausibility in an ecologically valid social media setting with short Twitter messages varying in world-knowledge and text-belief consistency by trustworthy and untrustworthy sources. In sum, plausibility and to a lesser extent source credibility mattered for routine validation and explicit evaluation of text information as indicated by reading times and plausibility judgments. However, the pattern partly diverged from Study 1 and 2, possibly because the source information was more salient. In sum, the present dissertation yielded three insights. First, the findings further extends evidence for routine validation based on world-knowledge and prior beliefs. Second, the studies suggest that source credibility can modulate validation. Readers used source credibility cues for routine validation and the explicit evaluation of text information in all studies. Third, the impact of source credibility seems to depend on the degree of implausibility of information. The present findings have theoretical implications for theories of validation and text comprehension as well as practical implications for targeting threats associated with the prevalence of inaccurate information, for example, on the World Wide Web. Future research using eye-tracking methodology could further disentangle the routine and strategic underlying processes of the relationship between source credibility and plausibility.},
  subject      = {Textverstehen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fleischmann2023,
  author    = {Fleischmann, Lorena},
  title     = {Talent Development in Academic Domains: A Follow-Up of Former Junior Students at Julius-Maximilians-Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30281},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302814},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The field of giftedness and gifted education has long been characterized by internal fragmentation and inconsistent definitions of core concepts (e.g., Ambrose et al., 2010; Coleman, 2006; McBee et al., 2012). It was only in recent years that increased efforts have been made to organize available research findings and thereby bring back greater uniformity to the field of giftedness and gifted education. For example, Preckel et al.'s (2020) Talent Development in Achievement Domains (TAD) framework integrates theoretical perspectives and empirical knowledge from different parts of the field. It is general in concept and can be applied to a wide range of achievement domains. By specifically focusing on measurable psychological constructs as well as their relevance at different stages of the talent development process, Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework is well suited as a starting point for generating more domain-specific talent development models. The present thesis represents one of the first attempts to empirically test the validity of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework in academic domains using longitudinal data. The longitudinal data came from a sample of former junior students at Julius-Maximilians-Universit{\"a}t (JMU) W{\"u}rzburg who showed high academic achievement potential. There were two related research issues: Research Issue 1 first aimed to document in detail how the educational trajectories of former junior students unfold in the years following their Abitur. To this end, a follow-up was conducted among 208 young adults who had participated in the junior study program at JMU W{\"u}rzburg between the winter semester of 2004/2005 and the summer semester of 2011. The design of the follow-up questionnaire was based on a series of research questions that had emerged from the relevant literature on junior study programs in Germany. The follow-up ran from October 2019 to February 2020. The data were analyzed descriptively and documented as a detailed report. The results of Research Issue 1 revealed that the former junior students continued to be academically (and later professionally) successful long after their school years. For example, at the time of the follow-up, almost all former junior students had earned a bachelor's and a master's degree, most often with notable academic successes (e.g., scholarships, awards/prizes). In addition, more than half of those who responded had begun or already completed a doctoral degree, also recording special academic accomplishments (e.g., scientific publications, scholarships). A significant proportion of the former junior students had already entered the workforce at the time of their response. A look at their current professional situation revealed an above-average expression of success indicators (e.g., income, professional status). The clear majority of the former junior students reported that, even in retrospect, they would choose to take part in the junior study program at JMU W{\"u}rzburg again. Research Issue 2 aimed to determine the extent to which the structure of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework could be empirically validated in academic domains. The educational trajectories of 84 former junior students at JMU W{\"u}rzburg who had chosen a subject from the same subject field in their regular studies as in their junior studies served as the data basis. The educational trajectories were compiled from the former junior students' follow-up data and from their data on the selection process for the junior study program at JMU W{\"u}rzburg. Combining the structural assumptions of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework with relevant insights from individual academic disciplines made it possible to derive hypotheses regarding potential predictors and indicators of the talent development stages aptitude, competence, and expertise in academic domains. Structural equation models were used for data analysis. The results of Research Issue 2 suggested that the talent development stages aptitude, competence, and expertise, while being predictive of each other in their chronological order, could be satisfactorily modeled using framework-compliant indicators in academic domains. In comparison, the talent development stage transformational achievement could not (yet) be modeled based on the longitudinal data. Among the hypothesized predictors, former junior students' investigative interests and their metacognitive abilities reliably determined the talent development stages competence and expertise, whereas the remaining predictors did not make significant contributions. Taken together, the results of the present thesis suggest that the validity of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework can only be partially confirmed in academic domains. Unlike the postulated indicators, the predictors in Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework do not seem to be easily generalizable to academic domains but to be highly specific with regard to the talent domain under consideration. Therefore, a natural progression of the present thesis would be to examine the structure of Preckel et al.'s (2020) TAD framework at the subordinate level of subject fields or even at the level of individual academic disciplines, for example.},
  subject      = {Hochbegabung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GramAlbertovaSchirmeretal.2022,
  author    = {Gram, Maximilian and Albertova, P. and Schirmer, V. and Blaimer, M. and Gamer, M. and Herrmann, M. J. and Nordbeck, P. and Jakob, P. M.},
  title     = {Towards robust in vivo quantification of oscillating biomagnetic fields using Rotary Excitation based MRI},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-022-19275-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300862},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Spin-lock based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has the potential for direct spatially-resolved detection of neuronal activity and thus may represent an important step for basic research in neuroscience. In this work, the corresponding fundamental effect of Rotary EXcitation (REX) is investigated both in simulations as well as in phantom and in vivo experiments. An empirical law for predicting optimal spin-lock pulse durations for maximum magnetic field sensitivity was found. Experimental conditions were established that allow robust detection of ultra-weak magnetic field oscillations with simultaneous compensation of static field inhomogeneities. Furthermore, this work presents a novel concept for the emulation of brain activity utilizing the built-in MRI gradient system, which allows REX sequences to be validated in vivo under controlled and reproducible conditions. Via transmission of Rotary EXcitation (tREX), we successfully detected magnetic field oscillations in the lower nano-Tesla range in brain tissue. Moreover, tREX paves the way for the quantification of biomagnetic fields.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{vonderMuehlen2018,
  author    = {von der M{\"u}hlen, Sarah},
  title     = {Fostering Students' Epistemic Competences when Dealing with Scientific Literature},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167343},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The abilities to comprehend and critically evaluate scientific texts and the various arguments stated in these texts are an important aspect of scientific literacy, but these competences are usually not formally taught to students. Previous research indicates that, although undergraduate students evaluate the claims and evidence they find in scientific documents to some extent, these evaluations usually fail to meet normative standards. In addition, students' use of source information for evaluation is often insufficient. The rise of the internet and the increased accessibility of information have yielded some additional challenges that highlight the importance of adequate training and instruction.The aim of the present work was to further examine introductory students' competences to systematically and heuristically evaluate scientific information, to identify relevant strategies that are involved in a successful evaluation, and to use this knowledge to design appropriate interventions for fostering epistemic competences in university students.To this end, a number of computer-based studies, including both quantitative and qualitative data as well as experimental designs, were developed. The first two studies were designed to specify educational needs and to reveal helpful processing strategies that are required in different tasks and situations. Two expert-novice comparisons were developed, whereby the performance of German students of psychology (novices) was compared to the performance of scientists from the domain of psychology (experts) in a number of different tasks, such as systematic plausibility evaluations of informal arguments (Study 1) or heuristic evaluations of the credibility of multiple scientific documents (Study 2). A think-aloud procedure was used to identify specific strategies that were applied in both groups during task completion, and that possibly mediated performance differences between students and scientists. In addition, relationships between different strategies and between strategy use and relevant conceptual knowledge was examined. Based on the results of the expert-novice comparisons, an intervention study, consisting of two training experiments, was constructed to foster some competences that proved to be particularly deficient in the comparisons (Study 3). Study 1 examined introductory students' abilities to accurately judge the plausibility of informal arguments according to normative standards, to recognise common argumentation fallacies, and to identify different structural components of arguments. The results from Study 1 indicate that many students, compared to scientists, lack relevant knowledge about the structure of arguments, and that normatively accurate evaluations of their plausibility seem to be challenging in this group. Often, common argumentation fallacies were not identified correctly. Importantly, these deficits were partly mediated by differences in strategy use: It was especially difficult for students to pay sufficient attention to the relationship between argument components when forming their judgements. Moreover, they frequently relied on their intuition or opinion as a criterion for evaluation, whereas scientists predominantly determined quality of arguments based on their internal consistency. In addition to students' evaluation of the plausibility of informal arguments, Study 2 examined introductory students' competences to evaluate the credibility of multiple scientific texts, and to use source characteristics for evaluation. The results show that students struggled not only to judge the plausibility of arguments correctly, but also to heuristically judge the credibility of science texts, and these deficits were fully mediated by their insufficient use of source information. In contrast, scientists were able to apply different strategies in a flexible manner. When the conditions for evaluation did not allow systematic processing (i.e. time limit), they primarily used source characteristics for their evaluations. However, when systematic evaluations were possible (i.e. no time limit), they used more sophisticated normative criteria for their evaluations, such as paying attention to the internal consistency of arguments (cf. Study 1). Results also showed that students, in contrast to experts, lacked relevant knowledge about different publication types, and this was related to their ability to correctly determine document credibility. The results from the expert-novice comparisons also suggest that the competences assessed in both tasks might develop as a result of a more fundamental form of scientific literacy and discipline expertise. Performances in all tasks were positively related. On the basis of these results, two training experiments were developed that aimed at fostering university students' competences to understand and evaluate informal arguments (Study 3). Experiment 1 describes an intervention approach in which students were familiarised with the formal structure of arguments based on Toulmin's (1958) argumentation model. The performance of the experimental group to identify the structural components of this model was compared to the performance of a control group in which speed reading skills were practiced, using a pre-post-follow-up design. Results show that the training was successful for improving the comprehension of more complex arguments and relational aspects between key components in the posttest, compared to the control group. Moreover, an interaction effect was found with study performance. High achieving students with above average grades profited the most from the training intervention. Experiment 2 showed that training in plausibility, normative criteria of argument evaluation, and argumentation fallacies improved students' abilities to evaluate the plausibility of arguments and, in addition, their competences to recognise structural components of arguments, compared to a speed-reading control group. These results have important implications for education and practice, which will be discussed in detail in this dissertation.},
  subject      = {Textverstehen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wirth2017,
  author    = {Wirth, Robert},
  title     = {Consequences of bending and breaking the rules},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155075},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Social life is organized around rules and norms. The present experiments investigate the cognitive architecture of rule violations. To do so, a setting with arbitrary rules that had to be followed or broken was developed, and breaking these rules did not have any negative consequences. Removed from any social influences that might further encourage or hinder the rule breaker, results suggest that simply labeling a behavior as a rule violation comes with specific costs: They are more difficult to plan and come with specific behavioral markers during execution. In essence, rule violations resemble rule negations, but they also trigger additional processes. The question of what makes rule violations more difficult than rule inversions is the major focus of the remaining experiments. These experiments revealed negative affective consequences of rule violation and rule inversions alike, while rule violations additionally prime authority-related concepts, thus sensitizing towards authority related stimuli. Next, the question how these burdens of non-conformity can be mitigated was investigated, and the influence of having executed the behavior in question frequently and recently was tested in both negations and rule violations. The burdens of non-conformity can best be reduced by a combination of having violated/negated a rule very frequently and very recently. Transfer from another task, however, could not be identified. To conclude, a model that accounts for the data that is currently presented is proposed. As a variant of a task switching model, it describes the cognitive processes that were investigated and highlights unique processing steps that rule violations seem to require.},
  subject      = {Soziale Norm},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Haspert2023,
  author    = {Haspert, Valentina},
  title     = {Improving acute pain management with emotion regulation strategies: A comparison of acceptance, distraction, and reappraisal},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29866},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298666},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Pain conditions and chronic pain disorders are among the leading reasons for seeking medical help and immensely burden patients and the healthcare system. Therefore, research on the underlying mechanisms of pain processing and modulation is necessary and warranted. One crucial part of this pain research includes identifying resilience factors that protect from chronic pain development and enhance its treatment. The ability to use emotion regulation strategies has been suggested to serve as a resilience factor, facilitating pain regulation and management. Acceptance has been discussed as a promising pain regulation strategy, but results in this domain have been mixed so far. Moreover, the allocation of acceptance in Gross's (1998) process model of emotion regulation has been under debate. Thus, comparing acceptance with the already established strategies of distraction and reappraisal could provide insights into underlying mechanisms. This dissertation project consisted of three successive experimental studies which aimed to investigate these strategies by applying different modalities of individually adjusted pain stimuli of varying durations. In the first study (N = 29), we introduced a within-subjects design where participants were asked to either accept (acceptance condition) or react to the short heat pain stimuli (10 s) without using any pain regulation strategies (control condition). In the second study (N = 36), we extended the design of study 1 by additionally applying brief, electrical pain stimuli (20 ms) and including the new experimental condition distraction, where participants should distract themselves from the pain experience by imagining a neutral situation. In the third study (N = 121), all three strategies, acceptance, distraction, and reappraisal were compared with each other and additionally with a neutral control condition in a mixed design. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three strategy groups, including a control condition and a strategy condition. All participants received short heat pain stimuli of 10 s, alternating with tonic heat pain stimuli of 3 minutes. In the reappraisal condition, participants were instructed to imagine the pain having a positive outcome or valence. The self-reported pain intensity, unpleasantness, and regulation ratings were measured in all studies. We further recorded the autonomic measures heart rate and skin conductance continuously and assessed the habitual emotion regulation styles and pain-related trait factors via questionnaires. Results revealed that the strategies acceptance, distraction, and reappraisal significantly reduced the self-reported electrical and heat pain stimulation with both durations compared to a neutral control condition. Additionally, regulatory efforts with acceptance in study 2 and with all strategies in study 3 were reflected by a decreased skin conductance level compared to the control condition. However, there were no significant differences between the strategies for any of the assessed variables. These findings implicate similar mechanisms underlying all three strategies, which led to the proposition of an extended process model of emotion regulation. We identified another sequence in the emotion-generative process and suggest that acceptance can flexibly affect at least four sequences in the process. Correlation analyses further indicated that the emotion regulation style did not affect regulatory success, suggesting that pain regulation strategies can be learned effectively irrespective of habitual tendencies. Moreover, we found indications that trait factors such as optimism and resilience facilitated pain regulation, especially with acceptance. Conclusively, we propose that acceptance could be flexibly used by adapting to different circumstances. The habitual use of acceptance could therefore be considered a resilience factor. Thus, acceptance appears to be a promising and versatile strategy to prevent the development of and improve the treatment of various chronic pain disorders. Future studies should further examine factors and circumstances that support effective pain regulation with acceptance.},
  subject      = {Schmerzforschung},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MichelSoellMolitor2022,
  author    = {Michel, Eva and S{\"o}ll, Lena and Molitor, Sabine},
  title     = {Die Rolle elternbeurteilter exekutiver Funktionen zur Schulleistungsprognose},
  series = {Lernen und Lernst{\"o}rungen},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Lernen und Lernst{\"o}rungen},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {2235-0977},
  doi       = {10.1024/2235-0977/a000334},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231575},
  pages     = {43-54},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Einleitung: Unter dem Begriff exekutive Funktionen (EF) werden h{\"a}ufig die Komponenten Inhibition, kognitive Flexibilit{\"a}t und Aktualisierung von Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnisrepr{\"a}sentationen subsumiert. EF sind bereichs{\"u}bergreifende Pr{\"a}diktoren schulischer Leistungen. Verschiedene Operationalisierungen derselben Komponente, z.B. Performanztests und Elterneinsch{\"a}tzungen, zeigen h{\"a}ufig nur geringe Interkorrelationen. Die Methoden scheinen unterschiedliche Aspekte einer Komponente zu erfassen, daher k{\"o}nnte eine Kombination zur Vorhersage schulischer Leistungen sinnvoll sein. Methode: N = 96 Erst- und Zweitkl{\"a}ssler_innen mit und ohne Entwicklungsauff{\"a}lligkeiten wurden mittels EF-Performanztests und Schulleistungstests zu Mathematik und Lesen untersucht. Per Fragebogen wurden elternbeurteilte EF und als Kontrollvariablen der sozio{\"o}konomische Status (S{\"O}S) und das Vorliegen von Merkmalen einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivit{\"a}tsst{\"o}rung (ADHS) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Elternbeurteilungen hatten {\"u}ber die Performanztests hinaus einen bedeutsamen Vorhersagewert f{\"u}r die Mathematik- und Leseleistung. Der Einfluss von Alter, S{\"O}S und ADHS-Merkmalen wurde kontrolliert. Diskussion: Die kombinierte Anwendung beider Erfassungsmethoden scheint somit vorteilhaft f{\"u}r die Prognose schulischer Leistungen und die Pr{\"a}vention von Schulleistungsproblemen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{DiemerAlpersPeperkornetal.2015,
  author    = {Diemer, Julia and Alpers, Georg W. and Peperkorn, Henrik M. and Shiban, Youssef and M{\"u}hlberger, Andreas},
  title     = {The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  number    = {26},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00026},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144200},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Virtual reality (VR) has made its way into mainstream psychological research in the last two decades. This technology, with its unique ability to simulate complex, real situations and contexts, offers researchers unprecedented opportunities to investigate human behavior in well controlled designs in the laboratory. One important application of VR is the investigation of pathological processes in mental disorders, especially anxiety disorders. Research on the processes underlying threat perception, fear, and exposure therapy has shed light on more general aspects of the relation between perception and emotion. Being by its nature virtual, i.e., simulation of reality, VR strongly relies on the adequate selection of specific perceptual cues to activate emotions. Emotional experiences in turn are related to presence, another important concept in VR, which describes the user's sense of being in a VR environment. This paper summarizes current research into perception of fear cues, emotion, and presence, aiming at the identification of the most relevant aspects of emotional experience in VR and their mutual relations. A special focus lies on a series of recent experiments designed to test the relative contribution of perception and conceptual information on fear in VR. This strand of research capitalizes on the dissociation between perception (bottom up input) and conceptual information (top-down input) that is possible in VR. Further, we review the factors that have so far been recognized to influence presence, with emotions (e.g., fear) being the most relevant in the context of clinical psychology. Recent research has highlighted the mutual influence of presence and fear in VR, but has also traced the limits of our current understanding of this relationship. In this paper, the crucial role of perception on eliciting emotional reactions is highlighted, and the role of arousal as a basic dimension of emotional experience is discussed. An interoceptive attribution model of presence is suggested as a first step toward an integrative framework for emotion research in VR. Gaps in the current literature and future directions are outlined.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AbendrothNaurothRichteretal.2022,
  author    = {Abendroth, Johanna and Nauroth, Peter and Richter, Tobias and Gollwitzer, Mario},
  title     = {Non-strategic detection of identity-threatening information: Epistemic validation and identity defense may share a common cognitive basis},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0261535},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301019},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Readers use prior knowledge to evaluate the validity of statements and detect false information without effort and strategic control. The present study expands this research by exploring whether people also non-strategically detect information that threatens their social identity. Participants (N = 77) completed a task in which they had to respond to a "True" or "False" probe after reading true, false, identity-threatening, or non-threatening sentences. Replicating previous studies, participants reacted more slowly to a positive probe ("True") after reading false (vs. true) sentences. Notably, participants also reacted more slowly to a positive probe after reading identity-threatening (vs. non-threatening) sentences. These results provide first evidence that identity-threatening information, just as false information, is detected at a very early stage of information processing and lends support to the notion of a routine, non-strategic identity-defense mechanism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gromer2021,
  author    = {Gromer, Daniel},
  title     = {Mechanisms Underlying Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Specific Phobias},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20733},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207334},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is an effective cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders that comprises systematic confrontations to virtual representations of feared stimuli and situations. However, not all patients respond to VRET, and some patients relapse after successful treatment. One explanation for this limitation of VRET is that its underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, leaving room for further improvement. On these grounds, the present thesis aimed to investigate two major research questions: first, it explored how virtual stimuli induce fear responses in height-fearful participants, and second, it tested if VRET outcome could be improved by incorporating techniques derived from two different theories of exposure therapy. To this end, five studies in virtual reality (VR) were conducted. Study 1 (N = 99) established a virtual environment for height exposure using a Computer Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) and investigated the effects of tactile wind simulation in VR. Height-fearful and non-fearful participants climbed a virtual outlook, and half of the participants received wind simulation. Results revealed that height-fearful participants showed stronger fear responses, on both a subjective and behavioral level, and that wind simulation increased subjective fear. However, adding tactile wind simulation in VR did not affect presence, the user's sense of 'being there' in the virtual environment. Replicating previous studies, fear and presence in VR were correlated, and the correlation was higher in height-fearful compared to non-fearful participants. Study 2 (N = 43) sought to corroborate the findings of the first study, using a different VR system for exposure (a head-mounted display) and measuring physiological fear responses. In addition, the effects of a visual cognitive distractor on fear in VR were investigated. Participants' fear responses were evident on both a subjective and physiological level---although much more pronounced on skin conductance than on heart rate---but the virtual distractor did not affect the strength of fear responses. In Study 3 (N = 50), the effects of trait height-fearfulness and height level on fear responses were investigated in more detail. Self-rated level of acrophobia and five different height levels in VR (1 m--20 m) were used as linear predictors of subjective and physiological indices of fear. Results showed that subjective fear and skin conductance responses were a function of both trait height-fearfulness and height level, whereas no clear effects were visible for heart rate. Study 4 (N = 64 + N = 49) aimed to advance the understanding of the relationship between presence and fear in VR. Previous research indicates a positive correlation between both measures, but possible causal mechanisms have not yet been identified. The study was the first to experimentally manipulate both presence (via the visual and auditive realism of the virtual environment) and fear (by presenting both height and control situations). Results indicated a causal effect of fear on presence, i.e., experiencing fear in a virtual environment led to a stronger sense of `being there' in the virtual environment. However, conversely, presence increased by higher scene realism did not affect fear responses. Nonetheless, presence seemed to have some effects on fear responding via another pathway, as participants whose presence levels were highest in the first safe context were also those who had the strongest fear responses in a later height situation. This finding indicated the importance of immersive user characteristics in the emergence of presence and fear in VR. The findings of the first four studies were integrated into a model of fear in VR, extending previous models and highlighting factors that lead to the emergence of both fear and presence in VR. Results of the studies showed that fear responses towards virtual heights were affected by trait height-fearfulness, phobic elements in the virtual environment, and, at least to some degree, on presence. Presence, on the other hand, was affected by experiencing fear in VR, immersion---the characteristics of the VR system---and immersive user characteristics. Of note, the manipulations of immersion used in the present thesis, visual and auditory realism of the virtual environment and tactile wind simulation, were not particularly effective in manipulating presence. Finally, Study 5 (N = 34) compared two different implementations of VRET for acrophobia to investigate mechanisms underlying its efficacy. The first implementation followed the Emotional Processing Theory, assuming that fear reduction during exposure is crucial for positive treatment outcome. In this condition, patients were asked to focus on their fear responses and on the decline of fear (habituation) during exposures. The second implementation was based on the inhibitory learning model, assuming that expectancy violation is the primary mechanism underlying exposure therapy efficacy. In this condition, patients were asked to focus on the non-occurrence of feared outcomes (e.g., 'I could fall off') during exposure. Based on predictions of the inhibitory learning model, the hypothesis for the study was that expectancy-violation-based exposure would outperform habituation-based exposure. After two treatment sessions in VR, both treatment conditions effectively reduced the patients' fear of heights, but the two conditions did not differ in their efficacy. The study replicated previous studies by showing that VRET is an effective treatment for acrophobia; however, contrary to the assumption, explicitly targeting the violation of threat expectancies did not improve outcome. This finding adds to other studies failing to provide clear evidence for expectancy violation as the primary mechanism underlying exposure therapy. Possible explanations for this finding and clinical implications are discussed, along with suggestions for further research.},
  subject      = {Virtuelle Realit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Krishna2018,
  author    = {Krishna, Anand},
  title     = {Regulatory Focus Theory and Information Processing - A Series of Exploratory Studies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163365},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Regulatory focus (RF) theory (Higgins, 1997) states that individuals follow different strategic concerns when focusing on gains (promotion) rather than losses (prevention). Applying the Reflective-Impulsive Model (RIM, Strack \& Deutsch, 2004), this dissertation investigates RF's influence on basic information processing, specifically semantic processing (Study 1), semantic (Study 2) and affective (Study 3) associative priming, and basic reflective operations (Studies 4-7). Study 1 showed no effect of RF on pre-activation of RF-related semantic concepts in a lexical decision task (LDT). Study 2 indicated that primes fitting a promotion focus improve performance in a LDT for chronically promotion-focused individuals, but not chronically prevention-focused individuals. However, the latter performed better when targets fit their focus. Stronger affect and arousal after processing valent words fitting an RF may explain this pattern. Study 3 showed some evidence for stronger priming effects for negative primes in a bona-fide pipeline task (Fazio et al., 1995) for chronically prevention-focused participants, while also providing evidence that situational prevention focus insulates individuals from misattributing the valence of simple primes. Studies 4-7 showed that a strong chronic prevention focus leads to greater negation effects for valent primes in an Affect Misattribution Procedure (Payne et al., 2005), especially when it fits the situation. Furthermore, Study 6 showed that these effects result from stronger weighting of negated valence rather than greater ease in negation. Study 7 showed that the increased negation effect is independent of time pressure. Broad implications are discussed, including how RF effects on basic processing may explain higher-order RF effects.},
  subject      = {Motivation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PfisterFoerster2022,
  author    = {Pfister, Roland and Foerster, Anna},
  title     = {How to measure post-error slowing: The case of pre-error speeding},
  series = {Behavior Research Methods},
  volume    = {54},
  journal   = {Behavior Research Methods},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {1554-3528},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13428-021-01631-4},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273244},
  pages     = {435-443},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Post-error slowing is one of the most widely employed measures to study cognitive and behavioral consequences of error commission. Several methods have been proposed to quantify the post-error slowing effect, and we discuss two main methods: The traditional method of comparing response times in correct post-error trials to response times of correct trials that follow another correct trial, and a more recent proposal of comparing response times in correct post-error trials to the corresponding correct pre-error trials. Based on thorough re-analyses of two datasets, we argue that the latter method provides an inflated estimate by also capturing the (partially) independent effect of pre-error speeding. We propose two solutions for improving the assessment of human error processing, both of which highlight the importance of distinguishing between initial pre-error speeding and later post-error slowing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaethnerKueblerHalder2015,
  author    = {K{\"a}thner, Ivo and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Halder, Sebastian},
  title     = {Rapid P300 brain-computer interface communication with a head-mounted display},
  series = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  number    = {207},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnins.2015.00207},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148520},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Visual ERP (P300) based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow for fast and reliable spelling and are intended as a muscle-independent communication channel for people with severe paralysis. However, they require the presentation of visual stimuli in the field of view of the user. A head-mounted display could allow convenient presentation of visual stimuli in situations, where mounting a conventional monitor might be difficult or not feasible (e.g., at a patient's bedside). To explore if similar accuracies can be achieved with a virtual reality (VR) headset compared to a conventional flat screen monitor, we conducted an experiment with 18 healthy participants. We also evaluated it with a person in the locked-in state (LIS) to verify that usage of the headset is possible for a severely paralyzed person. Healthy participants performed online spelling with three different display methods. In one condition a 5 x 5 letter matrix was presented on a conventional 22 inch TFT monitor. Two configurations of the VR headset were tested. In the first (glasses A), the same 5 x 5 matrix filled the field of view of the user. In the second (glasses B), single letters of the matrix filled the field of view of the user. The participant in the LIS tested the VR headset on three different occasions (glasses A condition only). For healthy participants, average online spelling accuracies were 94\% (15.5 bits/min) using three flash sequences for spelling with the monitor and glasses A and 96\% (16.2 bits/min) with glasses B. In one session, the participant in the LIS reached an online spelling accuracy of 100\% (10 bits/min) using the glasses A condition. We also demonstrated that spelling with one flash sequence is possible with the VR headset for healthy users (mean: 32.1 bits/min, maximum reached by one user: 71.89 bits/min at 100\% accuracy). We conclude that the VR headset allows for rapid P300 BCI communication in healthy users and may be a suitable display option for severely paralyzed persons.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WuWinklerWieseretal.2015,
  author    = {Wu, Lingdan and Winkler, Markus H. and Wieser, Matthias J. and Andreatta, Marta and Li, Yonghui and Pauli, Paul},
  title     = {Emotion regulation in heavy smokers: experiential, expressive and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  number    = {1555},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01555},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145225},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Emotion regulation dysfunctions are assumed to contribute to the development of tobacco addiction and relapses among smokers attempting to quit. To further examine this hypothesis, the present study compared heavy smokers with non-smokers (NS) in a reappraisal task. Specifically, we investigated whether non-deprived smokers (NDS) and deprived smokers (DS) differ from non-smokers in cognitive emotion regulation and whether there is an association between the outcome of emotion regulation and the cigarette craving. Sixty-five participants (23 non-smokers, 22 NDS, and 20 DS) were instructed to down-regulate emotions by reappraising negative or positive pictorial scenarios. Self-ratings of valence, arousal, and cigarette craving as well as facial electromyography and electroencephalograph activities were measured. Ratings, facial electromyography, and electroencephalograph data indicated that both NDS and DS performed comparably to nonsmokers in regulating emotional responses via reappraisal, irrespective of the valence of pictorial stimuli. Interestingly, changes in cigarette craving were positively associated with regulation of emotional arousal irrespective of emotional valence. These results suggest that heavy smokers are capable to regulate emotion via deliberate reappraisal and smokers' cigarette craving is associated with emotional arousal rather than emotional valence. This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic use of reappraisal to replace maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in nicotine addicts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GhafoorNordbeckRitteretal.2022,
  author    = {Ghafoor, Hina and Nordbeck, Peter and Ritter, Oliver and Pauli, Paul and Schulz, Stefan M.},
  title     = {Can Religiosity and Social Support Explain Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Cross-Cultural Study},
  series = {Journal of Religion and Health},
  volume    = {61},
  journal   = {Journal of Religion and Health},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {0022-4197},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10943-020-01163-9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-232823},
  pages     = {158-174},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Religion and social support along with trait emotional intelligence (EI) help individuals to reduce stress caused by difficult situations. Their implications may vary across cultures in reference to predicting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A convenience sample of N = 200 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients was recruited at cardiology centers in Germany (n = 100) and Pakistan (n = 100). Results indicated that trait-EI predicted better mental component of HRQoL in Pakistani and German CHF patients. Friends as social support appeared relevant for German patients only. Qualitative data indicate an internal locus of control in German as compared to Pakistani patients. Strengthening the beneficial role of social support in Pakistani patients is one example of how the current findings may inspire culture-specific treatment to empower patients dealing with the detrimental effects of CHF.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchroederPfister2015,
  author    = {Schroeder, Philipp A. and Pfister, Roland},
  title     = {Arbitrary numbers counter fair decisions: trails of markedness in card distribution},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00240},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143481},
  pages     = {240},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Converging evidence from controlled experiments suggests that the mere processing of a number and its attributes such as value or parity might affect free choice decisions between different actions. For example the spatial numerical associations of response codes (SNARC) effect indicates the magnitude of a digit to be associated with a spatial representation and might therefore affect spatial response choices (i.e., decisions between a "left" and a "right" option). At the same time, other (linguistic) features of a number such as parity are embedded into space and might likewise prime left or right responses through feature words [odd or even, respectively; markedness association of response codes (MARC) effect]. In this experiment we aimed at documenting such influences in a natural setting. We therefore assessed number space and parity space association effects by exposing participants to a fair distribution task in a card playing scenario. Participants drew cards, read out loud their number values, and announced their response choice, i.e., dealing it to a left vs. right player, indicated by Playmobil characters. Not only did participants prefer to deal more cards to the right player, the card's digits also affected response choices and led to a slightly but systematically unfair distribution, supported by a regular SNARC effect and counteracted by a reversed MARC effect. The experiment demonstrates the impact of SNARC- and MARC-like biases in free choice behavior through verbal and visual numerical information processing even in a setting with high external validity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BreilKanskePittigetal.2021,
  author    = {Breil, Christina and Kanske, Philipp and Pittig, Roxana and B{\"o}ckler, Anne},
  title     = {A revised instrument for the assessment of empathy and Theory of Mind in adolescents: Introducing the EmpaToM-Y},
  series = {Behavior Research Methods},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Behavior Research Methods},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13428-021-01589-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302877},
  pages     = {2487-2501},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Empathy and Theory of Mind (ToM) are two core components of social understanding. The EmpaToM is a validated social video task that allows for independent manipulation and assessment of the two capacities. First applications revealed that empathy and ToM are dissociable constructs on a neuronal as well as on a behavioral level. As the EmpaToM has been designed for the assessment of social understanding in adults, it has a high degree of complexity and comprises topics that are inadequate for minors. For this reason, we designed a new version of the EmpaToM that is especially suited to measure empathy and ToM in youths. In experiment 1, we successfully validated the EmpaToM-Y on the original EmpaToM in an adult sample (N = 61), revealing a similar pattern of results across tasks and strong correlations of all constructs. As intended, the performance measure for ToM and the control condition of the EmpaToM-Y showed reduced difficulty. In experiment 2, we tested the feasibility of the EmpaToM-Y in a group of teenagers (N = 36). Results indicate a reliable empathy induction and higher demands of ToM questions for adolescents. We provide a promising task for future research targeting inter-individual variability of socio-cognitive and socio-affective capacities as well as their precursors and outcomes in healthy minors and clinical populations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReisPfister2022,
  author    = {Reis, Moritz and Pfister, Roland},
  title     = {Being Observed Does Not Boost Rule Retrieval},
  series = {Advances in Cognitive Psychology},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Advances in Cognitive Psychology},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.5709/acp-0359-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301089},
  pages     = {173 -- 178},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Previous research, mainly focusing on the situational preconditions of rule violations, indicates that feelings of being watched by other agents promote rule compliance. However, the cognitive underpinnings of this effect and of rule violations in general have only attracted little scientific attention yet. In this study, we investigated whether cues of being observed not only reduce the likelihood of violating rules but also affect the underlying cognitive processes of such behavior when still putting a rule violation into action. Therefore, we applied a motion-tracking paradigm in which participants could violate a simple stimulus-response mapping rule while being faced with pictures of either open or closed eyes. In line with prior research, temporal and spatial measures of the participants' movements indicated that violating this rule induced substantial cognitive conflict. However, conflict during rulebreaking was not moderated by the eye stimuli. This outcome suggests that rule retrieval constitutes an automatic process which is not or is only barely influenced by situational parameters. Moreover, our results imply that the effect of perceived observation on rule conformity is driven by normative influences on decision-making instead of social facilitation of dominant action tendencies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TopolinskiStrack2015,
  author    = {Topolinski, Sascha and Strack, Fritz},
  title     = {Corrugator activity confirms immediate negative affect in surprise},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  number    = {134},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00134},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144068},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The emotion of surprise entails a complex of immediate responses, such as cognitive interruption, attention allocation to, and more systematic processing of the surprising stimulus. All these processes serve the ultimate function to increase processing depth and thus cognitively master the surprising stimulus. The present account introduces phasic negative affect as the underlying mechanism responsible for this switch in operating mode. Surprising stimuli are schema discrepant and thus entail cognitive disfluency, which elicits immediate negative affect. This affect in turn works like a phasic cognitive tuning switching the current processing mode from more automatic and heuristic to more systematic and reflective processing. Directly testing the initial elicitation of negative affect by surprising events, the present experiment presented high and low surprising neutral trivia statements to N = 28 participants while assessing their spontaneous facial expressions via facial electromyography. High compared to low surprising trivia elicited higher corrugator activity, indicative of negative affect and mental effort, while leaving zygomaticus (positive affect) and frontalis (cultural surprise expression) activity unaffected. Future research shall investigate the mediating role of negative affect in eliciting surprise-related outcomes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Karageorgos2022,
  author    = {Karageorgos, Panagiotis},
  title     = {Investigating Reading Fluency in German Primary School Children: Interplay of Word Reading Accuracy, Speed, and Prosody},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-29261},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-292612},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Reading skills are among the most important basic skills in society. However, not all readers are able to adequately understand texts or decode individual words. Findings from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS; German: IGLU) show that about one fifth of fourth graders can only establish coherence at the local level, and in some cases they only have a rudimentary understanding of the text they read (Bremerich-Vos et al., 2017). In addition, these reading deficits persist and have a negative impact on academic and professional success (Jimerson, 1999). Therefore, identifying the causes of these deficits and creating opportunities for interventions at an early stage is an important research objective. The aim of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between the aspects of reading fluency and their influence on reading comprehension. Despite the increasing scientific interest in reading fluency in recent years, a research gap still exists in the relationship between word recognition accuracy and both speed and the relevance of prosodic patterns for reading comprehension. Study 1 investigated whether German fourth graders (N = 826) were required to reach a certain word-recognition accuracy threshold before their word-recognition speed improved. In addition, a sub-sample (n = 170) with a pre-/posttest design was examined to assess the extent that the existing word-recognition accuracy can influence the effects of a syllable-based reading intervention on word-recognition accuracy and word-recognition speed. Results showed that word-recognition speed improved after children achieved a word-recognition accuracy of 71\%. A positive intervention effect was also found on word-recognition accuracy for children who were below the 71\% threshold before the intervention, whereas the intervention effect on word-recognition speed was positive for all children. However, a positive effect on reading comprehension was only found for children who were above the 71\% threshold before the intervention. Study 2 investigated the relationship between word-recognition accuracy threshold and word-recognition speed shown in the first study in a longitudinal design with German students (N = 1,095). Word-recognition accuracy and speed were assessed from the end of Grade 1 to 4, whereas reading comprehension was assessed from the end of Grade 2 to 4. The results showed that the developmental trajectories of word recognition speed and reading comprehension were steeper in children who reached the word-recognition accuracy threshold by the end of the first grade than in children who later reached or had not reached this threshold. In Study 3, recurrence analysis (RQA) was used to extract prosodic patterns from reading recordings of struggling and skilled readers in the second (n = 67) and fourth grade (n = 69) and was used for the classification into struggling and skilled readers. In addition, the classification based on the prosodic patterns from the recurrence quantification analysis was compared with the classification of prosodic features from the manual transcription of the reading recordings. The results showed that second-grade struggling readers have lengthier pauses within or between words and take more time between pauses on average, whereas fourth-grade struggling readers spend more time between recurring stresses and have multiple diverse patterns in pitch and more recurring accents. Although the recurrence analysis had a good goodness of fit and provided additional information about the relationship of prosody with reading comprehension, the model using prosodic features from transcription had a better fit. In summary, the three studies in this dissertation provide four important insights into reading fluency in German. First, a threshold in word-recognition accuracy must be achieved before word-recognition speed improves. Second, the earlier this accuracy level is reached, the greater the gain in word-recognition speed and reading comprehension. Third, the intervention effects of a primary school reading intervention are influenced by the accuracy level. Fourth, although incorrect pauses within or between words play an important role in identifying and describing struggling readers in second grade, the importance of prosodic patterns increases in fourth grade.},
  subject      = {Worterkennung},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{OPUS4-31720,
  title     = {Abstracts of the Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023},
  editor    = {Neumann, Isabel and Gado, Sabrina and K{\"a}thner, Ivo and Hildebrandt, Lea and Andreatta, Marta},
  edition   = {korrigierte Auflage},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31720},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317203},
  pages     = {76},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 was initiated to bring together researchers from many fields who use VR/AR/XR. There was a focus on applied XR and social VR. In this conference band, you can find the abstracts of the two keynotes, the 34 posters and poster pitches, the 29 talks and the four workshops.},
  subject      = {Virtuelle Realit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Liesner2022,
  author    = {Liesner, Marvin Paul},
  title     = {I control it, but does it mean it is part of me? How the relationship between body movements and controlled object movements influences the sense of agency and the sense of ownership},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28703},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287030},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The "active self" approach suggests that any object we manipulate voluntarily and foreseeably becomes part of our "self" in the sense that we feel control over this object (sense of agency) and experience it as belonging to our own body (sense of ownership). While there is considerable evidence that we can indeed experience both a sense of agency and a sense of ownership over a broad variety of objects when we control these through our actions, the approach has also been criticized for exaggerating the flexibility of the human self. In this thesis, I investigate the influence that the relationship between the body movements controlling an object and the movements of the object itself has on the process of integrating an object into the self. I demonstrate that fully controlling an object is not sufficient for it to be integrated into the self since both explicit and implicit measures of the sense of agency and the sense of ownership indicate less or no integration when body movements are transformed into inverted object movements. Furthermore, I show that such inversions lead to the downregulation of sensory signals either from the body or from the controlled object in order to deal with the conflicting multisensory information when performing such actions. I argue that this downregulation is the underlying factor behind the diminished or eliminated integration of inverted body and object movements and I discuss further pathways for possible future studies building up on these findings.},
  subject      = {Experimentelle Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Madeira2022,
  author    = {Madeira, Octavia},
  title     = {The Human-Experimental Virtual Elevated Plus-Maze as an Anxiety Model},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28147},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281478},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Anxiety research is one of the major psychological research domains and looks back on decades of research activity. Traditionally, novel theories and approaches are tested utilizing animal models. One way to study inherent anxiety in rodents is the elevated plus-maze (EPM). The EPM is a plus-shaped platform with two closed, i.e., walled, arms and two open unwalled arms. If given the opportunity to freely explore the apparatus, rodents instinctively avoid the open arms to protect themselves from predators. Hence, they spent less time on open and more time on closed arms, which is behaviorally associated with general anxiety. In the course of the pharmacological validation, it was found that this exploratory pattern can be reversed by anxiolytic substances, e.g., benzodiazepines, or potentiated by anxiogenics. One of the significant advantages of the EPM is that no prior training session is required in contrast to conditioning studies, thus allowing to observe natural behavior. Therefore, together with the economic and uncomplicated setup, the EPM has become a standard preclinical rodent anxiety test over the decades. In order to validate these rodent anxiety tests, there have recently been attempts to retranslate them to humans. A paramount of cross-species validation is not only the simple transferability of these animal tests but also the observation of anxiety behaviors that are evolutionarily conserved across species. Accordingly, it could be possible to conclude various factors associated with the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders in humans. So far, convincing translations of the EPM to humans are still lacking. For that reason, the primary aim of this dissertation is to retranslate the EPM throughout three studies and to evaluate cross-species validity critically. Secondly, the undertaken studies are set out to observe ambulatory activity equivalent to rodent EPM behavior, i.e., open arm avoidance. Thirdly, the undertaken studies aimed to assess the extent to which trait anxiety influences human exploratory activity on the platform to associate it with the assumption that rodent EPM-behavior is a reflection of general anxiety. Finally, virtual reality (VR) was the method of choice to maintain the economic advantage and adjust the EPM size to humans. Study 1 (N = 30) was set up to directly transfer the rodent EPM regarding test design and experimental procedure using a Computer Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). The results revealed that humans unlike rodents display a general open arms approach during free exploration. However, open arm avoidance was associated with high trait anxiety and acrophobia (fear of height), which was initially assessed as a control variable due to the virtual platform height. Regression analyses and subjective anxiety ratings hinted at a more significant influence of acrophobia on open arm avoidance. In addition, it was assumed that the open arms approach might have resulted from claustrophobic tendencies experienced in the closed arms due to the high walls. Study 2 (N = 61) sought to differentiate the influence of trait anxiety and acrophobia and adapt the virtual EPM to humans. Therefore, parts of the platform held a semi-transparent grid-floor texture, and the wall height on the closed arms was reduced to standard handrail level. Moreover, participants were priorly screened to exclude clinically significant levels of acrophobia, claustrophobia, and agoraphobia. The data on general exploratory activity showed no arm preference. Regression analyses confirmed that acrophobia is related to open arm avoidance, corroborating the finding of Study 1. Surprisingly, for trait anxiety, the result of Study 1 could not be replicated. Instead, for trait anxiety, no significant effect was found indicating that predominantly fear of heights shapes human EPM behavior even on a subclinical stage. In Study 3 (N = 57), the EPM was embedded into a city setting to 1) create a more natural human environment and 2) eliminate height. Furthermore, a head-mounted display was utilized for VR presentation, and arousal ratings were introduced. Participants were screened for high and low levels of trait anxiety and agoraphobia, and claustrophobia. Replicating the findings of Study 2, no difference in open and closed arm activity was observed, and no effect was found in relationship with trait anxiety. The data on anxiety ratings and claustrophobia suggest a positive correlation indicating that in this city EPM, claustrophobic tendencies might play a role in closed arm avoidance. In summary, this thesis added valuable insights into the retranslation of a well-established standard anxiety test used in rodents. However, it also majorly challenges current findings on the cross-species validity of the EPM. Various explanatory models for the results are critically discussed and associated with clinical implications concerning future research.},
  subject      = {Virtuelle Realit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PittigHeinigGoerigketal.2021,
  author    = {Pittig, Andre and Heinig, Ingmar and Goerigk, Stephan and Thiel, Freya and Hummel, Katrin and Scholl, Lucie and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Pauli, Paul and Domschke, Katharina and Lueken, Ulrike and Fydrich, Thomas and Fehm, Lydia and Plag, Jens and Str{\"o}hle, Andreas and Kircher, Tilo and Straube, Benjamin and Rief, Winfried and Koelkebeck, Katja and Arolt, Volker and Dannlowski, Udo and Margraf, J{\"u}rgen and Totzeck, Christina and Schneider, Silvia and Neudeck, Peter and Craske, Michelle G. and Hollandt, Maike and Richter, Jan and Hamm, Alfons and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich},
  title     = {Efficacy of temporally intensified exposure for anxiety disorders: A multicenter randomized clinical trial},
  series = {Depression and Anxiety},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Depression and Anxiety},
  number    = {11},
  doi       = {10.1002/da.23204},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257331},
  pages     = {1169-1181},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Background The need to optimize exposure treatments for anxiety disorders may be addressed by temporally intensified exposure sessions. Effects on symptom reduction and public health benefits should be examined across different anxiety disorders with comorbid conditions. Methods This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared two variants of prediction error-based exposure therapy (PeEx) in various anxiety disorders (both 12 sessions + 2 booster sessions, 100 min/session): temporally intensified exposure (PeEx-I) with exposure sessions condensed to 2 weeks (n = 358) and standard nonintensified exposure (PeEx-S) with weekly exposure sessions (n = 368). Primary outcomes were anxiety symptoms (pre, post, and 6-months follow-up). Secondary outcomes were global severity (across sessions), quality of life, disability days, and comorbid depression. Results Both treatments resulted in substantial improvements at post (PeEx-I: d\(_{within}\) = 1.50, PeEx-S: d\(_{within}\) = 1.78) and follow-up (PeEx-I: d\(_{within}\) = 2.34; PeEx-S: d\(_{within}\) = 2.03). Both groups showed formally equivalent symptom reduction at post and follow-up. However, time until response during treatment was 32\% shorter in PeEx-I (median = 68 days) than PeEx-S (108 days; TR\(_{PeEx-I}\)-I = 0.68). Interestingly, drop-out rates were lower during intensified exposure. PeEx-I was also superior in reducing disability days and improving quality of life at follow-up without increasing relapse. Conclusions Both treatment variants focusing on the transdiagnostic exposure-based violation of threat beliefs were effective in reducing symptom severity and disability in severe anxiety disorders. Temporally intensified exposure resulted in faster treatment response with substantial public health benefits and lower drop-out during the exposure phase, without higher relapse. Clinicians can expect better or at least comparable outcomes when delivering exposure in a temporally intensified manner.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StegmannAndreattaWieser2023,
  author    = {Stegmann, Yannik and Andreatta, Marta and Wieser, Matthias J.},
  title     = {The effect of inherently threatening contexts on visuocortical engagement to conditioned threat},
  series = {Psychophysiology},
  volume    = {60},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1111/psyp.14208},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312465},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Fear and anxiety are crucial for adaptive responding in life-threatening situations. Whereas fear is a phasic response to an acute threat accompanied by selective attention, anxiety is characterized by a sustained feeling of apprehension and hypervigilance during situations of potential threat. In the current literature, fear and anxiety are usually considered mutually exclusive, with partially separated neural underpinnings. However, there is accumulating evidence that challenges this distinction between fear and anxiety, and simultaneous activation of fear and anxiety networks has been reported. Therefore, the current study experimentally tested potential interactions between fear and anxiety. Fifty-two healthy participants completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm followed by a test phase in which the conditioned stimuli were presented in front of threatening or neutral contextual images. To capture defense system activation, we recorded subjective (threat, US-expectancy), physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) and visuocortical (steady-state visual evoked potentials) responses to the conditioned stimuli as a function of contextual threat. Results demonstrated successful fear conditioning in all measures. In addition, threat and US-expectancy ratings, cardiac deceleration, and visuocortical activity were enhanced for fear cues presented in threatening compared with neutral contexts. These results are in line with an additive or interactive rather than an exclusive model of fear and anxiety, indicating facilitated defensive behavior to imminent danger in situations of potential threat.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StegmannAndreattaPaulietal.2023,
  author    = {Stegmann, Yannik and Andreatta, Marta and Pauli, Paul and Keil, Andreas and Wieser, Matthias J.},
  title     = {Investigating sustained attention in contextual threat using steady-state VEPs evoked by flickering video stimuli},
  series = {Psychophysiology},
  volume    = {60},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology},
  number    = {5},
  doi       = {10.1111/psyp.14229},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312430},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Anxiety is characterized by anxious anticipation and heightened vigilance to uncertain threat. However, if threat is not reliably indicated by a specific cue, the context in which threat was previously experienced becomes its best predictor, leading to anxiety. A suitable means to induce anxiety experimentally is context conditioning: In one context (CTX+), an unpredictable aversive stimulus (US) is repeatedly presented, in contrast to a second context (CTX-), in which no US is ever presented. In this EEG study, we investigated attentional mechanisms during acquisition and extinction learning in 38 participants, who underwent a context conditioning protocol. Flickering video stimuli (32 s clips depicting virtual offices representing CTX+/-) were used to evoke steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) as an index of visuocortical engagement with the contexts. Analyses of the electrocortical responses suggest a successful induction of the ssVEP signal by video presentation in flicker mode. Furthermore, we found clear indices of context conditioning and extinction learning on a subjective level, while cortical processing of the CTX+ was unexpectedly reduced during video presentation. The differences between CTX+ and CTX- diminished during extinction learning. Together, these results indicate that the dynamic sensory input of the video presentation leads to disruptions in the ssVEP signal, which is greater for motivationally significant, threatening contexts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GaryLenhardLenhard2021,
  author    = {Gary, Sebastian and Lenhard, Wolfgang and Lenhard, Alexandra},
  title     = {Modelling norm scores with the cNORM package in R},
  series = {Psych},
  volume    = {3},
  journal   = {Psych},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {2624-8611},
  doi       = {10.3390/psych3030033},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284143},
  pages     = {501 -- 521},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In this article, we explain and demonstrate how to model norm scores with the cNORM package in R. This package is designed specifically to determine norm scores when the latent ability to be measured covaries with age or other explanatory variables such as grade level. The mathematical method used in this package draws on polynomial regression to model a three-dimensional hyperplane that smoothly and continuously captures the relation between raw scores, norm scores and the explanatory variable. By doing so, it overcomes the typical problems of classical norming methods, such as overly large age intervals, missing norm scores, large amounts of sampling error in the subsamples or huge requirements with regard to the sample size. After a brief introduction to the mathematics of the model, we describe the individual methods of the package. We close the article with a practical example using data from a real reading comprehension test.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jaeger2018,
  author    = {J{\"a}ger, Dana},
  title     = {Zur p{\"a}dagogischen Legitimation des W{\"u}rzburger Trainingsprogrammes H{\"o}ren, lauschen, lernen: Trainingseffekte und Trainereffekte},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-174051},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Programmans{\"a}tze und deren Einsatz in vorschulisch, schulisch und außerschulisch bildenden Kontexten erfreuen sich der zunehmenden Beliebtheit. Ein breites und nicht nachlassendes Interesse in Forschung und Praxis kommt insbesondere vorschulischen Trainingskonzepten zuteil, denen das Potenzial zugesprochen wird, sp{\"a}ter auftretenden Schwierigkeiten beim Erwerb der Schriftsprache wirksam vorzubeugen. Das W{\"u}rzburger Trainingsprogramm »H{\"o}ren, lauschen, lernen« stellt einen konzeptionell auf schriftspracherwerbstheoretischen Annahmen fundierten und mit mehreren evaluierenden Studien erprobten Trainingsansatz dar. Dieser bezweckt, Kindern den Erwerb des Lesens und Schreibens zu erleichtern. Dem Anspruch, sp{\"a}teren Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten effektiv vorzubeugen, unterliegt die vorschulische F{\"o}rderung bereichsspezifischer Kompetenzen des Schriftspracherwerbs, insbesondere der Kompetenz phonologische Bewusstheit. Die F{\"o}rderung wird optimal ausgesch{\"o}pft, sofern Empfehlungen einer qualitativen Implementierung umgesetzt werden, die als Manualtreue, Durchf{\"u}hrungsintensit{\"a}t, Programmdifferenzierung, Programmkomplexit{\"a}t, Implementierungsstrategien, Vermittlungsqualit{\"a}t und Teilnehmerreaktion spezifiziert sind. Zunehmend diskutiert sind in der Trainingsforschung, neben der theoretischen Fundierung und dem zu erbringenden Nachweis an empirischer Evidenz von Programmans{\"a}tzen, Kriterien der Praxistauglichkeit. Daher befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Frage der Programmrobustheit gegen{\"u}ber Trainereffekten. Es nahmen 300 Kinder an dem W{\"u}rzburger Trainingsprogramm teil und wurden 64 Kindern gegen{\"u}bergestellt, die dem regul{\"a}ren Kindergartenprogramm folgten. Angeleitet durch das erzieherische Personal fand das 5-monatig andauernde Training innerhalb des Vorschuljahres statt. Die kindliche Entwicklung in den bereichsspezifischen Kompetenzen der phonologischen Bewusstheit und der Graphem-Phonem-Korrespondenz wurde vor und nach der Trainingsmaßnahme sowie zum Schul{\"u}bertritt und in den Kompetenzen des Rechtschreibens und Lesens zum Ende des ersten Schuljahres untersucht. Es ließen sich unmittelbar und langfristig Trainingseffekte des eingesetzten Programmes nachweisen; indessen blieb ein Transfererfolg aus. Der Exploration von Trainereffekten unterlag eine Eruierung der Praxistauglichkeit des Trainingsprogrammes anhand der erfolgten Implementierung durch das anleitende erzieherische Personal. Aus der urspr{\"u}nglich mit 300 Kindern aus 44 involvierten Kinderg{\"a}rten bestehenden Datenbasis wurden drei Subgruppen mit insgesamt 174 Kindern aus 17 Kinderg{\"a}rten identifiziert, bei denen deutliche Diskrepanzen zu unmittelbaren, langfristigen und transferierenden Effekten des Trainingsprogrammes auftraten. Exploriert wurden Unterschiede in der Durchf{\"u}hrung, um R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf qualitative Aspekte der Programmimplementierung zu ziehen. Die Befunde des Extremgruppenvergleichs deuteten an, dass weniger Aspekte der Manualtreue und Durchf{\"u}hrungsintensit{\"a}t ausschlaggebend f{\"u}r die Programmwirksamkeit waren; vielmehr schien f{\"u}r die Wirksamkeit des Trainingsprogrammes die Implementierung in der Art und Weise, wie die Trainingsinhalte den Kindern durch das erzieherische Personal vermittelt waren, entscheidend zu sein. Befunde zur eruierten Teilnehmerreaktion, die auf differenzielle F{\"o}rdereffekte verweisen, stellten die Trainingswirksamkeit insbesondere f{\"u}r Kinder heraus, bei denen prognostisch ein Risiko unterstellt war, sp{\"a}ter auftretende Schwierigkeiten mit der Schriftsprache zu entwickeln. Ferner zeichnete sich ab, dass neben der Qualit{\"a}t der Programmimplementierung scheinbar auch Unterschiede in der schulischen Instruktionsmethode des Lesens und Schreibens einen nivellierenden Einfluss auf den Transfererfolg des Programmes aus{\"u}bten. Theoretische und praktische Implikationen f{\"u}r den Einsatz des Trainingsprogrammes wurden diskutiert.},
  subject      = {Phonologische Bewusstheit},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Seeger2022,
  author    = {Seeger, Jennifer},
  title     = {Determinanten des Studienerfolgs internationaler Studierender - Das metakognitive Strategiewissen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28933},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289333},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Die Zahl internationaler Studierender in Deutschland stieg in den letzten Jahrzehnten stetig an. Gleichzeitig haben sich die hohen Abbruchquoten dieser Gruppe an Studierenden wenig ver{\"a}ndert und Forschung zu den Bedingungsfaktoren eines erfolgreichen Studiums internationaler Studierender gewann erst in den vergangenen Jahren an Aufmerksamkeit. Neben den sprachlichen Kompetenzen der Studierenden k{\"o}nnte beim Studium in einem fremden Land eine F{\"a}higkeit zur Anpassung an den neuartigen Studienalltag und zum Umgang mit schwierigen diesbez{\"u}glichen Situationen von Bedeutung sein. In dieser Dissertation wird zun{\"a}chst die angesprochene Internationalisierung der deutschen Hochschulen und Entwicklung der Zahlen internationaler Studierender an denselben betrachtet. Ein Modell des Studienabbruchsprozesses und die durch internationale Studierende angegebenen Schwierigkeiten im Studienalltag f{\"u}hren zum Konstrukt des metakognitiven Strategiewissens, das anhand bisheriger Forschung eingeordnet und beleuchtet wird. Drei im Rahmen dieser Dissertation durchgef{\"u}hrte empirische Studien untersuchten das zu Studienbeginn vorhandene metakognitive Strategiewissen zur Anpassung an schwierige Situationen im Studienalltag und fanden durchweg Zusammenh{\"a}nge mit der sp{\"a}teren Sprachf{\"a}higkeit sowie dem sp{\"a}teren Studienerfolg der internationalen Studierenden. Das zentrale Ergebnis dieser Dissertation besteht somit in der Feststellung eines Einflusses des zu Studienbeginn vorhandenen metakognitiven Strategiewissens internationaler Studierender auf den sp{\"a}teren Studienerfolg an deutschen Hochschulen. Dieser besteht noch {\"u}ber den Einfluss der anf{\"a}nglichen Sprachf{\"a}higkeit hinaus und kann somit zus{\"a}tzlich zur grundlegenden F{\"a}higkeit des Verst{\"a}ndnisses und der Kommunikation in der Sprache des Studienlandes ein gelingendes Studium beeinflussen.},
  subject      = {Metakognition},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HoffmannPieczykolanKochetal.2020,
  author    = {Hoffmann, Mareike A. and Pieczykolan, Aleks and Koch, Iring and Huestegge, Lynn},
  title     = {Two sources of task prioritization: The interplay of effector-based and task order-based capacity allocation in the PRP paradigm},
  series = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  volume    = {82},
  journal   = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  issn      = {1943-3921},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-020-02071-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235365},
  pages     = {3402-3414},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {When processing of two tasks overlaps, performance is known to suffer. In the well-established psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm, tasks are triggered by two stimuli with a short temporal delay (stimulus onset asynchrony; SOA), thereby allowing control of the degree of task overlap. A decrease of the SOA reliably yields longer RTs of the task associated with the second stimulus (Task 2) while performance in the other task (Task 1) remains largely unaffected. This Task 2-specific SOA effect is usually interpreted in terms of central capacity limitations. Particularly, it has been assumed that response selection in Task 2 is delayed due to the allocation of less capacity until this process has been completed in Task 1. Recently, another important factor determining task prioritization has been proposed—namely, the particular effector systems associated with tasks. Here, we study both sources of task prioritization simultaneously by systematically combining three different effector systems (pairwise combinations of oculomotor, vocal, and manual responses) in the PRP paradigm. Specifically, we asked whether task order-based task prioritization (SOA effect) is modulated as a function of Task 2 effector system. The results indicate a modulation of SOA effects when the same (oculomotor) Task 1 is combined with a vocal versus a manual Task 2. This is incompatible with the assumption that SOA effects are solely determined by Task 1 response selection duration. Instead, they support the view that dual-task processing bottlenecks are resolved by establishing a capacity allocation scheme fed by multiple input factors, including attentional weights associated with particular effector systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RaynerColemanPurvesetal.2019,
  author    = {Rayner, Christopher and Coleman, Jonathan R. I. and Purves, Kirstin L. and Hodsoll, John and Goldsmith, Kimberley and Alpers, Georg W. and Andersson, Evelyn and Arolt, Volker and Boberg, Julia and B{\"o}gels, Susan and Creswell, Cathy and Cooper, Peter and Curtis, Charles and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Domschke, Katharina and El Alaoui, Samir and Fehm, Lydia and Fydrich, Thomas and Gerlach, Alexander L. and Grocholewski, Anja and Hahlweg, Kurt and Hamm, Alfons and Hedman, Erik and Heiervang, Einar R. and Hudson, Jennifer L. and J{\"o}hren, Peter and Keers, Robert and Kircher, Tilo and Lang, Thomas and Lavebratt, Catharina and Lee, Sang-hyuck and Lester, Kathryn J. and Lindefors, Nils and Margraf, J{\"u}rgen and Nauta, Maaike and Pan{\´e}-Farr{\´e}, Christiane A. and Pauli, Paul and Rapee, Ronald M. and Reif, Andreas and Rief, Winfried and Roberts, Susanna and Schalling, Martin and Schneider, Silvia and Silverman, Wendy K. and Str{\"o}hle, Andreas and Teismann, Tobias and Thastum, Mikael and Wannem{\"u}ller, Andre and Weber, Heike and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Wolf, Christiane and R{\"u}ck, Christian and Breen, Gerome and Eley, Thalia C.},
  title     = {A genome-wide association meta-analysis of prognostic outcomes following cognitive behavioural therapy in individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders},
  series = {Translational Psychiatry},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Translational Psychiatry},
  number    = {150},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41398-019-0481-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225048},
  pages     = {1-13},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Major depressive disorder and the anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, disabling and moderately heritable. Depression and anxiety are also highly comorbid and have a strong genetic correlation (r(g) approximate to 1). Cognitive behavioural therapy is a leading evidence-based treatment but has variable outcomes. Currently, there are no strong predictors of outcome. Therapygenetics research aims to identify genetic predictors of prognosis following therapy. We performed genome-wide association meta-analyses of symptoms following cognitive behavioural therapy in adults with anxiety disorders (n = 972), adults with major depressive disorder (n = 832) and children with anxiety disorders (n = 920; meta-analysis n = 2724). We (h(SNP)(2)) and polygenic scoring was used to examine genetic associations between therapy outcomes and psychopathology, personality and estimated the variance in therapy outcomes that could be explained by common genetic variants learning. No single nucleotide polymorphisms were strongly associated with treatment outcomes. No significant estimate of h(SNP)(2) could be obtained, suggesting the heritability of therapy outcome is smaller than our analysis was powered to detect. Polygenic scoring failed to detect genetic overlap between therapy outcome and psychopathology, personality or learning. This study is the largest therapygenetics study to date. Results are consistent with previous, similarly powered genome-wide association studies of complex traits.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EidelKuebler2022,
  author    = {Eidel, M. and K{\"u}bler, A.},
  title     = {Identifying potential training factors in a vibrotactile P300-BCI},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-022-18088-w},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301064},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) often rely on visual stimulation and feedback. Potential end-users with impaired vision, however, cannot use these BCIs efficiently and require a non-visual alternative. Both auditory and tactile paradigms have been developed but are often not sufficiently fast or accurate. Thus, it is particularly relevant to investigate if and how users can train and improve performance. We report data from 29 healthy participants who trained with a 4-choice tactile P300-BCI during five sessions. To identify potential training factors, we pre-post assessed the robustness of the BCI performance against increased workload in a dual task condition and determined the participants' somatosensory sensitivity thresholds with a forced-choice intensity discrimination task. Accuracy (M = 79.2\% to 92.0\%) and tactually evoked P300 amplitudes increased significantly, confirming successful training. Pre-post somatosensory sensitivity increased, and workload decreased significantly, but results of the dual task condition remained inconclusive. The present study confirmed the previously reported feasibility and trainability of our tactile BCI paradigm within a multi-session design. Importantly, we provide first evidence of improvement in the somatosensory system as a potential mediator for the observed training effects.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RinnKrishnaDeutsch2023,
  author    = {Rinn, Robin and Krishna, Anand and Deutsch, Roland},
  title     = {The psychology of income wealth threshold estimations: A registered report},
  series = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1111/bjso.12581},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311847},
  pages     = {630 -- 650},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {How do people estimate the income that is needed to be rich? Two correlative survey studies (Study 1 and 2, N = 568) and one registered experimental study (Study 3, N = 500) examined the cognitive mechanisms that are used to derive an answer to this question. We tested whether individuals use their personal income (PI) as a self-generated anchor to derive an estimate of the income needed to be rich (= income wealth threshold estimation, IWTE). On a bivariate level, we found the expected positive relationship between one's PI and IWTE and, in line with previous findings, we found that people do not consider themselves rich. Furthermore, we predicted that individuals additionally use information about their social status within their social circles to make an IWTE. The findings from study 2 support this notion and show that only self-reported high-income individuals show different IWTEs depending on relative social status: Individuals in this group who self-reported a high status produced higher IWTEs than individuals who self-reported low status. The registered experimental study could not replicate this pattern robustly, although the results trended non-significantly in the same direction. Together, the findings revealed that the income of individuals as well as the social environment are used as sources of information to make IWTE judgements, although they are likely not the only important predictors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{kleinSelleSuchotzkiPertzovetal.2023,
  author    = {klein Selle, Nathalie and Suchotzki, Kristina and Pertzov, Yoni and Gamer, Matthias},
  title     = {Orienting versus inhibition: The theory behind the ocular-based Concealed Information Test},
  series = {Psychophysiology},
  volume    = {60},
  journal   = {Psychophysiology},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1111/psyp.14186},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312626},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {When trying to conceal one's knowledge, various ocular changes occur. However, which cognitive mechanisms drive these changes? Do orienting or inhibition—two processes previously associated with autonomic changes—play a role? To answer this question, we used a Concealed Information Test (CIT) in which participants were either motivated to conceal (orienting + inhibition) or reveal (orienting only) their knowledge. While pupil size increased in both motivational conditions, the fixation and blink CIT effects were confined to the conceal condition. These results were mirrored in autonomic changes, with skin conductance increasing in both conditions while heart rate decreased solely under motivation to conceal. Thus, different cognitive mechanisms seem to drive ocular responses. Pupil size appears to be linked to the orienting of attention (akin to skin conductance changes), while fixations and blinks rather seem to reflect arousal inhibition (comparable to heart rate changes). This knowledge strengthens CIT theory and illuminates the relationship between ocular and autonomic activity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LudwigStrack2023,
  author    = {Ludwig, Jonas and Strack, Fritz},
  title     = {Asymmetrical friendships? People are willing to risk COVID-19 infection from friends but are reluctant to pass it on to them},
  series = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1111/jasp.12927},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312411},
  pages     = {69 -- 79},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Although most protective behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic come with personal costs, they will produce the largest benefit if everybody cooperates. This study explores two interacting factors that drive cooperation in this tension between private and collective interests. A preregistered experiment (N = 299) examined (a) how the quality of the relation among interacting partners (social proximity), and (b) how focusing on the risk of self-infection versus onward transmission affected intentions to engage in protective behaviors. The results suggested that risk focus was an important moderator of the relation between social proximity and protection intentions. Specifically, participants were more willing to accept the risk of self-infection from close others than from strangers, resulting in less caution toward a friend than toward a distant other. However, when onward transmission was the primary concern, participants were more reluctant to effect transmission to close others, resulting in more caution toward friends than strangers. These findings inform the debate about effective nonclinical measures against the pandemic. Practical implications for risk communication are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{OPUS4-31528,
  title     = {Abstracts of the Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023},
  editor    = {Neumann, Isabel and Gado, Sabrina and K{\"a}thner, Ivo and Hildebrandt, Lea and Andreatta, Marta},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-31528},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-315285},
  pages     = {76},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 was initiated to bring together researchers from many fields who use VR/AR/XR. There was a focus on applied XR and social VR. In this conference band, you can find the abstracts of the two keynotes, the 34 posters and poster pitches, the 29 talks and the four workshops.},
  subject      = {Virtuelle Realit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RuboGamer2019,
  author    = {Rubo, Marius and Gamer, Matthias},
  title     = {Visuo-tactile congruency influences the body schema during full body ownership illusion},
  series = {Consciousness and Cognition},
  volume    = {73},
  journal   = {Consciousness and Cognition},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.concog.2019.05.006},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227095},
  pages     = {UNSP 102758, 1-14},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Previous research showed that full body ownership illusions in virtual reality (VR) can be robustly induced by providing congruent visual stimulation, and that congruent tactile experiences provide a dispensable extension to an already established phenomenon. Here we show that visuo-tactile congruency indeed does not add to already high measures for body ownership on explicit measures, but does modulate movement behavior when walking in the laboratory. Specifically, participants who took ownership over a more corpulent virtual body with intact visuo-tactile congruency increased safety distances towards the laboratory's walls compared to participants who experienced the same illusion with deteriorated visuo-tactile congruency. This effect is in line with the body schema more readily adapting to a more corpulent body after receiving congruent tactile information. We conclude that the action-oriented, unconscious body schema relies more heavily on tactile information compared to more explicit aspects of body ownership.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rudloff2023,
  author    = {Rudloff, Jan Philipp},
  title     = {Post-Truth Epistemic Beliefs Rooted in the Dark Factor of Personality Predict Irrational Cognition and Behavior},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-34478},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-344782},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Conspiracy theories and fake news are receiving wide media coverage and their proliferation has motivated academic research on the driving factors irrational cognition and behavior. This dissertation focuses on individuals' beliefs about knowledge and knowing, which are commonly referred to as epistemic beliefs. The term post-truth epistemic beliefs is proposed and defined as a strong trust in one's intuition, a low need to align opinions with evidence, and the strong conviction that truth is a matter of power. Across six online studies, a mediation model is proposed and tested. It includes the core of all dark traits, the Dark Factor of Personality (D), as an antecedent of post-truth epistemic beliefs, and irrational cognition and behavior as consequences. Manuscript \#1 comprises four studies showing that post-truth epistemic beliefs are rooted in D and predict increased endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy theories as well as less engagement in health-protective behavior against COVID-19. Manuscript \#2 includes a US nationally representative study suggesting that post-truth epistemic beliefs and D predict a lower probability of having been vaccinated against COVID-19. Manuscript \#3 presents a repeated measures experiment indicating that the nexus of D and post-truth epistemic beliefs also predicts less discernment between fake and accurate news. These findings highlight a major insight and a serious challenge for rational communication: Some individuals deliberately disregard (scientific) evidence and rational decision-making. Against this background, the need to foster the epistemological development of students and educators is emphasized.},
  subject      = {Verschw{\"o}rungstheorie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Murali2023,
  author    = {Murali, Supriya},
  title     = {Understanding the function of spontaneous blinks by investigating internally and externally directed processes},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28747},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287473},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Humans spontaneously blink several times a minute. These blinks are strongly modulated during various cognitive task. However, the precise function of blinking and the reason for their modulation has not been fully understood. In the present work, I investigated the function of spontaneous blinks through various perceptual and cognitive tasks. Previous research has revealed that blinks rates decrease during some tasks but increase during others. When trying to understand these seemingly contradictory results, I observed that blink reduction occurs when one engages with an external input. For instance, a decrease has been observed due to the onset of a stimulus, sensory input processing and attention towards sensory input. However, for activities that do not involve such an engagement, e.g. imagination, daydreaming or creativity, the blink rate has been shown to increase. To follow up on the proposed hypothesis, I distinguished tasks that involve the processing of an external stimulus and tasks that involve disengagement. In the first part of the project, I explored blinking during stimulus engagement. If the probability of blinking is low when engaging with the stimulus, then one should find a reduction in blinks specifically during the time period of processing but not during sensory input per se. To this end, in study 1, I tested the influence of task-relevant information duration on blink timing and additionally manipulated the overall sensory input using a visual and an auditory temporal simultaneity judgement task. The results showed that blinks were suppressed longer for longer periods of relevant information or in other words, blinks occurred at the end of relevant information processing for both the visual and the auditory modality. Since relevance is mediated through top-down processes, I argue that the reduction in blinks is a top-down driven suppression. In studies 2 and 3, I again investigated stimulus processing, but in this case, processing was triggered internally and not based on specific changes in the external input. To this end, I used bistable stimuli, in which the actual physical stimulus remains constant but their perception switches between different interpretations. Studies on the involvement of attention in such bistable perceptual changes indicate that the sensory input is reprocessed before the perceptual switch. The results revealed a reduction in eye blink rates before the report of perceptual switches. Importantly, I was able to decipher that the decrease was not caused by the perceptual switch or the behavioral response but likely started before the internal switch. Additionally, periods between a blink and a switch were longer than interblink intervals, indicating that blinks were followed by a period of stable percept. To conclude, the first part of the project revealed that there is a top-down driven blink suppression during the processing of an external stimulus. In the second part of the project, I extended the idea of blinks marking the disengagement from external processing and tested if blinking is associated with better performance during internally directed processes. Specifically, I investigated divergent thinking, an aspect of creativity, and the link between performance and blink rates as well as the effect of motor restriction. While I could show that motor restriction was the main factor influencing divergent thinking, the relationship between eye blink rates and creative output also depended on restriction. Results showed that higher blink rates were associated with better performance during free movement, but only between subjects. In other words, subjects who had overall higher blink rates scored better in the task, but when they were allowed to sit or walk freely. Within a single subject, trial with higher blink rates were not associated with better performance. Therefore, possibly, people who are able to disengage easily, as indicated by an overall high blink rate, perform better in divergent thinking tasks. However, the link between blink rate and internal tasks is not clear at this point. Indeed, a more complex measurement of blink behavior might be necessary to understand the relationship. In the final part of the project, I aimed to further understand the function of blinks through their neural correlates. I extracted the blink-related neural activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) of existing recordings of three rhesus monkeys during different sensory processing states. I analyzed spike related multi-unit responses, frequency dependent power changes, local field potentials and laminar distribution of activity while the animal watched a movie compared to when it was shown a blank screen. The results showed a difference in blink-related neural activity dependent on the processing state. This difference suggests a state dependent function of blinks. Taken altogether, the work presented in this thesis suggests that eye blinks have an important function during cognitive and perceptual processes. Blinks seem to facilitate a disengagement from the external world and are therefore suppressed during intended processing of external stimuli.},
  subject      = {Lidschlag},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Muth2023,
  author    = {Muth, Felicitas Vanessa},
  title     = {Step by step: Sense of agency for complex action-event sequences},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-30756},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-307569},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {From simply ringing a bell to preparing a five-course menu, human behavior commonly causes changes in the environment. Such episodes where an agent acts, thereby causing changes in their environment constitute the sense of agency. In this thesis four series of experi-ments elucidate how the sense of agency is represented in complex action-event sequences, thereby bridging a gap between basic cognitive research and real-life practice. It builds upon extensive research on the sense of agency in unequivocal sequences consisting of single ac-tions and distinct, predominantly auditory, outcomes. Employing implicit as well as explicit measures, the scope is opened up to multi-step sequences. The experiments show that it is worthwhile devoting more research to complex action-event sequences. With a newly introduced auditory measure (Chapter II), common phenomena such as temporal binding and a decrease in agency ratings following distorted feedback were replicated in multi-step sequences. However, diverging results between traditional implicit and explicit measures call for further inspection. Multisensory integration appears to gain more weight when multiple actions have to be performed to attain a goal leading to more accurate representations of the own actions (Chapter III). Additionally, freedom of choice (Chapter III) as well as early spatial ambiguity altered the perceived timing of outcomes, while late spatial ambi-guity (Chapter IV) and the outcome's self-relevance did not (Chapter V). The data suggests that the cognitive system is capable of representing multi-step action-event sequences implicitly and explicitly. Actions and sensory events show a temporal attraction stemming from a bias in the perception of outcomes. Explicit knowledge about causing an event-sequence facilitates neither feelings of control nor taking authorship. The results corroborate current theorizing on the un-derpinnings of temporal binding and the divergence between traditional implicit and explicit measures of the sense of agency. Promising avenues for further research include structured analyses of how much inferred causality contributes to implicit and explicit measures of agency as well as finding alternative measures to capture conceptual as well as non-conceptual facets of the agency experience with one method.},
  subject      = {Psychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gralke2023,
  author    = {Gralke, Verena Maria},
  title     = {The Impact of Media Literacy in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. - Correlative and Experimental Investigations on the Influence of Media Literacy on Cognitive and Political Variables, and on Knowledge Acquisition from Media -},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-34601},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-346018},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {This thesis consists of three studies investigating the influence media literacy has on political variables, cognitive variables, and learning. Adolescents from 13 years of age and young adults are included in the studies. This thesis is divided into three chapters. Study I and II are one comprehensive study, but will be presented separately for better readability. Chapter I provides the reader with background knowledge for the original studies presented in chapter II includes information about media use, different conceptualizations of media literacy and its development over the lifetime, as well as media literacy's impact on cognitive and political variables. Additionally, current literature on the comparison of the learning outcomes of different kinds of texts (written, auditory, and audiovisual) is presented, with a differentiation between text-based information and inferences. In chapter II, the original studies are placed in the current state of research and presented in detail. In chapter III, a critical discussion of the studies is conducted, and a general model of the influence media literacy has on the investigated cognitive and political factors is presented, followed by a conclusion of the research. The theoretical foundation of this thesis is three models of media literacy proposed by Groeben (2002, 2004), Hobbs (1997), and Potter (1998, 2016). These three models are similar in that they define media literacy as a multifactorial construct with skills that develop further in the course of life. Their ideas are integrated and developed further, leading to our own model of media literacy. It encompasses five scales: media sign literacy, distinction between reality and fiction, knowledge of media law, knowledge of media effects, and production skills. Thereupon, the assessment tool W{\"u}rzburg Media Literacy Test (WMK; W{\"u}rzburger Medienkompetenztest) is designed. There is evidence that media use and media literacy influence socio-political factors. Young adults name the internet as the main source of information on political topics (see Pasek et al., 2006), and knowledge demonstrably fosters political participation (Delli Carpini \& Keeter, 1996). However, the kind of participation activity regarded is important (Quintelier \& Vissers, 2008), as sometimes real-life participation is supplemented by online activities (Quan-Haase \& Wellman, 2002). Media literacy is the key to evaluating the quality of information from media. Whether or not a direct link between media literacy and political interest exists has, as far as I know, not yet been investigated. Several studies have shown that precursors and subcomponents of media literacy have the capacity to influence cognitive variables. For instance, children with higher media sign literacy possess better reading proficiency (Nieding et al., 2017) and are better at collecting information and drawing inferences from hypermedia and films (Diergarten et al., 2017) as compared to children with low literacy. These precursors and subcomponents are more efficient in processing medial sign systems, reducing cognitive load, and consequently, liberating cognitive capacity for other mental tasks (Sweller, 1988). Paino and Renzulli (2012) showed that highly computer-proficient adolescents exhibit better mathematics and reading abilities. Different types of media influence the learning process differently, and the learning process can be enhanced by combining these different types of media, if the material is prepared according to the research findings and Mayer's (2002) cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Similarly, a reduction in cognitive load takes place and more resources can be invested in the learning process itself (Mayer \& Moreno, 2003; Sweller, 1988). It is not easy to answer the question of whether one medium is superior for learning to another. Generally, adults learn best from written texts (e.g., Byrne \& Curtis, 2000), and audiovisual and auditory texts are comparable (e.g., Hayes et al., 1986); however, there is little research regarding the comparison of the latter two. Study I examined whether media literacy has a positive impact on interest in politics and the political self-concept. A sample of 101 13-to 20-year-olds was drawn. The control variables were intelligence, socio-economic status (SES), openness to experiences, perspective-taking, age, and sex. Additionally, an evaluation of the WMK was conducted, which indicated good construct validity and excellent overall reliability. Media literacy was positively associated with interest in politics, political self-concept, and perspective-taking but not with openness. In hierarchical regressions and path analysis, a direct influence of media literacy and openness on interest in politics could be found. Political self-concept was solely influenced by interest in politics. Although media literacy had no direct influence on political self-concept, it influenced its precursor interest in politics and was thus expected to have distal influence. The results of the first study confirm previous findings (e.g., Vecchione \& Caprara, 2009), where political self-concept is regarded as a precursor of political participation. In conclusion, the findings of study I suggested that by stimulating political interest, media literacy could, mediated through political self-concept, foster political participation. Study II (which was conducted on the same sample as study I) was concerned with the question of whether highly media-literate adolescent and young adult participants exhibit better academic skills (mathematics; reading) and academic achievement (grades) compared to less media-literate participants. Additionally, to obtain information about potential development during adolescence, a group of 50 13-year-olds was compared with a group of 51 19-year-olds in terms of their media literacy. The control variables were intelligence, SES, sex, and age. The results showed that a significant development of media literacy took place during adolescence (∆M = .17), agreeing with Potter's (1998, 2013) development theory of media literacy. Media literacy was significantly correlated with reading skills and school grades. Regarding adults, media literacy was also significantly correlated with mathematical skills; the association was greater than that with reading skills. However, no connection with mathematical skills was found for adolescents. To control for the influence of age and intelligence, which were both associated with media literacy, hierarchical regressions and path analyses were conducted. The results revealed that media literacy had a greater impact on grades and academic abilities than intelligence. These results are in line with those obtained by Paino and Renzulli (2012). Study III investigated whether media literacy helps young adults to better learn from three kinds of media, a written, an auditory, and an audio-visual text, and which medium achieves the best learning results. Three groups of 91 young adults were compared (written, auditory, and audio-visual text) in terms of their learning outcomes. These outcomes were conceptualized as directly stated information in the text (assessed by text-based questions) and inferential learning (inference questions). A computer-based short version of the WMK was applied to assess media literacy, which should be optimized in the future. The control variables were intelligence, verbal ability, media usage, prior knowledge, and SES. In hierarchical regression, media literacy turned out to be a significant predictor of text inferences, even when other relevant variables, such as intelligence, were controlled for. Inferences foster the building of the situation model, which is believed by many authors to be true comprehension of a text (Zwaan \& Radvansky, 1998). The outcomes of study III support Ohler's (1994) assumption that media literacy fosters the creation of a more elaborated situational model. Text-based questions were only influenced by prior knowledge. As assumed by Potter (1998, 2016), the media literacy of young adults in the Western world suffices to extract relevant facts from educational learning material. Both subjects were best in the written text condition for text-based and inference question results. Audiovisual and auditory texts showed no significant differences. The written text condition did not excel in the auditory text condition for inferences. The results accord with those obtained by, for instance, Byrne and Curtis (2000). Taken together, these studies show that media literacy can influence several cognitive and political variables. It stimulates political interest, reading comprehension, school grades, and mathematical abilities in young adults, as well as drawing inferences from different kinds of texts. Additionally, media literacy develops further during adolescence.},
  subject      = {Media Literacy},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FoersterMoellerFringsetal.2023,
  author    = {Foerster, Anna and Moeller, Birte and Frings, Christian and Pfister, Roland},
  title     = {What is left after an error? Towards a comprehensive account of goal-based binding and retrieval},
  series = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-022-02609-w},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324851},
  pages     = {120-139},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {The cognitive system readily detects and corrects erroneous actions by establishing episodic bindings between representations of the acted upon stimuli and the intended correct response. If these stimuli are encountered again, they trigger the retrieval of the correct response. Thus, binding and retrieval efficiently pave the way for future success. The current study set out to define the role of the erroneous response itself and explicit feedback for the error during these processes of goal-based binding and retrieval. Two experiments showed robust and similar binding and retrieval effects with and without feedback and pointed towards sustained activation of the unbound, erroneous response. The third experiment confirmed that the erroneous response is more readily available than a neutral alternative. Together, the results demonstrate that episodic binding biases future actions toward success, guided primarily through internal feedback processes, while the erroneous response still leaves detectable traces in human action control.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RinnLudwigFassleretal.2023,
  author    = {Rinn, Robin and Ludwig, Jonas and Fassler, Pauline and Deutsch, Roland},
  title     = {Cues of wealth and the subjective perception of rich people},
  series = {Current Psychology},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Current Psychology},
  number    = {31},
  issn      = {1046-1310},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12144-022-03763-y},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324922},
  pages     = {27442-27457},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {These pre-registered studies shed light on the cues that individuals use to identify rich people. In two studies (N = 598), we first developed a factor-analytical model that describes the content and the mental structure of 24 wealth cues. A third within-subject study (N = 89) then assessed the perception of rich subgroups based on this model of wealth cues. Participants evaluated the extent to which the wealth cues applied to two distinct subgroups of rich people. The results show: German and US-American participants think that one can identify rich people based on the same set of cues which can be grouped along the following dimensions: luxury consumption, expensive hobbies, spontaneous spending, greedy behavior, charismatic behavior, self-presentation, and specific possessions. However, Germans and US-Americans relied on these cues to different degrees to diagnose wealth in others. Moreover, we found evidence for subgroup-specific wealth cue profiles insofar as target individuals who acquired their wealth via internal (e.g., hard work) compared to external means (e.g., lottery winners) were evaluated differently on these wealth cues, presumably because of their perceived differences in valence and competence. Together, this research provides new insights in the cognitive representation of the latent construct of wealth. Practical implications for research on the perception of affluence, and implications for political decision makers, are discussed in the last section.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzWeller2023,
  author    = {Schwarz, Katharina A. and Weller, Lisa},
  title     = {Distracted to a fault: attention, actions, and time perception},
  series = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-022-02632-x},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324936},
  pages     = {301-314},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {In the last years, it has become general consensus that actions change our time perception. Performing an action to elicit a specific event seems to lead to a systematic underestimation of the interval between action and effect, a phenomenon termed temporal (or previously intentional) binding. Temporal binding has been closely associated with sense of agency, our perceived control over our actions and our environment, and because of its robust behavioral effects has indeed been widely utilized as an implicit correlate of sense of agency. The most robust and clear temporal binding effects are typically found via Libet clock paradigms. In the present study, we investigate a crucial methodological confound in these paradigms that provides an alternative explanation for temporal binding effects: a redirection of attentional resources in two-event sequences (as in classical operant conditions) versus singular events (as in classical baseline conditions). Our results indicate that binding effects in Libet clock paradigms may be based to a large degree on such attentional processes, irrespective of intention or action-effect sequences. Thus, these findings challenge many of the previously drawn conclusions and interpretations with regard to actions and time perception.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReisPfisterFoerster2023,
  author    = {Reis, Moritz and Pfister, Roland and Foerster, Anna},
  title     = {Cognitive load promotes honesty},
  series = {Psychological Research},
  volume    = {87},
  journal   = {Psychological Research},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00426-022-01686-8},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324913},
  pages     = {826-844},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {In three experiments, we examined the cognitive underpinnings of self-serving dishonesty by manipulating cognitive load under different incentive structures. Participants could increase a financial bonus by misreporting outcomes of private die rolls without any risk of detection. At the same time, they had to remember letter strings of varying length. If honesty is the automatic response tendency and dishonesty is cognitively demanding, lying behavior should be less evident under high cognitive load. This hypothesis was supported by the outcome of two out of three experiments. We further manipulated whether all trials or only one random trial determined payoff to modulate reward adaptation over time (Experiment 2) and whether payoff was framed as a financial gain or loss (Experiment 3). The payoff scheme of one random or all trials did not affect lying behavior and, discordant to earlier research, facing losses instead of gains did not increase lying behavior. Finally, cognitive load and incentive frame interacted significantly, but contrary to our assumption gains increased lying under low cognitive load. While the impact of cognitive load on dishonesty appears to be comparably robust, motivational influences seem to be more elusive than commonly assumed in current theorizing.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EckDignathKalckertetal.2022,
  author    = {Eck, Julia and Dignath, David and Kalckert, Andreas and Pfister, Roland},
  title     = {Instant disembodiment of virtual body parts},
  series = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  volume    = {84},
  journal   = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-022-02544-w},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324844},
  pages     = {2725-2740},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Evidence from multisensory body illusions suggests that body representations may be malleable, for instance, by embodying external objects. However, adjusting body representations to current task demands also implies that external objects become disembodied from the body representation if they are no longer required. In the current web-based study, we induced the embodiment of a two-dimensional (2D) virtual hand that could be controlled by active movements of a computer mouse or on a touchpad. Following initial embodiment, we probed for disembodiment by comparing two conditions: Participants either continued moving the virtual hand or they stopped moving and kept the hand still. Based on theoretical accounts that conceptualize body representations as a set of multisensory bindings, we expected gradual disembodiment of the virtual hand if the body representations are no longer updated through correlated visuomotor signals. In contrast to our prediction, the virtual hand was instantly disembodied as soon as participants stopped moving it. This result was replicated in two follow-up experiments. The observed instantaneous disembodiment might suggest that humans are sensitive to the rapid changes that characterize action and body in virtual environments, and hence adjust corresponding body representations particularly swiftly.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KuertenRaettigGutzeitetal.2023,
  author    = {K{\"u}rten, Jens and Raettig, Tim and Gutzeit, Julian and Huestegge, Lynn},
  title     = {Dual-action benefits: global (action-inherent) and local (transient) sources of action prepotency underlying inhibition failures in multiple action control},
  series = {Psychological Research},
  volume    = {87},
  journal   = {Psychological Research},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00426-022-01672-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324893},
  pages     = {410-424},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Previous research has shown that the simultaneous execution of two actions (instead of only one) is not necessarily more difficult but can actually be easier (less error-prone), in particular when executing one action requires the simultaneous inhibition of another action. Corresponding inhibitory demands are particularly challenging when the to-be-inhibited action is highly prepotent (i.e., characterized by a strong urge to be executed). Here, we study a range of important potential sources of such prepotency. Building on a previously established paradigm to elicit dual-action benefits, participants responded to stimuli with single actions (either manual button press or saccade) or dual actions (button press and saccade). Crucially, we compared blocks in which these response demands were randomly intermixed (mixed blocks) with pure blocks involving only one type of response demand. The results highlight the impact of global (action-inherent) sources of action prepotency, as reflected in more pronounced inhibitory failures in saccade vs. manual control, but also more local (transient) sources of influence, as reflected in a greater probability of inhibition failures following trials that required the to-be-inhibited type of action. In addition, sequential analyses revealed that inhibitory control (including its failure) is exerted at the level of response modality representations, not at the level of fully specified response representations. In sum, the study highlights important preconditions and mechanisms underlying the observation of dual-action benefits.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoffmannKochHuestegge2022,
  author    = {Hoffmann, Mareike A. and Koch, Iring and Huestegge, Lynn},
  title     = {Are some effector systems harder to switch to? In search of cost asymmetries when switching between manual, vocal, and oculomotor tasks},
  series = {Memory \& Cognition},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {Memory \& Cognition},
  number    = {7},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13421-022-01287-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324887},
  pages     = {1563-1577},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In task-switching studies, performance is typically worse in task-switch trials than in task-repetition trials. These switch costs are often asymmetrical, a phenomenon that has been explained by referring to a dominance of one task over the other. Previous studies also indicated that response modalities associated with two tasks may be considered as integral components for defining a task set. However, a systematic assessment of the role of response modalities in task switching is still lacking: Are some response modalities harder to switch to than others? The present study systematically examined switch costs when combining tasks that differ only with respect to their associated effector systems. In Experiment 1, 16 participants switched (in unpredictable sequence) between oculomotor and vocal tasks. In Experiment 2, 72 participants switched (in pairwise combinations) between oculomotor, vocal, and manual tasks. We observed systematic performance costs when switching between response modalities under otherwise constant task features and could thereby replicate previous observations of response modality switch costs. However, we did not observe any substantial switch-cost asymmetries. As previous studies using temporally overlapping dual-task paradigms found substantial prioritization effects (in terms of asymmetric costs) especially for oculomotor tasks, the present results suggest different underlying processes in sequential task switching than in simultaneous multitasking. While more research is needed to further substantiate a lack of response modality switch-cost asymmetries in a broader range of task switching situations, we suggest that task-set representations related to specific response modalities may exhibit rapid decay.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FoersterPfisterWirthetal.2023,
  author    = {Foerster, Anna and Pfister, Roland and Wirth, Robert and Kunde, Wilfried},
  title     = {Post-execution monitoring in dishonesty},
  series = {Psychological Research},
  volume    = {87},
  journal   = {Psychological Research},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00426-022-01691-x},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324862},
  pages     = {845-861},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {When telling a lie, humans might engage in stronger monitoring of their behavior than when telling the truth. Initial evidence has indeed pointed towards a stronger recruitment of capacity-limited monitoring processes in dishonest than honest responding, conceivably resulting from the necessity to overcome automatic tendencies to respond honestly. Previous results suggested monitoring to be confined to response execution, however, whereas the current study goes beyond these findings by specifically probing for post-execution monitoring. Participants responded (dis)honestly to simple yes/no questions in a first task and switched to an unrelated second task after a response-stimulus interval of 0 ms or 1000 ms. Dishonest responses did not only prolong response times in Task 1, but also in Task 2 with a short response-stimulus interval. These findings support the assumption that increased monitoring for dishonest responses extends beyond mere response execution, a mechanism that is possibly tuned to assess the successful completion of a dishonest act.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{vonEitzen2024,
  author    = {von Eitzen, Ingo Martin},
  title     = {Faktoren zur Akzeptanz von Virtual Reality Anwendungen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-34632},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-346326},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Immersive Technologien, wie Augmented und Virtual Reality, k{\"o}nnen bestehende Gesch{\"a}ftsmodelle entweder verbessern oder gef{\"a}hrden. Jedoch kann sich das f{\"o}rderliche Potential nur entfalten, wenn die Anwender:innen die Technologien akzeptieren und letztendlich auch nutzen. In dieser Arbeit wird beschrieben, was Akzeptanz ist und welche Einflussgr{\"o}ßen (Faktoren) f{\"u}r die Akzeptanz von Virtual Reality besonders relevant sind. Anschließend ist, basierend auf der diskutierten Fachliteratur, ein neuartiges, holistisches Akzeptanzmodell f{\"u}r Virtual Reality entworfen und mit drei Studien {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft worden. In der ersten Studie wurden 129 Personen gebeten entweder in Augmented oder Virtual Reality ein Schulungsszenario oder ein Mini-Spiel auszuprobieren (2x2-Design). In beiden Anwendungen sollten Flaschen von einem virtuellen Fließband entfernt werden. Im Fokus der Untersuchung stand die Immersion, die N{\"u}tzlichkeit, das empfundene Vergn{\"u}gen (Hedonismus) und die Zufriedenheit. Die Ergebnisse ergaben zum einen, dass sich die Immersion zwischen Augmented und Virtual Reality unterscheidet, und zum anderen, dass das empfundene Vergn{\"u}gen und die N{\"u}tzlichkeit signifikante Pr{\"a}diktoren f{\"u}r die Zufriedenheit darstellen. An der zweiten Studie nahmen 62 Personen teil. Sie wurden gebeten das Schulungsszenario erneut zu absolvieren, wobei dieses mit auditiven Inhalten und animierten Figuren angereicht wurde, sowie {\"u}ber eine etwas bessere Grafikqualit{\"a}t verf{\"u}gte. Die Daten wurden mit den Virtual Reality Szenarien aus der ersten Studie verglichen, um den Einfluss der Pr{\"a}senz auf den Hedonismus zu untersuchen. Obwohl kein relevanter Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen festgestellt wurde, konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Pr{\"a}senz Hedonismus signifikant vorhersagt. An der dritten Studie beteiligten sich insgesamt 35 Personen. Untersuchungsgegenstand der Studie war die virtuelle Darstellung der eigenen Person in der virtuellen Realit{\"a}t (Verk{\"o}rperung) und dessen Einfluss auf den Hedonismus. Die Versuchspersonen wurden gebeten das Schulungsszenario erneut zu durch-laufen, wobei sie diesmal das Eingabeger{\"a}t (Controller) der Visieranzeige (head-mounted display) zur Steuerung benutzen. In der ersten Studie erfolgte die Bedienung {\"u}ber eine Gestensteuerung. Die Analyse dieser Manipulation offenbarte keinerlei Auswirkungen auf die Verk{\"o}rperung. Allerdings stellte die Verk{\"o}rperung einen signifikanten Pr{\"a}diktor f{\"u}r den Hedonismus dar. Im Anschluss an die Studien ist das Modell mit den Daten aus den Virtual Reality Gruppen der ersten Studie beurteilt worden, wobei es sich weitgehend best{\"a}tigt hat. Abschließend werden die Befunde in Bezug auf die Fachliteratur eingeordnet, m{\"o}gliche Ursachen f{\"u}r die Ergebnisse diskutiert und weitere Forschungsbedarfe aufgezeigt.},
  subject      = {Akzeptanz},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Franz2022,
  author    = {Franz, David J.},
  title     = {Moral responsibility for self-deluding beings},
  series = {Philosophia},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {Philosophia},
  number    = {4},
  issn      = {0048-3893},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11406-022-00469-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324871},
  pages     = {1791-1807},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In this article, I argue for four theses. First, libertarian and compatibilist accounts of moral responsibility agree that the capability of practical reason is the central feature of moral responsibility. Second, this viewpoint leads to a reasons-focused account of human behavior. Examples of human action discussed in debates about moral responsibility suggest that typical human actions are driven primarily by the agent's subjective reasons and are sufficiently transparent for the agent. Third, this conception of self-transparent action is a questionable idealization. As shown by psychological research on self-assessment, motivated reasoning, and terror management theory, humans oftentimes have only a limited understanding of their conduct. Self-deception is rather the rule than the exception. Fourth, taking the limited self-transparency of practical reason seriously leads to a socially contextualized conception of moral responsibility.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SuchotzkiGamer2018,
  author    = {Suchotzki, Kristina and Gamer, Matthias},
  title     = {Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  number    = {7825},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-018-25811-z},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176662},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a well-validated means to detect whether someone possesses certain (e.g., crime-relevant) information. The current study investigated whether alcohol intoxication during CIT administration influences reaction time (RT) CIT-effects. Two opposing predictions can be made. First, by decreasing attention to critical information, alcohol intoxication could diminish CIT-effects. Second, by hampering the inhibition of truthful responses, alcohol intoxication could increase CIT-effects. A correlational field design was employed. Participants (n = 42) were recruited and tested at a bar, where alcohol consumption was voluntary and incidental. Participants completed a CIT, in which they were instructed to hide knowledge of their true identity. BAC was estimated via breath alcohol ratio. Results revealed that higher BAC levels were correlated with higher CIT-effects. Our results demonstrate that robust CIT effects can be obtained even when testing conditions differ from typical laboratory settings and strengthen the idea that response inhibition contributes to the RT-CIT effect.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SeitzLenhartRuebsam2020,
  author    = {Seitz, Maximilian and Lenhart, Jan and R{\"u}bsam, Nina},
  title     = {The effects of gendered information in stories on preschool children's development of gender stereotypes},
  series = {British Journal of Developmental Psychology},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {British Journal of Developmental Psychology},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1111/bjdp.12323},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214622},
  pages     = {363 -- 390},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Social-cognitive theory posits that children learn gender stereotypes through gendered information. The present study examined whether children learn new gender stereotypes from stories when unknown words are linked to a gendered protagonist or context information. In Experiment 1, 40 3- to 6-year-old preschoolers were read stories with either a gendered protagonist embedded within a non-gendered context, or a non-gendered protagonist embedded within a gendered context. In Experiment 2, the same sample of children were read stories with the protagonist and the context displaying congruent or incongruent gender information. Each story featured an unknown activity linked with the stereotypical content. Both experiments indicate that the children rated the activity according to both the gender of the context and of the protagonist; however, the effect of the latter was stronger. In addition, children showed higher interest in the unknown activity if the protagonist's gender matched their own sex. Thus, gender information in stories influences how children perceive unknown words.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaussnerKuraszkiewiczSchochetal.2020,
  author    = {Kaussner, Y. and Kuraszkiewicz, A. M. and Schoch, S. and Markel, Petra and Hoffmann, S. and Baur-Streubel, R. and Kenntner-Mabiala, R. and Pauli, P.},
  title     = {Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy - a pilot study},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0226937},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201051},
  pages     = {e0226937},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Objectives Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is a promising treatment for patients with fear of driving. The present pilot study is the first one focusing on behavioral effects of VRET on patients with fear of driving as measured by a post-treatment driving test in real traffic. Methods The therapy followed a standardized manual including psychotherapeutic and medical examination, two preparative psychotherapy sessions, five virtual reality exposure sessions, a final behavioral avoidance test (BAT) in real traffic, a closing session, and two follow-up phone assessments after six and twelve weeks. VRE was conducted in a driving simulator with a fully equipped mockup. The exposure scenarios were individually tailored to the patients' anxiety hierarchy. A total of 14 patients were treated. Parameters on the verbal, behavioral and physiological level were assessed. Results The treatment was helpful to overcome driving fear and avoidance. In the final BAT, all patients mastered driving tasks they had avoided before, 71\% showed an adequate driving behavior as assessed by the driving instructor, and 93\% could maintain their treatment success until the second follow-up phone call. Further analyses suggest that treatment reduces avoidance behavior as well as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as measured by standardized questionnaires (Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire: p < .10, PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report: p < .05). Conclusions VRET in driving simulation is very promising to treat driving fear. Further research with randomized controlled trials is needed to verify efficacy. Moreover, simulators with lower configuration stages should be tested for a broad availability in psychotherapy.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ingerslev2020,
  author    = {Ingerslev, Line Ryberg},
  title     = {Inhibited Intentionality: On Possible Self-Understanding in Cases of Weak Agency},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558709},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212950},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The paper addresses the question of how to approach consciousness in unreflective actions. Unreflective actions differ from reflective, conscious actions in that the intentional description under which the agent knows what she is doing is not available or present to the agent at the moment of acting. Yet, unreflective actions belong to the field in which an agent experiences herself as capable of acting. Some unreflective actions, however, narrow this field and can be characterized by intentionality being inhibited. By studying inhibited intentionality in unreflective actions, the aim of the paper is to show how weaker forms of action urge us to expand our overall understanding of action. If we expand the field of actions such that it encompasses also some of the involuntary aspects of action, we are able to understand how unreflective actions can remain actions and do not fall under the scope of automatic behavior. With the notion of weak agency, the paper thus addresses one aspect of unreflective action, namely, "inhibited intentionality" in which an agent feels a diminished sense of authorship in relation to her possibility for self-understanding. The notion of weak agency clarifies how agency itself remains intact but can involve a process of appropriation of one's actions as one's own. With a diachronic account of consciousness in unreflective action, the paper accounts for possible self-understanding in cases where none seems available at the moment of action.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MunozCentifantiStickleThomasetal.2021,
  author    = {Mu{\~n}oz Centifanti, Luna C. and Stickle, Timothy R. and Thomas, Jamila and Falc{\´o}n, Amanda and Thomson, Nicholas D. and Gamer, Matthias},
  title     = {Reflexive Gaze Shifts and Fear Recognition Deficits in Children with Callous-Unemotional Traits and Impulsivity/Conduct Problems},
  series = {Brain Sciences},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Brain Sciences},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2076-3425},
  doi       = {10.3390/brainsci11101342},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248536},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The ability to efficiently recognize the emotions on others' faces is something that most of us take for granted. Children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits and impulsivity/conduct problems (ICP), such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, have been previously described as being "fear blind". This is also associated with looking less at the eye regions of fearful faces, which are highly diagnostic. Previous attempts to intervene into emotion recognition strategies have not had lasting effects on participants' fear recognition abilities. Here we present both (a) additional evidence that there is a two-part causal chain, from personality traits to face recognition strategies using the eyes, then from strategies to rates of recognizing fear in others; and (b) a pilot intervention that had persistent effects for weeks after the end of instruction. Further, the intervention led to more change in those with the highest CU traits. This both clarifies the specific mechanisms linking personality to emotion recognition and shows that the process is fundamentally malleable. It is possible that such training could promote empathy and reduce the rates of antisocial behavior in specific populations in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LangePauli2019,
  author    = {Lange, Bastian and Pauli, Paul},
  title     = {Social anxiety changes the way we move—A social approach-avoidance task in a virtual reality CAVE system},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {12},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0226805},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200528},
  pages     = {e0226805},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Investigating approach-avoidance behavior regarding affective stimuli is important in broadening the understanding of one of the most common psychiatric disorders, social anxiety disorder. Many studies in this field rely on approach-avoidance tasks, which mainly assess hand movements, or interpersonal distance measures, which return inconsistent results and lack ecological validity. Therefore, the present study introduces a virtual reality task, looking at avoidance parameters (movement time and speed, distance to social stimulus, gaze behavior) during whole-body movements. These complex movements represent the most ecologically valid form of approach and avoidance behavior. These are at the core of complex and natural social behavior. With this newly developed task, the present study examined whether high socially anxious individuals differ in avoidance behavior when bypassing another person, here virtual humans with neutral and angry facial expressions. Results showed that virtual bystanders displaying angry facial expressions were generally avoided by all participants. In addition, high socially anxious participants generally displayed enhanced avoidance behavior towards virtual people, but no specifically exaggerated avoidance behavior towards virtual people with a negative facial expression. The newly developed virtual reality task proved to be an ecological valid tool for research on complex approach-avoidance behavior in social situations. The first results revealed that whole body approach-avoidance behavior relative to passive bystanders is modulated by their emotional facial expressions and that social anxiety generally amplifies such avoidance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GromerKiserPauli2021,
  author    = {Gromer, Daniel and Kiser, Dominik P. and Pauli, Paul},
  title     = {Thigmotaxis in a virtual human open field test},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-021-85678-5},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259850},
  pages     = {6670},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Animal models are used to study neurobiological mechanisms in mental disorders. Although there has been significant progress in the understanding of neurobiological underpinnings of threat-related behaviors and anxiety, little progress was made with regard to new or improved treatments for mental disorders. A possible reason for this lack of success is the unknown predictive and cross-species translational validity of animal models used in preclinical studies. Re-translational approaches, therefore, seek to establish cross-species translational validity by identifying behavioral operations shared across species. To this end, we implemented a human open field test in virtual reality and measured behavioral indices derived from animal studies in three experiments (N=31, N=30, and N=80). In addition, we investigated the associations between anxious traits and such behaviors. Results indicated a strong similarity in behavior across species, i.e., participants in our study-like rodents in animal studies-preferred to stay in the outer region of the open field, as indexed by multiple behavioral parameters. However, correlational analyses did not clearly indicate that these behaviors were a function of anxious traits of participants. We conclude that the realized virtual open field test is able to elicit thigmotaxis and thus demonstrates cross-species validity of this aspect of the test. Modulatory effects of anxiety on human open field behavior should be examined further by incorporating possible threats in the virtual scenario and/or by examining participants with higher anxiety levels or anxiety disorder patients.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrevingRichter2021,
  author    = {Greving, Carla Elisabeth and Richter, Tobias},
  title     = {Beyond the Distributed Practice Effect: Is Distributed Learning Also Effective for Learning With Non-repeated Text Materials?},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685245},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-247944},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Distributed learning is often recommended as a general learning strategy, but previous research has established its benefits mainly for learning with repeated materials. In two experiments, we investigated distributed learning with complementary text materials. 77 (Experiment 1) and 130 (Experiment 2) seventh graders read two texts, massed vs. distributed, by 1 week (Experiment 1) or 15 min (Experiment 2). Learning outcomes were measured immediately and 1 week later and metacognitive judgments of learning were assessed. In Experiment 1, distributed learning was perceived as more difficult than massed learning. In both experiments, massed learning led to better outcomes immediately after learning but learning outcomes were lower after 1 week. No such decrease occurred for distributed learning, yielding similar outcomes for massed and distributed learning after 1 week. In sum, no benefits of distributed learning vs. massed learning were found, but distributed learning might lower the decrease in learning outcomes over time.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Befelein2023,
  author    = {Befelein, Dennis},
  title     = {Die {\"U}bernahmeleistung des Fahrers im hochautomatisierten Fahren in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Merkmalen fahrfremder T{\"a}tigkeiten und Art der {\"U}bernahmeaufforderung},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-32147},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321479},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Im Zuge des technischen Fortschritts ist das hochautomatisierte Fahren nach SAE Level 3 (SAE, 2018) in den vergangenen Jahren in greifbare N{\"a}he ger{\"u}ckt. Es ist damit zu rechnen, dass Fahrzeuge in naher Zukunft zumindest bei Vorliegen einer Reihe strikter Rahmenbedingungen den Fahrer phasenweise von der Fahraufgabe entbinden k{\"o}nnen. Letzterer muss die Fahrzeugautomation w{\"a}hrend dieser Phasen nicht {\"u}berwa chen und kann sich anderen T{\"a}tigkeiten zuwenden. An Systemgrenzen oder bei Systemfehlern (Gold, Naujoks, Radlmayr, Bellem \& Jarosch, 2017) stellt er jedoch die R{\"u}ckfallebene dar und muss die Fahrzeugkontrolle innerhalb eines angemessenen Zeitraumes {\"u}bernehmen, sobald ihn das Fahrzeug dazu auffordert. Diese R{\"u}ck{\"u}bertragung der Fahraufgabe an den Fahrer stellt ein kritisches Nadel{\"o}hr f{\"u}r die Sicherheit und Akzeptanz automatisierter Fahrsysteme dar. Aus psychologischer Perspektive handelt es sich hierbei um Aufgabenwechsel. Diese gehen in Experimenten der kognitiven und angewandten Psychologie zuverl{\"a}ssig mit Kosten einher, welche sich in verl{\"a}ngerten Reaktionszeiten und erh{\"o}hten Fehlerraten bei der Aufgabenbearbeitung niederschlagen. Insbesondere im Bereich des automatisierten Fahrens liegen zahlreiche Belege vor, dass der Wechsel zwischen automatisiertem und manuellem Fahren zu einer Verschlechterung der Fahrleistungen gegen{\"u}ber dem manuellen Fahren f{\"u}hren kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit diesen {\"U}berg{\"a}ngen und fokussiert dabei die T{\"a}tigkeiten, denen Fahrer w{\"a}hrend der hochautomatisierten Fahrabschnitte nachgehen k{\"o}nnen. Vier Experimente im Fahrsimulator betrachten die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Aspekte fahrfremder T{\"a}tigkeiten (FFT) in {\"U}bernahmesituationen sowie deren Zusammenwirken mit unterschiedlichen {\"U}bernahmeaufforderungen. Im ersten Experiment wird zun{\"a}chst der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern sich die Vielzahl denkbarer und zu erwartender FFT durch {\"u}bergeordnete und damit systematisch untersuchbare Merkmale auszeichnet und welche dies gegebenenfalls sind. Im zweiten Experiment werden anschließend die relevantesten Merkmale, Unterbrechungsaufwand und Anreiz zur Weiterbearbeitung der Aufgabe daraufhin untersucht, welchen Ein- fluss sie auf Fahrerleistungen in {\"U}bernahmesituationen aus{\"u}ben. Im dritten Experiment wird der Frage nachgegangen, welches Potenzial solche {\"U}bernahmeaufforderungen besitzen, deren Dringlichkeit adaptiv ist hinsichtlich des jeweiligen Aufwandes der Aufgabenunterbrechung sowie des jeweiligen Anreizes zur Weiterbearbeitung der Aufgabe. Im vierten Experiment wird ein {\"U}bernahmekonzept untersucht, bei dem der Zeitpunkt der {\"U}bernahmeaufforderung adaptiv ist hinsichtlich des jeweiligen Aufwandes der Aufgaben- unterbrechung. Die vorliegende Arbeit kann mit dem Unterbrechungsaufwand und dem Bearbeitungsanreiz zwei in L3-{\"U}bernahmesituationen wesentliche Merkmale fahrfremder T{\"a}tigkeiten identifizieren (Studien 1 und 2). Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wird eine experimentelle Variation des Unterbrechungsaufwandes erbracht und deren Effekte abgebildet (Studie 2). Durch den Vergleich adaptiver und nicht adaptiver Transitionskonzepte werden die Vorteile von Adaptivit{\"a}t im Rahmen von L3-{\"U}bernahmesituationen experimentell herausgearbeitet (Studien 3 und 4).},
  subject      = {Autonomes Fahrzeug},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MavratzakisHerbertWalla2016,
  author    = {Mavratzakis, Aimee and Herbert, Cornelia and Walla, Peter},
  title     = {Emotional facial expressions evoke faster orienting responses, but weaker emotional responses at neural and behavioural levels compared to scenes: a simultaneous EEG and facial EMG study},
  series = {NeuroImage},
  volume    = {124},
  journal   = {NeuroImage},
  number    = {Part A},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.065},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191535},
  pages     = {931-946},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In the current study, electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded simultaneously with facial electromyography (fEMG) to determine whether emotional faces and emotional scenes are processed differently at the neural level. In addition, it was investigated whether these differences can be observed at the behavioural level via spontaneous facial muscle activity. Emotional content of the stimuli did not affect early P1 activity. Emotional faces elicited enhanced amplitudes of the face-sensitive N170 component, while its counterpart, the scene-related N100, was not sensitive to emotional content of scenes. At 220-280 ms, the early posterior negativity (EPN) was enhanced only slightly for fearful as compared to neutral or happy faces. However, its amplitudes were significantly enhanced during processing of scenes with positive content, particularly over the right hemisphere. Scenes of positive content also elicited enhanced spontaneous zygomatic activity from 500-750 ms onwards, while happy faces elicited no such changes. Contrastingly, both fearful faces and negative scenes elicited enhanced spontaneous corrugator activity at 500-750 ms after stimulus onset. However, relative to baseline EMG changes occurred earlier for faces (250 ms) than for scenes (500 ms) whereas for scenes activity changes were more pronounced over the whole viewing period. Taking into account all effects, the data suggests that emotional facial expressions evoke faster attentional orienting, but weaker affective neural activity and emotional behavioural responses compared to emotional scenes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ErlbeckMochtyKuebleretal.2017,
  author    = {Erlbeck, Helena and Mochty, Ursula and K{\"u}bler, Andrea and Real, Ruben G. L.},
  title     = {Circadian course of the P300 ERP in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - implications for brain-computer interfaces (BCI)},
  series = {BMC Neurology},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {BMC Neurology},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1186/s12883-016-0782-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157423},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Background: Accidents or neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can lead to progressing, extensive, and complete paralysis leaving patients aware but unable to communicate (locked-in state). Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) based on electroencephalography represent an important approach to establish communication with these patients. The most common BCI for communication rely on the P300, a positive deflection arising in response to rare events. To foster broader application of BCIs for restoring lost function, also for end-users with impaired vision, we explored whether there were specific time windows during the day in which a P300 driven BCI should be preferably applied. Methods: The present study investigated the influence of time of the day and modality (visual vs. auditory) on P300 amplitude and latency. A sample of 14 patients (end-users) with ALS and 14 healthy age matched volunteers participated in the study and P300 event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded at four different times (10, 12 am, 2, \& 4 pm) during the day. Results: Results indicated no differences in P300 amplitudes or latencies between groups (ALS patients v. healthy participants) or time of measurement. In the auditory condition, latencies were shorter and amplitudes smaller as compared to the visual condition. Conclusion: Our findings suggest applicability of EEG/BCI sessions in patients with ALS throughout normal waking hours. Future studies using actual BCI systems are needed to generalize these findings with regard to BCI effectiveness/efficiency and other times of day.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KaethnerHalderHintermuelleretal.2017,
  author    = {K{\"a}thner, Ivo and Halder, Sebastian and Hinterm{\"u}ller, Christoph and Espinosa, Arnau and Guger, Christoph and Miralles, Felip and Vargiu, Eloisa and Dauwalder, Stefan and Rafael-Palou, Xavier and Sol{\`a}, Marc and Daly, Jean M. and Armstrong, Elaine and Martin, Suzanne and K{\"u}bler, Andrea},
  title     = {A Multifunctional Brain-Computer Interface Intended for Home Use: An Evaluation with Healthy Participants and Potential End Users with Dry and Gel-Based Electrodes},
  series = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  number    = {286},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnins.2017.00286},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157925},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Current brain-computer interface (BCIs) software is often tailored to the needs of scientists and technicians and therefore complex to allow for versatile use. To facilitate home use of BCIs a multifunctional P300 BCI with a graphical user interface intended for non-expert set-up and control was designed and implemented. The system includes applications for spelling, web access, entertainment, artistic expression and environmental control. In addition to new software, it also includes new hardware for the recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The EEG system consists of a small and wireless amplifier attached to a cap that can be equipped with gel-based or dry contact electrodes. The system was systematically evaluated with a healthy sample, and targeted end users of BCI technology, i.e., people with a varying degree of motor impairment tested the BCI in a series of individual case studies. Usability was assessed in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. Feedback of users was gathered with structured questionnaires. Two groups of healthy participants completed an experimental protocol with the gel-based and the dry contact electrodes (N = 10 each). The results demonstrated that all healthy participants gained control over the system and achieved satisfactory to high accuracies with both gel-based and dry electrodes (average error rates of 6 and 13\%). Average satisfaction ratings were high, but certain aspects of the system such as the wearing comfort of the dry electrodes and design of the cap, and speed (in both groups) were criticized by some participants. Six potential end users tested the system during supervised sessions. The achieved accuracies varied greatly from no control to high control with accuracies comparable to that of healthy volunteers. Satisfaction ratings of the two end-users that gained control of the system were lower as compared to healthy participants. The advantages and disadvantages of the BCI and its applications are discussed and suggestions are presented for improvements to pave the way for user friendly BCIs intended to be used as assistive technology by persons with severe paralysis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CheethamWuPaulietal.2015,
  author    = {Cheetham, Marcus and Wu, Lingdan and Pauli, Paul and Jancke, Lutz},
  title     = {Arousal, valence, and the uncanny valley: psychophysiological and self-report findings},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  number    = {981},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00981},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151519},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The main prediction of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis (UVH) is that observation of humanlike characters that are difficult to distinguish from the human counterpart will evoke a state of negative affect. Well-established electrophysiological [late positive potential (LPP) and facial electromyography (EMG)] and self-report [Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)] indices of valence and arousal, i.e., the primary orthogonal dimensions of affective experience, were used to test this prediction by examining affective experience in response to categorically ambiguous compared with unambiguous avatar and human faces (N = 30). LPP and EMG provided direct psychophysiological indices of affective state during passive observation and the SAM provided self-reported indices of affective state during explicit cognitive evaluation of static facial stimuli. The faces were drawn from well-controlled morph continua representing the UVH' dimension of human likeness (DHL). The results provide no support for the notion that category ambiguity along the DHL is specifically associated with enhanced experience of negative affect. On the contrary, the LPP and SAM-based measures of arousal and valence indicated a general increase in negative affective state (i.e., enhanced arousal and negative valence) with greater morph distance from the human end of the DHL. A second sample (N = 30) produced the same finding, using an ad hoc self-rating scale of feelings of familiarity, i.e., an oft-used measure of affective experience along the UVH' familiarity dimension. In conclusion, this multi-method approach using well-validated psychophysiological and self-rating indices of arousal and valence rejects for passive observation and for explicit affective evaluation of static faces the main prediction of the UVH.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderNiklas2017,
  author    = {Schneider, Wolfgang and Niklas, Frank},
  title     = {Intelligence and verbal short-term memory/working memory: their interrelationships from childhood to young adulthood and their impact on academic achievement},
  series = {Journal of Intelligence},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Journal of Intelligence},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {2079-3200},
  doi       = {10.3390/jintelligence5020026},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-198004},
  pages     = {26},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Although recent developmental studies exploring the predictive power of intelligence and working memory (WM) for educational achievement in children have provided evidence for the importance of both variables, findings concerning the relative impact of IQ and WM on achievement have been inconsistent. Whereas IQ has been identified as the major predictor variable in a few studies, results from several other developmental investigations suggest that WM may be the stronger predictor of academic achievement. In the present study, data from the Munich Longitudinal Study on the Genesis of Individual Competencies (LOGIC) were used to explore this issue further. The secondary data analysis included data from about 200 participants whose IQ and WM was first assessed at the age of six and repeatedly measured until the ages of 18 and 23. Measures of reading, spelling, and math were also repeatedly assessed for this age range. Both regression analyses based on observed variables and latent variable structural equation modeling (SEM) were carried out to explore whether the predictive power of IQ and WM would differ as a function of time point of measurement (i.e., early vs. late assessment). As a main result of various regression analyses, IQ and WM turned out to be reliable predictors of academic achievement, both in early and later developmental stages, when previous domain knowledge was not included as additional predictor. The latter variable accounted for most of the variance in more comprehensive regression models, reducing the impact of both IQ and WM considerably. Findings from SEM analyses basically confirmed this outcome, indicating IQ impacts on educational achievement in the early phase, and illustrating the strong additional impact of previous domain knowledge on achievement at later stages of development.},
  language  = {en}
}