@article{BeisserGrohmeKopkaetal.2012, author = {Beisser, Daniela and Grohme, Markus A. and Kopka, Joachim and Frohme, Marcus and Schill, Ralph O. and Hengherr, Steffen and Dandekar, Thomas and Klau, Gunnar W. and Dittrich, Marcus and M{\"u}ller, Tobias}, title = {Integrated pathway modules using time-course metabolic profiles and EST data from Milnesium tardigradum}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75241}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Background: Tardigrades are multicellular organisms, resistant to extreme environmental changes such as heat, drought, radiation and freezing. They outlast these conditions in an inactive form (tun) to escape damage to cellular structures and cell death. Tardigrades are apparently able to prevent or repair such damage and are therefore a crucial model organism for stress tolerance. Cultures of the tardigrade Milnesium tardigradum were dehydrated by removing the surrounding water to induce tun formation. During this process and the subsequent rehydration, metabolites were measured in a time series by GC-MS. Additionally expressed sequence tags are available, especially libraries generated from the active and inactive state. The aim of this integrated analysis is to trace changes in tardigrade metabolism and identify pathways responsible for their extreme resistance against physical stress. Results: In this study we propose a novel integrative approach for the analysis of metabolic networks to identify modules of joint shifts on the transcriptomic and metabolic levels. We derive a tardigrade-specific metabolic network represented as an undirected graph with 3,658 nodes (metabolites) and 4,378 edges (reactions). Time course metabolite profiles are used to score the network nodes showing a significant change over time. The edges are scored according to information on enzymes from the EST data. Using this combined information, we identify a key subnetwork (functional module) of concerted changes in metabolic pathways, specific for de- and rehydration. The module is enriched in reactions showing significant changes in metabolite levels and enzyme abundance during the transition. It resembles the cessation of a measurablemetabolism (e.g. glycolysis and amino acid anabolism) during the tun formation, the production of storage metabolites and bioprotectants, such as DNA stabilizers, and the generation of amino acids and cellular components from monosaccharides as carbon and energy source during rehydration. Conclusions: The functional module identifies relationships among changed metabolites (e.g. spermidine) and reactions and provides first insights into important altered metabolic pathways. With sparse and diverse data available, the presented integrated metabolite network approach is suitable to integrate all existing data and analyse it in a combined manner.}, subject = {Milnesium tardigradum}, language = {en} } @article{OndruschKreft2011, author = {Ondrusch, Nicolai and Kreft, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Blue and Red Light Modulates SigB-Dependent Gene Transcription, Swimming Motility and Invasiveness in Listeria monocytogenes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75451}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: In a number of gram-positive bacteria, including Listeria, the general stress response is regulated by the alternative sigma factor B (SigB). Common stressors which lead to the activation of SigB and the SigB-dependent regulon are high osmolarity, acid and several more. Recently is has been shown that also blue and red light activates SigB in Bacillus subtilis. Methodology/Principal Findings: By qRT-PCR we analyzed the transcriptional response of the pathogen L. monocytogenes to blue and red light in wild type bacteria and in isogenic deletion mutants for the putative blue-light receptor Lmo0799 and the stress sigma factor SigB. It was found that both blue (455 nm) and red (625 nm) light induced the transcription of sigB and SigB-dependent genes, this induction was completely abolished in the SigB mutant. The blue-light effect was largely dependent on Lmo0799, proving that this protein is a genuine blue-light receptor. The deletion of lmo0799 enhanced the red-light effect, the underlying mechanism as well as that of SigB activation by red light remains unknown. Blue light led to an increased transcription of the internalin A/B genes and of bacterial invasiveness for Caco-2 enterocytes. Exposure to blue light also strongly inhibited swimming motility of the bacteria in a Lmo0799- and SigB-dependent manner, red light had no effect there. Conclusions/Significance: Our data established that visible, in particular blue light is an important environmental signal with an impact on gene expression and physiology of the non-phototrophic bacterium L. monocytogenes. In natural environments these effects will result in sometimes random but potentially also cyclic fluctuations of gene activity, depending on the light conditions prevailing in the respective habitat.}, subject = {Listeria monocytogenes}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Chaianunporn2012, author = {Chaianunporn, Thotsapol}, title = {Evolution of dispersal and specialization in systems of interacting species}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76779}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {A metacommunity approach will be a useful framework to assess and predict changes in biodiversity in spatially structured landscapes and changing environments. However, the relationship between two core elements of metacommunity dynamics, dispersal and species interaction are not well understood. Most theoretical studies on dispersal evolution assume that target species are in isolation and do not interact with other species although the species interactions and community structure should have strong interdependence with dispersal. On the one hand, a species interaction can change the cost and benefit structure of dispersing in relation to non-dispersing individuals. On the other hand, with dispersal, an individual can follow respectively avoid species partners. Moreover, it is also important to explore the interdependence between dispersal and species interaction with spatial and temporal heterogeneity of environment because it would allow us to gain more understanding about responses of community to disturbances such as habitat destruction or global climate change, and this aspect is up to now not well-studied. In this thesis, I focus on the interactive and evolutionary feedback effects between dispersal and various types of interspecific interactions in different environmental settings. More specifically, I contrast dispersal evolution in scenarios with different types of interactions (chapter 2), explore the concurrent evolution of dispersal and habitat niche width (specialization) in spatial heterogeneous landscape (chapter 3) and consider (potential) multidimensional evolutionary responses under climate change (chapter 4). Moreover, I investigate consequences of different dispersal probability and group tolerance on group formation respectively group composition and the coexistence of 'marker types' (chapter 5). For all studies, I utilize individual-based models of single or multiple species within spatially explicit (grid-based) landscapes. In chapter 5, I also use an analytical model in addition to an individual-based model to predict phenomenon in group recognition and group formation. ...}, subject = {Tiergesellschaft}, language = {en} } @article{WagnerFischerThomaetal.2011, author = {Wagner, Toni U. and Fischer, Andreas and Thoma, Eva C. and Schartl, Manfred}, title = {CrossQuery : A Web Tool for Easy Associative Querying of Transcriptome Data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76088}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Enormous amounts of data are being generated by modern methods such as transcriptome or exome sequencing and microarray profiling. Primary analyses such as quality control, normalization, statistics and mapping are highly complex and need to be performed by specialists. Thereafter, results are handed back to biomedical researchers, who are then confronted with complicated data lists. For rather simple tasks like data filtering, sorting and cross-association there is a need for new tools which can be used by non-specialists. Here, we describe CrossQuery, a web tool that enables straight forward, simple syntax queries to be executed on transcriptome sequencing and microarray datasets. We provide deepsequencing data sets of stem cell lines derived from the model fish Medaka and microarray data of human endothelial cells. In the example datasets provided, mRNA expression levels, gene, transcript and sample identification numbers, GO-terms and gene descriptions can be freely correlated, filtered and sorted. Queries can be saved for later reuse and results can be exported to standard formats that allow copy-and-paste to all widespread data visualization tools such as Microsoft Excel. CrossQuery enables researchers to quickly and freely work with transcriptome and microarray data sets requiring only minimal computer skills. Furthermore, CrossQuery allows growing association of multiple datasets as long as at least one common point of correlated information, such as transcript identification numbers or GO-terms, is shared between samples. For advanced users, the object-oriented plug-in and event-driven code design of both server-side and client-side scripts allow easy addition of new features, data sources and data types.}, subject = {CrossQuery}, language = {en} } @article{VandenHoveJakobSchrautetal.2011, author = {Van den Hove, Daniel and Jakob, Sissi Brigitte and Schraut, Karla-Gerlinde and Kenis, Gunter and Schmitt, Angelika Gertrud and Kneitz, Susanne and Scholz, Claus-J{\"u}rgen and Wiescholleck, Valentina and Ortega, Gabriela and Prickaerts, Jos and Steinbusch, Harry and Lesch, Klaus-Peter}, title = {Differential Effects of Prenatal Stress in 5-Htt Deficient Mice: Towards Molecular Mechanisms of Gene x Environment Interactions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75795}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Prenatal stress (PS) has been shown to influence the development of the fetal brain and to increase the risk for the development of psychiatric disorders in later life. Furthermore, the variation of human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene was suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early life stress and the risk for depression. In the present study, we used a 5-Htt6PS paradigm to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition, anxiety- and depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt +/2) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChipH Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array. 5-Htt +/2 offspring showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, exposure of 5-Htt +/2 mice to PS was associated with increased depressive-like behavior, an effect that tended to be more pronounced in female offspring. Further, 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the expression of numerous genes and related pathways within the female hippocampus. Specifically, MAPK and neurotrophin signaling were regulated by both the 5-Htt +/2 genotype and PS exposure, whereas cytokine and Wnt signaling were affected in a 5-Htt genotype6PS manner, indicating a gene6environment interaction at the molecular level. In conclusion, our data suggest that although the 5-Htt +/2 genotype shows clear adaptive capacity, 5-Htt +/2 mice -particularly females- at the same time appear to be more vulnerable to developmental stress exposure when compared to WT offspring. Moreover, hippocampal gene expression profiles suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms mediate the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction.}, subject = {Medizin}, language = {en} } @article{KronauerPetersSchoningetal.2011, author = {Kronauer, Daniel J. C. and Peters, Marcell K. and Schoning, Caspar and Boomsma, Jacobus J.}, title = {Hybridization in East African swarm-raiding army ants}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68798}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: Hybridization can have complex effects on evolutionary dynamics in ants because of the combination of haplodiploid sex-determination and eusociality. While hybrid non-reproductive workers have been found in a range of species, examples of gene-flow via hybrid queens and males are rare. We studied hybridization in East African army ants (Dorylus subgenus Anomma) using morphology, mitochondrial DNA sequences, and nuclear microsatellites. Results: While the mitochondrial phylogeny had a strong geographic signal, different species were not recovered as monophyletic. At our main study site at Kakamega Forest, a mitochondrial haplotype was shared between a "Dorylus molestus-like" and a "Dorylus wilverthi-like" form. This pattern is best explained by introgression following hybridization between D. molestus and D. wilverthi. Microsatellite data from workers showed that the two morphological forms correspond to two distinct genetic clusters, with a significant proportion of individuals being classified as hybrids. Conclusions: We conclude that hybridization and gene-flow between the two army ant species D. molestus and D. wilverthi has occurred, and that mating between the two forms continues to regularly produce hybrid workers. Hybridization is particularly surprising in army ants because workers have control over which males are allowed to mate with a young virgin queen inside the colony.}, subject = {Zoologie}, language = {en} } @article{WegertBausenweinKneitzetal.2011, author = {Wegert, Jenny and Bausenwein, Sabrina and Kneitz, Susanne and Roth, Sabine and Graf, Norbert and Geissinger, Eva and Gessler, Manfred}, title = {Retinoic acid pathway activity in Wilms tumors and characterization of biological responses in vitro}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69137}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Background: Wilms tumor (WT) is one of the most common malignancies in childhood. With current therapy protocols up to 90\% of patients can be cured, but there is still a need to improve therapy for patients with aggressive WT and to reduce treatment intensity where possible. Prior data suggested a deregulation of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway in high-risk WT, but its mode of action remained unclear. Results: The association of retinoid signaling and clinical parameters could be validated in a large independent tumor set, but its relevance in primary nephrectomy tumors from very young children may be different. Reduced RA pathway activity and MYCN overexpression were found in high risk tumors as opposed to tumors with low/ intermediate risk, suggesting a beneficial impact of RA especially on advanced WT. To search for possible modes of action of retinoids as novel therapeutic options, primary tumor cell cultures were treated in vitro with all-trans-RA (ATRA), 9cis-RA, fenretinide and combinations of retinoids and a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Genes deregulated in high risk tumors showed opposite changes upon treatment suggesting a positive effect of retinoids. 6/7 primary cultures tested reduced proliferation, irrespective of prior RA signaling levels. The only variant culture was derived from mesoblastic nephroma, a distinct childhood kidney neoplasm. Retinoid/HDAC inhibitor combinations provided no synergistic effect. ATRA and 9cis-RA induced morphological changes suggestive of differentiation, while fenretinide induced apoptosis in several cultures tested. Microarray analysis of ATRA treated WT cells revealed differential expression of many genes involved in extracellular matrix formation and osteogenic, neuronal or muscle differentiation. The effects documented appear to be reversible upon drug withdrawal, however. Conclusions: Altered retinoic acid signaling has been validated especially in high risk Wilms tumors. In vitro testing of primary tumor cultures provided clear evidence of a potential utility of retinoids in Wilms tumor treatment based on the analysis of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.}, subject = {Krebs}, language = {en} } @article{EndesfelderMalkuschFlottmannetal.2011, author = {Endesfelder, Ulrike and Malkusch, Sebastian and Flottmann, Benjamin and Mondry, Justine and Liguzinski, Piotr and Verveer, Peter J. and Heilemann, Mike}, title = {Chemically Induced Photoswitching of Fluorescent Probes - A General Concept for Super-Resolution Microscopy}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74896}, year = {2011}, abstract = {We review fluorescent probes that can be photoswitched or photoactivated and are suited for single-molecule localization based super-resolution microscopy. We exploit the underlying photochemical mechanisms that allow photoswitching of many synthetic organic fluorophores in the presence of reducing agents, and study the impact of these on the photoswitching properties of various photoactivatable or photoconvertible fluorescent proteins. We have identified mEos2 as a fluorescent protein that exhibits reversible photoswitching under various imaging buffer conditions and present strategies to characterize reversible photoswitching. Finally, we discuss opportunities to combine fluorescent proteins with organic fluorophores for dual-color photoswitching microscopy.}, subject = {Super-Resolution Microscopy}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Heidbreder2012, author = {Heidbreder, Meike}, title = {Association and Activation of TNF-Receptor I Investigated with Single-Molecule Tracking and Super-Resolution Microscopy in Live Cells}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73191}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Cellular responses to outer stimuli are the basis for all biological processes. Signal integration is achieved by protein cascades, recognizing and processing molecules from the environment. Factors released by pathogens or inflammation usually induce an inflammatory response, a signal often transduced by Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF). TNFα receptors TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 can in turn lead to apoptosis or proliferation via NF-B. These processes are closely regulated by membrane compartimentalization, protein interactions and trafficking. Fluorescence microscopy offers a reliable and non-invasive method to probe these cellular events. However, some processes on a native membrane are not resolvable, as they are well below the diffraction limit of microscopy. The recent development of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods enables the observation of these cellular players well below this limit: by localizing, tracking and counting molecules with high spatial and temporal resolution, these new fluorescence microscopy methods offer a previously unknown insight into protein interactions at the near-molecular level. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) utilizes the reversible, stochastic blinking events of small commercially available fluorescent dyes, while photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) utilizes phototransformation of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. By photoactivating only a small fraction of the present fluorophores in each observation interval, single emitters can be localized with high precision and a super-resolved image can be reconstructed. Quantum Dot Triexciton imaging (QDTI) utilizes the three-photon absorption (triexcitonic) properties of quantum dots (QD) and to achieve a twofold resolution increase using conventional confocal microscopes. In this thesis, experimental approaches were implemented to achieve super-resolution microscopy in fixed and live-cells to study the spatial and temporal dynamics of TNF and other cellular signaling events. We introduce QDTI to study the three-dimensional cellular distribution of biological targets, offering an easy method to achieve resolution enhancement in combination with optical sectioning, allowing the preliminary quantification of labeled proteins. As QDs are electron dense, QDTI can be used for correlative fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, proving the versatility of QD probes. Utilizing the phototransformation properties of fluorescent proteins, single-receptor tracking on live cells was achieved, applying the concept of single particle tracking PALM (sptPALM) to track the dynamics of a TNF-R1-tdEos chimera on the membrane. Lateral receptor dynamics can be tracked with high precision and the influences of ligand addition or lipid disruption on TNF-R1 mobility was observed. The results reveal complex receptor dynamics, implying internalization processes in response to TNFα stimulation and a role for membrane domains with reduced fluidity, so-called lipid raft domains, in TNF-R1 compartimentalization prior or post ligand induction. Comparisons with previously published FCS data show a good accordance, but stressing the increased data depth available in sptPALM experiments. Additionally, the active transport of NF-κB-tdEos fusions was observed in live neurons under chemical stimulation and/or inhibition. Contrary to phototransformable proteins that need no special buffers to exhibit photoconversion or photoactivation, dSTORM has previously been unsuitable for in vivo applications, as organic dyes relied on introducing the probes via immunostaining in concert with a reductive, oxygen-free medium for proper photoswitching behaviour. ATTO655 had been previously shown to be suitable for live-cell applications, as its switching behavior can be catalyzed by the reductive environment of the cytoplasm. By introducing the cell-permeant organic dye via a chemical tag system, a high specificity and low background was achieved. Here, the labeled histone H2B complex and thus single nucleosome movements in a live cell can be observed over long time periods and with ~20 nm resolution. Implementing these new approaches for imaging biological processes with high temporal and spatial resolution provides new insights into the dynamics and spatial heterogeneities of proteins, further elucidating their function in the organism and revealing properties that are usually only detectable in vitro.  }, subject = {Fluoreszenzmikrosopie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Englberger2012, author = {Englberger, Eva}, title = {Gene regulation in hearts of Hey-mutant mouse embryos and monitoring of sub-cellular Hey1 distribution}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73395}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Hey-mutant mouse hearts at embryonic day E14.5 were shown to react to the knock out of Hey2 with several up-regualted genes. This up-regulation is due to the lack of Hey2 and cannot be explained by the structural changes in heart morphology as shown using control animals. Part of the gene regulation was further validated using in situ hybridization. Hey1 was located to the nucleus in immunofluorescence experiments. However, experiments on protein level showed also amount of Hey1 within the cytoplasm. The nuclear localization of Hey1 was unchanged during all cell cycle phases as well as when CaMKII was co-expressed or other cellular pathways were inhibited or stimulated. Hey1 does not seem to interact with the nuclear transport proteins importin-alpha and -beta, therefore it still needs to be elucidated how Hey1 is transported into the nucleus.}, subject = {Maus}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schlegelmilch2012, author = {Schlegelmilch, Katrin}, title = {Molecular function of WISP1/CCN4 in the musculoskeletal system with special reference to apoptosis and cell survival}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73430}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Human adult cartilage is an aneural and avascular type of connective tissue, which consequently reflects reduced growth and repair rates. The main cell type of cartilage are chondrocytes, previously derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). They are responsible for the production and maintainance of the cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM), which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans. Signal transmission to or from chondrocytes, generally occurs via interaction with signalling factors connected to the cartilaginous ECM. In this context, proteins of the CCN family were identified as important matricellular and multifunctional regulators with high significance during skeletal development and fracture repair. In this thesis, main focus lies on WISP1/CCN4, which is known as a general survival factor in a variety of cell types and seems to be crucial during lineage progression of hMSCs into chondrocytes. We intend to counter the lack of knowledge about the general importance of WISP1-signalling within the musculoskeletal system and especially regarding cell death and survival by a variety of molecular and cell biology methods. First, we established a successful down-regulation of endogenous WISP1 transcripts within different cell types of the human musculoskeletal system through gene-silencing. Interestingly, WISP1 seems to be crucial to the survival of all examined cell lines and primary hMSCs, since a loss of WISP1 resulted in cell death. Bioinformatical analyses of subsequent performed microarrays (WISP1 down-regulated vs. control samples) confirmed this observation in primary hMSCs and the chondrocyte cell line Tc28a2. Distinct clusters of regulated genes, closely related to apoptosis induction, could be identified. In this context, TRAIL induced apoptosis as well as p53 mediated cell death seem to play a crucial role during the absence of WISP1 in hMSCs. By contrast, microarray analysis of WISP1 down-regulated chondrocytes indicated rather apoptosis induction via MAPK-signalling. Despite apoptosis relevant gene regulations, microarray analyses also identified clusters of differentially expressed genes of other important cellular activities, e.g. a huge cluster of interferon-inducible genes in hMSCs or gene regulations affecting cartilage homeostasis in chondrocytes. Results of this thesis emphasize the importance of regulatory mechanisms that influence cell survival of primary hMSCs and chondrocytes in the enforced absence of WISP1. Moreover, findings intensified the assumed importance for WISP1-signalling in cartilage homeostasis. Thus, this thesis generated an essential fundament for further examinations to investigate the role of WISP1-signalling in cartilage homeostasis and cell death.}, subject = {Knorpelzelle}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mihlan2012, author = {Mihlan, Sabrina [geb. Jasper]}, title = {Identifikation von Zonula Occludens 2 (ZO-2) als neuen LASP-1 Interaktionspartner und Aufkl{\"a}rung der LASP-1/ZO-2 Kern-Zytosol Translokation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73442}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {LASP-1 (LIM und SH3 Dom{\"a}nen Protein) ist ein in Zellen ubiquit{\"a}r vorkommendes Protein, welches in verschiedenen Tumorgeweben eine pathophysiologische {\"U}berexpression aufweist. Das Protein besitzt eine LIM Dom{\"a}ne, zwei Aktinbindungsregionen sowie eine SH3 Dom{\"a}ne und bindet einerseits an dynamischen Aktinstrukturen wie den fokalen Kontakten, Lamellopodien und Membranforts{\"a}tzen, kann andererseits aber auch in den Zellkern translokalisieren. F{\"u}r Aktinstrukturen wirkt LASP-1 als Ger{\"u}stprotein und ist wichtig f{\"u}r die Migration und Proliferation der Zellen. Die Funktion von LASP-1 im Zellkern ist noch nicht bekannt, da aber in Tumorzellen eine erh{\"o}hte nukleare Akkumulation von LASP-1 beobachtet werden konnte, deren Intensit{\"a}t mit der Tumorgr{\"o}ße sowie dem Langzeit{\"u}berleben der Patientinnen korreliert, ist LASP-1, zus{\"a}tzlich zu seiner Funktion als Strukturprotein, vermutlich auch ein Transkriptionsfaktor oder ein transkriptioneller Kofaktor. Eine Herunterregulation von LASP-1 in verschiedenen Tumorentit{\"a}ten f{\"u}hrt zur Inhibition der Proliferation und Migration. In dieser Arbeit konnte der bisher unbekannte Zellkernimport und -export von LASP-1 aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Maßgeblich daran beteiligt ist ein durch Pulldown Experimente neu identifizierter LASP-1 Bindungspartner: das Zonula Occludens 2 Protein (ZO-2). Mittels Immunpr{\"a}zipitationen und Immunfluoreszenzen wurde diese Interaktion best{\"a}tigt. Nach Phosphorylierung von LASP-1 an Ser-146 durch Aktivierung der cAMP-abh{\"a}ngigen Proteinkinase (PKA) kommt es zu einer partiellen Abl{\"o}sung des LASP-1/ZO-2 Komplexes aus den fokalen Kontakten hin zu einer vermehrten Kernlokalisation beider Proteine. Dies l{\"a}sst sich durch Kern/Zytosol Trennungen belegen. Dabei ist die Bindung von LASP-1 an ZO-2 essentiell f{\"u}r die Translokation in den Zellkern, da bei einem ZO-2 Knockdown auch nach PKA Aktivierung LASP-1 zytosolisch lokalisiert bleibt. Wie Mutationsanalysen zeigen, findet die Interaktion zwischen der C-terminalen SH3 Dom{\"a}ne im LASP-1 und der Prolin-reichen SH3-Bindungssequenz im Bereich der Aminos{\"a}uren 1103-1121 am C-Terminus im ZO-2 statt. Die Translokation des Komplexes in den Kern erfolgt dabei {\"u}ber das Kernlokalisationssignal im ZO-2, da die LASP-1 Sequenz selbst keine nukleare Importsequenz aufweist. Im Zellkern konnte die direkte Interaktion von LASP-1 und ZO-2 mittels Duolink® Proximity Ligation Assay sichtbar gemacht werden. Der Export der Proteine erfolgt {\"u}ber das Protein CRM1. Eine Inhibition der Kernexportmaschinerie mit Leptomycin B erh{\"o}ht die Konzentration beider Proteine im Zellkern. Das nukleare Exportsignal (NES) im LASP-1 konnte durch Punktmutationen N-terminal der Leucin-reichen Aminos{\"a}uresequenz 70-77 zugeordnet werden (NLRLKQQS). Im letzten Schritt dieses Zyklus erfolgt die Relokalisation von LASP-1 zur{\"u}ck an die Zellmembranstrukturen. Der neu gefundene Signalweg dient wahrscheinlich zur Weiterleitung von externen Stimuli in den Kern und zur Genregulation - mit LASP-1 als Transkriptionsfaktor oder transkriptionellen Kofaktor.}, subject = {Tumorzelle}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Kistenpfennig2012, author = {Kistenpfennig, Christa}, title = {Rhodopsin 7 and Cryptochrome - circadian photoreception in Drosophila}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72209}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Many organisms evolved an endogenous clock to adapt to the daily environmental changes caused by the earth's rotation. Light is the primary time cue ("Zeitgeber") for entrainment of circadian clocks to the external 24-h day. In Drosophila, several visual pigments are known to mediate synchronization to light: The blue-light photopigment Cryptochrome (CRY) and six well-described rhodopsins (Rh1-Rh6). CRY is present in the majority of clock neurons as well as in the compound eyes, whereas the location of rhodopsins is restricted to the photoreceptive organs - the compound eyes, the ocelli and the HB-eyelets. CRY is thought to represent the key photoreceptor of Drosophila's circadian clock. Nevertheless, mutant flies lacking CRY (cry01) are able to synchronize their locomotor activity rhythms to light-dark (LD) cycles, but need significantly longer than wild-type flies. In this behavior, cry01 mutants strongly resemble mammalian species that do not possess any internal photoreceptors and perceive light information exclusively through their photoreceptive organs (eyes). Thus, a mammalian-like phase-shifting behavior would be expected in cry01 flies. We investigated this issue by monitoring a phase response curve (PRC) of cry01 and wild-type flies to 1-h light pulses of 1000 lux irradiance. Indeed, cry01 mutants produced a mammalian-similar so called type 1 PRC of comparatively low amplitude (< 25\% of wild-type) with phase delays to light pulses during the early subjective night and phase advances to light pulses during the late subjective night (~1 h each). Despite the predominant role of CRY, the visual system contributes to the light sensitivity of the fly's circadian clock, mainly around dawn and dusk. Furthermore, this phase shifting allows for the slow re-entrainment which we observed in cry01 mutants to 8-h phase delays of the LD 12 h:12 h cycle. However, cry01 also showed surprising differences in their shifting ability: First of all, their PRC was characterized by a second dead zone in the middle of the subjective night (ZT17-ZT19) in addition to the usual unresponsiveness during the subjective day. Second, in contrast to wild-type flies, cry01 mutants did not increase their shift of activity rhythms neither in response to longer stimuli nor to light pulses of higher irradiance. In contrast, both 6-h light pulses of 1000 lux and 1-h light pulses of 10,000 lux light intensity during the early subjective night even resulted in phase advances instead of the expected delays. Thus, CRY seems to be not only responsible for the high light sensitivity of the wild-type circadian clock, but is apparently also involved in integrating and processing light information. Rhodopsin 7 (Rh7) is a yet uncharacterized protein, but became a good photoreceptor candidate due to sequence similarities to the six known Drosophila Rhs. The second part of this thesis investigated the expression pattern of Rh7 and its possible functions, especially in circadian photoreception. Furthermore, we were interested in a potential interaction with CRY and thus, tested cry01 and rh70 cry01 mutants as well. Rh1 is the main visual pigment of the Drosophila compound eye and expressed in six out of eight photoreceptors cells (R1-R6) in each of the ~800 ommatidia. Motion vision depends exclusively on Rh1 function but, moreover, Rh1 plays an important structural role and assures proper photoreceptor cell development and maintenance. In order to investigate its possible photoreceptive function, we expressed Rh7 in place of Rh1. Rh7 was indeed able to overtake the role of Rh1 in both aspects: It prevented retinal degeneration and mediated the optomotor response (OR), a motion vision-dependent behavior. At the transcriptional level, rh7 is expressed at approximately equal amounts in adult fly brains and retinas. Due to a reduced specificity of anti-Rh7 antibodies, we could not verify this result at the protein level. However, analysis of rh7 null mutants (rh70) suggested different Rh7 functions in vivo. Previous experiments strongly indicated an increased sensitivity of the compound eyes in the absence of Rh7 and suggested impaired light adaptation. We aimed to test this hypothesis at the levels of circadian photoreception. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable output of the circadian clock. Rh70 mutant flies generally displayed a wild-type similar bimodal activity pattern comprising morning (M) and evening (E) activity bouts. Activity monitoring supported the proposed "shielding" function, since rh70 mutants behaved like wild-type flies experiencing high irradiances. Under all investigated conditions, their activity peaks lay further apart resulting in a prolonged midday break. The behavior of cry01 mutants was mainly characterized by an unexpectedly high flexibility in the timing of M and E activity bouts which allowed tracking of lights-on and lights-off even under extreme photoperiods. Activity profiles of the corresponding rh70 cry01 double mutants reflected neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects of Rh7 and CRY and were dominated by a broad E activity peak. In the future, the different circadian phenotypes will be further investigated on the molecular level by analysis of clock protein cycling in the underlying pacemaker neurons. The work of this thesis confirmed that Rh7 is indeed able to work as a photoreceptor and to initiate the classical phototransduction cascade. On the other hand, it provided further evidence at the levels of circadian photoreception that Rh7 might serve as a shielding pigment for Rh1 in vivo, thereby mediating proper light adaptation.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Thoma2011, author = {Thoma, Eva Christina}, title = {Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells induced by single genes}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54706}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Pluripotency describes the ability of stem cells to form every cell type of the body.. Pluripotent stem cells are e.g. embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but also the so called induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS cells), that are generated by reprogramming differentiated somatic cells into a pluripotent state. Furthermore, it has been shown that spermatogonia (SG) derived from adult testes of mouse or human are pluripotent. Because of their ability to differentiate into every somatic cell type, pluripotent stem cells have a unique status in research and regenerative medicine. For the latter, they offer a valuable opportunity to replace destroyed tissues or organs. For basic research, stem cells represent a useful system to study differentiation or developmental processes that are difficult to access in the physiological situation e.g. during embryogenesis. Both applications, however, require methods that allow efficient and directed differentiation of stem cells into defined specialized cell types. This study first aims to investigate the differentiation potential of SG derived from the teleost fish medaka (Oryzias latipes). My results demonstrate that medaka SG are able to form different somatic cell types, namely adipocytes, melanocytes, osteoblasts, and neurons. This indicates that medake SG have retained a broad differentiation potential suggesting that pluripotency is not restricted to mouse and human SG but might be conserved among vertebrates. Next, I wanted to establish a differentiation method that is solely based on ectopic expression of genes known to be essential for the formation of certain somatic cell types - so called master regulators (MRs). My findings show that ectopic expression of the melanocyte-specific transcription factor mitf-m that has previously been shown to induce differentiation of medaka ESCs into pigment cells resulted in the formation of the same cell type in medaka SG. This approach could be used to generate other somatic cell types. Thus, ectopic expression of the MRs cbfa1 and mash1 in MF-SG was sufficient to induce differentiation into osteoblasts and neurons, respectively. Interestingly, these differentiation processes included the activation of genes that are expressed earlier during embryogenesis than the differentiation-inducing MR. Furthermore, my findings show that the approach of MR-induced differentiation can be transferred to mammalian stem cell systems. Ectopic expression of the neural transcription factor ngn2 was sufficient to induce efficient and rapid differentiation of neurons in mouse ESCs. This differentiation process also included the induction of genes that in vivo are activated at earlier stages that ngn2. By generating a transgenic cell line allowing induction of ectopic ngn2 expression, it was possible to obtain a relatively pure culture of functional neurons. Ngn2-induced differentiation did not require any additional signals and occurred even under pluripotency promoting conditions. Moreover, ectopic expression of ngn2 did also induce the formation of cells with neuronal morphology in IPS cells indicating that MR-induced differentiation is operative in different stem cell types. Furthermore, protein transduction of Ngn2 into mouse ESCs also resulted in a neuronal differentiation process up to the appearance of neural precursor cells. Last, my results show that MR-induced differentiation can also be used to generate other cell types than neurons from mouse ESCs. Myoblasts and macrophage-like cells were generated by ectopic expression of the MRs myoD and cebpa, respectively. Using transgenic cell lines enabling induction of MR expression it was possible to obtain mixed cultures with two different differentiation processes occurring in parallel. Altogether this study shows that ectopic expression of single genes is sufficient to induce directed differentiation of stem cells into defined cell types. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated for different MRs and consequently different somatic cell types. Furthermore, MR induced differentiation was operative in different stem cell types from fish and mouse. Thus, one can conclude that certain genes are able to define cell fates in in vitro stem cell systems and that this cell fate defining potential appears to be a conserved feature in vertebrates. These findings therefore provide new insights in the role of MRs in cell commitment and differentiation processes. Furthermore, this study presents a new method to induce directed differentiation of stem cells that offers several advantages regarding efficiency, rapidness, and reproducibility. MR-induced differentiation therefore represents a promising tool for both stem cell research and regenerative medicine.}, subject = {Stammzelle}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Philippi2011, author = {Philippi, Nicole}, title = {Modellierung von Signalwegen in verschiedenen biologischen Systemen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57690}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Die Apoptose der Leberzellen ist abh{\"a}ngig von externen Signalen wie beispielsweise Komponenten der Extrazellul{\"a}ren Matrix sowie anderen Zell-Zell-Kontakten, welche von einer Vielfalt und Vielzahl an Knoten verarbeitet werden. Einige von ihnen wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit auf ihre Systemeffekte hin unter- sucht. Trotz verschiedener {\"a}ußerer Einfl{\"u}sse und nat{\"u}rlicher Selektion ist das System daraufhin optimiert, eine kleine Anzahl verschiedener und klar voneinander unterscheidbarer Systemzust{\"a}nde anzunehmen. Die verschiedenartigen Einfl{\"u}sse und Crosstalk-Mechanismen dienen der Optimierung der vorhandenen Systemzust{\"a}nde. Das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Modell zeigt zwei apoptotische sowie zwei nicht-apoptotische stabile Systemzust{\"a}nde, wobei der Grad der Aktivierung eines Knotens bis zu dem Moment stark variieren kann, in welchem der absolute Systemzustand selbst ver{\"a}ndert wird (Philippi et al., BMC Systems Biology,2009) [1]. Dieses Modell stellt zwar eine Vereinfachung des gesamten zellul{\"a}ren Netzwerkes und seiner verschiedenen Zust{\"a}nde dar, ist aber trotz allem in der Lage, unabh{\"a}ngig von detaillierten kinetischen Daten und Parametern der einzelnen Knoten zu agieren. Gleichwohl erlaubt das Modell mit guter qualitativer {\"U}bereinstimmung die Apoptose als Folge einer Stimulation mit FasL zu modellieren. Weiterhin umfasst das Modell sowohl Crosstalk-M{\"o}glichkeiten des Collagen-Integrin-Signalwegs, ebenso ber{\"u}cksichtigt es die Auswirkungen der genetischen Deletion von Bid sowie die Konsequenzen einer viralen Infektion. In einem zweiten Teil werden andere Anwendungsm{\"o}glichkeiten dargestellt. Hormonale Signale in Pflanzen, Virusinfektionen und intrazellul{\"a}re Kommunikation werden semi-quantitativ modelliert. Auch hier zeigte sich eine gute Ubereinstimmung der Modelle mit den experimentellen Daten.}, subject = {Systembiologie}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Hancock2012, author = {Hancock, Christine [geb. Herbst]}, title = {Influence of land use on Plantago lanceolata L. and its higher trophic levels at different spatial scales and in three geographic regions}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73877}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Heutzutage pr{\"a}gen landwirtschaftlich genutzte Fl{\"a}chen einen großen Teil der deutschen Landschaft. Die Umwandlung von nat{\"u}rlichen Lebensr{\"a}umen zu bewirtschaftetem Gr{\"u}nland beeinflusst grundlegend die Vielfalt von Pflanzen und Tieren. Zwar erh{\"o}ht die intensive Nutzung dieser Fl{\"a}chen die Produktivit{\"a}t der Pflanzen oder die Biomasse als Viehfutter auf den Wiesen. Wie diese Einfl{\"u}sse auf die Artenvielfalt, {\"O}kosysteme und trophische Interaktionen, im Laufe der Jahre wirken ist jedoch immer noch nicht vollst{\"a}ndig verstanden. Um die Funktionen der Biodiversit{\"a}t in einer landwirtschaftlich genutzten Fl{\"a}che zu verstehen konzentrierte sich meine Arbeit auf den Einfluss der Landnutzung (D{\"u}ngung, Beweidung und Mahd) auf ein Herbivor-Parasitoid-System von Plantago lanceolata. Der Spitzwegerich ist ein generalistisches Kraut mit kosmopolitischem Vorkommen. Er kann in einem sehr breiten Spektrum von Bodenverh{\"a}ltnissen (sowohl in nassen und auch in trockenen Lebensr{\"a}umen) vorkommen und ist daher ein ideales Modellsystem zur Untersuchung tritrophischer Systeme in einem Landnutzungs-intensit{\"a}tsgradienten. Die R{\"u}sselk{\"a}fer Mecinus labilis und M. pascuorum ern{\"a}hren sich von P. lanceolata und legen dort ihre Eier ab. Mesopolobus incultus ist ein generalistisch lebender Parasitoid, der verschiedenen Insektenordnungen parasitiert. Die einzigen Wirte auf P. lanceolata sind jedoch die beiden erw{\"a}hnten R{\"u}sselk{\"a}ferarten. Das Ziel meiner Studie war es, den Einfluss der Landnutzung auf ein tritrophisches System und seiner umgebenden Vegetation (Struktur, Dichte und Artenreichtum) auf unterschiedlichen r{\"a}umlichen Skalen wie Subplot, Plot und Landschaftebene in drei verschiedenen Regionen (Nord-, Mittel- und S{\"u}ddeutschland) zu untersuchen. Ich untersuchte den Einfluss der Nutzungsintensit{\"a}t nicht nur korrelativ, sondern auch experimentell. Zus{\"a}tzlich zielte ich darauf ab, aufzuzeigen wie die Vegetationszusammensetzung die Metabolite der Wirtspflanze ver{\"a}ndert und ob diese Ver{\"a}nderungen Auswirkungen auf h{\"o}here trophische Ebenen im Feld haben.}, subject = {Landnutzung}, language = {en} } @article{VogelLoeschbergerSaueretal.2011, author = {Vogel, Benjamin and L{\"o}schberger, Anna and Sauer, Markus and Hock, Robert}, title = {Cross-linking of DNA through HMGA1 suggests a DNA scaffold}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68865}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Binding of proteins to DNA is usually considered 1D with one protein bound to one DNA molecule. In principle, proteins with multiple DNA binding domains could also bind to and thereby cross-link different DNA molecules. We have investigated this possibility using high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) proteins, which are architectural elements of chromatin and are involved in the regulation of multiple DNA-dependent processes. Using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), we could show that overexpression of HMGA1a-eGFP in Cos-7 cells leads to chromatin aggregation. To investigate if HMGA1a is directly responsible for this chromatin compaction we developed a DNA cross-linking assay. We were able to show for the first time that HMGA1a can cross-link DNA directly. Detailed analysis using point mutated proteins revealed a novel DNA cross-linking domain. Electron microscopy indicates that HMGA1 proteins are able to create DNA loops and supercoils in linearized DNA confirming the cross-linking ability of HMGA1a. This capacity has profound implications for the spatial organization of DNA in the cell nucleus and suggests cross-linking activities for additional nuclear proteins.}, subject = {DNA}, language = {en} } @article{NeupertSebaldSchwabetal.1969, author = {Neupert, W. and Sebald, Walter and Schwab, A. J. and Pfaller, A. and B{\"u}cher, T.}, title = {Puromycin sensitivity of ribosomal label after incorporation of \(^{14}\)C-labelled amino acids into isolated mitochondria from Neurospora crassa}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62899}, year = {1969}, abstract = {Radioactive amino acids were incorporated into isolated mitochondria from Neurospora crassa. Then the mitochondrial ribosomes were isolated and submitted to density gradient centrifugation. A preferential labelling of polysomes was observed. However, when the mitochondrial suspension was treated with puromycin after amino acid incorporation, no radioactivity could be detected in either the monosomes or the polysomes. The conclusion is drawn that isolated mitochondria under these conditions do not incorporate significant amounts of amino acids into proteins of their ribosomes.}, subject = {Biochemie}, language = {en} } @article{SebaldSchwabBuecher1969, author = {Sebald, Walter and Schwab, A. J. and B{\"u}cher, T.}, title = {Cycloheximide resistant amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial protein from Neurospora crassa in vivo}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62900}, year = {1969}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Biochemie}, language = {en} } @article{SebaldHofstoetterHackeretal.1969, author = {Sebald, Walter and Hofst{\"o}tter, T. and Hacker, D. and B{\"u}cher, T.}, title = {Incorporation of amino acids into mitochondrial protein of the flight muscle of Locusta migratoria in vitro and in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62919}, year = {1969}, abstract = {No abstract available}, subject = {Biochemie}, language = {en} }