@phdthesis{Foerster2010,
  author    = {F{\"o}rster, Frank},
  title     = {Making the most of phylogeny: Unique adaptations in tardigrades and 216374 internal transcribed spacer 2 structures},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-51466},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The phylum Tardigrada consists of about 1000 described species to date. The animals live in habitats within marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems allover the world. Tardigrades are polyextremophiles. They are capable to resist extreme temperature, pressure or radiation. In the event of desiccation, tardigrades enter a so-called tun stage. The reason for their great tolerance capabilities against extreme environmental conditions is not discovered yet. Our Funcrypta project aims at finding answers to the question what mechanisms underlie these adaption capabilities particularly with regard to the species Milnesium tardigradum. The first part of this thesis describes the establishment of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) libraries for different stages of M. tardigradum. From proteomics data we bioinformatically identified 144 proteins with a known function and additionally 36 proteins which seemed to be specific for M. tardigradum. The generation of a comprehensive web-based database allows us to merge the proteome and transcriptome data. Therefore we created an annotation pipeline for the functional annotation of the protein and nucleotide sequences. Additionally, we clustered the obtained proteome dataset and identified some tardigrade-specific proteins (TSPs) which did not show homology to known proteins. Moreover, we examined the heat shock proteins of M. tardigradum and their different expression levels depending on the actual state of the animals. In further bioinformatical analyses of the whole data set, we discovered promising proteins and pathways which are described to be correlated with the stress tolerance, e.g. late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. Besides, we compared the tardigrades with nematodes, rotifers, yeast and man to identify shared and tardigrade specific stress pathways. An analysis of the 50 and 30 untranslated regions (UTRs) demonstrates a strong usage of stabilising motifs like the 15-lipoxygenase differentiation control element (15-LOX-DICE) but also reveals a lack of other common UTR motifs normally used, e.g. AU rich elements. The second part of this thesis focuses on the relatedness between several cryptic species within the tardigrade genus Paramacrobiotus. Therefore for the first time, we used the sequence-structure information of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) as a phylogenetic marker in tardigrades. This allowed the description of three new species which were indistinguishable using morphological characters or common molecular markers like the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) or the Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). In a large in silico simulation study we also succeeded to show the benefit for the phylogenetic tree reconstruction by adding structure information to the ITS2 sequence. Next to the genus Paramacrobiotus we used the ITS2 to corroborate a monophyletic DO-group (Sphaeropleales) within the Chlorophyceae. Additionally we redesigned another comprehensive database—the ITS2 database resulting in a doubled number of sequence-structure pairs of the ITS2. In conclusion, this thesis shows the first insights (6 first author publications and 4 coauthor publications) into the reasons for the enormous adaption capabilities of tardigrades and offers a solution to the debate on the phylogenetic relatedness within the tardigrade genus Paramacrobiotus.},
  subject      = {Phylogenie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoppeSebald1980,
  author    = {Hoppe, J. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Amino acid sequence of the proteolipid subunit of the proton-translocating ATPase complex from the thermophilic bacterium PS-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62754},
  year      = {1980},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BollazziRoces2011,
  author    = {Bollazzi, Martin and Roces, Flavio},
  title     = {Information Needs at the Beginning of Foraging: Grass-Cutting Ants Trade Off Load Size for a Faster Return to the Nest},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68940},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: Acquisition of information about food sources is essential for animals that forage collectively like social insects. Foragers deliver two commodities to the nest, food and information, and they may favor the delivery of one at the expenses of the other. We predict that information needs should be particularly high at the beginning of foraging: the decision to return faster to the nest will motivate a grass-cutting ant worker to reduce its loading time, and so to leave the source with a partial load. Principal Findings: Field results showed that at the initial foraging phase, most grass-cutting ant foragers (Acromyrmex heyeri) returned unladen to the nest, and experienced head-on encounters with outgoing workers. Ant encounters were not simply collisions in a probabilistic sense: outgoing workers contacted in average 70\% of the returning foragers at the initial foraging phase, and only 20\% at the established phase. At the initial foraging phase, workers cut fragments that were shorter, narrower, lighter and tenderer than those harvested at the established one. Foragers walked at the initial phase significantly faster than expected for the observed temperatures, yet not at the established phase. Moreover, when controlling for differences in the fragment-size carried, workers still walked faster at the initial phase. Despite the higher speed, their individual transport rate of vegetable tissue was lower than that of similarly-sized workers foraging later at the same patch. Conclusions/Significance: At the initial foraging phase, workers compromised their individual transport rates of material in order to return faster to the colony. We suggest that the observed flexible cutting rules and the selection of partial loads at the beginning of foraging are driven by the need of information transfer, crucial for the establishment and maintenance of a foraging process to monopolize a discovered resource.},
  subject      = {Blattschneiderameisen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KarunakaranMehlitzRudel2011,
  author    = {Karunakaran, Karthika and Mehlitz, Adrian and Rudel, Thomas},
  title     = {Evolutionary conservation of infection-induced cell death inhibition among Chlamydiales},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68978},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Control of host cell death is of paramount importance for the survival and replication of obligate intracellular bacteria. Among these, human pathogenic Chlamydia induces the inhibition of apoptosis in a variety of different host cells by directly interfering with cell death signaling. However, the evolutionary conservation of cell death regulation has not been investigated in the order Chlamydiales, which also includes Chlamydia-like organisms with a broader host spectrum. Here, we investigated the apoptotic response of human cells infected with the Chlamydia-like organism Simkania negevensis (Sn). Simkania infected cells exhibited strong resistance to apoptosis induced by intrinsic stress or by the activation of cell death receptors. Apoptotic signaling was blocked upstream of mitochondria since Bax translocation, Bax and Bak oligomerisation and cytochrome c release were absent in these cells. Infected cells turned on pro-survival pathways like cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 2 (cIAP-2) and the Akt/PI3K pathway. Blocking any of these inhibitory pathways sensitized infected host cell towards apoptosis induction, demonstrating their role in infection-induced apoptosis resistance. Our data support the hypothesis of evolutionary conserved signaling pathways to apoptosis resistance as common denominators in the order Chlamydiales.},
  subject      = {Chlamydiales},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PahlZhuTautzetal.2011,
  author    = {Pahl, Mario and Zhu, Hong and Tautz, J{\"u}rgen and Zhang, Shaowu},
  title     = {Large Scale Homing in Honeybees},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68985},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Honeybee foragers frequently fly several kilometres to and from vital resources, and communicate those locations to their nest mates by a symbolic dance language. Research has shown that they achieve this feat by memorizing landmarks and the skyline panorama, using the sun and polarized skylight as compasses and by integrating their outbound flight paths. In order to investigate the capacity of the honeybees' homing abilities, we artificially displaced foragers to novel release spots at various distances up to 13 km in the four cardinal directions. Returning bees were individually registered by a radio frequency identification (RFID) system at the hive entrance. We found that homing rate, homing speed and the maximum homing distance depend on the release direction. Bees released in the east were more likely to find their way back home, and returned faster than bees released in any other direction, due to the familiarity of global landmarks seen from the hive. Our findings suggest that such large scale homing is facilitated by global landmarks acting as beacons, and possibly the entire skyline panorama.},
  subject      = {Biene},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schramm2011,
  author    = {Schramm, Sabine},
  title     = {SYCE3, ein neues Synaptonemalkomplexprotein: Expression, funktionelle Analyse und Bindungspartner},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70903},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Der Synaptonemalkomplex ist eine evolution{\"a}r hoch konservierte Struktur. Er wird spezifisch w{\"a}hrend der Prophase I der Meiose ausgebildet und ist essentiell f{\"u}r die Segregation der homologen Chromosomen w{\"a}hrend der Meiose und auch f{\"u}r die Entstehung genetischer Vielfalt. Der Synaptonemalkomplex ist eine protein{\"o}se Struktur, deren Aufbau dem einer Leiter {\"a}hnelt. Dabei werden die Leiterholme als Lateralelemente bezeichnet. Sie bestehen unter anderem aus den Proteinen SYCP2 und SYCP3 und assoziieren mit dem Chromatin der homologen Chromosomen. Die Stufen der Leiter bestehen hingegen aus Transversalfilamenten, deren Hauptkomponente parallele Homodimere des meiosespezifische Proteins SYCP1 sind. Dabei wird ein SYCP1 Dimer mit seinem C-Terminus in den Lateralelementen verankert und kann {\"u}ber seine N-terminale Dom{\"a}ne eine schwache Interaktion mit der N-terminalen Dom{\"a}ne eines gegen{\"u}berliegenden SYCP1 Dimers eingehen. Um diese Bindung zu stabilisieren werden Proteine des Zentralelements des Synaptonemalkomplexes ben{\"o}tigt: W{\"a}hrend SYCE1 durch seine Interaktion mit SYCP1 die N-terminale Assoziation zweier gegen{\"u}berliegender SYCP1 Dimere stabilisiert, verkn{\"u}pfen die zwei anderen zentralelementspezifischen Proteine SYCE2 und Tex12 lateral benachbarte SYCP1 Filamente und breiten so das SYCP1 Netzwerk entlang der chromosomalen Achsen aus. Dieser Prozess wird als Synapse bezeichnet und stellt eines der Schl{\"u}sselereignisse der Meiose dar. Fehler w{\"a}hrend dieses Prozesses f{\"u}hren meist zu Aneuploidie der entstehenden Gameten oder zum Abbruch der Meiose und somit zu Infertilit{\"a}t des betroffenen Organismus. In dieser Arbeit wurde mit SYCE3 ein neues Protein des murinen Synaptonemalkomplexes charakterisiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass SYCE3 meiosespezifisch in M{\"a}nnchen und Weibchen exprimiert wird und Bestandteil des Zentralelements des Synaptonemalkomplexes ist. Hierbei zeigt es dasselbe Verteilungsmuster wie SYCP1 und SYCE1 und kann mit beiden Proteinen interagieren. Eine zus{\"a}tzliche Interaktion konnte zwischen SYCE3 und SYCE2 nachgewiesen werden. Durch Untersuchungen an entsprechenden Knockout Mausmodellen konnte in dieser Arbeit außerdem gezeigt werden, dass SYCE3 in Abwesenheit von SYCP1 nicht an die chromosomalen Achsen rekrutiert werden kann. Die Ausbildung der Lateralelemente und auch die Anwesenheit der anderen zentralelementspezifischen Proteine SYCE1 und SYCE2 sind hingegen f{\"u}r die Anlagerung von SYCE3 an die chromosomalen Achsen nicht essentiell. Somit steht SYCE3 hinsichtlich seiner Bedeutung f{\"u}r die Paarung und die Synapse der homologen Chromosomen hierarchisch offenbar {\"u}ber den bisher beschriebenen Zentralelementproteinen SYCE1, SYCE2 und Tex12. Die funktionelle Bedeutung von SYCE3 f{\"u}r die Synapse der homologen Chromosomen und f{\"u}r den korrekten Ablauf der homologen Rekombination wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durch die Herstellung und die Charakterisierung einer Syce3-/- Maus detailliert untersucht: Dabei f{\"u}hrte der Knockout von SYCE3 zur Infertilit{\"a}t in beiden Geschlechtern, die gleichzeitig mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der Gr{\"o}ße der entsprechenden Hoden und Ovarien im Vergleich zum Wildtyp einherging. Weitere Untersuchungen ergaben zudem, dass es in Syce3 defizienten Tieren zu einem Abbruch der Meiose kommt. Dabei hatte das Fehlen von SYCE3 keinen Einfluss auf die Ausbildung der Axialelemente. Die Initiation der Synapse hingegen war sowohl in Oocyten als auch in Spermatocyten in Abwesenheit von SYCE3 stark gest{\"o}rt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgewiesen werden, dass das Fehlen von SYCE3 Einfluss auf die homologe Rekombination nimmt: Zwar k{\"o}nnen sich fr{\"u}he (DNA Doppelstrangbr{\"u}che) und intermedi{\"a}re (Transitionsknoten) Rekombinationsereignisse in der Abwesenheit von SYCE3 ausbilden, die Prozessierung zu sp{\"a}ten Rekombinationsstrukturen (Rekombinationsknoten) und die damit einhergehende Ausbildung von Crossing-over Strukturen fand jedoch nicht statt. Zusammengefasst wurde in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass das neue Synaptonemalkomplexprotein SYCE3 essentiell f{\"u}r die Fertilit{\"a}t von M{\"a}usen ist. Durch den Knockout von Syce3 kann die Synapse zwischen den Homoligen nicht initiiert werden und es findet kein Crossing-over statt. Im Assembly Prozess des Synaptonemalkomplexes agiert SYCE3 oberhalb der anderen zentralelementspezifischen Proteine und unterhalb von SYCP1.},
  subject      = {Meiose},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HoppeGattiWeberetal.1986,
  author    = {Hoppe, J. and Gatti, D. and Weber, H. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Labeling of individual amino acid residues in the membrane-embedded F\(_0\) part of the F\(_1\) F\(_0\) ATP synthase from Neurospora crassa. Influence of oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62598},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Three F0 subunits and the F\(_1\) subunit P of the ATP synthase from Neurospora crassa were labeled with the lipophilic photoactivatable reagent 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[\(^{125}\)I]iodophenyl)diazirine ([\(^{125}\)I]TID). In the proteolipid subunit which was the most heavily labeled polypeptide labeling was confmed to five residues at the NH2-terminus and five residues at the C-terminus ofthe protein. Labeling occurred at similar positions compared with the homologaus protein (subunit c) in the ATP synthase from Escherichia coli, indicating a similar structure of the proteolipid subunits in their respective organisms. The inhibitors oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide did not change the pattern of accessible surface residues in the proteolipid, suggesting that neither inhibitor induces gross conformational changes. However, in the presence of oligomycin, the extent oflabeling in some residues was reduced. Apparently, these residues provide part of the binding site for the inhibitor. After reaction with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide an additional labeled amino acid was found at position 65 corresponding to the invariant carbod{\"u}mide-binding glutamic acid. These results and previous observations indicate that the carboxyl side chain of Glu-65 is located at the protein-lipid interphase. The idea is discussed that proton translocation occurs at the interphase between different types if F\(_0\) subunits. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or oligomycin might disturb this essential interaction between the F\(_0\) subunits.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoppeSebald1986,
  author    = {Hoppe, J. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Topological studies suggest that the pathway of the protons through F\(_0\) is provided by amino acid residues accessible from the lipid phase},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62602},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {The structure of the F0 part of ATP synthases from E. coli and Neurospora crassa was analyzed by hydrophobic surface labeling with [125I]TID. In the E. co/i F0 all three subunits were freely accessible to the reagent, suggesting that these subunits are independently integrated in the membrane. Labeted amino acid residues were identified by Edman degradation of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide binding (DCCD) proteins from E. coli and Neurospora crassa. The very similar patterns obtained with the two homologaus proteins suggested the existence of tightly packed cx-helices. The oligomeric structure of the DCCD binding protein appeared to be very rigid since little, if any, change in the labeling patternwas observed upon addition of oligomycin or DCCD to membranes from Neurospora crassa. When membrancs were pretrcated with DCCD prior to the reaction with [125I]TID an additionally labeled amino acid appeared at the position of Glu·65 which binds DCCD covalently, indicating the Jocation of this inhibitor on the outside of the oligomer. It is suggested that proton conduction occurs at the surface of the oligomer of the DCCD binding protein. Possibly this oligomer rotates against the subunit a or b and thus enables proton translocation. Conserved residues in subunit a, probably located in the Iipid bilayer, might participate in the pro· ton translocation mechanism.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GabelliniSebald1986,
  author    = {Gabellini, N. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Nucleotide sequence and transcription of the fbc operon from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Evaluation of the deduced amino acid sequences of the FeS protein, cytochrome b and cytochrome c\(_1\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62615},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{McCarthySebaldGrossetal.1986,
  author    = {McCarthy, J. E. and Sebald, Walter and Gross, G. and Lammers, R.},
  title     = {Enhancement of translational efficiency by the Escherichia coli atpE translational initiation region: its fusion with two human genes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62626},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HarnischWeissSebald1985,
  author    = {Harnisch, U. and Weiss, H. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {The primary structure of the iron-sulfur subunit of ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase from Neurospora, determined by cDNA and gene sequencing},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62631},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GabelliniHarnischMcCarthyetal.1985,
  author    = {Gabellini, N. and Harnisch, U. and McCarthy, J. E. and Hauska, G. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Cloning and expression of the fbc operon encoding the FeS protein, cytochrome b and cytochrome c\(_1\) from the Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides b/c\(_1\) complex},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62642},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {The gene for the FeS protein of the Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides b/c1 complex was identified by means of crosshybridization with a segment of the gene encoding the corresponding FeS protein of Neurospora crassa. Plasmids (pRSF1-14) containing the cross-hybridizing region, covering in total 13.5 kb of chromosomal DNA, were expressed in vitro in a homologous system. One RSF plasmid directed the synthesis of all three main polypeptides of the R. sphaeroides blc1 complex: the FeS protein, cytochrome b and cytochrome c1• The FeS protein and cytochrome c1 were apparently synthesized as precursor fonns. None of the pRSF plasmids directed the synthesis of the 10-kd polypeptide found in b/c1 complex preparations. Partial sequencing of the cloned region was performed. Several sites of strong homology between R. sphaeroides and eukaryotic polypeptides of the b/c1 complex were identified. The genes encode the three b/c1 polypeptides in the order: (5') FeS protein, cytochrome b, cytochrome c1• The three genes are transcribed to give a polycistronic mRNA of 2.9 kb. This transcriptional unit has been designated the jbc operon; its coding capacity corresponds to the size of the polycistronic mRNA assuming that only the genes for the FeS protein (jbcF), cytochrome b (jbcß) and cytochrome c1 (jbcC) are present. This could indicate that these three subunits constitute the minimal catalytic unit of the b/c1 complex from photosynthetic membranes.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{McCarthySchairerSebald1985,
  author    = {McCarthy, J. E. and Schairer, H. U. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Translational initiation frequency of atp genes from Escherichia coli: identification of an intercistronic sequence that enhances translation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62657},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {The c, b and {\"o} subunit genes of the Escherichia coli atp operon were cloned individually in an expression vector between the tac fusion promoter and the galK gene. The relative rates of subunit synthesis directed by the cloned genes were similar in vitro andin vivo and compared favourably with the subunit stoichiometry of the assembled proton-translocating A TP synthase of E. coli in vivo. The rate of synthesis of subunit c was at least six times that of subunit b and 18 times that of subunit {\"o}. Progressive shortening of the long intercistronic sequence lying upstream of the subunit c gene showed that maximal expression of this gene is dependent upon the presence of a sequence stretching > 20 bp upstream of the Shine-Dalgarno site. This sequence thus acts to enhance the rate of translational initiation. The possibility that similar sequences might perform the same function in other operons of E. coli and bacteriophage A is also discussed. Translation of the subunit b cistron is partially coupled to translation of the preceding subunit c cistron. In conclusion, the expression of all the atp operon genes could be adjusted to accommodate the subunit requirements of A TP synthase assembly primarily by means of mechanisms which control the efficiency of translational initiation and re-initiation at the respective cistron start codons.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LindenmaierDittmarHauseretal.1985,
  author    = {Lindenmaier, W. and Dittmar, K. E. and Hauser, H. and Necker, A. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Isolation of a functional human interleukin 2 gene from a cosmid library by recombination in vivo},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62662},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {A method has been developed that allows the isolation of genomic clones from a cosmid library by homologaus recombination in vivo. This method was used to isolate a human genomic interleukin 2 (IL2) gene. The genomic cosmid library was packaged in vivo into A. phage particles. A recombination-proficient host strain carrying IL2 cDNA sequences in a non-homologaus plasmid vector was infected by the packaged cosmid library. After in vivo packaging and reinfection, recombinants carrying the antibiotic resistance genes of both vectors were selected. From a recombinant cosmid clone the chromosomal IL2 genewas restored. After DNA mediated gene transfer into mouse Ltk- cells human IL2 was expressed constitutively.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidtWachterSebaldetal.1984,
  author    = {Schmidt, B. and Wachter, E. and Sebald, Walter and Neupert, W.},
  title     = {Processing peptidase of Neurospora mitochondria. Two-step cleavage of imported ATPase subunit 9},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62674},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {Subunit 9 (dicyclohexylcarbod{\"u}mide binding protein, 'proteolipid') of the mitochondrial F 1F0-ATPase is a nuclearly coded protein in Neurospora crassa. lt is synthesized on free cytoplasmic ribosomes as a larger precursor with an NH2-terminal peptide extension. The peptide extension is cleaved ofT after transport of the protein into the mitochondria. A processing activity referred to as processing peptidase that cleaves the precursor to subunit 9 and other mitochondrial proteins is described and characterized using a cell-free system. Precursor synthesized in vitro was incubated with extracts of mitochondria. Processing peptidase required Mn2 + for its activity. Localization studies suggested that it is a soluble component of the mitochondrial matrix. The precursor was cleaved in two sequential steps via an intermediate-sized polypeptide. The intermediate form in the processing of subunit 9 was also seen in vivo and upon import of the precursor into isolated mitochondria in vitro. The two dcavage sites in the precursor molecule were determined. The data indicate that: {a) the correct NH2-terminus of the mature protein was generated, (b) the NH2-terminal amino acid of the intermediate-sized polypeptide is isoleueine in position -31. The cleavage sites show similarity ofprimary structure. It is concluded that processing peptidase removes the peptide extension from the precursor to subunit 9 (and probably other precursors) after translocation of these polypeptides (or the NHrterminal part of these polypeptides) into the matrix space of mitochondria.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoppeSchairerSebald1980,
  author    = {Hoppe, J. and Schairer, H. U. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {The proteolipid of a mutant ATPase from Escherichia coli defective in H\(^+\)-conduction contains a glycine instead of the carbodiimide-reactive aspartyl residue},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62769},
  year      = {1980},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SebaldWachterTzagoloff1979,
  author    = {Sebald, Walter and Wachter, E. and Tzagoloff, A.},
  title     = {Identification of amino acid substitutions in the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase complex from oligomycin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62770},
  year      = {1979},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{AlcantarinoMenescal2012,
  author    = {Alcantarino Menescal, Luciana},
  title     = {In vivo characterization of genetic factors involved in Xmrk driven melanoma formation in Medaka (Oryzias latipes): a closer look at braf, Stat5 and c-myc},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70762},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes and is one of the most aggressive forms of human cancer. In fish of the genus Xiphophorus, melanoma development, although very rarely, happens spontaneously in nature and can be induced by interspecific crossing. The oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, Xmrk, is responsible for melanoma formation in these fishes. Since Xiphophorus are live-bearing fishes and therefore not compatible with embryonic manipulation and transgenesis, the Xmrk melanoma model was brought to the medaka (Oryzias latipes) system. Xmrk expression under the control of the pigment cell specific mitf promoter leads to melanoma formation with 100\% penetrance in medaka. Xmrk is an orthologue of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activates several downstream signaling pathways. Examples of these pathways are the direct phosphorylation of BRAF and Stat5, as well as the enhanced transcription of C-myc. BRAF is a serine-threonine kinase which is found mutated at high frequencies in malignant melanomas. Stat5 is a transcription factor known to be constitutively activated in fish melanoma. C-myc is a transcription factor that is thought to regulate the expression of approximately 15\% of all human genes and is involved in cancer progression of a large number of different tumors. To gain new in vivo information on candidate factors known to be involved in melanoma progression, I identified and analysed BRAF, Stat5 and C-myc in the laboratory fish model system medaka. BRAF protein motifs are highly conserved among vertebrates and the results of this work indicate that its function in the MAPK signaling is maintained in medaka. Transgenic medaka lines carrying a constitutive active version of BRAF (V614E) showed more pigmented skin when compared to wild type. Also, some transiently expressing BRAF V614E fishes showed a disrupted eye phenotype. In addition, I was able to identify two Stat5 copies in medaka, named Stat5ab/a and Stat5ab/b. Sequence analysis revealed a higher similarity between both Stat5 sequences when compared to either human Stat5a or Stat5b. This suggests that the two Stat5 copies in medaka arose by an independent duplication processes. I cloned these two Stat5 present in medaka, produced constitutive active and dominant negative gene versions and successfully established transgenic lines carrying each version under the control of the MITF promoter. These lines will help to elucidate questions that are still remaining in Stat5 biology and its function in melanoma progression, like the role of Stat5 phosphorylation on tumor invasiveness. In a third project during my PhD work, I analysed medaka C-myc function and indentified two copies of this gene in medaka, named c-myc17 and c-myc20, according to the chromosome where they are located. I produced conditional transgenic medaka lines carrying the c-myc17 gene coupled to the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor to enable specific transgene activation at a given time point. Comparable to human C-myc, medaka C-myc17 is able to induce proliferation and apoptosis in vivo after induction. Besides that, C-myc17 long-term activation led to liver hyperplasia. In summary, the medaka models generated in this work will be important to bring new in vivo information on genes involved in cancer development. Also, the generated transgenic lines can be easily crossed to the melanoma developing Xmrk medaka lines, thereby opening up the possibility to investigate their function in melanoma progression. Besides that, the generated medaka fishes make it possible to follow the whole development of melanocytes, since the embryos are transparent and can be used for high throughput chemical screens.},
  subject      = {Japank{\"a}rpfling},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraeusslingWagnerSchartl2011,
  author    = {Kraeussling, Michael and Wagner, Toni Ulrich and Schartl, Manfred},
  title     = {Highly Asynchronous and Asymmetric Cleavage Divisions Accompany Early Transcriptional Activity in Pre-Blastula Medaka Embryos},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68906},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In the initial phase of development of fish embryos, a prominent and critical event is the midblastula transition (MBT). Before MBT cell cycle is rapid, highly synchronous and zygotic gene transcription is turned off. Only during MBT the cell cycle desynchronizes and transcription is activated. Multiple mechanisms, primarily the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, are supposed to control MBT activation. Unexpectedly, we find in the small teleost fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) that at very early stages, well before midblastula, cell division becomes asynchronous and cell volumes diverge. Furthermore, zygotic transcription is extensively activated already after the 64-cell stage. Thus, at least in medaka, the transition from maternal to zygotic transcription is uncoupled from the midblastula stage and not solely controlled by the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.},
  subject      = {Fische},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MichelWachterSebald1979,
  author    = {Michel, R. and Wachter, E. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Synthesis of a larger precursor for the proteolipid subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase complex of Neurospora crassa in a cell-free wheat germ system},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62789},
  year      = {1979},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SebaldGrafLukins1979,
  author    = {Sebald, Walter and Graf, T. and Lukins, H. B.},
  title     = {The dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein of the mitochondrial ATPase complex from Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification and isolation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62792},
  year      = {1979},
  abstract  = {Incubation of mitochondria from Neuraspara crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the radioactive ATPase inhibitor [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide results in the irreversible and rather specific labelling of a low-molecular-weight polypeptide. This dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein is identical with the smallest subunit (Mr 8000) of the mitochondrial ATPase complex, and it occurs as oligomer, probably as hexamer, in the enzyme protein. The dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein is extracted from whole mitochondria with neutral chloroformjmethanol both in the free and in the inhibitor-modified form. In Neuraspara and yeast, this extraction is highly selective and the protein is obtained in homogeneaus form when the mitochondria have been prewashed with certain organic solvents. The bound dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Iabel is enriched in the purified protein up to 50-fold compared to whole mitochondria. Based on the amino acid analysis, the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein from Neurospora and yeast consists of at least 81 and 76 residues, respectively. The content of hydrophobic residues is extremely high. Histidine and tryptophan are absent. The N-terminal ~mino acid is tyrosine in Neuraspara and formylmethionine in yeast.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GrafSebald1978,
  author    = {Graf, T. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {The dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein of the mitochondrial ATPase complex from beef heart. Isolation and amino acid composition},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62806},
  year      = {1978},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JacklSebald1975,
  author    = {Jackl, G. and Sebald, Walter},
  title     = {Identification of two products of mitochondrial protein synthesis associated with mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase from Neurospora crassa},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62812},
  year      = {1975},
  abstract  = {Soluble mitochondrial ATPase (F1) isolated from Neurospora crassa is resolved by dodecylsulfate- gel electrophoresis into five polypeptide bands with apparent molecular weights of 59000, 55000, 36000, 15000 and 12000. At least nine further polypeptides remain associated with ATPase after disintegration of mitochondria with Triton X-100 as shown by the analysis of an immunoprecipitate obtained with antiserum to F 1 A TPase. Two of the associated polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 19000 and 11000 are translated on mitochondrial ribosomes, as demonstrated by incorporation in vivo of radioactive leueine in the presence of specific inhibitors of mitochondrial (chloramphenicol) and extramitochondrial ( cycloheximide) protein synthesis. The appearance of mitochondrial translation products in the immunoprecipitated A TPase complex is inhibited by' cycloheximide. The same applies for some of the extramitochondrial translation products in the presence of chloramphenicol. This suggests that both types of polypeptides are necessary for the assembly of the A TPase complex.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChipperfieldDythamHovestadt2011,
  author    = {Chipperfield, Joseph D. and Dytham, Calvin and Hovestadt, Thomas},
  title     = {An Updated Algorithm for the Generation of Neutral Landscapes by Spectral Synthesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68938},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: Patterns that arise from an ecological process can be driven as much from the landscape over which the process is run as it is by some intrinsic properties of the process itself. The disentanglement of these effects is aided if it possible to run models of the process over artificial landscapes with controllable spatial properties. A number of different methods for the generation of so-called 'neutral landscapes' have been developed to provide just such a tool. Of these methods, a particular class that simulate fractional Brownian motion have shown particular promise. The existing methods of simulating fractional Brownian motion suffer from a number of problems however: they are often not easily generalisable to an arbitrary number of dimensions and produce outputs that can exhibit some undesirable artefacts. Methodology: We describe here an updated algorithm for the generation of neutral landscapes by fractional Brownian motion that do not display such undesirable properties. Using Monte Carlo simulation we assess the anisotropic properties of landscapes generated using the new algorithm described in this paper and compare it against a popular benchmark algorithm. Conclusion/Significance: The results show that the existing algorithm creates landscapes with values strongly correlated in the diagonal direction and that the new algorithm presented here corrects this artefact. A number of extensions of the algorithm described here are also highlighted: we describe how the algorithm can be employed to generate landscapes that display different properties in different dimensions and how they can be combined with an environmental gradient to produce landscapes that combine environmental variation at the local and macro scales.},
  subject      = {Landschaft},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kronhardt2012,
  author    = {Kronhardt, Angelika},
  title     = {Channel Formation, Binding and Translocation Properties of Anthrax, CDT and Related Toxins of the AB7 type},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71559},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The ability to produce toxins is spread among a huge variety of bacterial strains. A very prominent class of bacterial protein toxins is the family of binary AB toxins sharing a common mode of intoxication. A pore forming component B binds and translocates an enzymatic component A into the cytosol of target cells exhibiting a fatal mode of action. These components are supposed to be not toxic themselves but both required for cell toxicity. Anthrax toxin produced by the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus anthracis is the best studied binary toxin especially since its use as a biological weapon in the context of the attacks of 9/11 in 2001. In contrast to other binary toxins, Anthrax toxin possesses two different enzymatic components, edema factor (EF), a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent adenylat-cyclase and lethal factor (LF), a zinc-dependent metalloprotease. Protective antigen (PA) is the pore-forming component responsible for binding and translocation. Clostridium botulinum possesses in addition to the well known botulinum toxin (Botox) a variety of other toxins, such as the binary C2 toxin. C2 toxin is composed of the binding and translocation moiety C2II and the enzymatic moiety C2I acting as an actin-ADP-ribosyltransferase. In this study, the mode of translocation and the binding kinetics to the enzymatic component were studied in a biophysical experimental setup. In chapter 2, the binding of the N-terminal fractions EFN and LFN to the PA channel are analyzed in artificial bilayer membranes revealing lower binding affinity compared to full-length EF and LF. Other biophysical properties like voltage-dependency and ionic-strength dependency are not influenced. The results suggest that additional forces are involved in the binding process, than those concerning the N-terminus exclusively, as it was supposed previously. As the treatment of an Anthrax infection with antibiotics is often medicated very late due to the lack of early symptoms, tools to prevent intoxication are required. 4-aminoquinolones like chloroquine are known to block the PA channel, thereby inhibiting intoxication but they also lead to severe side-effects. In chapter 3 new promising agents are described that bind to PA in artificial bilayer systems, elucidating common motives and features which are necessary for binding to PA in general. The possible interaction of Anthrax and C2 toxin is investigated by measuring the binding of one enzymatic component to the respective other toxin's pore (chapter 4). Interestingly, in vitro experiments using the black lipid bilayer assay show that PA is able to bind to C2I resulting in half saturation constants in the nanomolar range. Furthermore, in vivo this combination of toxin components exhibits cell toxicity in human cell lines. This is first-time evidence that a heterologous toxin combination is functional in in vitro and in vivo systems. In contrast, C2II is able to bind to EF as well as to LF in vitro, whereas in in vivo studies almost no toxic effect is detected. In the case of PA, an N-terminal His6-tag attached to the enzymatic subunit increased the binding affinity (chapter 5). A His6-tag attached to not related proteins also led to high binding affinities, providing the possibility to establish PA as a general cargo protein. In chapter 6 a set of different molecules and proteins is summarized, which are either related or not related to binary toxins, PA is able to bind. In first line, the presence of positive charges is found to be responsible for binding to PA which is in accordance to the fact that PA is highly cation selective. Furthermore, we present evidence that different cationic electrolytes serve as a binding partner to the PA channel. In the last decade another toxin has aroused public attention as it was found to be responsible for a rising number of nosocomial infections: Clostridium difficile CDT toxin. The mode of action of the enzymatic subunit CDTa is similar to C2I of C2 toxin, acting as an ADP-ribosylating toxin. The channel forming and binding properties of CDT toxin are studied in artificial bilayer membranes (chapter 7). We found that two different types of channels are formed by the B component CDTb. The first channel is similar to that of iota toxin's Ib of Clostridium perfringens with comparable single channel conductance, selectivity and binding properties to the enzymatic subunit CDTa. The formation of this type of channel is cholesterol-dependent, whereas in the absence of cholesterol another kind of channel is observed. This channel has a single channel conductance which is rather high compared to all other binary toxin channels known so far, it is anion selective and does not show any binding affinity to the enzymatic component CDTa. The results reveal completely new insights in channel formation properties and the flexibility of a pore-forming component. Additionally, these findings suggest further possibilities of toxicity of the pore forming component itself which is not known for any other binary toxin yet. Therefore, the pathogenic role of this feature has to be studied in detail.},
  subject      = {Bacillus anthracis},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Cook2012,
  author    = {Cook, Mandy},
  title     = {The neurodegenerative Drosophila melanogaster AMPK mutant loechrig},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72027},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Drosophila Mutante loechrig (loe), die progressive Degeneration des Nervensystems aufweist, weiter beschrieben. In der loe Mutante fehlt eine neuronale Isoform der γ- Untereinheit der Proteinkinase AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase). Die heterotrimere AMPK (auch als SNF4Aγ bekannt) kontrolliert das Energieniveau der Zelle, was st{\"a}ndiges Beobachten des ATP/AMP- Verh{\"a}ltnis erfordert. AMPK wird durch niedrige Energiekonzentrationen und Beeintr{\"a}chtigungen im Metabolismus, wie zum Beispiel Sauerstoffmangel, aktiviert und reguliert mehrere wichtige Signaltransduktionswege, die den Zellmetabolismus kontrollieren. Jedoch ist die Rolle von AMPK im neuronalen {\"U}berleben noch unklar. Eines der Proteine, dass von AMPK reguliert wird, ist HMGR (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA- reductase), ein Schl{\"u}sselenzym in der Cholesterin- und Isoprenoidsynthese. Es wurde gezeigt, dass wenn die Konzentration von HMGR manipuliert wird, auch der Schweregrad des neurodegenerativen Ph{\"a}notyps in loe beeinflusst wird. Obwohl die regulatorische Rolle von AMPK auf HMGR in Drosophila konserviert ist, k{\"o}nnen Insekten Cholesterin nicht de novo synthetisieren. Dennoch ist der Syntheseweg von Isoprenoiden zwischen Vertebraten und Insekten evolution{\"a}r konserviert. Isoprenylierung von Proteinen, wie zum Beispiel von kleinen G-Proteinen, stellt den Proteinen einen hydophobischen Anker bereit, mit denen sie sich an die Zellmembran binden k{\"o}nnen, was in anschließender Aktivierung resultieren kann. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird gezeigt, dass die loe Mutation die Prenylierung von Rho1 und den LIM-Kinasesignalweg beeinflusst, was eine wichtige Rolle im Umsatz von Aktin und axonalem Auswachsen spielt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Mutation in LOE, Hyperaktivit{\"a}t des Isoprenoidsynthesewegs verursacht, was zur erh{\"o}hten Farnesylierung von Rho1 und einer dementsprechend h{\"o}heren Konzentration von Phospho- Cofilin f{\"u}hrt. Eine Mutation in Rho1 verbessert den neurodegenerativen Ph{\"a}notyp und die Lebenserwartung von loe. Der Anstieg vom inaktiven Cofilin in loe f{\"u}hrt zu einer Zunahme von filament{\"o}sen Aktin. Aktin ist am Auswachen von Neuronen beteiligt und Experimente in denen loe Neurone analysiert wurden, gaben wertvolle Einblicke in eine m{\"o}gliche Rolle die AMPK, und dementsprechend Aktin, im Neuronenwachstum spielt. Des Weiteren wurde demonstriert, dass Neurone, die von der loe Mutante stamen, einen verlangsamten axonalen Transport aufweisen, was darauf hinweist dass Ver{\"a}nderungen, die durch den Einfluss von loe auf den Rho1 Signalweg im Zytoskelettnetzwerk hervorgerufen wurden, zur St{\"o}rung des axonalen Transports und anschließenden neuronalen Tod f{\"u}hren. Es zeigte außerdem, dass Aktin nicht nur am neuronalen Auswachsen beteiligt ist, sondern auch wichtig f{\"u}r die Aufrechterhaltung von Neuronen ist. Das bedeutet, dass {\"A}nderungen der Aktindynamik zur progressiven Degeneration von Neuronen f{\"u}hren kann. Zusammenfassend unterstreichen diese Ergebnisse die wichtige Bedeutung von AMPK in den Funktionen und im {\"U}berleben von Neuronen und er{\"o}ffnen einen neuartigen funktionellen Mechanismus in dem {\"A}nderungen in AMPK neuronale Degeneration hervorrufen kann.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraussGallenbergerSteffanDewenter2011,
  author    = {Krauss, Jochen and Gallenberger, Iris and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf},
  title     = {Decreased Functional Diversity and Biological Pest Control in Conventional Compared to Organic Crop Fields},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69005},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Organic farming is one of the most successful agri-environmental schemes, as humans benefit from high quality food, farmers from higher prices for their products and it often successfully protects biodiversity. However there is little knowledge if organic farming also increases ecosystem services like pest control. We assessed 30 triticale fields (15 organic vs. 15 conventional) and recorded vascular plants, pollinators, aphids and their predators. Further, five conventional fields which were treated with insecticides were compared with 10 non-treated conventional fields. Organic fields had five times higher plant species richness and about twenty times higher pollinator species richness compared to conventional fields. Abundance of pollinators was even more than one-hundred times higher on organic fields. In contrast, the abundance of cereal aphids was five times lower in organic fields, while predator abundances were three times higher and predator-prey ratios twenty times higher in organic fields, indicating a significantly higher potential for biological pest control in organic fields. Insecticide treatment in conventional fields had only a short-term effect on aphid densities while later in the season aphid abundances were even higher and predator abundances lower in treated compared to untreated conventional fields. Our data indicate that insecticide treatment kept aphid predators at low abundances throughout the season, thereby significantly reducing top-down control of aphid populations. Plant and pollinator species richness as well as predator abundances and predator-prey ratios were higher at field edges compared to field centres, highlighting the importance of field edges for ecosystem services. In conclusion organic farming increases biodiversity, including important functional groups like plants, pollinators and predators which enhance natural pest control. Preventative insecticide application in conventional fields has only short-term effects on aphid densities but long-term negative effects on biological pest control. Therefore conventional farmers should restrict insecticide applications to situations where thresholds for pest densities are reached.},
  subject      = {Landwirtschaft},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LeonhardtSchmittBluethgen2011,
  author    = {Leonhardt, Sara D. and Schmitt, Thomas and Bl{\"u}thgen, Nico},
  title     = {Tree Resin Composition, Collection Behavior and Selective Filters Shape Chemical Profiles of Tropical Bees (Apidae: Meliponini)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69035},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The diversity of species is striking, but can be far exceeded by the chemical diversity of compounds collected, produced or used by them. Here, we relate the specificity of plant-consumer interactions to chemical diversity applying a comparative network analysis to both levels. Chemical diversity was explored for interactions between tropical stingless bees and plant resins, which bees collect for nest construction and to deter predators and microbes. Resins also function as an environmental source for terpenes that serve as appeasement allomones and protection against predators when accumulated on the bees' body surfaces. To unravel the origin of the bees' complex chemical profiles, we investigated resin collection and the processing of resin-derived terpenes. We therefore analyzed chemical networks of tree resins, foraging networks of resin collecting bees, and their acquired chemical networks. We revealed that 113 terpenes in nests of six bee species and 83 on their body surfaces comprised a subset of the 1,117 compounds found in resins from seven tree species. Sesquiterpenes were the most variable class of terpenes. Albeit widely present in tree resins, they were only found on the body surface of some species, but entirely lacking in others. Moreover, whereas the nest profile of Tetragonula melanocephala contained sesquiterpenes, its surface profile did not. Stingless bees showed a generalized collecting behavior among resin sources, and only a hitherto undescribed species-specific ''filtering'' of resin-derived terpenes can explain the variation in chemical profiles of nests and body surfaces fromdifferent species. The tight relationship between bees and tree resins of a large variety of species elucidates why the bees' surfaces contain a much higher chemodiversity than other hymenopterans.},
  subject      = {Stachellose Biene},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrandstaetterRoesslerKleineidam2011,
  author    = {Brandst{\"a}tter, Andreas and R{\"o}ssler, W. and Kleineidam, C. J.},
  title     = {Friends and foes from an ant brain's point of view - neuronal correlates of colony odors in a social insect},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69046},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: Successful cooperation depends on reliable identification of friends and foes. Social insects discriminate colony members (nestmates/friends) from foreign workers (non-nestmates/foes) by colony-specific, multi-component colony odors. Traditionally, complex processing in the brain has been regarded as crucial for colony recognition. Odor information is represented as spatial patterns of activity and processed in the primary olfactory neuropile, the antennal lobe (AL) of insects, which is analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb. Correlative evidence indicates that the spatial activity patterns reflect odor-quality, i.e., how an odor is perceived. For colony odors, alternatively, a sensory filter in the peripheral nervous system was suggested, causing specific anosmia to nestmate colony odors. Here, we investigate neuronal correlates of colony odors in the brain of a social insect to directly test whether they are anosmic to nestmate colony odors and whether spatial activity patterns in the AL can predict how odor qualities like ''friend'' and ''foe'' are attributed to colony odors. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using ant dummies that mimic natural conditions, we presented colony odors and investigated their neuronal representation in the ant Camponotus floridanus. Nestmate and non-nestmate colony odors elicited neuronal activity: In the periphery, we recorded sensory responses of olfactory receptor neurons (electroantennography), and in the brain, we measured colony odor specific spatial activity patterns in the AL (calcium imaging). Surprisingly, upon repeated stimulation with the same colony odor, spatial activity patterns were variable, and as variable as activity patterns elicited by different colony odors. Conclusions: Ants are not anosmic to nestmate colony odors. However, spatial activity patterns in the AL alone do not provide sufficient information for colony odor discrimination and this finding challenges the current notion of how odor quality is coded. Our result illustrates the enormous challenge for the nervous system to classify multi-component odors and indicates that other neuronal parameters, e.g., precise timing of neuronal activity, are likely necessary for attribution of odor quality to multi-component odors.},
  subject      = {Ameisen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlbrechtSharmaDittrichetal.2011,
  author    = {Albrecht, Marco and Sharma, Cynthia M. and Dittrich, Marcus T. and M{\"u}ller, Tobias and Reinhardt, Richard and Vogel, J{\"o}rg and Rudel, Thomas},
  title     = {The Transcriptional Landscape of Chlamydia pneumoniae},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69116},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Background: Gene function analysis of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae is hampered by the facts that this organism is inaccessible to genetic manipulations and not cultivable outside the host. The genomes of several strains have been sequenced; however, very little information is available on the gene structure and transcriptome of C. pneumoniae. Results: Using a differential RNA-sequencing approach with specific enrichment of primary transcripts, we defined the transcriptome of purified elementary bodies and reticulate bodies of C. pneumoniae strain CWL-029; 565 transcriptional start sites of annotated genes and novel transcripts were mapped. Analysis of adjacent genes for cotranscription revealed 246 polycistronic transcripts. In total, a distinct transcription start site or an affiliation to an operon could be assigned to 862 out of 1,074 annotated protein coding genes. Semi-quantitative analysis of mapped cDNA reads revealed significant differences for 288 genes in the RNA levels of genes isolated from elementary bodies and reticulate bodies. We have identified and in part confirmed 75 novel putative non-coding RNAs. The detailed map of transcription start sites at single nucleotide resolution allowed for the first time a comprehensive and saturating analysis of promoter consensus sequences in Chlamydia. Conclusions: The precise transcriptional landscape as a complement to the genome sequence will provide new insights into the organization, control and function of genes. Novel non-coding RNAs and identified common promoter motifs will help to understand gene regulation of this important human pathogen.},
  subject      = {Chlamydia pneumoniae},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gaetschenberger2012,
  author    = {G{\"a}tschenberger, Heike},
  title     = {Die Expression humoraler und zellul{\"a}rer Immunreaktionen bei Drohnenlarven und adulten Drohnen der Honigbiene (Apis mellifera)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71960},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Soziale Insekten wie die Honigbiene (Apis mellifera) besitzen ein breites Spektrum an Abwehrmechanismen gegen Pathogenbefall, sowohl auf der Ebene der Kolonie (soziale Immunit{\"a}t) als auch auf der Stufe des Individuums (angeborenes Immunsystem). Die Hauptaufgabe der relativ kurzlebigen Drohnen besteht in der Begattung von Jungk{\"o}niginnen. Daher stellte sich die Frage, ob auch die Drohnen {\"a}hnlich den Arbeiterinnen mit energieaufwendigen Immunreaktionen auf Infektionen reagieren. Wie im Folgenden beschrieben, konnte ich nachweisen, dass Drohnen eine ausgepr{\"a}gte Immunkompetenz besitzen. Das angeborene Immunsystem setzt sich aus humoralen und zellul{\"a}ren Abwehrreaktionen zusammen. Bei der humoralen Immunantwort werden bestimmte evolution{\"a}r konservierte Signalkaskaden aktiviert, an deren Ende die Expression einer Vielzahl von antimikrobiellen Peptiden (AMPs) und immunspezifischen Proteinen (IRPs) steht. Zur Analyse der humoralen Immunantwort wurden von mir zum einen Hemmhoftests durchgef{\"u}hrt, um die gesamte antimikrobielle Aktivit{\"a}t der Haemolymphe nach artifizieller Infektion zu ermitteln und zum anderen spezifische AMPs bzw. IRPs identifiziert. Hierzu wurden die Haemolymphproteine in ein- oder zwei-dimensionalen Polyacrylamidgelen aufgetrennt und ausgew{\"a}hlte Proteinbanden bzw. -spots mittels nano HPLC/Massenspektrometrie analysiert. Die Hauptkomponenten des zellul{\"a}ren Immunsystems sind Wundheilung, Phagozytose, Einkapselung und Nodulation. In meiner Arbeit habe ich zum ersten Mal Noduli bei infizierten Drohnen nachweisen k{\"o}nnen. Frisch geschl{\"u}pfte adulte Drohnen (1d) weisen ein breites Spektrum an Immunreaktionen auf, das sowohl humorale als auch zellul{\"a}re Immunantworten umfasst. Nach Infektion mit dem Gram-negativen Bakterium E.coli und verschiedenen bakteriellen Zellwandbestandteilen wie Lipopolysaccharid (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN) und 1,3ß-Glucan (Bestandteil von Pilzzellw{\"a}nden), werden die AMPs Hymenoptaecin, Defensin 1 und Abaecin induziert. Desweiteren exprimieren junge adulte Drohnen eine Reihe hochmolekularer immunspezifischer Proteine (IRPs) wie z.B. Carboxylesterase (CE 1), eine Serinprotease, die m{\"o}glicherweise an der Prozessierung der Prophenoloxidase beteiligt ist, ein Peptidoglycan-interagierendes Protein (PGRP-S2) und zwei Proteine unbekannter Funktion, IRp42 und IRp30. Parallel zu bekannten bienenspezifischen AMPs wurde ein animales Peptidtoxin (APT) in Drohnenlarven, adulten Drohnen und adulten Hummeln nach E.coli Infektion in der Haemolymphe nachgewiesen. Von dem als OCLP 1 (ω-conotoxin-like protein 1) benannten Peptid war bereits bekannt, dass es in Fischen paralytische und damit toxische Effekte ausl{\"o}st. Meine Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, dass es sich bei OCLP 1 um ein Peptidtoxin mit antimikrobiellen Eigenschaften und damit um eine neue Klasse von AMPs handelt. Die allgemeine humorale Immunkompetenz scheint w{\"a}hrend der gesamten Lebensspanne adulter Drohnen (~ 7 Wochen) konstant zu bleiben, wie durch die gleichbleibende antimikrobielle Aktivit{\"a}t im Hemmhoftest gezeigt wurde. Junge Drohnen reagieren auf eine E.coli Infektion mit der Bildung zahlreicher Noduli (~1000 Noduli/Drohn), die vor allem entlang des Herzschlauches zu finden sind. Diese zellul{\"a}re Immunantwort nimmt mit dem Alter der Drohnen ab, so dass bei 18 d alten Drohnen nur noch rund 10 Noduli/Drohn gefunden werden. Auf der anderen Seite nimmt die phagozytotische Aktivit{\"a}t bei {\"a}lteren Drohnen scheinbar zu. In einer Reihe von parallel laufenden Versuchsreihen konnte ich eindrucksvoll zeigen, dass zellul{\"a}re Immunreaktionen wie Phagozytose und Nodulation unmittelbar nach bakterieller Infektion einsetzen. Hierbei erreicht die Nodulibildung 8-10 h p.i. eine Plateauphase, wohingegen die humorale Immunantwort erst 6 h p.i. schwach einsetzt, danach stetig zunimmt und noch 72 h p.i. nachweisbar ist. Es ist mir gelungen, eine Methode zur k{\"u}nstlichen Aufzucht von Drohnenlarven zu etablieren. Diese erm{\"o}glichte konstante und sterile Versuchsbedingungen zur Untersuchung der Immunreaktionen von Larven. Nach Infektion mit E.coli reagieren Drohnenlarven mit einer starken Aktivierung ihrer humoralen Immunantwort durch die Expression von AMPs, jedoch werden keine hochmolekularen IRPs wie in adulten Drohnen hochreguliert. Zudem ist die Nodulibildung in Larven nur schwach ausgepr{\"a}gt. V{\"o}llig unerwartete Beobachtungen wurden beim Studium der Immunkompetenz von Drohnenpuppen gemacht. Nach Injektion lebender E.coli Zellen in Drohnenpuppen stellte ich eine dramatische Ver{\"a}nderung im Aussehen der Puppen fest. Die Puppen verf{\"a}rbten sich gr{\"a}ulich schwarz. Genauere Untersuchungen haben dann gezeigt, dass die Drohnenpuppen, wie auch die der Arbeiterinnen, offensichtlich keine zellul{\"a}re Abwehrreaktion aktivieren k{\"o}nnen und die humorale Immunantwort nur sehr schwach ausf{\"a}llt und viel zu sp{\"a}t einsetzt.},
  subject      = {Humorale Immunit{\"a}t},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ShityakovDandekar2010,
  author    = {Shityakov, Sergey and Dandekar, Thomas},
  title     = {Lead expansion and virtual screening of Indinavir derivate HIV-1 protease inhibitors using pharmacophoric - shape similarity scoring function},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67824},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Indinavir (Crivaxan®) is a potent inhibitor of the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) protease. This enzyme has an important role in viral replication and is considered to be very attractive target for new antiretroviral drugs. However, it becomes less effective due to highly resistant new viral strains of HIV, which have multiple mutations in their proteases. For this reason, we used a lead expansion method to create a new set of compounds with a new mode of action to protease binding site. 1300 compounds chemically diverse from the initial hit were generated and screened to determine their ability to interact with protease and establish their QSAR properties. Further computational analyses revealed one unique compound with different protease binding ability from the initial hit and its role for possible new class of protease inhibitors is discussed in this report.},
  subject      = {Proteasen},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KellerFoersterMuelleretal.2010,
  author    = {Keller, Alexander and Foerster, Frank and Mueller, Tobias and Dandekar, Thomas and Schultz, Joerg and Wolf, Matthias},
  title     = {Including RNA secondary structures improves accuracy and robustness in reconstruction of phylogenetic trees},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67832},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Background: In several studies, secondary structures of ribosomal genes have been used to improve the quality of phylogenetic reconstructions. An extensive evaluation of the benefits of secondary structure, however, is lacking. Results: This is the first study to counter this deficiency. We inspected the accuracy and robustness of phylogenetics with individual secondary structures by simulation experiments for artificial tree topologies with up to 18 taxa and for divergency levels in the range of typical phylogenetic studies. We chose the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the ribosomal cistron as an exemplary marker region. Simulation integrated the coevolution process of sequences with secondary structures. Additionally, the phylogenetic power of marker size duplication was investigated and compared with sequence and sequence-structure reconstruction methods. The results clearly show that accuracy and robustness of Neighbor Joining trees are largely improved by structural information in contrast to sequence only data, whereas a doubled marker size only accounts for robustness. Conclusions: Individual secondary structures of ribosomal RNA sequences provide a valuable gain of information content that is useful for phylogenetics. Thus, the usage of ITS2 sequence together with secondary structure for taxonomic inferences is recommended. Other reconstruction methods as maximum likelihood, bayesian inference or maximum parsimony may equally profit from secondary structure inclusion. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Shamil Sunyaev, Andrea Tanzer (nominated by Frank Eisenhaber) and Eugene V. Koonin. Open peer review: Reviewed by Shamil Sunyaev, Andrea Tanzer (nominated by Frank Eisenhaber) and Eugene V. Koonin. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.},
  subject      = {Phylogenie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Tyagi2012,
  author    = {Tyagi, Anu},
  title     = {Role of SWI/SNF in regulating pre-mRNA processing in Drosophila melanogaster},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72253},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are multifactorial complexes that utilize the energy of ATP to rearrange the chromatin structure. The changes in chromatin structure lead to either increased or decreased DNA accessibility. SWI/SNF is one of such complex. The SWI/SNF complex is involved in both transcription activation and transcription repression. The ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF is called SWI2/SNF2 in yeast and Brahma, Brm, in Drosophila melanogaster. In mammals there are two paralogs of the ATPase subunit, Brm and Brg1. Recent studies have shown that the human Brm is involved in the regulation of alternative splicing. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Brm in pre-mRNA processing. The model systems used were Chironomus tentans, well suited for in situ studies and D. melanogaster, known for its full genome information. Immunofluorescent staining of the polytene chromosome indicated that Brm protein of C. tentans, ctBrm, is associated with several gene loci including the Balbiani ring (BR) puffs. Mapping the distribution of ctBrm along the BR genes by both immuno-electron microscopy and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that ctBrm is widely distributed along the BR genes. The results also show that a fraction of ctBrm is associated with the nascent BR pre-mRNP. Biochemical fractionation experiments confirmed the association of Brm with the RNP fractions, not only in C. tentans but also in D. melanogaster and in HeLa cells. Microarray hybridization experiments performed on S2 cells depleted of either dBrm or other SWI/SNF subunits show that Brm affects alternative splicing and 3´ end formation. These results indicated that BRM affects pre-mRNA processing as a component of SWI/SNF complexes. 1},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SebaldMachleidtOtto1973,
  author    = {Sebald, Walter and Machleidt, W. and Otto, J.},
  title     = {Products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in Neurospora crassa. Determination of equimolar amounts of three products in cytochrome oxidase on the basis of amino-acid analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62827},
  year      = {1973},
  abstract  = {Cytochrome oxidase isolated from N eurospora crassa was resolved into seven protein eomponents by eleetrophoresis in polyaerylamide gels eontaining sodium dodeeylsulfate. The apparent molecular weights were determined tobe 41000, 28500, 21000, 16000, 14000, 11500 and 10000 for the eomponents 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. The components 1, 2 and 3 are synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes as shown by the incorporation of radioactive amino aeids in the presenee of cyeloheximide. Amino-acidanalysis of the isolated components 1, 2 and 3 revealed a high content of apolar amino acids and a low eontent of basic amino aeids compared to an average amino-aeid eomposition of components 4-7. Components 1, 2 and 3 eontribute 27.9°/0, 18°/0 and 14.2°/0 to the whole eytoehrome oxidase protein. This was calculated from the contributions of the single eomponents to the totalleueine eontent of the enzyme and the leueine eontents (nmol leueine per mg protein) of the single eomponents as determined by amino-aeid analysis. Equimolar relations of the components 1, 2 and 3 are found by dividing the amounts of protein by their apparent molecular weights. A stoichiometry of 1:1:1 results assuming a minimal molecular weight of 150000 for the whole cytochrome oxidase protein. On the basis of the heme a content a molecular weight of about 70000 per heme group was determined, using an absorption coeffieient L1e605 (redueed minus oxidized) of 12 mM-1 cm-1• It is concluded that the smallest structural unit of eytochrome oxidase contains two heme groups.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeissSebaldSchwabetal.1973,
  author    = {Weiss, H. and Sebald, Walter and Schwab, A. J. and Kleinow, W. and Lorenz, B.},
  title     = {Contribution of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein synthesis to the formation of cytochrome b and cytochrome aa\(_3\)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62835},
  year      = {1973},
  abstract  = {A cytochrome b preparation from Neurospora crassa mitochondria is found to consist of three polypeptides (apparent molecular weight 10 000, 11 000 and 32 000), a cytochrome aa3 preparation of six to seven polypeptides (apparent molecular weight 8 000, 11 000, 13 000, 18 000, 28 000 and 36 000). Selective incorporation of radioactive amino acids by eilher mitochondrial protein synthesis when the cytoplasmic one is blocked or by the cytoplasmic protein synthesis, when the mitochondrial one is blocked, indicates that one cytochrome b polypeptide (mw 32 000) and one to three cytochrome aa3 polypeptides (mw 36 000, 28 000 and 18 000) are mitochondrial translation products, the other cytochrome b and cytochrome aa3 polypeptides cytoplasmic translation products. The delayed appearance of labeling in the cytochrome b and cytochrome aa3 polypeptides compared to the average cell protein after a pulse of <~H leueine revealed that these polypeptides are derived from separate pools of precursor polypeptides. The pool sizes range from 2 p. cent to 25 p. cent of the amount of the corresponding polypeptide present in the cytochromes. The 32 000 molecular weight polypeptide of cytochrome band at least the 18 000 molecular weight polypeptide of cytochrome aa\(_3\) are mitochondrial translation products as well in the fungus Neurospora crassa as in the insect Locusta migratoria. So, despite the fact that the size of mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial ribosomes is reduced in insects, the products have maintained their characteristics.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwabSebaldWeiss1972,
  author    = {Schwab, A. J. and Sebald, Walter and Weiss, H.},
  title     = {Different pool sizes of the precursor polypeptides of cytochrome oxidase from Neurospora crassa.},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62841},
  year      = {1972},
  abstract  = {Pulse-labelling experiments with growing Neurospora crassa revealed that the polypeptides composing the protein moiety of a cytochrome oxidase preparation are derived from at least four independent pools of precursor polypeptides. The pool sizes range from 2 ° f 0 to 25 °/0 of the amount of the corresponding polypeptide present in cytochrome oxidase. The smallest pool is assigned to a polypeptide of mitochondrial origm. Serial pools were found for one of the polypeptides.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SebaldWeissJackl1972,
  author    = {Sebald, Walter and Weiss, H. and Jackl, G.},
  title     = {Inhibition of the assembly of cytochrome oxidase in Neurospora crassa by chloramphenicol},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62852},
  year      = {1972},
  abstract  = {Cytochrome oxidasewas prepared from Neurospora crassa by chromatography on oleyl polymethacrylic acid resin and separated into seven polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. Incorporation oflabelled amino acids into the single polypeptideswas investigated after a pulse labelling in the absence and presence of chloramphenicol, and afterwashing out the inhibitor. Chloramphenicol (4 mg/ml) inhibited amino acid incorporation into all polypeptides 90-95\%• while labeHing of the whole membrane protein was inhibited only 30\%• Mter washing out the inhibitor and further growth of the cells. the four smaller polypeptides were highly labelled, whereas the other polypeptides showed only a. small increase in radioactivity. It is concluded that the four small-sized polypeptides of cytochrome oxidase are synthesized but not integrated into the functional enzyme under the action of chloramphenicol.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeissSebaldBuecher1971,
  author    = {Weiss, H. and Sebald, Walter and B{\"u}cher, T.},
  title     = {Cycloheximide resistant incorporation of amino acids into a polypeptide of the cytochrome oxidase of Neurospora crassa},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62866},
  year      = {1971},
  abstract  = {Radioaetive leueine was ineorporated by N eurospora crassa mitoehondria in vivo in the presence of cyeloheximide. When the membrane protein of these mitochondria was ehromatographieally separated on oleyl polymethaerylie aeid resin, \& nurober of fraetions were obtained whieh differ with respeet to their eontents of radioaetivity and eytoehromes. The highest speeifie radioaetivity was found in the fraction eontaining eytoehrome aa3• This fraetion proved to be a pure and enzymatically aetive cytoehrome oxidase. Its ratio of absorbanee at 280 nm (ox)/ 443 nm (red.) was 2.1. By means of sodium dodeeylsulfate gel-electrophoresis, this enzymewas separated into five polypeptides with molecular weights of 30000, 20000, 13000, 10000, and 8000. Only the polypeptide with the molecular weight 20000 displayed a high specific radioaetivity.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SebaldNeupertBirkmayer1970,
  author    = {Sebald, Walter and Neupert, W. and Birkmayer, G. D.},
  title     = {Internal and external contributions to the biogenesis of mitochondrial proteins},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62876},
  year      = {1970},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NeupertSebaldSchwabetal.1969,
  author    = {Neupert, W. and Sebald, Walter and Schwab, A. J. and Massinger, P. and B{\"u}cher, T.},
  title     = {Incorporation in vivo of \(^{14}\)C-labelled amino acids into the proteins of mitochondrial ribosomes from Neurospora crassa sensitive to cycloheximide and insensitive to Chloramphenicol},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62884},
  year      = {1969},
  abstract  = {Radioactive amino acids were incorporated in vivo into N eurospora crassa cells, and the mitochondrial ribosomes were isolated. The incorporation of radioactivity into the proteins of these ribosomes was inhibited by cycloheximide, but not by chloramphenicol. It is therefore concluded that these proteins are synthesized on the cycloheximide sensitive and chloramphenicol insensitive cytoplasmic ribosomes.},
  subject      = {Biochemie},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Fiala1990,
  author    = {Fiala, Brigitte},
  title     = {Extrafloral nectaries versus ant-Homoptera mutualisms : a comment on Becerra and Venable},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32948},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Nektarium},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Heinecke2010,
  author    = {Heinecke, Kai},
  title     = {Die Dynamik der prim{\"a}ren Erkennungsschritte von BMP-Rezeptoren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49257},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) bilden zusammen mit den Activinen, Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs) und Transforming Growth Factor \&\#946; (TGF-\&\#946;) die Transforming Growth Factor \&\#946;-Superfamilie von sekretierten Signalproteinen. Sie spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Entwicklung, Erhaltung und Regeneration von Geweben und Organen. Die Signalvermittlung dieser Proteine erfolgt durch die Bindung von zwei verschiedenen Typen von Serin-/Threonin-Kinaserezeptoren, die als Typ-I- und Typ-II-Rezeptoren bezeichnet werden. Im ersten Schritt erfolgt die Bindung an den hochaffinen Rezeptor (im Fall von BMP-2 der Typ-I-Rezeptor), im n{\"a}chsten Schritt wird der niederaffine Rezeptor in den Komplex rekrutiert. Bis heute sind lediglich sieben Typ-I- und f{\"u}nf Typ-II-Rezeptoren bekannt, was auf eine Promiskuit{\"a}t in der Liganden-Rezeptor-Interaktion schließen l{\"a}sst. Die Architektur beider Rezeptorsubtypen ist dabei relativ {\"a}hnlich. Beide bestehen aus einer ligandenbindenden extrazellul{\"a}ren Dom{\"a}ne, einer Transmembrandom{\"a}ne sowie einer intrazellul{\"a}ren Kinasedom{\"a}ne. Eine nacheinander ablaufende Transphosphorylierung der intrazellul{\"a}ren Dom{\"a}nen f{\"u}hrt zu einer Phosphorylierung von SMAD-Proteinen, die dann als nachgeschaltete Vermittler fungieren und die Transkription regulierter Gene ausl{\"o}sen. Im Hauptteil dieser Arbeit wurden die initialen Schritte der Rezeptorkomplexformierung sowie die Mobilit{\"a}t der Rezeptoren mit Hilfe von fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass f{\"u}r die Bildung eines Signalkomplexes eine bestimmte Schwellenkonzentration des Liganden n{\"o}tig ist und dass der Mechanismus nach einem Alles-oder-Nichts-Prinzip wie ein Schalter funktioniert. Außerdem konnten Unterschiede in der Nutzung der gleichen Rezeptoren durch verschiedene Liganden festgestellt werden. Die anderen Teile der Arbeit befassen sich mit der Funktionalit{\"a}t der verschiedenen Rezeptordom{\"a}nen in der Signal{\"u}bermittlung, der Analyse von hoch- und niederaffinen Ligandenbindestellen auf ganzen Zellen sowie dem Einfluss des SMAD- und des MAPK-Signalwegs auf die Induktion der Alkalischen Phosphatase. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Art der SMAD-Phosphorylierung allein vom Typ der Kinasedom{\"a}ne abh{\"a}ngig ist, dass auf einer Zelle verschiedene Rezeptorpopulationen existieren, welche von unterschiedlichen Ligandenkonzentrationen angesprochen werden, und dass die Induktion der Alkalischen Phosphatase stark vom zeitlichen Verlauf der SMAD- und MAPK-Aktivierung abh{\"a}ngig ist.},
  subject      = {Knochen-Morphogenese-Proteine},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Breher2009,
  author    = {Breher, Stephanie},
  title     = {Die kardiale Funktion von Popdc1 in der Maus: Vom Gen zum Ph{\"a}n},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37283},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Popeye domain containing (Popdc)-Gene bilden eine evolution{\"a}r stark konservierte Genfamilie mit pr{\"a}ferenzieller Expression im Herzen und in der Skelettmuskulatur. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Popdc1 in kardialen Myozyten in Glanzstreifen, lateralen Membranen und im T-Tubuli-System exprimiert wird und mit Ionenkan{\"a}len und anderen myozyt{\"a}ren Membranproteinen wie Cav1.2, Caveolin 3 und NCX1 kolokalisiert ist. Im ventrikul{\"a}ren Reizleitungssystem ist die Expression von Popdc1 gegen{\"u}ber dem ventrikul{\"a}ren Arbeitsmyokard erh{\"o}ht, w{\"a}hrend Atrium und Sinusknoten nahezu {\"a}quivalente Expressionsdom{\"a}nen aufweisen. Mithilfe von elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen konnte bei den Popdc1-Nullmutanten eine stressinduzierte Sinusbradykardie festgestellt werden, die altersabh{\"a}ngig auftritt und auf Sinuspausen zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist. Histologische Untersuchungen, unter Zuhilfenahme des Sinusknotenmarkers HCN4, zeigten einen Zellverlust im inferioren Teil des Sinusknotens. Popdc1 ist ein Transmembranprotein, das eine 150 Aminos{\"a}ure umfassende, stark konservierte Popeye-Dom{\"a}ne aufweist. F{\"u}r diese Dom{\"a}ne konnte auf struktureller Ebene eine Homologie zu zyklischen Nukleotid-Bindungsdom{\"a}nen vorhergesagt und eine Bindung an cAMP und cGMP experimentell demonstriert werden. Es handelt sich bei den Popdc-Proteinen um einen neuen Zweig der Bindungsproteine f{\"u}r zyklische Nukleotidmonophosphate (cNMP). Die Bindungssequenz weist signifikante Unterschiede zu anderen bereits identifizierten cNMP-Bindungsproteinen auf. Weiterhin wurde die Interaktion von Popdc1 mit TREK1, einem Mitglied der Tandemporenkan{\"a}le untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Popdc1 nach Koexpression in Froschoozyten, den TREK1-Strom erh{\"o}ht und dass die \&\#946;-adrenerge Inhibition des TREK1 Kanals durch Popdc1 verst{\"a}rkt wird. Im Arbeitsmyokard, im kardialen Reizleitungssystem und in kotransfizierten Cos7-Zellen werden beide Proteine {\"u}berlappend exprimiert. Diese Daten zeigen, dass Popdc1 eine wichtige Funktion bei der Regulation der Schrittmacheraktivit{\"a}t, der Aufrechterhaltung der Sinusknotenmorphologie und der Modulation von Ionenkan{\"a}len aufweist. Interessanterweise wurden von unserer Arbeitsgruppe bereits die gleichen Ph{\"a}notypen f{\"u}r die Popdc2 Maus beschrieben, sodass die Popdc Genfamilie {\"u}berlappende und redundante Funktionen aufweist.},
  subject      = {Sinusknoten},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HeisswolfGablerObermaieretal.2007,
  author    = {Heisswolf, Annette and Gabler, Dirk and Obermaier, Elisabeth and M{\"u}ller, Caroline},
  title     = {Olfactory versus contact cues in host plant recognition of a monophagous chrysomelid beetle},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49475},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {The importance of olfactory versus contact cues for host plant recognition was investigated in the tortoise beetle Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which is strictly monophagous on meadow sage. The reaction of adult beetles to olfactory and contact host cues was tested using three bioassays (locomotion compensator, six-chamber-olfactometer, stem arena') to account for different behavioral contexts. Bioassay-guided fractionation of plant extracts was elaborated to characterize the nature of contact stimuli. The beetles were only slightly attracted to odors from small amounts of leaf material. However, when contact cues were provided additionally, the beetles showed strong preferences for samples of their host plant over controls. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to isolation of at least two non-polar contact stimuli acting in concert that are sufficient for host plant identification in C. canaliculata.},
  subject      = {Insekt},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wang2011,
  author    = {Wang, Huiqiang},
  title     = {Enhanced Replication of Vaccinia Virus GLV-1h68 in Cancer Stem-like Cells of Human Breast Cancer Cell Preparations},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-64750},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {There is more and more evidence for the cancer stem cell hypothesis which believes that cancers are driven by a cellular subcomponent that has stem cell properties which is self-renewal, tumorigenicity and multilineage differentiation capacity. Cancer stem cells have been connected to the initiation of tumors and are even found to be responsible for relapses after apparently curative therapies have been undertaken. This hypothesis changes our conceptual approach of oncogenesis and shall have implications in breast cancer prevention, detection and treatment, especially in metastatic breast cancer for which no curative treatment exists. Given the specific stem cell features, novel therapeutic pathways can be targeted. Since the value of vaccinia virus as a vaccination virus against smallpox was discovered by E. Jenner at 18th century, it plays an important role in human medicine and molecular biology. After smallpox was successfully eradicated, vaccinia virus is mainly used as a viral vector in molecular biology and increasingly in cancer therapy. The outstanding capability to specifically target and destroy cancer cells makes it a perfect agent for oncolytic virotherapy. Furthermore, the virus can easily be modified by inserting genes which encode therapeutic or diagnostic proteins to be expressed when a tumor is infected. The emphasis in this study was the establishment of methods for the enrichment of human breast cancer stem-like cells from cancer cell lines and characterization of those cancer stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, by using the Genelux Corporation vaccinia virus strain GLV-1h68, the isolated cancer stem-like cells can be targeted not only in vitro but also in vivo more efficiently. Side-population (SP) cells within cancers and cell lines are rare cell populations known to be enriched cancer stem-like cells. In this study, we used Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry to identify SP cells from the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and GI-101A as models for cancer stem-like cells. Considering the cytotoxicity of Hoechst dye and the restriction of instrument, we did not carry out further studies by this method. Utilizing in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, we showed that human breast cancer cell line GI-101A with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) have stemlike properties. Higher ALDH activity identifies the tumorigenic cell fraction which is capable of self-renewal and of generating tumors that could recapitulate the heterogeneity of the parental tumor. Furthermore, the cells with higher ALDH activity display significant resistance to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation, which proves their stem-like properties again. The cells which have higher ALDH activity also are more invasive compared to cells which have lower ALDH activity, which connects the cancer stem-like cells with cancer metastases. By analyzing the popular human breast cancer stem cells surface markers CD44, CD49f and CD24, it was discovered that the cells with higher ALDH activity have stronger CD44 and CD49f expression than in those cells with lower ALDH activity, which further confirms their stem-like properties. Finally, the cells with higher ALDH activity and lower ALDH activity were infected in vitro and used in virotherapy in a mouse xenograft model was performed. The results indicated that the vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 can replicate in cells with higher ALDH activity more efficiently than cells with lower ALDH activity. GLV-1h68 also can selectively target and eradicate the xenograft tumors which were derived from cells with higher ALDH activity. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key developmental program that is often activated during cancer invasion and metastases. EMT was induced in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMLEs) and in GI-101A cells, which results in the acquisition of mesenchymal traits and in the expression of stem cell markers. Furthermore, the EMT-induced GI-101A cells showed resistance to chemotherapy and invasion capacity. CD44+/CD24- cells were enriched during the EMT induction. Following flow cytometry sorting by using CD44, CD24 and ESA surface marker, the sorted cells were tested in a mouse model regarding tumorigenicity. Unexpectedly, we found that CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells could initiate tumors more efficiently rather than CD44+/CD24-/ESA+ and other fractions in EMTinduced GI-101A cells. We also infected the CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ and CD44+/CD24- /ESA+ cells in vitro and performed virotherapy in a mouse xenograft model. The results indicated that the vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 is able to replicate in CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells more efficiently than in CD44+/CD24-/ESA+ cells. GLV-1h68 was also capable to selectively target and eradicate the xenograft tumors which derived from CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells. Moreover, CD44- cells have much lower tumorigenicity in the mouse model and CD44- cells derived-tumors are not responsive to vaccinia virotherapy. In summary, we have successfully established an in vitro and in vivo system for the identification, characterization and isolation of cancer stem-like cells from the human breast cancer cell line GI-101A by using the ALDEFLUOR assay. The vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 was able to efficiently target and eradicate the higher ALDH activity cells and tumors derived from those cells. Although contrary to the current assumption, CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells in the EMT-induced GI-101A cell line showed stem-like properties and GLV-1h68 was able to efficiently target and eradicate the CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells and tumors which derived from those cells. Finally, improved understanding of cancer stem cells may have tremendous relevance for how cancer should be treated. It is menacing that cancer stem cells are resistant to almost all anti-tumor approaches which have already been established for the treatment of metastatic diseases such as ionizing radiation, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and small molecular inhibitors. Therefore, it is promising that our results suggest that these cancer stem cells may be susceptible to treatment with oncolytic vaccinia virus.},
  subject      = {Vaccinia Virus},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kirchmaier2010,
  author    = {Kirchmaier, Bettina Carmen},
  title     = {Characterization of the Popeye domain containing gene family in zebrafish},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49413},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The Popeye domain containing (Popdc) gene family of membrane proteins is predominantly expressed in striated and smooth muscle tissues and has been shown to act as novel cAMP-binding proteins. In mice, loss of Popdc1 and Popdc2, respectively, affects sinus node function in the postnatal heart in an age and stress-dependent manner. In this thesis, I examined gene expression pattern and function of the Popdc gene family during zebrafish development with an emphasis on popdc2. Expression of the zebrafish popdc2 was exclusively present in cardiac and skeletal muscle during cardiac development, whereas popdc3 was expressed in striated muscle tissue and in distinct regions of the brain. In order to study the function of these genes, an antisense morpholino-based knockdown approach was used. Knockdown of popdc2 resulted in aberrant development of facial and tail musculature. In the heart, popdc2 morphants displayed irregular ventricular contractions with 2:1 and 3:1 ventricular pauses. Recordings of calcium transients using a transgenic indicator line Tg(cmlc2:gCaMP)s878 and selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) revealed the presence of an atrioventricular (AV) block in popdc2 morphants as well as a complete heart block. Interestingly, preliminary data revealed that popdc3 morphants developed a similar phenotype. In order to find a morphological correlate for the observed AV conduction defect, I studied the structure of the AV canal in popdc2 morphants using confocal analysis of hearts of the transgenic line Tg(cmlc2:eGFP-ras)s883, which outlines individual cardiac myocytes with the help of membrane-localized GFP. However, no evidence for morphological alterations was obtained. To ensure that the observed arrhythmia phenotype in the popdc2 morphant was based on a myocardial defect and not caused by defective valve development, live imaging was performed revealing properly formed valves. Thus, in agreement with the data obtained in knockout mice, popdc2 and popdc3 genes in zebrafish are involved in the regulation of cardiac electrical activity. However, both genes are not required for cardiac pacemaking, but they play essential roles in AV conduction. In order to elucidate the biological importance of cAMP-binding, wild type Popdc1 as well as mutants with a significant reduction in binding affinity for cAMP in vitro were overexpressed in zebrafish embryos. Expression of wild type Popdc1 led to a cardiac insufficiency phenotype characterized by pericardial edema and venous blood retention. Strikingly, the ability of the Popdc1 mutants to induce a cardiac phenotype correlated with the binding affinity for cAMP. These data suggest that cAMP-binding represents an important biological property of the Popdc protein family.},
  subject      = {Zebrab{\"a}rbling},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Goeb2011,
  author    = {G{\"o}b, Eva},
  title     = {Die Kernh{\"u}lle in Keimzellen: Strukturelle Besonderheiten, dynamische Prozesse und die Umgestaltung des Zellkerns w{\"a}hrend der Spermatogenese der Maus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56839},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Die Kernh{\"u}lle umgibt als geschlossenes Membransystem einen jeden Zellkern und ist damit ein gemeinsames Merkmal aller eukaryotischen Zellen. Sie besteht aus einer inneren und einer {\"a}ußeren Kernmembran sowie der nukleoplasmatischen Kernlamina, die aufgrund zahlreicher assoziierter Proteine in enger Wechselbeziehung mit der inneren Kernmembran steht. Neben der rein r{\"a}umlichen Trennung nukle{\"a}rer und zytoplasmatischer Strukturen hat die Kernh{\"u}lle bedeutenden regulatorischen Einfluss auf die gesamte Zelle. So ist sie unter anderem an der Steuerung der genomischen Aktivit{\"a}t, an der nukleo- und zytoplasmatischen Signal{\"u}bertragung und in hohem Maße an der Positionierung und Formerhaltung des Zellkerns beteiligt. Es mehren sich die Hinweise, dass die Kernh{\"u}lle auch w{\"a}hrend der Gametogenese, der Differenzierung befruchtungsf{\"a}higer Keimzellen, eine zentrale Rolle einnimmt und folglich auch mit bislang ungekl{\"a}rten Ursachen humaner Infertilit{\"a}t in Kontext stehen k{\"o}nnte. Um die Bedeutung der Kernh{\"u}lle f{\"u}r die Keimbahn der S{\"a}uger generell besser verstehen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurden in dieser Arbeit ausgew{\"a}hlte Bestandteile der Keimzellkernh{\"u}lle untersucht. Dadurch sollte der Kenntnisstand erweitert werden, in welcher Weise die Kernh{\"u}lle dynamische, morphologische und vor allem f{\"u}r die Keimbahn essentielle Prozesse beeinflusst; insbesondere w{\"a}hrend der meiotischen und der postmeiotischen Differenzierungsphase bei m{\"a}nnlichen M{\"a}usen. Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei einerseits Lamin C2, ein meiosespezifisches A-Typ Lamin, dessen Verlust zu einer schwer gesch{\"a}digten Meiose und infolgedessen zu vollst{\"a}ndiger m{\"a}nnlicher Infertilit{\"a}t f{\"u}hrt. Es zeigte sich, dass Lamin C2-defiziente m{\"a}nnliche M{\"a}use schwerwiegende Defekte bei der Paarung und Synapsis der homologen Chromosomen in der meiotischen Prophase I aufweisen und aufgrund apoptotischer Spermatocyten keine reifen Spermien bilden k{\"o}nnen. Es wird angenommen, dass die Assoziation homologer Chromosomen bzw. die Abstoßung nicht-homologer durch gerichtete Telomerbewegungen entlang der Kernh{\"u}llenperipherie vorangetrieben bzw. verhindert wird. Da Lamin C2 seinerseits diese Wanderung der Telomere durch eine Flexibilisierung der Spermatocytenkernh{\"u}lle vereinfachen soll, ist es durchaus vorstellbar, dass sein Verlust verlangsamte Telomerbewegungen, eine gest{\"o}rte Homologenfindung und folglich Fehlpaarungen zur Folge hat. Ein weiteres zentrales Thema war die Erforschung potentieller LINC-Komplexe w{\"a}hrend der Differenzierungs- und morphologischen Umgestaltungsphase postmeiotischer Keimzellen. LINC-Komplexe sind kernh{\"u}llendurchspannende Proteingebilde aus SUN-Proteinen in der inneren und Nesprinen in der {\"a}ußeren Kernmembran, die nukle{\"a}re Strukturen an das Zytoskelett binden. Da sie aufgrund dieser strukturellen Eigenschaft die Kernmorphologie beeinflussen k{\"o}nnen, erscheinen sie als {\"a}ußerst geeignet, an der Formierung des Spermienkopfes beteiligt zu sein. Die detaillierte Untersuchung spermiogeneserelevanter LINC-Komplex-Bestandteile ergab, dass w{\"a}hrend der Spermiogenese tats{\"a}chlich zwei neue, strukturell einzigartige LINC-Komplexe gebildet werden, die dar{\"u}ber hinaus auf den entgegengesetzten Seiten differenzierender Spermatiden polarisieren. Da sie den Kern dort an jeweils spezielle Zytoskelettelemente binden k{\"o}nnten, wurde in dieser Arbeit das Modell der LINC-Komplex vermittelten Umformung des Spermienkopfes aufgestellt. Insgesamt tr{\"a}gt diese Arbeit durch die funktionelle Analyse von Lamin C2 und die Identifizierung neuer LINC-Komplexe dazu bei, die Wichtigkeit der Kernh{\"u}lle f{\"u}r die Spermatogenese zu vertiefen und auszuweiten.},
  subject      = {Spermatogenese},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Shityakov2011,
  author    = {Shityakov, Sergey},
  title     = {Molecular modelling and simulation of retroviral proteins and nanobiocomposites},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56960},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Molecular modelling and simulation are powerful methods in providing important in-formation on different biological systems to elucidate their structural and functional proper-ties, which cannot be determined in experiment. These methods are applied to analyse versa-tile biological systems: lipid membrane bilayers stabilized by an intercalated single wall carbon nanotube and retroviral proteins such as HIV protease and integrase. HIV-1 integrase has nuclear localization signals (NLS) which play a crucial role in nuclear import of viral preintegration complex (PIC). However, the detailed mechanisms of PIC formation and its nuclear transport are not known. Previously it was shown that NLSs bind to the cell transport machinery e.g. proteins of nuclear pore complex such as transportins. I investigated the interaction of this viral protein HIV-1 integrase with proteins of the nuclear pore complex such as transportin-SR2 (Shityakov et al., 2010). I showed that the transportin-SR2 in nuclear import is required due to its interaction with the HIV-1 integrase. I analyzed key domain interaction, and hydrogen bond formation in transportin-SR2. These results were discussed in comparison to other retroviral species such as foamy viruses to better understand this specific and efficient retroviral trafficking route. The retroviral nuclear import was next analyzed in experiments regarding the retroviral ability to infect nondividing cells. To accomplish the gene transfer task successfully, ret-roviruses must efficiently transduce different cell cultures at different phases of cell cycle. However, promising and safe foamy viral vectors used for gene transfer are unable to effi-ciently infect quiescent cells. This drawback was due to their inability to create a preintegra-tion complex (PIC) for nuclear import of retroviral DNA. On the contrary, the lentiviral vec-tors are not dependant on cell cycle. In the course of reverse transcription the polypurine tract (PPT) is believed to be crucial for PIC formation. In this thesis, I compared the transduction frequencies of PPT modified FV vectors with lentiviral vectors in nondividing and dividing alveolar basal epithelial cells from human adenocarcinoma (A549) by using molecular cloning, transfection and transduction techniques and several other methods. In contrast to lentiviral vectors, FV vectors were not able to effi-ciently transduce nondividing cell (Shityakov and Rethwilm, unpublished data). Despite the findings, which support the use of FV vectors as a safe and efficient alternative to lentiviral vectors, major limitation in terms of foamy-based retroviral vector gene transfer in quiescent cells still remains. Many attempts have been made recently to search for the potential molecules as pos-sible drug candidates to treat HIV infection for over decades now. These molecules can be retrieved from chemical libraries or can be designed on a computer screen and then synthe-sized in a laboratory. Most notably, one could use the computerized structure as a reference to determine the types of molecules that might block the enzyme. Such structure-based drug design strategies have the potential to save off years and millions of dollars compared to a more traditional trial-and-error drug development process. After the crystal structure of the HIV-encoded protease enzyme had been elucidated, computer-aided drug design played a pivotal role in the development of new compounds that inhibit this enzyme which is responsible for HIV maturation and infectivity. Promising repre-sentatives of these compounds have recently found their way to patients. Protease inhibitors show a powerful sustained suppression of HIV-1 replication, especially when used in combi-nation therapy regimens. However, these drugs are becoming less effective to more resistant HIV strains due to multiple mutations in the retroviral proteases. In computational drug design I used molecular modelling methods such as lead ex-pansion algorithm (Tripos®) to create a virtual library of compounds with different binding affinities to protease binding site. In addition, I heavily applied computer assisted combinato-rial chemistry approaches to design and optimize virtual libraries of protease inhibitors and performed in silico screening and pharmacophore-similarity scoring of these drug candidates. Further computational analyses revealed one unique compound with different protease bind-ing ability from the initial hit and its role for possible new class of protease inhibitors is dis-cussed (Shityakov and Dandekar, 2009). A number of atomistic models were developed to elucidate the nanotube behaviour in lipid bilayers. However, none of them provided useful information for CNT effect upon the lipid membrane bilayer for implementing all-atom models that will allow us to calculate the deviations of lipid molecules from CNT with atomistic precision. Unfortunately, the direct experimental investigation of nanotube behaviour in lipid bilayer remains quite a tricky prob-lem opening the door before the molecular simulation techniques. In this regard, more de-tailed multi-scale simulations are needed to clearly understand the stabilization characteristics of CNTs in hydrophobic environment. The phenomenon of an intercalated single-wall carbon nanotube in the center of lipid membrane was extensively studied and analyzed. The root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation functions were calculated in order to measure stability of lipid mem-branes. The results indicated that an intercalated carbon nanotube restrains the conformational freedom of adjacent lipids and hence has an impact on the membrane stabilization dynamics (Shityakov and Dandekar, 2011). On the other hand, different lipid membranes may have dissimilarities due to the differing abilities to create a bridge formation between the adherent lipid molecules. The results derived from this thesis will help to develop stable nanobiocom-posites for construction of novel biomaterials and delivery of various biomolecules for medi-cine and biology.},
  subject      = {Kohlenstoff},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hauber2011,
  author    = {Hauber, Melanie Erika},
  title     = {Description and Improvement of the 'Whedo'-Aquaculture-System in Malanville (North of Benin)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57711},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {This work delves into the recently developed 'Whedo'-aquaculture-system in the rural community of Malanville (North Benin)and aims on providing a closer insight on this - for the area--recent system including the ecological but also the sociological and economical aspects in order to develop this extensive traditional fishery to a more productive semi-intensive aquaculture system. With the retreat of the flood 'Whedos' usually become infested with numerous hydato-and tenagophytes, while the presence and density of the free-floating macrophytes were positively related to the nutrient content of the 'Whedo'. Extensive plant infestation also affects water quality through the decomposition of organic material and its accumulation in thick mud layers on the pond bottom as well as through the nocturnal oxygen consumption. Unfavourable water quality, especially low dissolved oxygen as well as high conductivity and nitrite levels, was identified to be the main factor determining which fish species were able to survive the harsh conditions prevailing in the 'Whedos' during the dry season. With the deteriorating water quality with advancing dry season, fish diversity decreased significantly leaving only species that are highly adapted to such unfavourable conditions. The most abundant species were Clarias gariepinus, Heterotis niloticus, Oreochromis niloticus L., Hemichromis c.f. letourneauxi, Polypterus senegalus and Epiplatys spilargyreius. Besides, the investigations also concentrated on the fish diversity of the rivers Niger and Sota with the results that for three species distribution gaps could be closed and for further three species their already known distribution could be expanded. But otherwise it could also be detected that some economically important species that were abundant in the past. In regard to the 'Whedo'-management, the investigations showed that the owners lack most of the knowledge on appropriate management strategies, e.g. the feeding and stocking regime. The exploitation period depends on the extent of the previous annual flood and the location of the 'Whedo' within the floodplain, but the main season is from February to April. The biomass harvested on a hectare basis separated for each of the 'Whedos' averaged 17 tons/ha in 2008 and 8.6 tons/ha in 2009. However, 72 percent of the total biomass of Clarias only had an average weight of 40 grams. Therefore, two separated feeding trials were conducted and in total 6 supplementary feeds were tested on Clarias gariepinus. Groundnut cake, fish trash, rice bran, blood meal and azolla meal were used in different combination and rations to formulate the experimental diets. Diet containing 19 percent blood meal resulted in the best economical benefits showing that the use of high quality feed ingredients such as groundnut cake is not recommendable because local fish prices are too low to compensate the additional feeding costs. Instead of high quality feed farmers should focus on ingredients that are free of charge and easy to process. The supplementation based on 19 percent blood meal resulted in the doubling of the net profit compared to the income based on feeding only rice bran, thus provided higher additional income, enhancing the livelihood of the fish farmers. Concluding, the 'Whedo'-aquaculture system is still in its infancy but nevertheless is an attractive system for the rural population because of existing knowledge of post-flood wetland fisheries as well as the low investment needed for its installation. Additionally, the local fish supply will increase and hence not only contribute to a better provision of protein-rich food and reduced pressure on the wild fish stocks but might also prevent fish prices to increase in a way that the poor won't be able anymore to afford their most important source of animal protein. But fish farmers need more knowledge on appropriate management strategies and thus should be provided with technical support to guarantee a successful development and not to discourage the owners as a consequence of avoidable failures. Furthermore, the use of supplementary feed offers a cheap and effective means to increase the biomass production and thus enhance the extensive fishery to a semi-intensive aquaculture system.},
  subject      = {Aquakultur},
  language  = {en}
}