@techreport{NeukumWalterSchumacheretal.2006,
  author    = {Neukum, Alexandra and Walter, Martina and Schumacher, Markus and Kr{\"u}ger, Hans-Peter},
  title     = {Trainingskonzeption und Evaluation des Moduls A: "Gefahrenkognition" (Projekt: Simulation von Einsatzfahrten im Auftrag des Pr{\"a}sidiums der Bayerischen Bereitschaftspolizei, Abschlussbericht - Teil I)},
  organization    = {Interdisziplin{\"a}res Zentrum f{\"u}r Verkehrswissenschaften an der Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77833},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Mit dem Ziel der Optimierung der bestehenden polizeilichen Fahrausbildung hat das Pr{\"a}sidium der Bayerischen Bereitschaftspolizei im Jahr 2001 ein mehrj{\"a}hriges Pilotprojekt initiiert, in dem ein technologiegest{\"u}tztes und didaktisch begr{\"u}ndetes Ausbildungssystem entwickelt und erprobt werden sollte. Im Zentrum dieses Pilotprojekts stand die Frage der Anwendung moderner Simulationstechnologie in der Fahrausbildung. Inhaltliche Entwicklung und Projektevaluation oblagen dem IZVW. Das Pilotprojekt ist integriert in das Gesamtcurriculum der Fahrausbildung bei der Bayerischen Bereitschaftspolizei (Rager \& M{\"u}ller, 2000). Dieses basiert auf drei unterschiedlichen Ausbildungsbl{\"o}cken und umfasst insgesamt 93 Unterrichtseinheiten. Die Inhalte des dreistufigen Programms im Rahmen der Ausbildung f{\"u}r den mittleren Polizeivollzugsdienst sind gekennzeichnet als „Situations- und typenbezogenes Fahrtraining" (Stufe 1), „Sicherheitstraining mit Gefahrenlehre" (Stufe II) und „Gefahrentraining zur Bew{\"a}ltigung von Einsatzfahrten mit und ohne Inanspruchnahme von Sonder- und Wegerechten" (Stufe III). In dieser letzten Ausbildungsstufe ist das Pilotprojekt „Simulation von Einsatzfahrten" positioniert. Das verkehrswissenschaftliche Projekt setzte sich zum Ziel, in enger Zusammenarbeit mit polizeilichen Experten und Ausbildern eine an den Erfordernissen der beruflichen Praxis orientierte Ausbildungs- und Trainingskonzeption zu entwickeln und insbesondere die Anwendung der Simulationsmethodik innerhalb der Fahrausbildung zu evaluieren. Der vorliegende Text konzentriert sich als Teil der Abschlussdokumentation auf die Evaluation des Simulatortrainings. Dieses ist konzipiert als zentraler Bestandteil des inhaltlichen Moduls „Gefahrenkognition" und wird erg{\"a}nzt durch ein vorbereitendes computerbasiertes Training. Gegenstand dieses Berichts sind die Arbeiten zur Erfassung von Trainingsakzeptanz und Lernerfolg der Lerneinheit Gefahrenkognition. Hierzu wird zun{\"a}chst ein {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber aktuelle in der Literatur vorliegende Studien gegeben, die sich mit der Evaluation der Simulation als Lehrmethode in der Fahrausbildung besch{\"a}ftigen. Kapitel 3 gibt einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Inhalte des Moduls und den Aufbau der {\"U}bungen in CBT und Simulator. Fragestellungen, Konzeption und methodisches Vorgehen der Evaluationsuntersuchungen sind beschrieben in Kapitel 4. Die Darstellung der Ergebnisse erfolgt in den Abschnitten 5 bis 7.},
  subject      = {Verkehrssicherheit},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schubert2012,
  author    = {Schubert, Lisa},
  title     = {The Respective Impact of Stimulus Valence and Processing Fluency on Evaluative Judgments in Stereotype Disconfirmation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77426},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Both specific stimulus valence and unspecific processing dynamics can influence evaluative responses. Eight experiments investigated their respective influence on evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. Valence of stereotypic information and consistency-driven fluency were manipulated in an impression formation paradigm. When information about the to-be-evaluated target person was strongly valenced, no effects of consistency-driven fluency were observed. Higher cognitive processes, valence of inconsistent attributes, processing priority of category information, and impression formation instructions were ruled out as possible factors responsible for the non-occurrence of fluency effects. However, consistency-driven fluency did influence the evaluative judgment, if the information about a target person was not strongly valenced. It is therefore concluded that both stimulus valence and consistency-driven processing fluency play a role in evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. The respective impact of stimulus valence is much stronger than the impact of unspecific processing dynamics, however. Implications for fluency research and the applied field of stereotype change are discussed.},
  subject      = {Vorurteil},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MachtJanke1993,
  author    = {Macht, Michael and Janke, Wilhelm},
  title     = {Effects of short-term energy deprivation on stress reactions in humans},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87093},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {Stressreaktion},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HommersLee2010,
  author    = {Hommers, Wilfried and Lee, Wha-Yong},
  title     = {Unifying Kohlberg with Information Integration: The Moral Algebra of Recompense and of Kohlbergian Moral Informers},
  series = {Psicol{\´o}gica},
  journal   = {Psicol{\´o}gica},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85875},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {In order to unify two major theories of moral judgment, a novel task is employed which combines elements of Kohlberg´s stage theory and of the theory of information integration. In contrast to the format of Kohlberg´s moral judgment interview, a nonverbal and quantitative response which makes low demands on verbal facility was used . Moral informers differing in value, i.e. high and low, are presented. The differences in effect of those two pieces of information should be substantial for a person at that specific moral stage, but small for a person at a different stage. Hence, these differences may diagnose the person's moral stage in the simplest possible way as the two levels of each of the thoughts were about typical content of the four Kohlbergian preconventional and conventional stages. The novel task allowed additionally to measure the influence of another moral concept which was about the non-Kohlbergian moral concept of recompense. After a training phase, pairs of those thoughts were presented to allow for the study of integration and individual differences. German and Korean children, 8, 10, and 12 years in age, judged deserved punishment. The patterns of means, correlations and factor loadings showed that elements of both theories can be unified, but produced unexpected results also. Additive integration of each of the two pairs of moral informers appeared, either with two Kohlbergian moral informers or with another Kohlbergian moral informer in combination with information about recompense. Also cultural independence as well as dependence, developmental changes between 8 and 10 years, and an outstanding moral impact of recompense in size and distinctiveness were observed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wu2013,
  author    = {Wu, Lingdan},
  title     = {Emotion Regulation in Addicted Smokers},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85471},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Background: Nicotine addiction is the most prevalent type of drug addiction that has been described as a cycle of spiraling dysregulation of the brain reward systems. Imaging studies have shown that nicotine addiction is associated with abnormal function in prefrontal brain regions that are important for cognitive emotion regulation. It was assumed that addicts may perform less well than healthy nonsmokers in cognitive emotion regulation tasks. The primary aims of this thesis were to investigate emotional responses to natural rewards among smokers and nonsmokers and to determine whether smokers differ from nonsmokers in cognitive regulation of positive and negative emotions. To address these aims, two forms of appraisal paradigms (i.e., appraisal frame and reappraisal) were applied to compare changes in emotional responses of smokers with that of nonsmokers as a function of appraisal strategies. Experiment 1: The aim of the first experiment was to evaluate whether and how appraisal frames preceding positive and negative picture stimuli affect emotional experience and facial expression of individuals. Twenty participants were exposed to 125 pairs of auditory appraisal frames (either neutral or emotional) followed by picture stimuli reflecting five conditions: unpleasant-negative, unpleasant-neutral, pleasant-positive, pleasant-neutral and neutral-neutral. Ratings of valence and arousal as well as facial EMG activity over the corrugator supercilii and the zygomaticus major were measured simultaneously. The results indicated that appraisal frames could alter both subjective emotional experience and facial expressions, irrespective of the valence of the pictorial stimuli. These results suggest and support that appraisal frame is an efficient paradigm in regulation of multi-level emotional responses. 8 Experiment 2: The second experiment applied the appraisal frame paradigm to investigate how smokers differ from nonsmokers on cognitive emotion regulation. Sixty participants (22 nonsmokers, 19 nondeprived smokers and 19 12-h deprived smokers) completed emotion regulation tasks as described in Experiment 1 while emotional responses were concurrently recorded as reflected by self-ratings and psychophysiological measures (i.e., facial EMG and EEG). The results indicated that there was no group difference on emotional responses to natural rewards. Moreover, nondeprived smokers and deprived smokers performed as well as nonsmokers on the emotion regulation task. The lack of group differences in multiple emotional responses (i.e., self-reports, facial EMG activity and brain EEG activity) suggests that nicotine addicts have no deficit in cognitive emotion regulation of natural rewards via appraisal frames. Experiment 3: The third experiment aimed to further evaluate smokers' emotion regulation ability by comparing performances of smokers and nonsmokers in a more challenging cognitive task (i.e., reappraisal task). Sixty-five participants (23 nonsmokers, 22 nondeprived smokers and 20 12-h deprived smokers) were instructed to regulate emotions by imagining that the depicted negative or positive scenario would become less negative or less positive over time, respectively. The results showed that nondeprived smokers and deprived smokers responded similarly to emotional pictures and performed as well as nonsmokers in down-regulating positive and negative emotions via the reappraisal strategy. These results indicated that nicotine addicts do not have deficit in emotion regulation using cognitive appraisal strategies. In sum, the three studies consistently revealed that addicted smokers were capable to regulate emotions via appraisal strategies. This thesis establishes the groundwork for therapeutic use of appraisal instructions to cope with potential self-regulation failures in nicotine addicts.},
  subject      = {Gef{\"u}hl},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{Ellgring1991,
  author    = {Ellgring, Johann Heinrich},
  title     = {Introduction. The use of Video for behavior description and intervention},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42019},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stroebl2007,
  author    = {Str{\"o}bl, Veronika},
  title     = {{\"U}berpr{\"u}fung des Stufenkonzeptes im Transtheoretischen Modell der Verhaltens{\"a}nderung am Beispiel sportlicher Aktivit{\"a}t},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26796},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {F{\"u}r die Gestaltung von Interventionen zur F{\"o}rderung von Gesundheitsverhalten ist es entscheidend, ob der Prozess der Verhaltens{\"a}nderung stufenf{\"o}rmig oder kontinuierlich verl{\"a}uft. Im Transtheoretischen Modell der Verhaltens{\"a}nderung (Prochaska \& DiClemente, 1983, 1992) werden f{\"u}nf Stufen postuliert. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es zu {\"u}berpr{\"u}fen, ob sich empirische Hinweise auf das Vorliegen von Stufen im Transtheoretischen Modell erbringen lassen. Dies wurde exemplarisch f{\"u}r den Verhaltensbereich der sportlichen Aktivit{\"a}t vorgenommen. Hierzu wurde {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, ob den kognitiven Modellvariablen (Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung, wahrgenommene Vorteile, wahrgenommene Nachteile) auf den verschiedenen Stufen eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung f{\"u}r eine Verbesserung auf die n{\"a}chst h{\"o}here Stufe zukommt. Da die kausalen Zusammenh{\"a}nge innerhalb des Modells nicht gekl{\"a}rt sind, wurde zudem die Bedeutung des Sportverhaltens auf den Stufen untersucht. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden explorativ Pr{\"a}diktoren der allgemeinen Stufenverbesserung, d.h. der Verbesserung um beliebig viele Stufen identifiziert sowie stufenspezifische Pr{\"a}diktoren der Stufenverschlechterung ermittelt. In die Sekund{\"a}ranalyse einer multizentrischen, kontrollierten Interventionsstudie gingen Daten von 610 Patienten ein, die eine medizinische Rehabilitation erhalten hatten. In die Auswertungen wurden Daten zu drei Messzeitpunkten einbezogen: Rehabilitationsbeginn, 3 Monate nach der Rehabilitation und 12 Monate nach der Rehabilitation. Zur Beantwortung der Fragestellungen wurden zwei der von Weinstein, Rothman und Sutton (1998) vorgeschlagenen Forschungsstrategien zum Nachweis von Stufen eingesetzt: Intraindividuelle Vorhersage der Stufenverbesserung zur Identifikation stufenspezifischer Pr{\"a}diktoren der Stufenverbesserung aufgrund l{\"a}ngsschnittlicher Daten sowie Untersuchung interindividueller Unterschiede zwischen benachbarten Stufen im Querschnitt zur {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung auf Diskontinuit{\"a}t. Die Ergebnisse der beiden Vorgehensweisen stimmen in weiten Teilen {\"u}berein. Insgesamt konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit Hinweise darauf erzielt werden, dass sich der Prozess der Verhaltens{\"a}nderung in Stufen vollzieht, wobei die Daten lediglich eine Unterscheidung von drei Stufen rechtfertigen. Von den ber{\"u}cksichtigten Variablen scheint nur den wahrgenommenen Vorteilen und dem Verhalten stufenspezifisch eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung zuzukommen, wobei letzterem f{\"u}r die Differenzierung von Stufen eine geringere Bedeutung beigemessen wurde als den kognitiven Variablen. Die Ergebnisse zur Stufenverschlechterung weisen darauf hin, dass Faktoren, die f{\"u}r eine Verbesserung, und solche, die f{\"u}r eine Verschlechterung zwischen zwei Stufen relevant sind, nicht {\"u}berein stimmen. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r die Gestaltung stufenspezifischer Interventionen abgeleitet. Diese Erkenntnisse k{\"o}nnen sowohl im Rahmen der Gesundheitsbildung in der medizinischen Rehabilitation, als auch bei der Gestaltung von Angeboten der prim{\"a}ren Pr{\"a}vention genutzt werden.},
  subject      = {Gesundheitsverhalten},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Ehlis2007,
  author    = {Ehlis, Ann-Christine},
  title     = {Hirnelektrische Hypofrontalit{\"a}t bei schizophrenen Patienten und ihre Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Auswahl der neuroleptischen Medikation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26566},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Hintergrund und Ziel der Untersuchung: Patienten mit schizophrenen Erkrankungen zeigen in einer Vielzahl von Untersuchungssituationen eine verminderte Funktion frontaler Hirnregionen (Hypofrontalit{\"a}t), die insbesondere auch den anterioren cingul{\"a}ren Cortex (ACC) betrifft. Verschiedene Arten antipsychotischer Medikation unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf Metabolismus und Funktion des Frontalcortex, wobei es Hinweise darauf gibt, dass atypische Antipsychotika diesen Bereich des Gehirns positiv beeinflussen, w{\"a}hrend konventionelle Antipsychotika (Typika) hier nur geringe oder sogar negative Effekte zeigen. Hinsichtlich der Auswahl eines Antipsychotikums zu Beginn einer medikament{\"o}sen Behandlung gibt es bislang keine etablierten neurophysiologischen/biologischen Marker, die eine Vorhersage der Therapie-Response unter verschiedenen Arten antipsychotischer Medikation erlauben. Ziel der Studie war es daher, die Eignung der NoGo-Anteriorisierung (NGA) als Pr{\"a}diktor der Therapie-Response schizophrener Patienten unter typischer bzw. atypischer Medikation zu untersuchen. Die NGA ist ein neurophysiologischer Marker, der die Funktion pr{\"a}frontaler Areale einschließlich des ACC widerspiegeln soll. Unter Zuhilfenahme dieses Parameters wurde an einer Gruppe schizophrener Patienten {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, ob das Ausmaß der initialen Hypofrontalit{\"a}t eine Vorhersage der individuellen Therapie-Response erlaubt. Methoden: Es wurden 76 Patienten mit Erkrankungen aus dem schizophrenen Formenkreis zu jeweils drei Messzeitpunkten neurophysiologisch, neuropsychologisch und psychometrisch getestet. Die Baseline-Messung (t1) fand innerhalb der ersten drei Tage eines station{\"a}r-psychiatrischen Aufenthalts, die beiden Folgemessungen (t2, t3) drei bzw. sechs Wochen nach Beginn einer Therapie mit typischen (n=36) oder atypischen Antipsychotika (n=40) statt. Im Rahmen der neurophysiologischen Untersuchung f{\"u}hrten die Patienten eine Go-NoGo-Aufgabe durch, wobei anhand der durch Go- und NoGo-Stimuli evozierten ereigniskorrelierten Potentiale individuell die NGA ermittelt wurde. Beide Behandlungsgruppen wurden aufgrund der NGA-Werte zu t1 in Patienten mit initial starker vs. schwacher Frontalhirnfunktion unterteilt (Mediansplit). Ergebnisse: Alle Patientengruppen zeigten eine signifikante Besserung der psychotischen Symptomatik im Verlauf des 6-w{\"o}chigen Untersuchungszeitraums. Außerdem hatten Atypika hypothesengem{\"a}ß einen signifikant positiven Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der neuropsychologischen Testleistungen, w{\"a}hrend Typika oftmals mit einer Verschlechterung entsprechender Maße einhergingen. Atypika hatten zudem eine g{\"u}nstigere Wirkung auf die subjektiv erlebte Lebensqualit{\"a}t der Patienten. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus war die zu t1 erhobene NGA ein signifikanter Pr{\"a}diktor der Therapie-Response. Niedrige Werte der NGA zu Beginn der Behandlung sagten dabei ein besonders gutes Ansprechen auf atypische Antipsychotika voraus, w{\"a}hrend hohe Werte der NGA zu t1 mit einer besonders deutlichen klinischen Besserung unter typischer Medikation einhergingen. Die NGA korrelierte zudem signifikant mit den neuropsychologischen Testleistungen, unterlag selbst aber keinen systematischen Ver{\"a}nderungen unter typischer vs. atypischer Medikation. Schlussfolgerung: Der auf der Basis fr{\"u}herer Untersuchungen vermutete Zusammenhang zwischen der NGA und pr{\"a}frontalen Hirnfunktionen konnte anhand der vorliegenden Befunde best{\"a}tigt werden. Außerdem war aufgrund der zu Beginn einer station{\"a}r-psychiatrischen Behandlung gemessenen NGA eine signifikante Vorhersage der Therapie-Response unter typischen und atypischen Antipsychotika m{\"o}glich. Die NGA k{\"o}nnte somit im klinischen Alltag zu einer individualisierten Entscheidungsfindung bei der Auswahl eines antipsychotischen Pr{\"a}parats, unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung pathophysiologischer Aspekte der Erkrankung, beitragen.},
  subject      = {Schizophrenie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Eisenbarth2008,
  author    = {Eisenbarth, Hedwig},
  title     = {Assessment of emotional detachment in psychopathy via self-report and an emotion detection task},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27817},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The personality construct of psychopathy is subject of growing research, but data on psychopathy in female incarcerated and in non-institutionalized samples are rare. In this thesis emotional detachment as one factor of psychopathy is investigated in general population, in patients and in incarcerated samples. After verifying the validity of the Psychopathy Personality Inventory Revised (PPI-R) measuring emotional detachment, the sensitivity of the questionnaire concerning emotional detachment has been proven. Additionally it has been shown that symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder can be distinguished from psychopathic traits by emotional detachment. In addition, these results confirm the core role of the feature emotional detachment for psychopathy. Furthermore, two emotion recognition tasks have been conducted in a criminal female inpatients sample. Compared to the low psychopathic patients, the high psychopathic patients showed deficits in categorization only in shortly presented sad facial expressions, but rated emotional facial expressions as less arousing. These results point to emotional detachment as a core characteristic of psychopathy, and is specific even in non-incarcerated and female incarcerated samples. It can be measured with the PPI-R as well as with emotion detection tasks.},
  subject      = {Psychopathie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Krieglmeyer2007,
  author    = {Krieglmeyer, Regina},
  title     = {How to Overcome Frustration? The Influence of Frustration on Motivational Orientation and Motivational Intensity},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27841},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Frustration has been investigated since the early beginnings of psychological research. Yet, it is still unclear how frustration influences the two main parameters of motivation, i.e., orientation (approach-avoidance) and intensity. Some theories propose that controllable frustration increases approach motivation, thereby maintaining motivational intensity. In contrast, other theories propose that the perception of obstacles immediately elicits an avoidance orientation because of the negative valence of the perceptual input. Yet, the latter theories can not explain how motivational intensity is maintained upon encountering obstacles. The aim of the present thesis is to integrate previous contradicting assumptions by describing the influence of frustration on motivational orientation and motivational intensity on the basis of a two-system model of behavior. The definition of frustration as an unexpected obstacle blocking the attainment of an anticipated gratification implies that the obstacle is immediately perceived, whereas the goal is only represented in working memory. According to two-system models, these two types of representations influence different levels of behavior regulation. Whereas spontaneous approach-avoidance tendencies are mainly determined by the valence of the perceptual input, decisions to engage effort to reach the goal are based on knowledge about goals and appraisals of controllability of obstacles. Supporting this theorizing, six experiments demonstrated that frustration immediately activates avoidance tendencies. This was true for frustration of approach goals as well as for frustration of avoidance goals. Furthermore, this effect did not depend on the type of frustration feedback, and was found when approach-avoidance tendencies were measured after completion of goal pursuit as well as while overcoming frustration. In addition, approaching obstacles impaired performance in a subsequent task, suggesting that approaching obstacles consumed cognitive resources. This further supports the assumption that obstacles immediately activate avoidance tendencies. Furthermore, dispositional action-state orientation, which has been previously shown to moderate automatic affective reactions, influenced approach-avoidance tendencies, indicating that affect mediates the impact of frustration on behavioral tendencies. Finally, manipulations of controllability of frustration did not influence spontaneous approach-avoidance tendencies, but measures of motivational intensity such as decisions to engage more effort as well as activation of goal-relevant behavioral schemata. In sum, these findings support the assumptions that immediately elicited motivational orientations are mainly a function of the valence of perceptual input, whereas behavior to reach the goal (i.e. motivational intensity) is regulated by working memory representations such as appraisals of goal expectancy. Motivational orientations may serve to prepare organisms for quick reactions to sudden, unexpected occurrences, whereas behavior regulation based on goal appraisals may provide stability and flexibility in long-term goal pursuit.},
  subject      = {Sozialpsychologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hoefling2008,
  author    = {H{\"o}fling, Atilla},
  title     = {Beggars cannot be choosers - The influence of food deprivation on food related disgust},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-34609},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {The main goals of the present thesis were to investigate how food deprivation influences food related disgust and to identify mental mechanisms that might underlie alterations in food related disgust. For this purpose, 9 studies were conducted that employed direct and indirect measures of attitudes, biological measures of affect as well as measures of real eating behavior and food choice, and compared responses of deprived and non deprived subjects on each of these measures. Spontaneous facial reactions were assessed via EMG and revealed that food deprived subjects showed weaker disgust reactions than satiated participants when being confronted with photographs of disgusting foods. Interestingly, deprived and non deprived subjects evaluated disgusting foods equally negative on a conscious level of information processing, indicating that food deprivation has the potential to attenuate food related disgust irrespective of conscious evaluations. Furthermore, it was found that food deprived participants readily consumed disgust related foods ("genetically modified foods"), while satiated participants rejected those foods. Again, no difference emerged between deprived and non deprived subjects in respect to their conscious evaluations of genetically modified foods (that were negative in both experimental groups). The dissociation between conscious evaluations and actual eating behavior that was observed amongst food deprived participants resembles the dissociation between conscious evaluations and facial reactions, thereby corroborating the assumption that alterations in food related disgust might directly influence eating behavior without changing conscious evaluations of foods. The assumption that a shift in automatic attitudes towards disgusting foods might be responsible for these effects received only partial support. That is, there was only a non significant tendency for food deprived subjects to evaluate disgusting foods more positive than satiated subjects on an automatic level of information processing. Instead, the results of the present thesis suggest that food deprived subjects exhibit a stronger motivation than satiated subjects to approach disgusting foods immediately. More precisely, food deprived participants exhibited strong approach motivational tendencies towards both, palatable and disgusting foods in an "Approach- Avoidance Task" whereas satiated participants only approached palatable (but not disgusting) foods on an automatic level of information processing. Moreover, food deprivation seems to change the subjective weighting of hedonic and functional food attributes in the context of more elaborated decisions about which foods to pick for consumption and which foods to reject. It was found that individual taste preferences were of minor importance for food deprived subjects but very important for satiated subjects when actually choosing between several food alternatives. In contrast, functional food attributes (e.g., immediate availability of a given food, large portion size) were more important selection criteria for food deprived subjects than for satiated subjects. Thus, food deprived participants were less picky than satiated participants, but showed a clear preference for those food alternatives that were functional in ending a state of food deprivation quickly - even if this meant choosing a food that was not considered tasty. Taken together, the present thesis shows that physiological need states (e.g., food deprivation) are tightly linked to the affective and motivational processing of need relevant cues. This link is so strong that food deprivation even modulates affective and motivational reactions as well as eating behavior and choice behavior towards disgusting (but need relevant) foods.},
  subject      = {Ekel},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Plichta2009,
  author    = {Plichta, Michael M.},
  title     = {Neural correlates of delay discounting: Effects of dopamine bioavailability and implications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-35953},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Humans and other animals share choice preference for smaller-but-sooner over later-but-larger rewards, indicating that the subjective value of a reward is discounted as a function of time. This phenomenon referred to as delay discounting (DD), represents one facet of impulsivity which is inherently connected with reward processing and, within a certain range, adaptive. Maladaptive levels, however, can lead to suboptimal decision-making and represent important characteristics of psychopathologies such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In line with a proposed influence of dysregulated dopamine (DA) levels on impulsivity, neural structures involved in DD (the ventral-striatum [VS]; orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]) are highly innervated by dopaminergic neurons. However, studies explicitly testing the triadic interplay of dopaminergic neurotransmission, impulsivity and brain activation during intertemporal choice are missing. Therefore, the first study of the thesis examined the effect of different DA-bioavailability levels, indicated by a genetic polymorphism (Val158Met) in the gene of the catechol-O-methyltransferase, on the association of delay discounting and OFC activation. OFC response to monetary rewards that varied by delay-to-delivery was recorded with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a sample of 49 healthy human subjects. The results suggest a DA-related enhancement in OFC function from low (low DA level) to partial (intermediate DA level) and full (high DA level) reward delay sensitivity. Furthermore, DA-bioavailability was shown to moderate the association of neural reward delay sensitivity and impulsivity: OFC reward delay sensitivity was strongly correlated with impulsivity at intermediate DA-levels, but not at low or high DA-levels where impulsivity was related to delay-independent OFC amplitudes. It is concluded that DA-level should be considered as a crucial factor whenever impulsivity-related brain activation, in particular to reward delay, is examined in healthy subjects. Dysfunctional reward processing, accompanied by a limited ability to tolerate reward delays (delay aversion), has been proposed as an important feature in ADHD putatively caused by striatal hypo-dopaminergia. Therefore, the aim of the second study of this thesis was to examine subcortical processing of reward delays and to test for neural indicators of a negative emotional response to delay periods. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), brain activation in adult patients with ADHD (n=14) and healthy control subjects (n=12) was recorded during the processing of immediate and delayed rewards. Compared with healthy control subjects, hyporesponsiveness of the VS reward system was evident in patients with ADHD for both immediate and delayed rewards. In contrast, delayed rewards evoked hyperactivation in the dorsal caudate nucleus and the amygdala of ADHD patients, corroborating the central predictions of the delay aversion hypothesis. In combination both studies support the conception of a close link between delay discounting, brain activation and dopaminergic neurotransmission. The results implicate that studies on neural correlates of DD have to account for the DA-bioavailability level and for a negative emotional response to reward delays.},
  subject      = {Impulsivit{\"a}t},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Lenhard2008,
  author    = {Lenhard, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Bridging the Gap to Natural Language: A Review on Intelligent Tutoring Systems based on Latent Semantic Analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27980},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {One of the major drawbacks in the implementation of intelligent tutoring systems is the limited capacity to process natural language and to automatically deal with unexpected or unknown vocabulary. Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a statistical technique of automatic language processing, which can attenuate the "language barrier" between humans and tutoring systems. LSA-based intelligent tutoring systems address the goals of modelling human tutoring dialogues (AutoTutor), enhancing text comprehension and summarisation skills (State-The-Essence, Summary Street®, conText, Apex), training of comprehension strategies (iStart, a French system in development) and improving story and essay writing (Write To Learn, Select-a-Kibitzer, StoryStation). The systems are reviewed concerning their efficacy in modelling skilled human tutors and regarding their effects on the learner.},
  subject      = {Intelligentes Tutorsystem},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gerdes2008,
  author    = {Gerdes, Antje B. M.},
  title     = {Preferential Processing of Phobic Cues : Attention and Perception in Spider Phobic Patients},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28684},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Cognitive views of the psychopathology of anxiety propose that attentional biases toward threatening information play a substantial role in the disorders' etiology and maintenance. For healthy subjects, converging evidence show that threatening stimuli attract attention and lead to enhanced activation in visual processing areas. It is assumed that this preferential processing of threat occurs at a preattentive level and is followed by fast attentional engagement. High-anxious individuals show augmented tendencies to selectively attend toward fear-relevant cues (Mathews, 1990) and exhibit elevated neural processing of threatening cues compared to non-anxious individuals (Dilger et al., 2003). Regarding attentional biases in high-anxious subjects, it remains unanswered up to now whether initial engagement of attention toward threat or difficulties to disengage from threat is an underlying mechanism. Furthermore, little is known whether the preferential (attentive) processing of threatening cues does influence perceptional outcomes of anxious subjects. In order to directly study separate components of attentional bias the first study of this dissertation was a combined reaction time and eye-tracking experiment. Twenty one spider phobic patients and 21 control participants were instructed to search for a neutral target while ignoring task-irrelevant abrupt-onset distractor circles which contained either a small picture of a spider (phobic), a flower (non-phobic, but similar to spiders in shape), a mushroom (non-phobic, and not similar to spiders in shape), or small circles with no picture. As expected, patients' reaction times to targets were longer on trials with spider distractors. However, analyses of eye movements revealed that this was not due to attentional capture by spider distractors; patients more often fixated on all distractors with pictures. Instead, reaction times were delayed by longer fixation durations on spider distractors. This result does not support automatic capture of attention by phobic cues but suggests that phobic patients fail to disengage attention from spiders. To assess whether preferential processing of phobic cues differentially affects visual perception in phobic patients compared to healthy controls, the second study of this dissertation used a binocular rivalry paradigm, where two incompatible pictures were presented to each eye. These pictures cannot be merged to a meaningful percept and temporarily, one picture predominates in conscious perception whereas the other is suppressed. 23 spider phobic patients and 20 non-anxious control participants were shown standardized pictures of spiders or flowers, each paired with a neutral pattern under conditions of binocular rivalry. Their task was to continuously indicate the predominant percept by key presses. Analyses show that spider phobic patients perceived the spider picture more often and longer as dominant compared to non-anxious control participants. Thus, predominance of phobic cues in binocular rivalry provides evidence that preferential processing of fear-relevant cues in the visual system actually leads to superior perception. In combination both studies support the notion that phobic patients process phobic cues preferentially within the visual system resulting in enhanced attention and perception. At early stages of visual processing, this is mainly reflected by delayed attentional disengagement and across time, preferential processing leads to improved perception of threat cues.},
  subject      = {Phobie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Meule2014,
  author    = {Meule, Adrian},
  title     = {Food craving as a central construct in the self-regulation of eating behavior},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-104597},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Food craving refers to an intense desire to consume a specific kind of food of which chocolate is the most often craved one. It is this intensity and specificity that differentiates food craving from feelings of hunger. Although food craving and hunger often co-occur, an energy deficit is not a prerequisite for experiencing food craving, that is, it can also occur without being hungry. Food craving often precedes and predicts over- or binge eating which makes it a reasonable target in the treatment of eating disorders or obesity. One of the arguably most extensively validated measures for the assessment of food craving are the Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQs), which measure food craving on a state (FCQ-S) and trait (FCQ-T) level. Specifically, the FCQ-S measures the intensity of current food craving whereas the FCQ-T measures the frequency of food craving experiences in general. The aims of the present thesis were to provide a German measure for the assessment of food craving and to investigate cognitive, behavioral, and physiological correlates of food craving. For this purpose, a German version of the FCQs was presented and its reliability and validity was evaluated. Using self-reports, relationships between trait food craving and dieting were examined. Cognitive-behavioral correlates of food craving were investigated using food-related tasks assessing executive functions. Psychophysiological correlates of food craving were investigated using event-related potentials (ERPs) in the electroencephalogram and heart rate variability (HRV). Possible intervention approaches to reduce food craving were derived from results of those studies. Methods: The FCQs were translated into German and their psychometric properties and correlates were investigated in a questionnaire-based study (articles \#1 \& \#2). The relationship between state and trait food craving with executive functioning was examined with behavioral tasks measuring working memory performance and behavioral inhibition which involved highly palatable food-cues (articles \#3 \& \#4). Electrophysiological correlates of food craving were tested with ERPs during a craving regulation task (article \#5). Finally, a pilot study on the effects of HRV-biofeedback for reducing food craving was conducted (article \#6). Results: The FCQs demonstrated high internal consistency while their factorial structure could only partially be replicated. The FCQ-T also had high retest-reliability which, expectedly, was lower for the FCQ-S. Validity of the FCQ-S was shown by positive relationships with current food deprivation and negative affect. Validity of the FCQ-T was shown by positive correlations with related constructs. Importantly, scores on the subscales of the FCQ-T were able to discriminate between non-dieters and successful and unsuccessful dieters (article \#1). Furthermore, scores on the FCQ-T mediated the relationship between rigid dietary control strategies and low dieting success (article \#2). With regard to executive functioning, high-calorie food-cues impaired working memory performance, yet this was independent of trait food craving and rarely related to state food craving (article \#3). Behavioral disinhibition in response to high-calorie food-cues was predicted by trait food craving, particularly when participants were also impulsive (article \#4). Downregulation of food craving by cognitive strategies in response to high-calorie food-cues increased early, but not later, segments of the Late Positive Potential (LPP) (article \#5). Few sessions of HRV-biofeedback reduced self-reported food cravings and eating and weight concerns in high trait food cravers (article \#6). Conclusions: The German FCQs represent sound measures with good psychometric properties for the assessment of state and trait food craving. Although state food craving increases during cognitive tasks involving highly palatable food-cues, impairment of task performance does not appear to be mediated by current food craving experiences. Instead, trait food craving is associated with low behavioral inhibition in response to high-calorie food-cues, but not with impaired working memory performance. Future studies need to examine if trait food craving and, subsequently, food-cue affected behavioral inhibition can be reduced by using food-related inhibition tasks as a training. Current food craving and ERPs in response to food-cues can easily be modulated by cognitive strategies, yet the LPP probably does not represent a direct index of food craving. Finally, HRV-biofeedback may be a useful add-on element in the treatment of disorders in which food cravings are elevated. To conclude, the current thesis provided measures for the assessment of food craving in German and showed differential relationships between state and trait food craving with self-reported dieting behavior, food-cue affected executive functioning, ERPs and HRV-biofeedback. These results provide promising starting points for interventions to reduce food craving based on (1) food-cue-related behavioral trainings of executive functions, (2) cognitive craving regulation strategies, and (3) physiological parameters such as HRV-biofeedback.},
  subject      = {Craving},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reicherts2013,
  author    = {Reicherts, Philipp},
  title     = {Cognitive and Emotional Influences on Placebo Analgesia and Nocebo Hyperalgesia},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-106455},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The perception of pain can be modulated by a variety of factors such as biological/pharmacological treatments as well as potent cognitive and emotional manipulations. Placebo and nocebo effects are among the most prominent examples for such manipulations. Placebo and nocebo manipulations cause reliable psychological and physiological changes, although the administered agent or treatment is inert. The present dissertation aimed at investigating the role of cognitive and emotional influences in the generation of placebo and nocebo effects on pain perception. In addition, the feasibility of solely psychological placebo manipulations to alter the perception of pain was tested. Two commonly discussed preconditions for the generation of placebo and nocebo effects are prior experiences (i.e., past encounter of drug effects) and expectations (i.e., positive or negative attitudes towards an intervention). So far, research on placebo and nocebo effects relied on the administration of sham interventions, which resembled medical treatments like inert pills, creams or injections. However, such experimental procedures deal with confounds due to earlier experiences and expectations resulting from the individual's history with medical interventions. Accordingly, the implementation of a placebo manipulation that is completely new to an individual, seems necessary to disentangle the contribution of experience and expectation for the induction of placebo and nocebo effects. To this end, in Experiment 1 the level of experience and expectation regarding a placebo-nocebo treatment was stepwise manipulated across three different experimental groups. To avoid any resemblances to earlier experiences and individual expectations, a mere psychological placebo-nocebo treatment was chosen that was new to all participants. They were instructed that visual black and white stripe patterns had been found to reliably alter the perception of pain. One group of participants received only the placebo-nocebo instruction (expectation), a second group experienced a placebo-nocebo treatment within a conditioning phase (experience) but no instruction, and a third group received the combination of both that is a placebo-nocebo instruction and a placebo-nocebo conditioning (experience + expectation). It was shown that only the experience + expectation group revealed significantly higher pain ratings and physiological responses during nocebo, compared to placebo trials of the succeeding test phase. These findings demonstrate that the induction of a mere psychological placebo-nocebo effect on pain is in principle possible. Most important, results indicate that such effects most likely rely on both, a positive treatment experience, due to the encounter of an effective intervention (placebo conditioning), and a positive expectation about the intervention (placebo instruction).Besides experience and expectation, the current mood state has been shown to modulate pain and to impact the induction of placebo and nocebo effects. In this vein it has been demonstrated that placebo effects come along with positive affect, while nocebo effects often occur together with elevated feelings of anxiety. To clarify the interaction of emotions and placebo-nocebo manipulations on pain perception, in Experiment 2 the paradigm of Experiment 1 was modified. Instead of black and white stripe patterns, positive and negative emotional pictures were presented, which either cued pain increase (nocebo) or pain decrease (placebo). Two experimental groups were compared, which differed with regard to the instructed contingency of positive pictures serving as placebo and negative pictures serving as nocebo cues or vice versa (congruent vs. incongruent). Results indicate that the differentiation of placebo and nocebo trials (behaviorally and physiologically) was more pronounced for the congruent compared to the incongruent group. However, in the incongruent group, affective pain ratings were also significantly higher for nocebo (positive pictures) than placebo (negative pictures) trials, similar to the congruent group. These findings demonstrate that a placebo-nocebo manipulation is capable to dampen and even reverse the originally pain augmenting effect of negative emotions. The results of Experiment 2 were further corroborated in Experiment 3, when the design was adapted to the fMRI scanner, and again a congruent and an incongruent experimental group were compared. Behavioral, physiological and neurophysiological markers of pain processing revealed a differentiation between nocebo and placebo conditions that was present irrespective of the experimental group. In addition, the fMRI analysis revealed an increased engagement of prefrontal areas for the incongruent group only, supposedly reflecting the reinterpretation or appraisal process when positive pictures were cueing negative outcomes. Taken together, the results of the present studies showed (a) that it is possible to induce a placebo-nocebo effect on pain solely by a psychological manipulation, (b) that both, prior experiences and positive expectation, are necessary preconditions for this placebo-nocebo effect, (c) that the impact of negative emotion on pain can be dampened and even reversed by placebo-nocebo manipulations, and (d) that most likely a cognitive top-down process is crucial for the induction of (psychological) placebo-nocebo effects. These results significantly enhance our understanding of psychological mechanisms involved in the induction of placebo-nocebo effects. Further, a fruitful foundation for future studies is provided, which will need to determine the contributions of primarily nocebo or placebo responses mediating the effects as demonstrated in the present studies. In a long-term perspective, the present findings may also help to exploit placebo effects and prevent from nocebo effect in clinical contexts by further elucidating crucial psychological factors that contribute to the placebo and nocebo response.},
  subject      = {Placebo},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Weiland2010,
  author    = {Weiland, Romy},
  title     = {Facial reactions in response to gustatory and olfactory stimuli in healthy adults, patients with eating disorders, and patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51759},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The aim of this project was to investigate whether reflex-like innate facial reactions to tastes and odors are altered in patients with eating disorders. Qualitatively different tastes and odors have been found to elicit specific facial expressions in newborns. This specificity in newborns is characterized by positive facial reactions in response to pleasant stimuli and by negative facial reactions in response to unpleasant stimuli. It is, however, unclear, whether these specific facial displays remain stable during ontogeny (1). Despite the fact that several studies had shown that taste-and odor-elicited facial reactions remain quite stable across a human's life-span, the specificity of research questions, as well as different research methods, allow only limited comparisons between studies. Moreover, the gustofacial response patterns might be altered in pathological eating behavior (2). To date, however, the question of whether dysfunctional eating behavior might alter facial activity in response to tastes and odors has not been addressed. Furthermore, changes in facial activity might be linked to deficient inhibitory facial control (3). To investigate these three research questions, facial reactions in response to tastes and odors were assessed. Facial reactions were analyzed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS, Ekman \& Friesen, 1978; Ekman, Friesen, \& Hager, 2002) and electromyography.},
  subject      = {Mimik},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Andreatta2010,
  author    = {Andreatta, Marta},
  title     = {Emotional reactions after event learning : a Rift between Implicit and Explicit Conditioned Valence in Humans Pain Relief Lerning},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55715},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Organismen vermeiden Gefahren und streben nach Belohnungen, um zu {\"u}berleben. Klassische Konditionierung ist ein einfaches Model, das erkl{\"a}rt, wie Tiere und Menschen Ereignisse in Verbindung bringen. Dieses Lernen erm{\"o}glicht Lebewesen Gefahr oder Belohnung direkt vorherzusehen. Normalerweise besteht das Konditionierungsparadigma aus der Pr{\"a}sentation eines neutralen Stimulus zusammen mit einem biologisch bedeutsamen Event (der unkonditionierte Stimulus - US). Aufgrund dieser Assoziation erwirbt der neutrale Stimulus affektive Eigenschaften und wird dann konditionierter Stimulus (CS+) genannt. Wenn der CS+ mit Schmerz w{\"a}hrend der Trainingsphase assoziiert wird, leitet er eine defensive Reaktion, wie z.B. Vermeidung ein. Wenn der CS+ mit einer Belohnung assoziiert wird, leitet er eine appetitive Reaktion, wie z.B. Ann{\"a}herungsreaktionen ein. Interessanterweise haben Tierstudien gezeigt, dass ein konditionierter Stimulus vermieden wurde, wenn er einem aversiven US in der Trainingsphase vorausgegangen war (CS+US; Vorw{\"a}rtskonditionierung). Das deutet darauf hin, dass der CS+ aversive Eigenschaften erlangt hat. Jedoch f{\"u}hrte ein konditionierter Stimulus zu einer Ann{\"a}herung, wenn er in der Trainingsphase auf einen aversiven US folgt (US CS+; R{\"u}ckw{\"a}rtskonditionierung). Das deutet darauf hin, dass der CS+ appetitive Eigenschaften erlangt hat. Kann das Event Timing sowohl aversive als auch appetitive konditionierten Reaktionen auch bei Menschen ausl{\"o}sen, die zu Kognitionen bez{\"u}glich der Assoziationen f{\"a}hig sind? Um diese Fragestellung zu beantworten, wurden vier Studien durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Studien hatten den gleichen Ablauf, variiert wurde nur die Zeit zwischen CS+ und US (das Interstimulusintervall - ISI - ist als das Zeitintervall zwischen dem Onset des CS+ und dem Onset des US definiert). W{\"a}hrend der Akquisitionsphase (Konditionierung) wurden, zwei einfache geometrische Figuren als konditionierte Stimuli dargeboten. Eine geometrische Figur (der CS+) war immer mit einem leichten schmerzhaften elektrischen Reiz (der aversive US) assoziiert; die andere Figur (der CS-) war nie mit dem elektrischen Reiz assoziiert. In einem between-subjects Design wurde entweder eine Vorw{\"a}rtskonditionierung oder eine R{\"u}ckw{\"a}rtskonditionierung durchgef{\"u}hrt. W{\"a}hrend der Testsphase (Extinktion) wurden CS+ und CS- pr{\"a}sentiert sowie zus{\"a}tzlich eine neue neutrale geometrische Figur pr{\"a}sentiert, die als Kontrollstimulus fungierte; der US wurde in dieser Phase nie dargeboten. Vor und nach der Konditionierung wurden die Probanden sowohl bez{\"u}glich der Valenz (bzw. Unangenehmheit und Angenehmheit) als auch der Erregung (bzw. Ruhe und Aufregung) hinsichtlich der geometrischen Figuren befragt. In der ersten Studie wurde der Schreckreflex (Startle Reflex) als Maß f{\"u}r die implizite Valenz der Stimuli gemessen. Der Schreckreflex ist eine defensive Urreaktion, die aus einem Muskelzucken des Gesichts und des K{\"o}rpers besteht. Dieser Reflex ist durch pl{\"o}tzliche und intensive visuelle, taktile oder akustische Reize evoziert. Einerseits war die Amplitude des Startles bei der Anwesenheit des vorw{\"a}rts CS+ potenziert und das deutet daraufhin, dass der CS+ eine implizite negative Valenz nach der Vorw{\"a}rtskonditionierung erworben hat. Anderseits war die Amplitude des Startles bei der Anwesenheit des r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ abgeschw{\"a}cht, was darauf hin deutet, dass der CS+ nach der R{\"u}ckw{\"a}rtskonditionierung eine implizite positive Valenz erworben hat. In der zweiten Studie wurde die oxygenierte Bloodsresponse (BOLD) mit funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRI) erhoben, um neuronale Korrelate des Event-Timings zu erfassen. Eine st{\"a}rkere Aktivierung wurde in der Amygdala in Erwiderung auf den vorw{\"a}rts CS+ und im Striatum in Erwiderung auf den r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ gefunden. Zum Einen entspricht dies einer Aktivierung des Defensive Motivational Systems, da die Amygdala eine wichtige Rolle beim Angstexpression und Angstakquisition hat. Deshalb wurde der vorw{\"a}rts CS+ als aversiv betrachtet. Zum Anderen entspricht dies einer Aktivierung des Appetitive Motivational System, da das Striatum eine wichtige Rolle bei Belohnung hat. Deshalb wurde der r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ als appetitiv betrachtet. In der dritten Studie wurden Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse beim Event-Timing n{\"a}her beleuchtet, indem steady-state visuelle evozierte Potentiale (ssVEP) gemessen wurden. Sowohl der vorw{\"a}rts CS+ als auch der r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ zog Aufmerksamkeit auf sich. Dennoch war die Amplitude der ssVEP großer w{\"a}hrend der letzen Sekunden des vorw{\"a}rts CS+, d.h. direkt vor dem aversiven US. Die Amplitude der ssVEP war aber gr{\"o}ßer w{\"a}hrend der ersten Sekunden des r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+, d.h. kurz nach dem aversiven US. Vermutlich wird die Aufmerksamkeit auf den hinsichtlich des aversiven US informativsten Teil des CS+. Alle Probanden der drei Studien haben den vorw{\"a}rts CS+ und den r{\"u}ckw{\"a}rts CS+ negativer und erregender als den Kontrollstimulus beurteilt. Daher werden die expliziten Ratings vom Event-Timing nicht beeinflusst. Bemerkenswert ist die Dissoziation zwischen den subjektiven Ratings und den physiologischen Reaktionen. Nach der Dual-Prozess Theorie werden die Verhaltensreaktionen des Menschen von zwei Systemen determiniert: einem impulsiv impliziten System, das auf assoziativen Prinzipien beruht, und einem reflektiv expliziten System, das auf der Kenntnis {\"u}ber Fakten und Werte basiert. Wichtig ist, dass die zwei Systeme auf synergetische oder antagonistische Weise agieren k{\"o}nnen. Folglich k{\"o}nnte es sein, dass das impulsive und das reflektive System nach der R{\"u}ckw{\"a}rtskonditionierung antagonistisch arbeiten. Zusammen deuten die vorliegenden Studien daraufhin, dass Event-Timing eine Bestrafung in eine Belohnung umwandeln kann, aber die Probanden erleben den Stimulus assoziiert mit einem aversiven Event als negativ. Diese Dissoziation k{\"o}nnte zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der psychiatrischen St{\"o}rungen wie z.B. Angstst{\"o}rungen oder Drogenabh{\"a}ngigkeit beitragen.},
  subject      = {Gef{\"u}hl},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{KordtsFreudinger2010,
  author    = {Kordts-Freudinger, Robert},
  title     = {Relief: Approach Behavior and Avoidance Goals},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55366},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The thesis deals with the question which motivation direction—approach or avoidance—is connected to the emotion relief—a positive, low-arousal emotion, which is caused by an expected or nonexpected, motive-consistent change for the better, thus caused by the absence of an aversive stimulus. Based on the idea of postulating different levels of approach avoidance motivation, the Reflective-Impulsive Model of Behavior (RIM, Strack \& Deutsch, 2004) is applied to relief and approach avoidance. The RIM differentiates between an impulsive and a reflective system of information processing, with both systems working in relative independence from each other. Two central variables moderate the relation between relief and approach avoidance. The first is the psychological system in which approach avoidance is processed and assessed. Two levels of approach avoidance are distinguished: an impulsive distance orientation (distance change in relation to specific stimuli) and a reflective goal orientation (attainment of positive versus avoidance of negative end states). The second is the psychological system in which relief developed: In the impulsive system, relief develops as the affect that is conditioned to the absence of negative states; in the reflective system, relief develops as a result of goal-oriented behaviour of controlling or preventing of negative stimulation. The thesis looks at both moderators (level of approach avoidance and psychological system of development of relief) at once. The central prediction for the impulsive distance orientation is: Relief leads to an approach distance orientation (distance reduction), independent from the system in which relief develops. The central prediction for the reflective goal orientation is: Relief leads to an avoidance goal orientation (control of negative end states). This latter prediction is only made for the case when relief was caused by (develops in) the reflective system, that is by one's own, goal-directed behaviour; it is further necessary for an avoidance goal orientation that the relief state cannot certainly reached, instead there always has to uncertainty in the control of negative states. The methodology in the thesis is based on studies of aversive conditioning. In most studies, a differentiation paradigm is applied. The impulsive relief is operationalized via a classically conditioned relief (aversive CS-), whereas the reflective relief is operationalized via an active avoidance paradigm which ensures the methodological comparability of "reflective relief" to "impulsive relief". The predictions are as follows: Prediction A: Relief will elicit positive affective valence and an approach distance orientation. This should be true for both relief that is caused by the impulsive system and for relief that is caused by the reflective system (Experiments 2-3). Prediction B: More positive valence of relief—caused by a larger change of affective states—will elicit a stronger approach distance orientation (Experiment 4). Prediction C: Relief caused by the impulsive system will not elicit a specific goal orientation (Experiment 5). Prediction D: Uncertain self-induced relief—caused by the reflective system—will elicit an avoidance goal orientation (Experiments 6-7). In addition, Experiment 1 validated the conditioning paradigm used for the elicitation of relief. The experiments in the thesis support all predictions made in the theoretical part. The work has implications for the assumptions made in the RIM (Strack \& Deutsch, 2004). In the impulsive system, the affective valence determines approach avoidance orientation (e.g., R. Neumann \& Strack, 2000), the reflective goal not playing an important role. Relief elicits an approach orientation in the impulsive system. In the reflective system, the active goal is decisive for the approach avoidance orientation. Uncertain self-caused relief elicits an avoidance goal orientation in the reflective system. The studies of the thesis thus support and validate the assumptions made in the RIM (Strack \& Deutsch, 2004) in the specific field of motivational direction.},
  subject      = {Motivation},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Walz2013,
  author    = {Walz, Nora},
  title     = {Der Mensch im Open-Field-Test: Agoraphobie als pathologische Form extraterritorialer Angst},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81402},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Angstverhalten bei der Panikst{\"o}rung mit Agoraphobie wird haupts{\"a}chlich unter dem Aspekt des „safety seekings" betrachtet. Kontrovers diskutiert wird, ob diese Verhaltensweisen f{\"u}r eine erfolgreiche Behandlung abgebaut werden sollen. Es wurde bisher kaum nach der ethologischen Bedeutung bestimmter Verhaltensweisen unter Angst gefragt. Dies ist erstaunlich, weil die Panikst{\"o}rung mit Agoraphobie h{\"a}ufig als gesteigerte Form extraterritorialer Angst gesehen wird. Extraterritoriale Angst tritt typischerweise bei Tieren auf, wenn sie ihr vertrautes Gebiet verlassen. Im Tiermodell liegen zahlreiche ethoexperimentelle Paradigmen vor, mit denen man das nat{\"u}rliche Angstverhalten von Tieren untersucht. Letztlich kl{\"a}rt man am Tiermodell aber Fragestellungen, die am Menschen nicht umsetzbar sind. Die experimentelle Untersuchung menschlichen Angstverhaltens unter ethologischer Perspektive erfordert eine Situation, die solches Verhalten ethisch unbedenklich ausl{\"o}st und geeignete messbare Parameter liefert. Der Open-Field Test als bekanntes Paradigma aus der Tierforschung erf{\"u}llt diese Voraussetzungen. Es war Ziel des Promotionsvorhabens, in einem realen Open-Field Test bei Agoraphobiepatien-ten und hoch{\"a}ngstlichen Probanden Thigmotaxis als ethologisches Angstverhalten nachzuweisen und mit dem Verhalten einer Kontrollgruppe bzw. niedrig{\"a}ngstlichen Personen zu vergleichen (Studie I). Thigmotaxis ist eine Bewegungstendenz entlang des Randes und wird im Tiermodell als Index f{\"u}r Angst benutzt. Es sollte die Frage gekl{\"a}rt werden, ob agoraphobes Verhalten evolution{\"a}r verankert werden kann. Ziel von Studie II war die Untersuchung der Wege in einer typischen Alltagstopographie. Dazu wurden Unterschiede im Raum-Zeit-Verhalten von Agora-phobiepatienten vs. Kontrollgruppe, sowie hoch- vs. niedrig{\"a}ngstlichen Probanden beim Gehen durch die Stadt verglichen. Die Aufzeichnung des Raum-Zeit-Verhaltens erfolgte in beiden Studien per GPS-Tracking. Studie I zeigte an insgesamt 69 Studienteilnehmern, dass Angstverhalten mit ethologischer Bedeutung bei Menschen im Open-Field Test eindeutig messbar ist. Agoraphobiepatienten zeigten w{\"a}hrend der Exploration eines ungef{\"a}hrlichen freien Fußballfeldes deutlich mehr Thigmotaxis und Vermeidung der Mitte als die Kontrollgruppe. Hoch{\"a}ngstliche im Vergleich zu niedrig{\"a}ngstlichen gesunden Probanden zeigten dies ebenfalls. So konnte die Vermutung unterst{\"u}tzt werden, dass die Agoraphobie m{\"o}glicherweise eine evolution{\"a}re Entsprechung in der tierischen Extraterritorialangst hat. Die Befunde sprechen auch f{\"u}r eine gemeinsame Pr{\"a}disposition zu Sicherheitsverhalten bei pathologischer Angst und hoher {\"A}ngstlichkeit. Die Bedeutung gemeinsamer Verhaltensdispositionen bei klinischen und nicht-klinischen Gruppen kann im Hinblick auf gemeinsame Endoph{\"a}notypen f{\"u}r die neuronale Angstverarbeitung diskutiert werden. Zuletzt konnte mit dem Open-Field Test ein aus der Tierforschung bekanntes ethoexperimentelles Paradigma auf den Menschen {\"u}bertragen werden, was die G{\"u}ltigkeit des Tiermodells unterst{\"u}tzt. Studie II lieferte Unterschiede in den Wegen der Agoraphobiepatienten vs. Kontrollpersonen bei der Passage des Marktplatzes. Die Patienten {\"u}berquerten den Marktplatz seltener als die Kon-trollgruppe, und tangierten ihn h{\"a}ufiger am Rand. Die Daten konnten in korrelativen Zusammenhang mit der Vermeidung der Mitte im Open-Field Test gebracht werden. Dies deutet auf eine starke Auswirkung der agoraphoben Symptomatik auf das Raum-Zeit-Verhalten in unterschiedlichen Situationen hin. Im Weiteren zeigte Studie II, dass sich GPS Tracking als Assessment-Methode in der klinischen Psychologie eignet. Bei den hoch-und niedrig{\"a}ngstlichen Probanden fand sich bei der Passage des Marktplatzes kein Unterschied, aber der weitere Streckenverlauf lieferte Hinweise darauf, dass bei hoher {\"A}ngstlichkeit die Navigation entlang h{\"a}ufig zur{\"u}ckgelegter Strecken bevorzugt werden k{\"o}nnte. Schlussfolgerung des explorativen Vorgehens bei Studie II ist, dass es sich lohnt, den Zusammenhang zwischen Emotion und Navigation in komplexer Umgebung weiter zu untersuchen},
  subject      = {Agoraphobie},
  language  = {de}
}