@article{WehnerRoehrStepanenkoetal.2020, author = {Wehner, Marius and R{\"o}hr, Merle Insa Silja and Stepanenko, Vladimir and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Control of self-assembly pathways toward conglomerate and racemic supramolecular polymers}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {11}, journal = {Nature Communications}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-19189-8}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230580}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Homo- and heterochiral aggregation during crystallization of organic molecules has significance both for fundamental questions related to the origin of life as well as for the separation of homochiral compounds from their racemates in industrial processes. Herein, we analyse these phenomena at the lowest level of hierarchy - that is the self-assembly of a racemic mixture of (R,R)- and (S,S)-PBI into 1D supramolecular polymers. By a combination of UV/vis and NMR spectroscopy as well as atomic force microscopy, we demonstrate that homochiral aggregation of the racemic mixture leads to the formation of two types of supramolecular conglomerates under kinetic control, while under thermodynamic control heterochiral aggregation is preferred, affording a racemic supramolecular polymer. FT-IR spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations reveal unique packing arrangements and hydrogen-bonding patterns within these supramolecular polymers. Time-, concentration- and temperature-dependent UV/vis experiments provide further insights into the kinetic and thermodynamic control of the conglomerate and racemic supramolecular polymer formation. Homo- and heterochiral aggregation is a process of interest to prebiotic and chiral separation chemistry. Here, the authors analyze the self-assembly of a racemic mixture into 1D supramolecular polymers and find homochiral aggregation into conglomerates under kinetic control, while under thermodynamic control a racemic polymer is formed.}, language = {en} } @article{WenNowakKrolNagleretal.2019, author = {Wen, Xinbo and Nowak-Kr{\´o}l, Agnieszka and Nagler, Oliver and Kraus, Felix and Zhu, Na and Zheng, Nan and M{\"u}ller, Matthias and Schmidt, David and Xie, Zengqi and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Tetrahydroxy-perylene bisimide embedded in zinc oxide thin film as electron transporting layer for high performance non-fullerene organic solar cells}, series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, volume = {58}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, number = {37}, doi = {10.1002/anie.201907467}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204723}, pages = {13051-13055}, year = {2019}, abstract = {By introduction of four hydroxy (HO) groups into the two perylene bisimide (PBI) bay areas, new HO-PBI ligands were obtained which upon deprotonation can complex ZnII ions and photosensitize semiconductive zinc oxide thin films. Such coordination is beneficial for dispersing PBI photosensitizer molecules evenly into metal oxide films to fabricate organic-inorganic hybrid interlayers for organic solar cells. Supported by the photoconductive effect of the ZnO:HO-PBI hybrid interlayers, improved electron collection and transportation is achieved in fullerene and non-fullerene polymer solar cell devices, leading to remarkable power conversion efficiencies of up to 15.95 \% for a non-fullerene based organic solar cell.}, language = {en} } @article{SyamalaWuerthner2020, author = {Syamala, Pradeep P. N. and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Modulation of the Self-Assembly of π-Amphiphiles in Water from Enthalpy- to Entropy-Driven by Enwrapping Substituents}, series = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, volume = {26}, journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, number = {38}, doi = {10.1002/chem.202000995}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218107}, pages = {8426 -- 8434}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Depending on the connectivity of solubilizing oligoethylene glycol (OEG) side chains to the π-cores of amphiphilic naphthalene and perylene bisimide dyes, self-assembly in water occurs either upon heating or cooling. Herein, we show that this effect originates from differences in the enwrapping capability of the π-cores by the OEG chains. Rylene bisimides bearing phenyl substituents with three OEG chains attached directly to the hydrophobic π-cores are strongly sequestered by the OEG chains. These molecules self-assemble at elevated temperatures in an entropy-driven process according to temperature- and concentration-dependent UV/Vis spectroscopy and calorimetric dilution studies. In contrast, for rylene bisimides in which phenyl substituents with three OEG chains are attached via a methylene spacer, leading to much weaker sequestration, self-assembly originates upon cooling in an enthalpy-driven process. Our explanation for this controversial behavior is that the aggregation in the latter case is dictated by the release of "high energy water" from the hydrophobic π-surfaces as well as dispersion interactions between the π-scaffolds which drive the self-assembly in an enthalpically driven process. In contrast, for the former case we suggest that in addition to the conventional explanation of a dehydration of hydrogen-bonded water molecules from OEG units it is in particular the increase in conformational entropy of back-folded OEG side chains upon aggregation that provides the pronounced gain in entropy that drives the aggregation process. Thus, our studies revealed that a subtle change in the attachment of solubilizing substituents can switch the thermodynamic signature for the self-assembly of amphiphilic dyes in water from enthalpy- to entropy-driven.}, language = {en} } @article{GriesbeckMichailRauchetal.2019, author = {Griesbeck, Stefanie and Michail, Evripidis and Rauch, Florian and Ogasawara, Hiroaki and Wang, Chenguang and Sato, Yoshikatsu and Edkins, Robert M. and Zhang, Zuolun and Taki, Masayasu and Lambert, Christoph and Yamaguchi, Shigehiro and Marder, Todd B.}, title = {The Effect of Branching on the One- and Two-Photon Absorption, Cell Viability, and Localization of Cationic Triarylborane Chromophores with Dipolar versus Octupolar Charge Distributions for Cellular Imaging}, series = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, volume = {25}, journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, number = {57}, doi = {10.1002/chem.201902461}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212887}, pages = {13164 -- 13175}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Two different chromophores, namely a dipolar and an octupolar system, were prepared and their linear and nonlinear optical properties as well as their bioimaging capabilities were compared. Both contain triphenylamine as the donor and a triarylborane as the acceptor, the latter modified with cationic trimethylammonio groups to provide solubility in aqueous media. The octupolar system exhibits a much higher two-photon brightness, and also better cell viability and enhanced selectivity for lysosomes compared with the dipolar chromophore. Furthermore, both dyes were applied in two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) live-cell imaging.}, language = {en} } @article{NollGrossShoyamaetal.2023, author = {Noll, Niklas and Groß, Tobias and Shoyama, Kazutaka and Beuerle, Florian and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Folding-Induced Promotion of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfers via Proximal Base for Light-Driven Water Oxidation}, series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, volume = {62}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, number = {7}, doi = {10.1002/anie.202217745}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312020}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) processes play a key role in biocatalytic energy conversion and storage, for example, photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation. Here, we report a series of bipyridine-containing di- to tetranuclear Ru(bda) macrocycles 2 C-4 C (bda: 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate) to promote O-O bond formation. In photocatalytic water oxidation under neutral conditions, all complexes 2 C-4 C prevail in a folded conformation that support the water nucleophilic attack (WNA) pathway with remarkable turnover frequencies of up to 15.5 s\(^{-1}\) per Ru unit respectively. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed an increased tendency for intramolecular π-π stacking and preorganization of the proximal bases close to the active centers for the larger macrocycles. H/D kinetic isotope effect studies and electrochemical data demonstrate the key role of the proximal bipyridines as proton acceptors in lowering the activation barrier for the crucial nucleophilic attack of H\(_{2}\)O in the WNA mechanism.}, language = {en} } @article{SchlauersbachHanioLenzetal.2021, author = {Schlauersbach, Jonas and Hanio, Simon and Lenz, Bettina and Vemulapalli, Sahithya P. B. and Griesinger, Christian and P{\"o}ppler, Ann-Christin and Harlacher, Cornelius and Galli, Bruno and Meinel, Lorenz}, title = {Leveraging bile solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs by rational polymer selection}, series = {Journal of Controlled Release}, volume = {330}, journal = {Journal of Controlled Release}, edition = {Accepted Version}, doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.016}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296957}, pages = {36-48}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Poorly water-soluble drugs frequently solubilize into bile colloids and this natural mechanism is key for efficient bioavailability. We tested the impact of pharmaceutical polymers on this solubilization interplay using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and by assessing the flux across model membranes. Eudragit E, Soluplus, and a therapeutically used model polymer, Colesevelam, impacted the bile-colloidal geometry and molecular interaction. These polymer-induced changes reduced the flux of poorly water-soluble and bile interacting drugs (Perphenazine, Imatinib) but did not impact the flux of bile non-interacting Metoprolol. Non-bile interacting polymers (Kollidon VA 64, HPMC-AS) neither impacted the flux of colloid-interacting nor colloid-non-interacting drugs. These insights into the drug substance/polymer/bile colloid interplay potentially point towards a practical optimization parameter steering formulations to efficient bile-solubilization by rational polymer selection.}, language = {en} } @article{SchnitzleinMuetzelShoyamaetal.2022, author = {Schnitzlein, Matthias and M{\"u}tzel, Carina and Shoyama, Kazutaka and Farrell, Jeffrey M. and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {PAHs Containing both Heptagon and Pentagon: Corannulene Extension by [5+2] Annulation}, series = {European Journal of Organic Chemistry}, volume = {2022}, journal = {European Journal of Organic Chemistry}, number = {5}, doi = {10.1002/ejoc.202101273}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262627}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Utilizing Pd-catalyzed [5+2] annulation a series of heptagon-extended corannulenes could be synthesized from a borinic acid precursor furnished by C-H borylation strategy. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed the presence of two conformational enantiomers crystallizing in a racemic mixture. Through their embedded five- and seven-membered rings these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exhibit both negative and positive curvature and UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry experiments provided insights into the influence of larger flanking aromatic systems and electron-donating substituents encompassing the heptagonal ring. Through [5+2] annulation of acenaphthylene an azulene-containing PAH with intriguing optoelectronical properties including a very small bandgap and absorption over the whole visible spectrum could be obtained. Theoretical calculations were employed to elucidate the long-wavelength absorption and aromaticity.}, language = {en} } @article{AbdelhameedHabibEltahawyetal.2020, author = {Abdelhameed, Reda F. A. and Habib, Eman S. and Eltahawy, Nermeen A. and Hassanean, Hashim A. and Ibrahim, Amany K. and Mohammed, Anber F. and Fayez, Shaimaa and Hayallah, Alaa M. and Yamada, Koji and Behery, Fathy A. and Al-Sanea, Mohammad M. and Alzarea, Sami I. and Bringmann, Gerhard and Ahmed, Safwat A. and Abdelmohsen, Usama Ramadan}, title = {New cytotoxic natural products from the Red Sea sponge Stylissa carteri}, series = {Marine Drugs}, volume = {18}, journal = {Marine Drugs}, number = {5}, issn = {1660-3397}, doi = {10.3390/md18050241}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205795}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Bioactivity-guided isolation supported by LC-HRESIMS metabolic profiling led to the isolation of two new compounds, a ceramide, stylissamide A (1), and a cerebroside, stylissoside A (2), from the methanol extract of the Red Sea sponge Stylissa carteri. Structure elucidation was achieved using spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. The bioactive extract's metabolomic profiling showed the existence of various secondary metabolites, mainly oleanane-type saponins, phenolic diterpenes, and lupane triterpenes. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was tested against two human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and HepG2. Both compounds, 1 and 2, displayed strong cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line, with IC\(_{50}\) values at 21.1 ± 0.17 µM and 27.5 ± 0.18 µM, respectively. They likewise showed a promising activity against HepG2 with IC\(_{50}\) at 36.8 ± 0.16 µM for 1 and IC\(_{50}\) 30.5 ± 0.23 µM for 2 compared to the standard drug cisplatin. Molecular docking experiments showed that 1 and 2 displayed high affinity to the SET protein and to inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (I2PP2A), which could be a possible mechanism for their cytotoxic activity. This paper spreads light on the role of these metabolites in holding fouling organisms away from the outer surface of the sponge, and the potential use of these defensive molecules in the production of novel anticancer agents.}, language = {en} } @article{NeitzBessiKachleretal.2022, author = {Neitz, Hermann and Bessi, Irene and Kachler, Valentin and Michel, Manuela and H{\"o}bartner, Claudia}, title = {Tailored tolane-perfluorotolane assembly as supramolecular base pair replacement in DNA}, series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, volume = {62}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1002/anie.202214456}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312575}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Arene-fluoroarene interactions offer outstanding possibilities for engineering of supramolecular systems, including nucleic acids. Here, we implement the tolane-perfluorotolane interaction as base pair replacement in DNA. Tolane (THH) and perfluorotolane (TFF) moieties were connected to acyclic backbone units, comprising glycol nucleic acid (GNA) or butyl nucleic acid (BuNA) building blocks, that were incorporated via phosphoramidite chemistry at opposite positions in a DNA duplex. Thermodynamic analyses by UV thermal melting revealed a compelling stabilization by THH/TFF heteropairs only when connected to the BuNA backbone, but not with the shorter GNA linker. Detailed NMR studies confirmed the preference of the BuNA backbone for enhanced polar π-stacking. This work defines how orthogonal supramolecular interactions can be tailored by small constitutional changes in the DNA backbone, and it inspires future studies of arene-fluoroarene-programmed assembly of DNA.}, language = {en} } @article{SchlossarekStepanenkoBeuerleetal.2022, author = {Schlossarek, Tim and Stepanenko, Vladimir and Beuerle, Florian and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Self-assembled Ru(bda) Coordination Oligomers as Efficient Catalysts for Visible Light-Driven Water Oxidation in Pure Water}, series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, volume = {61}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, number = {52}, doi = {10.1002/anie.202211445}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312184}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Water-soluble multinuclear complexes based on ruthenium 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate (bda) and ditopic bipyridine linker units are investigated in three-component visible light-driven water oxidation catalysis. Systematic studies revealed a strong enhancement of the catalytic efficiency in the absence of organic co-solvents and with increasing oligomer length. In-depth kinetic and morphological investigations suggest that the enhanced performance is induced by the self-assembly of linear Ru(bda) oligomers into aggregated superstructures. The obtained turnover frequencies (up to 14.9 s\(^{-1}\)) and turnover numbers (more than 1000) per ruthenium center are the highest reported so far for Ru(bda)-based photocatalytic water oxidation systems.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Steinmetzger2020, author = {Steinmetzger, Christian}, title = {Fluorogenic Aptamers and Fluorescent Nucleoside Analogs as Probes for RNA Structure and Function}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20760}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207604}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {RNA plays a key role in numerous cellular processes beyond the central dogma of molecular biology. Observing and understanding this wealth of functions, discovering new ones and engineering them into purpose-built tools requires a sensitive means of observation. Over the past decade, fluorogenic aptamers have emerged to fill this niche. These short oligonucleotides are generated by in vitro selection to specifically interact with small organic fluorophores and can be utilized as genetically encoded tags for RNAs of interest. The most versatile class of fluorogenic aptamers is based on derivatives of hydroxybenzylidene imidazolone (HBI), a conditional fluorophore mimicking the chromophore structure found in green and red fluorescent proteins. The respective aptamers are well-known by the "vegetable" nomenclature, including Spinach, Broccoli and Corn, and have found numerous applications for studying RNA function in vitro and in cells. Their success, however, is somewhat overshadowed by individual shortcomings such as a propensity for misfolding, dependence on unphysiologically high concentrations of magnesium ions or, in the case of Corn, dimerization that might affect the function of the tagged RNA. Moreover, most fluorogenic aptamers exhibit limited ligand promiscuity by design, thereby restricting their potential for spectral tuning to a narrow window of wavelengths. This thesis details the characterization of a new fluorogenic aptamer system nicknamed Chili. Chili is derived from an aptamer that was originally selected to bind 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy¬hydroxy-benzylidene imidazolone (DMHBI), resulting in a green fluorescent complex. Unlike other aptamers of its kind, Chili engages in a proton transfer cycle with the bound ligand, resulting in a remarkably large Stokes shift of more than 130 nm. By means of an empirical ligand optimization approach, several new DMHBI derivatives were found that bind to Chili with high affinity, furnishing complexes up to 7.5 times brighter compared to the parent ligand. In addition, Chili binds to π-extended DMHBI derivatives that confer fluorescence in the yellow-red region of the visible spectrum. The highest affinity and degree of fluorescence turn-on for both green and red fluorogenic ligands were achieved by the incorporation of a unique, positively charged substituent into the HBI scaffold. Supplemented by NMR spectroscopy, kinetic and thermodynamic studies showed that the binding site of Chili is loosely preorganized in the absence of ligand and likely forms a G-quadruplex upon ligand binding. To showcase future applications, Chili was incorporated into a FRET sensor for monitoring the cleavage of an RNA substrate by a 10-23 DNAzyme. Besides aptamers as macromolecular fluorescent complexes, fluorescent nucleobase analogs are powerful small isomorphic components of RNA suitable for studying structure and folding. Here, the highly emissive nucleobase analog 4-cyanoindole (4CI) was developed into a ribonucleoside (r4CI) for this purpose. A new phosphoramidite building block was synthesized to enable site-specific incorporation of 4CI into RNA. Thermal denaturation experiments confirmed that 4CI behaves as a universal nucleobase, i.e. without bias towards any particular hybridization partner. Photophysical characterization established r4CI as a generally useful fluorescent ribonucleoside analog. In this work, it was employed to gain further insight into the structure of the Chili aptamer. Using several 4CI-modified Chili-HBI complexes, a novel base-ligand FRET assay was established to obtain a set of combined distance and orientation restraints for the tertiary structure of the aptamer. In addition to their utility for interrogating structure and binding, supramolecular FRET pairs comprising a fluorescent nucleobase analog donor and an innately fluorogenic acceptor hold great promise for the construction of color-switchable RNA aptamer sensor devices.}, subject = {Aptamer}, language = {en} } @article{KimSchembriBialasetal.2022, author = {Kim, Jin Hong and Schembri, Tim and Bialas, David and Stolte, Matthias and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Slip-Stacked J-Aggregate Materials for Organic Solar Cells and Photodetectors}, series = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {34}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, number = {22}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202104678}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276537}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Dye-dye interactions affect the optical and electronic properties in organic semiconductor films of light harvesting and detecting optoelectronic applications. This review elaborates how to tailor these properties of organic semiconductors for organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic photodiodes (OPDs). While these devices rely on similar materials, the demands for their optical properties are rather different, the former requiring a broad absorption spectrum spanning from the UV over visible up to the near-infrared region and the latter an ultra-narrow absorption spectrum at a specific, targeted wavelength. In order to design organic semiconductors satisfying these demands, fundamental insights on the relationship of optical properties are provided depending on molecular packing arrangement and the resultant electronic coupling thereof. Based on recent advancements in the theoretical understanding of intermolecular interactions between slip-stacked dyes, distinguishing classical J-aggregates with predominant long-range Coulomb coupling from charge transfer (CT)-mediated or -coupled J-aggregates, whose red-shifts are primarily governed by short-range orbital interactions, is suggested. Within this framework, the relationship between aggregate structure and functional properties of representative classes of dye aggregates is analyzed for the most advanced OSCs and wavelength-selective OPDs, providing important insights into the rational design of thin-film optoelectronic materials.}, language = {en} } @article{KokicHillenTegunovetal.2021, author = {Kokic, Goran and Hillen, Hauke S. and Tegunov, Dimitry and Dienermann, Christian and Seitz, Florian and Schmitzova, Jana and Farnung, Lucas and Siewert, Aaron and H{\"o}bartner, Claudia and Cramer, Patrick}, title = {Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase stalling by remdesivir}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {12}, journal = {Nature Communications}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-20542-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220979}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Remdesivir is the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The active form of remdesivir acts as a nucleoside analog and inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir is incorporated by the RdRp into the growing RNA product and allows for addition of three more nucleotides before RNA synthesis stalls. Here we use synthetic RNA chemistry, biochemistry and cryoelectron microscopy to establish the molecular mechanism of remdesivir-induced RdRp stalling. We show that addition of the fourth nucleotide following remdesivir incorporation into the RNA product is impaired by a barrier to further RNA translocation. This translocation barrier causes retention of the RNA 3ʹ-nucleotide in the substrate-binding site of the RdRp and interferes with entry of the next nucleoside triphosphate, thereby stalling RdRp. In the structure of the remdesivir-stalled state, the 3ʹ-nucleotide of the RNA product is matched and located with the template base in the active center, and this may impair proofreading by the viral 3ʹ-exonuclease. These mechanistic insights should facilitate the quest for improved antivirals that target coronavirus replication.}, language = {en} } @article{SchindlerMezaChinchaRothetal.2021, author = {Schindler, Dorothee and Meza-Chincha, Anna-Lucia and Roth, Maximilian and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Structure-Activity Relationship for Di- up to Tetranuclear Macrocyclic Ruthenium Catalysts in Homogeneous Water Oxidation}, series = {Chemistry—A European Journal}, volume = {27}, journal = {Chemistry—A European Journal}, number = {68}, doi = {10.1002/chem.202100549}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256792}, pages = {16938-16946}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Two di- and tetranuclear Ru(bda) (bda: 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate) macrocyclic complexes were synthesized and their catalytic activities in chemical and photochemical water oxidation investigated in a comparative manner to our previously reported trinuclear congener. Our studies have shown that the catalytic activities of this homologous series of multinuclear Ru(bda) macrocycles in homogeneous water oxidation are dependent on their size, exhibiting highest efficiencies for the largest tetranuclear catalyst. The turnover frequencies (TOFs) have increased from di- to tetranuclear macrocycles not only per catalyst molecule but more importantly also per Ru unit with TOF of 6 \(^{-1}\) to 8.7 \(^{-1}\) and 10.5 s\(^{-1}\) in chemical and 0.6 s\(^{-1}\) to 3.3 \(^{-1}\) and 5.8 \(^{-1}\) in photochemical water oxidation per Ru unit, respectively. Thus, for the first time, a clear structure-activity relationship could be established for this novel class of macrocyclic water oxidation catalysts.}, language = {en} } @article{MerzDietrichNitschetal.2020, author = {Merz, Julia and Dietrich, Lena and Nitsch, J{\"o}rn and Krummenacher, Ivo and Braunschweig, Holger and Moos, Michael and Mims, David and Lambert, Christoph and Marder, Todd B.}, title = {Synthesis, Photophysical and Electronic Properties of Mono-, Di-, and Tri-Amino-Substituted Ortho-Perylenes, and Comparison to the Tetra-Substituted Derivative}, series = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, volume = {26}, journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, number = {52}, doi = {10.1002/chem.202001475}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217835}, pages = {12050 -- 12059}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We synthesized a series of new mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-substituted perylene derivatives with strong bis(para-methoxyphenyl)amine (DPA) donors at the uncommon 2,5,8,11-positions. The properties of our new donor-substituted perylenes were studied in detail to establish a structure-property relationship. Interesting trends and unusual properties are observed for this series of new perylene derivatives, such as a decreasing charge transfer (CT) character with increasing number of DPA moieties and individual reversible oxidations for each DPA moiety. Thus, (DPA)-Per possesses one reversible oxidation while (DPA)\(_{4}\)-Per has four. The mono- and di-substituted derivatives display unusually large Stokes shifts not previously reported for perylenes. Furthermore, transient absorption measurements of the new derivatives reveal an excited state with lifetimes of several hundred microseconds, which sensitizes singlet oxygen with quantum yields of up to 0.83.}, language = {en} } @article{ZahranAlbohyKhaliletal.2020, author = {Zahran, Eman Maher and Albohy, Amgad and Khalil, Amira and Ibrahim, Alyaa Hatem and Ahmed, Heba Ali and El-Hossary, Ebaa M. and Bringmann, Gerhard and Abdelmohsen, Usama Ramadan}, title = {Bioactivity Potential of Marine Natural Products from Scleractinia-Associated Microbes and In Silico Anti-SARS-COV-2 Evaluation}, series = {Marine Drugs}, volume = {18}, journal = {Marine Drugs}, number = {12}, issn = {1660-3397}, doi = {10.3390/md18120645}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220041}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Marine organisms and their associated microbes are rich in diverse chemical leads. With the development of marine biotechnology, a considerable number of research activities are focused on marine bacteria and fungi-derived bioactive compounds. Marine bacteria and fungi are ranked on the top of the hierarchy of all organisms, as they are responsible for producing a wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites with possible pharmaceutical applications. Thus, they have the potential to provide future drugs against challenging diseases, such as cancer, a range of viral diseases, malaria, and inflammation. This review aims at describing the literature on secondary metabolites that have been obtained from Scleractinian-associated organisms including bacteria, fungi, and zooxanthellae, with full coverage of the period from 1982 to 2020, as well as illustrating their biological activities and structure activity relationship (SAR). Moreover, all these compounds were filtered based on ADME analysis to determine their physicochemical properties, and 15 compounds were selected. The selected compounds were virtually investigated for potential inhibition for SARS-CoV-2 targets using molecular docking studies. Promising potential results against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and methyltransferase (nsp16) are presented.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{HerbstgebHoehne2019, author = {Herbst [geb. H{\"o}hne], Stefanie}, title = {Liquid Crystalline Perylene Bisimide Assemblies}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-16485}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164857}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Thus, the main focus of this thesis was to generate and investigate new one-dimensional LC PBI J-aggregates of an entirely new PBI organization with the transition dipole moments of the chromophores arranged parallel to the columnar axis and in slipped pi-pi stacking fashion to form highly fluorescent J-aggregates. Towards this goal, the tetra-bay substituted PBI 4c bearing free NH functional groups at the imide positions and four dendrons with branched ethylhexyl alkoxy chains at the meta-position of the phenoxy spacer (Figure 8.1a) was synthesized and compared to a literature known reference PBI 1. The mesogenic dendrons ensure LC character of the dye, which was confirmed by POM, DSC and extensive X-ray analysis. Furthermore, the sterically demanding bay-substituents prevent the cofacial assembly of the chromophores and force the dyes into a slipped pi-stacked order with the main transition dipole moments of the dyes oriented parallel to the columnar axis. X-ray analysis revealed that PBI 4c assembles into columnar triple-stranded helices consisting of side-to-side stacked molecules, which organize into a Colh phase (Figure 8.1b). FT-IR experiments of a thin film and aggregates in MCH solution confirmed the formation of H-bonds between the imide moieties. Temperature-dependent investigations furthermore proved a reversible formation of H-bonds and polarized FT-IR experiments finally gave evidence for the direction of the H-bonds along the shearing respective the columnar axis (Figure 8.1c). This was additionally verified by polarized UV-Vis absorption studies of aligned thin films. The changes in the UV-Vis absorption spectra of concentration- and temperature-dependent experiments in MCH are in agreement with the formation of J-aggregates and could be fitted to a nucleation-elongation growth mechanism. Remarkably, fluorescence spectroscopy studies revealed highly emissive aggregates in solution. These various spectroscopic techniques proved the utilization of directional noncovalent forces like hydrogen-bonding and pi-pi interactions in a cooperative manner forcing the PBI molecules in an unprecedented organization of a slipped pi-stacked arrangement with the orientation of the molecular axis and the respective transition dipole moments parallel to the columns of the LC phase. By the group of Dietrich the formation of exciton-polaritons in imprinted LC pillar microcavities as consequent use of the LC 4c was reported for the first time.In the second part of this thesis the hierarchical organization of LC PBIs into defined single-, double-, triple- and quadruple-stranded J-aggregates within crystalline and columnar LC phases, partially arranged in helical supramolecular structures in dependence of the molecular design was demonstrated. This was achieved via the preparation of a library of twelve molecules PBI 3-6(a-c) (Figure 8.2a) that was synthesized by varying the substitution position of the dendrons at the phenoxy-spacer from ortho to meta or para and by introducing an additional methyl group in ortho-position. Also the length and shape of the alkoxy chains was changed. Consequently, the impact of the sterical demand of the bay substituents concerning their phase properties, molecular arrangement and exciton coupling was investigated. POM, DSC and X-ray studies revealed the formation of only crystalline phase for the ortho-substituted PBIs 3a-c, whereas the other derivatives generated SC or LC phases. The main focus was the series with the n-C12-alkoxy chains. For the corresponding PBIs 4-6b columnar LC phases were confirmed. Retrostructural analysis by modelling and simulations gave indications for a single stranded organization for PBI 3b, a double-stranded helix for PBI 6b, a triple-stranded helical arrangement for PBI 5b and a quadruple-stranded helix for PBI 4b (Figure 8.2b-d). For all four derivatives the same molecular orientation within the columns as for PBI 4c was proven by polarized FT-IR and UV-Vis absorption studies in aligned thin films. The organization in helices of different number of strands in the Cr and LC phases of PBI 3b, 4b, 5b and 6b offered a unique possibility to elucidate the influence of particular packing arrangements on dye aggregate interactions with light. In particular, it can be investigated how exciton coupling of the dyes' transition dipole moments and fluorescence properties are affected. In this context, the spectroscopic properties were investigated in thin film, which revealed a strong bathochromic shift of the absorption maxima compared to the monomers in solution in dependence on the number of strands for PBIs 4-6b in contrast to PBI 3b (Figure 8.2e). The same tendency was observed for the respective aggregates in MCH solution. The spectral changes obtained during concentration- and temperature-dependent UV-Vis absorption studies verified the formation of J-aggregates in MCH solution and solid state. The respective aggregates are highly likely formed via a nucleation-elongation growth mechanism. Appliance of Kasha's exciton theory on the supramolecular aggregates revealed different contributions of H- and J-type coupling for the oligo-stranded helices. Under these considerations, it delivered an explanation for the absorption and fluorescence properties of the assemblies and declares the "best" J-aggregate for the double stranded arrangement of PBI 6b with purely negative couplings among neighbour molecules and a quantum yield above 74 \% of the aggregates in MCH solution. With this H-bonded PBI-based library approach of twelve derivatives it could be shown how molecular engineering of perylene bisimide dyes can be used to design defined, complex supramolecular assemblies with unprecedented packing patterns and concomitant intriguing spectroscopic properties. So far, the formation of defined liquid crystalline supramolecular structures of tetra-bay substituted PBIs by double H-bonding between free imide moieties and pi-pi interactions between the chromophores was demonstrated. The impact of the H-bonds on the molecular arrangement was investigated in the next part of this thesis. In this regard, PBIs 7 and 8 bearing a methyl or cyclohexyl group at the imide position (Figure 8.3a) were synthesized and compared to PBI 4c. The soft character of the solid state for PBIs 7 and 8 was confirmed by POM, DSC and X-ray analysis. The X-ray studies further revealed for both PBIs a change of the molecular assembly towards helical columnar structures of conventional pi-stacked chromophores (Figure 8.3b) when the directed H-bonds cannot contribute as noncovalent interactions to the assembly formation. Temperature-dependent UV-Vis absorption studies demonstrated the importance of H-bonding in MCH solution in the way that the formation of J-aggregates as for PBI 4c could not be observed for the imide substituted molecules. In the next step, the spectroscopic properties in thin film were investigated. For PBI 7 a J-type band and fluorescence spectra with an enlarged Stokes shift and increased fluorescence lifetime of 11.4 ns, compared to PBI 4c, was obtained, suggesting the generation of excimer type emission by considering the assumed conventional stacking of rotational displaced molecules from X-ray analysis. With polarized UV-Vis absorption experiments the orientation of the molecules perpendicular to the shearing direction and subsequently to the columnar axis was confirmed. These diverse investigations clearly demonstrated the imperative of H-bonds for stable, defined, LC J-aggregates with the transition dipole moments parallel to the columnar axis. With PBIs 7 and 8 it is impressively shown how small changes in the molecular structure influence the molecular arrangement dependent on the cooperation of non-covalent interactions like H-bonding and pi-pi stacking. In the last part of this thesis the generation of two-dimensional LC arrangements is presented. Since tetra-bay substituted PBIs lead always to twisted cores preventing lamellar arrangement, here 1,7-disubstitution and the simultaneous retention of the free imide positions was chosen to generate LC lamellar phases of PBIs 9a, 9b and 10 (Figure 8.4a). This molecular design was expected to form planar perylene cores that can strongly interact by pi-pi stacking and H-bonding. POM, DSC and X-ray investigations of the compounds suggest lamellar LC phases for PBIs 9a and 9b and a soft phase for PBI 10. In this regard, the goal of the formation of LC lamellar phase of PBIs could be attained. The change from dendrons with n-C12-alkoxy chains to large fork-like mesogens like in 9b clearly changed the phase properties. PBI 9b exhibits the lowest clearing point, high phase stability, least viscosity, easy shearability at room temperature and phase transitions between lamellar and Colh phases dependent on temperature. The formation of H-bonds parallel to the layers was demonstrated by polarized FT-IR experiments for all three PBIs. Concentration-dependent UV-Vis absorption studies revealed the formation of a J-type aggregate, which seems to exhibit an overall two-dimensional structure. With STM investigations the formation of lamellar structures from drop-casted 9a and 10 solutions in 1-phenyloctane on HOPG surface could be observed. Figure 8.4b illustrates a schematic possible arrangement of the molecules in the layers (here exemplarily demonstrated for PBI 9a), which has to be further confirmed by modelling and simulations. Unfortunately, fluorescence investigations of the thin films revealed non- or only slightly emissive LC states, which make them negligible for photonic applications. Nevertheless, the synthesized and analyzed compounds might be an inspiration for further investigations on the path to two-dimensional exciton transport for photonic devices.}, subject = {Fl{\"u}ssigkristall}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Walter2018, author = {Walter, Tim}, title = {Bioorthogonal funktionalisierte Sphingolipide zur Evaluierung von Lipiddynamiken \(in\) \(vivo\)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168091}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {In der Kontrolle von viralen oder bakteriellen Infektionen spielen Sphingolipide eine essentielle Rolle[335-336], weshalb sich inzwischen die Forschung vermehrt an Sphingolipiden und -analoga als Wirkstoffen gegen die verschiedensten Erreger besch{\"a}ftigt.[9] Dabei finden in der Synthese und Identifikation potentieller Wirkstoffe auch clickchemiebasierte Ans{\"a}tze Anwendung.[224] Allerdings ist die Wirkweise von sphingolipidbasierten Pharmaka auch in viraler und mikrobieller Pathogenese bisher ungekl{\"a}rt. Mit der Entdeckung der CuAAC[112-113] sowie deren modernen Varianten und Alternativen, die gemeinsam unter dem Begriff Clickchemie zusammengefasst werden, ist es m{\"o}glich, die strukturellen {\"A}nderungen von Biomolek{\"u}len klein zu halten und durch sp{\"a}tere Konjugation mit Farbstoffen Fluoreszenspektroskopie zu erm{\"o}glichen.[339-340] W{\"a}hrend in den letzten Jahren die Clickchemie breite Anwendung zur Modifikation von Proteinen[130], Kohlenhydraten[341] und DNA[340] gefunden hat blieben Lipide lange unbeachtet[342], was vor allem auch f{\"u}r Sphingolipide gilt. In dieser Arbeit werden bioorthogonal funktionalisierte Sphingolipide und -analoga vorgestellt, um die Vielseitigkeit der Clickchemie auf das Feld der Sphingolipide zu {\"u}bertragen. Die clickf{\"a}higen Lipidanaloga erm{\"o}glichen detaillierte Einblicke in die dynamische Organisation von Sphingolipiden bei Infektionsprozessen und ihr Einsatz als therapeutische Wirkstoffe oder zur Generierung von antibakteriellen Oberfl{\"a}chenbeschichtungen wurden untersucht. Die dargestellten azidmodifizierten Sphingolipide und -analoga konnten in Zusammenarbeit mit Kooperationspartnern, bez{\"u}glich ihrer Verwendung in Visualisierungsexperimenten und antibakteriellen Eigenschaften untersucht werden. Die Ceramidderivate konnten genutzt werden, um den Einfluss von Kettenl{\"a}nge und Position des Azides der acylierten S{\"a}ure auf die in vivo-Konjugation mit dem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff DBCO-Sulfo-Cy5 in Jurkatzellen genauer zu untersuchen.[211] Auch konnten azidfunktionalisierte Ceramide auf ihre Eignung zur Visualisierung von Ceramiddynamiken w{\"a}hrend T-Stimulation untersucht werden.[205] In diesem Zusammenhang sind visualisierbare Ceramide von besonderer Bedeutung, da die T-Zellstimulation die ASM-Aktivierung zur Folge hat, die wiederum Ceramide freisetzt. Mit dem azidmodifizierten Phytosphingosinderivat gelang es erstmals ein azidmodifiziertes Sphingolipid nach Inkubation von Arabidopsis thaliana Setzlingen mittels CuAAC mit einem Fluoreszenzfarbstoff zu konjugieren.[258] Des Weiteren konnten die azidfunktionalisierten N-Oleoylserinole in verschiedenen Zelltypten erfolgreich eingebaut und selektiv mit Fluoreszenzfarbstoff visualisiert werden. Kof{\"a}rbungen mit GFP-PKCζ und Antik{\"o}rpermarkierungen von Ceramid sowie PKCζ zeigten, dass es sich bei den Enantiomeren um ceramidimitierende Lipidanaloga handelt. Somit eignen sich diese N-Oleoylserinolanaloga, um die Interaktion von Ceramiden mit der Proteinkinase Cζ zu untersuchen. Da viele nat{\"u}rliche Sphingolipide antibakterielle Eigenschaften aufweisen, konnte in Kooperation mit J{\´e}r{\^o}me Becam der Einsatz azidmodifizierter Ceramide als Wirkstoff gegen Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae sowie Escherichia coli und Staphylococcus aureus untersucht werden. ωN3-C6-Cer zeigt gute bakterizide Eigenschaften gegen Neisseria meningitidis und Neisseria gonorrhoeae, ohne dabei toxisch gegen{\"u}ber den Wirtszellen zu sein. Die Ceramidanaloga αN3-C6-Cer, αN3-C16-Cer und ωN3-C16-Cer weisen keine antibakteriellen Eigenschaften auf, aber sie wurden effizient in die Membran der Neisseriae eingebaut und konnten ebenfalls erfolgreich bioorthogonal markiert werden. Des Weiteren zeigten hochaufl{\"o}sende dSTORM-Aufnahmen der Bakterien, im Gegensatz zu Humanzellen, eine homologe Verteilung der konjugierten Ceramide. Da Ceramide eine wichtige Rolle in der Infektionsbek{\"a}mpfung spielen, sind die in dieser Arbeit synthetisierten azidmodifizierten Ceramide wertvolle Werkzeuge, um die Interaktion von Bakterien mit Humanzellen zu untersuchen. Außerdem konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erfolgreich eine innovative Methode entwickelt werden, um alkinpr{\"a}sentierende Linker auf die Oberfl{\"a}che von Nunc Covalink 96 Microtiterplatten kovalent zu binden und die Alkine konnten anschließend mittels CuAAC mit den in dieser Arbeit synthetisierten azidfunktionalisierten Lipiden zu konjugiert werden. Ziel der Methode war es potentielle Molek{\"u}le f{\"u}r bakterizide Oberfl{\"a}chenmodifikationen zu identifizieren. Mittels solcher Oberfl{\"a}chenmodifikationen soll die Biofilmbildung in Endotrachealtuben verhindert, und damit die Entstehung von beatmungsassozierten Pneumonien unterbunden werden. Die lipidmodifizierten Microtiterplatten sollen zuk{\"u}nftig auch genutzt werden, um sphingolpidaffine Proteine aus Zelllysaten zu identifizieren.}, subject = {Click-Chemie}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{KlotzbachverhFimmel2018, author = {Klotzbach [verh. Fimmel], Stefanie}, title = {Synthese und Charakterisierung kovalent organischer K{\"a}figverbindungen basierend auf Tribenzotriquinacen-Einheiten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166034}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Porous functional materials are promising candidates for applications in the areas of heterogeneous catalysis, sensing, gas storage and separation, or membranes. As one class of suchlike materials, organic cage compounds have attracted attention because of their unique properties compared to extended frameworks. The tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) scaffold possessing three orthogonal indane moieties provides a suitable building block for the efficient synthesis of organic cage compounds. In this thesis the synthesis of molecular cubes, tetrahedra and bipyramids by crosslinking the catechol units of TBTQ with various diboronic acids is reported. Structure and shape of the molecular objects are thereby determined by the geometry of the diboronic acids. Notably, both narcissistic and social self-sorting phenomena could be observed for ternary mixtures of building blocks. In addition host-guest complexation was observed for the trigonal bipyramid cage. Fullerenes C60 as well as C70 were almost quantitively encapsulated. Further investigations of this behaviour showed a preference for C60 in a competitive situation.}, subject = {K{\"a}figverbindungen}, language = {de} } @article{SolgerKunzFinketal.2020, author = {Solger, Franziska and Kunz, Tobias C. and Fink, Julian and Paprotka, Kerstin and Pfister, Pauline and Hagen, Franziska and Schumacher, Fabian and Kleuser, Burkhard and Seibel, J{\"u}rgen and Rudel, Thomas}, title = {A Role of Sphingosine in the Intracellular Survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae}, series = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, volume = {10}, journal = {Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology}, issn = {2235-2988}, doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2020.00215}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204111}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Obligate human pathogenic Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the second most frequent bacterial cause of sexually transmitted diseases. These bacteria invade different mucosal tissues and occasionally disseminate into the bloodstream. Invasion into epithelial cells requires the activation of host cell receptors by the formation of ceramide-rich platforms. Here, we investigated the role of sphingosine in the invasion and intracellular survival of gonococci. Sphingosine exhibited an anti-gonococcal activity in vitro. We used specific sphingosine analogs and click chemistry to visualize sphingosine in infected cells. Sphingosine localized to the membrane of intracellular gonococci. Inhibitor studies and the application of a sphingosine derivative indicated that increased sphingosine levels reduced the intracellular survival of gonococci. We demonstrate here, that sphingosine can target intracellular bacteria and may therefore exert a direct bactericidal effect inside cells.}, language = {en} } @article{LehmannBaumannLambovetal.2021, author = {Lehmann, Matthias and Baumann, Maximilian and Lambov, Martin and Eremin, Alexey}, title = {Parallel polar dimers in the columnar self-assembly of umbrella-shaped subphthalocyanine mesogens}, series = {Advanced Functional Materials}, volume = {31}, journal = {Advanced Functional Materials}, number = {38}, doi = {10.1002/adfm.202104217}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256343}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The self-assembly of umbrella-shaped mesogens is explored with subphthalocyanine cores and oligo(thienyl) arms with different lengths in the light of their application as light-harvesting and photoconducting materials. While the shortest arm derivatives self-assemble in a conventional columnar phase with a single mesogen as a repeating unit, the more extended derivatives generate dimers that pile up into liquid crystalline columns. In contrast to the antiparallel arrangement known from single crystals, the present mesogens align as parallel dimers in polar columnar phases as confirmed by X-ray scattering, experimental densities, dielectric spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, alignment, and conductivity studies. UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies reveal a broad absorption in the visible range and only weak emission of the Q-band. Thus, these light-collecting molecules forming strongly polar columnar mesophases are attractive for application in the area of photoconductive materials.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Sapotta2021, author = {Sapotta, Meike}, title = {Perylene Bisimide Cyclophanes: Recognition of Alkaloids, Aggregation Behavior in Aqueous Environment and Guest-Mediated Chirality Transfer}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20002}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200028}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Inspired by the fact that sufficient solubility in aqueous media can be achieved by functional substitution of perylene bisimides (PBIs) with polar groups, one of the essential aims of this thesis was the design and successful synthesis of the new water-soluble PBI cyclophanes [2PBI]-1m and [2PBI]-1p, which are appended with branched, hydrophilic oligoethylene glycol (OEG) chains. Subsequently, the focus was set on the elucidation of properties of PBI cyclophane hosts which are also of relevance for recognition processes in biological systems. The performance of the new amphiphilic PBI cyclophane [2PBI]-1p as synthetic receptors for various natural aromatic alkaloids in aqueous media was thoroughly investigated. Alkaloids represent a prominent class of ubiquitous nitrogen containing natural compounds with a great structural variety and diverse biological activity. As of yet, no chromophore host acting as a molecular probe for a range of alkaloids such as harmine or harmaline is known. In addition, the self-association behavior of cyclophane host [2PBI]-1m and its reference monomer in water was studied in order to gain insights into the thermodynamic driving forces affecting the self-assembly process of these two PBI systems in aqueous environment. Moreover, the chirality transfer upon guest binding previously observed for a PBI cyclophane was investigated further. The assignment of the underlying mechanism of guest recognition to either the induced fit or conformational selection model was of particular interest.}, subject = {Supramolekulare Chemie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Michail2021, author = {Michail, Evripidis}, title = {Design and Development of a Two-Photon Absorption Induced Fluorescence Spectrometer and the Investigation of Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Chromophores}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24218}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242185}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Main objectives of the present dissertation can be divided in two parts. The first part deals with setting up a spectroscopic technique for reliable and accurate measurements of the two-photon absorption (2PA) cross section spectra. In the second part, this firmly established experimental technique together with conventional spectroscopic characterization, quantum-chemical computations and theoretical modelling calculations was combined and therefore used as a tool to gain information for the so-called structure-property relationship through several molecular compounds.}, subject = {Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Materials}, language = {en} } @incollection{LiaqatSednevHoebartner2022, author = {Liaqat, Anam and Sednev, Maksim V. and H{\"o}bartner, Claudia}, title = {In Vitro Selection of Deoxyribozymes for the Detection of RNA Modifications}, series = {Ribosome Biogenesis: Methods and Protocols}, booktitle = {Ribosome Biogenesis: Methods and Protocols}, publisher = {Humana Press}, isbn = {978-1-0716-2501-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-0716-2501-9_10}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-279208}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {167-179}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Deoxyribozymes are artificially evolved DNA molecules with catalytic abilities. RNA-cleaving deoxyribozymes have been recognized as an efficient tool for detection of modifications in target RNAs and provide an alternative to traditional and modern methods for detection of ribose or nucleobase methylation. However, there are only few examples of DNA enzymes that specifically reveal the presence of a certain type of modification, including N6-methyladenosine, and the knowledge about how DNA enzymes recognize modified RNAs is still extremely limited. Therefore, DNA enzymes cannot be easily engineered for the analysis of desired RNA modifications, but are instead identified by in vitro selection from random DNA libraries using synthetic modified RNA substrates. This protocol describes a general in vitro selection stagtegy to evolve new RNA-cleaving DNA enzymes that can efficiently differentiate modified RNA substrates from their unmodified counterpart.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Ertl2020, author = {Ertl, Julia Andrea}, title = {Bioorthogonale chemische Modifikation der Bm-Levansucrase zur rationalen Anpassung der Produktspezifit{\"a}t}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20731}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207319}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Enzym-Modifikationen finden in der Natur in Form von posttranslationalen Protein-Modifikationen statt und sind ein faszinierender Mechanismus, um die biologische Vielfalt und Funktion von Proteinen um ein Vielfaches zu erh{\"o}hen. Daher ist es f{\"u}r ein ganzheitliches Verst{\"a}ndnis bestimmter biologischer Prozesse oder enzymatischer Struktur-Funktions-Beziehungen unerl{\"a}sslich, chemische Methoden zu entwickeln, die in der Lage sind, diese nat{\"u}rliche Diversit{\"a}t nachzuahmen.[61] Die wohl gr{\"o}ßte Herausforderung der chemischen Protein-Konjugation ist die chemo- und regioselektive Modifikation einer gezielten Aminos{\"a}ure bei gleichzeitig milden und physiologischen Reaktionsbedingungen. Trotz zahlreich beschriebener Ans{\"a}tze zur selektiven Protein-Modifikation, bedarf es weiterhin neuer Methoden, da viele bestehende Herangehens¬weisen auf ein spezielles System zugeschnitten sind.[9, 63] Aus diesem Grund sollte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine breit anwendbare Methode zur selektiven chemischen Tyrosin-Modifikation am Modell der Levansucrase aus Bacillus megaterium entwickelt werden. Durch eine zweistufige Protein-Modifikation, bestehend aus einer En-Reaktion im ersten Schritt und einer Click-Reaktion im zweiten Konjugationsschritt, gelang es die Produktspezifit{\"a}t der Bm Levansucrase rational zu beeinflussen. Zun{\"a}chst wurde die Tyrosin-spezifische En-Reaktion mit der Luminol-Verbindung 1 an nat{\"u}rlich vorkommenden Tyrosin-Seitenketten der Levansucrase erprobt und analysiert. Hierbei zeigte sich durch massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen, dass haupts{\"a}chlich zwei der 25 vorhandenen Tyrosin-Reste mit dem Luminol-Tag 1 modifiziert wurden, zu denen die Seitenketten Y247 und Y196 geh{\"o}rten. Um die Auswirkungen der Tyrosin-Modifikation leichter interpretieren zu k{\"o}nnen und eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung auszuschließen, wurde vorerst mit der Einzelmutante Y247F gearbeitet. Da nach der ersten Modifikation der Variante Y247F geringe Ver{\"a}nderungen im Produkt¬spektrum beobachtet wurden, insbesondere im hoch-molekularen Bereich, wurde die Click-Reaktion im zweiten Schritt mit der Intention durchgef{\"u}hrt, diesen Effekt zu verst{\"a}rken. Schließlich bewirkte die Click-Reaktion mit Azidoglucose (AzGlc) bei Variante Y247F-1-AzGlc eine erhebliche Verschiebung der Produktverteilung von kleinen Fructooligosacchariden (ca. 1100 Da) hin zu hoch-molekularem Levan (ca. 2,1∙106 Da). Drei weitere Positionen, die in der dritten Zone des Enzyms liegen, wurden f{\"u}r die gentechnische Substitution gegen nicht-native Tyrosin-Reste ausgew{\"a}hlt. Dadurch wurden die Varianten E314Y, D248Y sowie F445Y erhalten und anschließend wie zuvor in zwei Schritten chemisch modifiziert. Die Modifikation dieser Varianten f{\"u}hrte hinsichtlich der Ver{\"a}nderung des Produktprofils zu {\"a}hnlichen Ergebnissen, wie sie mit dem Enzym Y247F erhalten wurden ({\"U}bersicht 1, A). Um den Einfluss verschiedener Seitenketten zu analysieren, wurden neben der Azidoglucose vier weitere Azido-Verbindungen in der Click-Reaktion getestet. Die Resultate aus den genannten Untersuchungen und die Einbeziehung molekular¬-dynamischer Simulationen ließen erste R{\"u}ckschl{\"u}sse auf die mechanistischen Prozesse der Bm Levansucrase und deren gezielte Manipulation zu: Die Gr{\"o}ße der eingef{\"u}hrten Seitenkette sowie die F{\"a}higkeit des Tags polare Wechselwirkungen auszubilden, spielen eine entscheidende Rolle zur rationalen Modulation der Produkt¬spezifit{\"a}t. Insbesondere die r{\"a}umliche Orientierung und Bewegung der Seitenkette 1 AzGlc und die damit einhergehende sterische Hinderung trugen dazu bei, eine vorzeitige Dissoziation der wachsenden Fructane zu verhindern und erm{\"o}glichten dadurch die prozessive Polymersynthese. Weitere Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber den Levan-Elongationsmechanismus wurden durch die Modifikation der Varianten N126Y und S125Y erhalten. Diese lagen im Gegensatz zu den zuvor untersuchten Tyrosin-Resten nicht im Wachstumsverlauf des Substrats und besaßen zudem eine k{\"u}rzere Distanz zum aktiven Zentrum. In beiden F{\"a}llen f{\"u}hrte bereits die erste Modifikation mit Luminol-Derivat 1 zu v{\"o}llig unter¬schiedlichen Produktprofilen im Vergleich zu den zuvor untersuchten Enzym-Varianten. W{\"a}hrend mit der Variante N126Y-1 eine signifikante Akkumulation (bis zu 800 \% Zunahme) verschiedener Oligosaccharide erzielt wurde, synthetisierte die Variante S125Y-1 schon nach dem ersten Modifikationsschritt Levan-Polymer ({\"U}bersicht 1, B/C). Die zugrunde-liegenden Interaktionen und Trajektorien der eingef{\"u}hrten Seitenkette wurden ebenfalls mit Hilfe von MD Simulationen analysiert und best{\"a}tigten die zuvor getroffenen Annahmen. Durch die r{\"a}umliche N{\"a}he zur Substrat-Bindungstasche reichte bei Variante S125Y 1 bereits die Luminol-Verbindung aus, um die Substrat-Dissoziation zu verhindern und damit die Polymer¬synthese zu induzieren. Hingegen dazu ergaben die Simulationen eine sehr dynamische und fluktuierende Seitenkette f{\"u}r N126Y-1, was vermutlich zur Destabilisierung initialer Wechselwirkungen zwischen Substrat und der Protein¬oberfl{\"a}che f{\"u}hrte und dadurch die Freisetzung und Akkumulation kurzer Oligo-saccharide beg{\"u}nstigte. Durch die bioorthogonale chemische Einf{\"u}hrung einer artifiziellen Seitenkette war es schließlich m{\"o}glich, das Produktspektrum der Bm Levansucrase sowohl in Richtung Polymersynthese als auch in Richtung kurzer Oligosaccharide zu lenken. Unter Verwendung der Tyrosin-spezifischen En-Reaktion wurden daf{\"u}r gezielt native und nicht-native Tyrosin-Reste selektiv modifiziert und in einer Folge¬reaktion mittels Click-Chemie zus{\"a}tzlich derivatisiert. Die Auswirkungen der Modifikations-Reaktionen auf den Elongationsmechanismus des Substrats konnten durch MD-Simulationen aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Das Ziel, die Produktspezifit{\"a}t der Levansucrase rational zu beeinflussen und in eine gezielte Richtung zu steuern, wurde damit erfolgreich umgesetzt. Ein weiterer Fokus dieser Arbeit lag darin, eine effiziente und einfache Methode zur Reinigung eines Fructan-Gemisches zu entwickeln, um damit den Zugang zu Oligo-sacchariden definierter Gr{\"o}ßen zu vereinfachen. Die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit bestimmter Oligosaccharide in ausreichender Menge und Reinheit w{\"u}rde die Untersuchung von Fructanen auf ihre pr{\"a}biotischen Eigenschaften erleichtern und zum Verst{\"a}ndnis der Korrelation zwischen dem Darmmikrobiom und verschiedenen Krankheits¬bildern beitragen.[125] Mit Hilfe der Levansucrase-Variante K373L wurde ein Fructan-Gemisch synthetisiert, das im Vergleich zum Produkt¬profil des Wildtyps einen h{\"o}heren Anteil kurzkettiger Oligosaccharide aufwies. In einem dreistufigen Reinigungsprozess wurde das Produktgemisch im ersten Schritt von den Monosacchariden Glucose und Fructose sowohl fermentativ durch den Hefe¬stamm H. polymorpha als auch chromatographisch per Silicagel separiert. Anschließend erfolgte eine grobe Trennung der Oligosaccharide nach dem Gr{\"o}ßen¬ausschlussprinzip mit einer Bio-Gel®P2-S{\"a}ule. Im letzten Schritt wurde die Oligosaccharidfraktion, die haupts{\"a}chlich Tri- und Tetrasaccharide enthielt, schließlich mittels Umkehrphasen-S{\"a}ulenchromatographie (RP18-HPLC) in die gew{\"u}nschten Produkte aufgetrennt. Auf diese Weise gelang es, die Oligosaccharide 1 Kestose (28 \%), 6 Kestose (56 \%) und 6 Nystose (20 \%) in hoher Reinheit (> 95 \%) und moderaten Ausbeuten zu isolieren ({\"U}bersicht 2). Der letzte Teil dieser Arbeit sollte die verschiedenen Disziplinen der Biokatalyse, chemischen Protein-Modifikation und Click-Reaktion mit einer neuen Kompontente, der Photokatalyse, verbinden und in einem innovativen Konzept die Grundlage f{\"u}r die Kombination dieser Forschungsbereiche schaffen. In diesem Kontext wurde einerseits eine lineare photo-biokatalysierte Kaskaden-Reaktion entworfen und vorbereitet, w{\"a}hrend andererseits die Synthese eines clickbaren Photokatalysators durchgef{\"u}hrt wurde ({\"U}bersicht 3). F{\"u}r den enzymatischen Teil der Kaskaden-Reaktion wurden die Halogenasen RebH und RadH mit den zugeh{\"o}rigen Regenerationssystemen Fre und GDH erfolgreich in E. coli exprimiert, gereinigt und deren Aktivit{\"a}t nachgewiesen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurde ein aktiver Alkin-funktionalisierter Photokatalysator synthetisiert, dessen Aktivit{\"a}t auch nach der Click-Reaktion mit einer Aminos{\"a}ure und einem Peptid erhalten blieb. Damit wurden die Grundlagen geschaffen, um z. B. photoaktive Bausteine in ein Enzym einzubringen und somit neue lichtabh{\"a}ngige Reaktionszentren oder sogenannte Designer-Enzyme zu erzeugen.}, subject = {Levansucrase}, language = {de} } @article{QuastGescheidtSpichty2020, author = {Quast, Helmut and Gescheidt, Georg and Spichty, Martin}, title = {Topological dynamics of a radical ion pair: Experimental and computational assessment at the relevant nanosecond timescale}, series = {Chemistry}, volume = {2}, journal = {Chemistry}, number = {2}, issn = {2624-8549}, doi = {10.3390/chemistry2020014}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285195}, pages = {219 -- 230}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Chemical processes mostly happen in fluid environments where reaction partners encounter via diffusion. The bimolecular encounters take place at a nanosecond time scale. The chemical environment (e.g., solvent molecules, (counter)ions) has a decisive influence on the reactivity as it determines the contact time between two molecules and affects the energetics. For understanding reactivity at an atomic level and at the appropriate dynamic time scale, it is crucial to combine matching experimental and theoretical data. Here, we have utilized all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations for accessing the key time scale (nanoseconds) using a QM/MM-Hamiltonian. Ion pairs consisting of a radical ion and its counterion are ideal systems to assess the theoretical predictions because they reflect dynamics at an appropriate time scale when studied by temperature-dependent EPR spectroscopy. We have investigated a diketone radical anion with its tetra-ethylammonium counterion. We have established a funnel-like transition path connecting two (equivalent) complexation sites. The agreement between the molecular-dynamics simulation and the experimental data presents a new paradigm for ion-ion interactions. This study exemplarily demonstrates the impact of the molecular environment on the topological states of reaction intermediates and how these states can be consistently elucidated through the combination of theory and experiment. We anticipate that our findings will contribute to the prediction of bimolecular transformations in the condensed phase with relevance to chemical synthesis, polymers, and biological activity.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Siewert2021, author = {Siewert, Aaron}, title = {Nucleotide analogs as rigid spin labels for DNA and RNA}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24765}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-247657}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Nucleic acids are one of the important classes of biomolecules together with carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are most well known for their respective roles in the storage and expression of genetic information. Over the course of the last decades, nucleic acids with a variety of other functions have been discovered in biological organisms or created artificially. Examples of these functional nucleic acids are riboswitches, aptamers and ribozymes. In order to gain information regarding their function, several analytical methods can be used. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is one of several techniques which can be used to study nucleic acid structure and dynamics. However, EPR spectroscopy requires unpaired electrons and because nucleic acids themselves are not paramagnetic, the incorporation of spin labels which carry a radical is necessary. Here, three new spin labels for the analysis of nucleic acids by EPR spectroscopy are presented. All of them share two important design features. First, the paramagnetic center is located at a nitroxide, flanked by ethyl groups to prevent nitroxide degradation, for example during solid phase synthesis. Furthermore, they were designed with rigidity as an important quality, in order to be useful for applications like pulsed electron double resonance (PELDOR) spectroscopy, where independent motion of the spin labels relative to the macromolecule has a noticeable negative effect on the precision of the measurements. Benzi-spin is a spin label which differs from most previous examples of rigid spin labels in that rather than being based on a canonical nucleoside, with a specific base pairing partner, it is supposed to be a universal nucleoside which is sufficiently rigid for EPR measurements when placed opposite to a number of different nucleosides. Benzi-spin was successfully incorporated into a 20 nt oligonucleotide and its base pairing behavior with seven different nucleosides was examined by UV/VIS thermal denaturation and continuous wave (CW) EPR experiments. The results show only minor differences between the different nucleosides, thus confirming the ability of benzi-spin to act as a universally applicable spin label. Lumi-spin is derived from lumichrome. It features a rigid scaffold, as well as a free 2'-hydroxy group, which should make it well suited for PELDOR experiments once it is incorporated into RNA oligonucleotides. E{\c{C}}r is based on the {\c{C}} family of spin labels, which contains the most well known rigid spin labels for nucleic acids to this day. It is essentially a version of E{\c{C}}m with a free 2'-hydroxy group. It was converted to triphosphate E{\c{C}}rTP and used for primer extension experiments to test the viability of enzymatic incorporation of rigid spin labels into oligonucleotides as an alternative to solid-phase synthesis. Incorporation into DNA by Therminator III DNA polymerase in both single-nucleotide and full-length primer extensions was achieved. All three of these spin labels represent further additions to the expanding toolbox of EPR spectroscopy on nucleic acids and might prove valuable for future research.}, subject = {Nucleins{\"a}uren}, language = {en} } @article{PetersKaiserFinketal.2021, author = {Peters, Simon and Kaiser, Lena and Fink, Julian and Schumacher, Fabian and Perschin, Veronika and Schlegel, Jan and Sauer, Markus and Stigloher, Christian and Kleuser, Burkhard and Seibel, Juergen and Schubert-Unkmeir, Alexandra}, title = {Click-correlative light and electron microscopy (click-AT-CLEM) for imaging and tracking azido-functionalized sphingolipids in bacteria}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {11}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-83813-w}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259147}, pages = {4300}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Sphingolipids, including ceramides, are a diverse group of structurally related lipids composed of a sphingoid base backbone coupled to a fatty acid side chain and modified terminal hydroxyl group. Recently, it has been shown that sphingolipids show antimicrobial activity against a broad range of pathogenic microorganisms. The antimicrobial mechanism, however, remains so far elusive. Here, we introduce 'click-AT-CLEM', a labeling technique for correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) based on the super-resolution array tomography (srAT) approach and bio-orthogonal click chemistry for imaging of azido-tagged sphingolipids to directly visualize their interaction with the model Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis at subcellular level. We observed ultrastructural damage of bacteria and disruption of the bacterial outer membrane induced by two azido-modified sphingolipids by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Click-AT-CLEM imaging and mass spectrometry clearly revealed efficient incorporation of azido-tagged sphingolipids into the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as underlying cause of their antimicrobial activity.}, language = {en} } @article{FengZhouQiuetal.2022, author = {Feng, Yi and Zhou, Jiadong and Qiu, Honglin and Schnitzlein, Matthias and Hu, Jingtao and Liu, Linlin and W{\"u}rthner, Frank and Xie, Zengqi}, title = {Boron-Locked Starazine - A Soluble and Fluorescent Analogue of Starphene}, series = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, volume = {28}, journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, number = {29}, doi = {10.1002/chem.202200770}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276423}, year = {2022}, abstract = {A starlike heterocyclic molecule containing an electron-deficient nonaaza-core structure and three peripheral isoquinolines locked by three tetracoordinate borons, namely isoquinoline-nona-starazine (QNSA), is synthesized by using readily available reactants through a rather straightforward approach. This new heteroatom-rich QNSA possesses a quasi-planar π-backbone structure, and bears phenyl substituents on borons which protrude on both sides of the π-backbones endowing it with good solubility in common organic solvents. Contrasting to its starphene analogue, QNSA shows intense fluorescence with a quantum yield (PLQY) of up to 62 \% in dilute solution.}, language = {en} } @article{FullPanchalGoetzetal.2021, author = {Full, Julian and Panchal, Santosh P. and G{\"o}tz, Julian and Krause, Ana-Maria and Nowak-Kr{\´o}l, Agnieszka}, title = {Modulare Synthese helikal-chiraler Organobor-Verbindungen: Ausschnitte verl{\"a}ngerter Helices}, series = {Angewandte Chemie}, volume = {133}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie}, number = {8}, doi = {10.1002/ange.202014138}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224385}, pages = {4396 -- 4403}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Zwei Arten helikal-chiraler Verbindungen mit einem oder zwei Boratomen wurden nach einem modularen Ansatz synthetisiert. Die Bildung der helikalen Strukturen erfolgte durch Einf{\"u}hrung von Bor in flexible Biaryl- bzw. Triaryl-Vorstufen, hergestellt aus kleinen achiralen Bausteinen. Die durchgehend ortho-fusionierten Azabora[7]helicene zeichnen sich dabei durch außergew{\"o}hnliche Konfigurationsstabilit{\"a}t, blaue oder gr{\"u}ne Fluoreszenz in L{\"o}sung mit Quantenausbeuten (Φ\(_{fl}\)) von 18-24 \%, gr{\"u}ne oder gelbe Emission im Festk{\"o}rper (Φ\(_{fl}\) bis zu 23 \%) und starke chiroptische Resonanz mit großen Anisotropiefaktoren von bis zu 1.12×10\(^{-2}\) aus. Azabora[9]helicene, aufgebaut aus winkelf{\"o}rmig sowie linear angeordneten Ringen, sind blaue Emitter mit Φ\(_{fl}\) von bis zu 47 \% in CH\(_{2}\)Cl\(_{2}\) und 25 \% im Festk{\"o}rper. DFT-Rechnungen zeigen, dass ihre P-M-Interkonversion {\"u}ber einen komplexeren Weg verl{\"a}uft als im Fall von H1. R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalyse von Einkristallen zeigt deutliche Unterschiede in der Packungsanordnung von Methyl- und Phenylderivaten auf. Die Molek{\"u}le werden als Prim{\"a}rstrukturen verl{\"a}ngerter Helices vorgeschlagen.}, language = {de} } @article{MuellerLuettigMalyetal.2019, author = {Mueller, Stefan and L{\"u}ttig, Julian and Mal{\´y}, Pavel and Ji, Lei and Han, Jie and Moos, Michael and Marder, Todd B. and Bunz, Uwe H. F. and Dreuw, Andreas and Lambert, Christoph and Brixner, Tobias}, title = {Rapid multiple-quantum three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy disentangles quantum pathways}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {10}, journal = {Nature Communications}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-12602-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202529}, pages = {4735}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing ultrafast quantum dynamics in complex systems. Several variants offer different types of information but typically require distinct beam geometries. Here we introduce population-based three-dimensional (3D) electronic spectroscopy and demonstrate the extraction of all fourth- and multiple sixth-order nonlinear signal contributions by employing 125-fold (1⨯5⨯5⨯5) phase cycling of a four-pulse sequence. Utilizing fluorescence detection and shot-to-shot pulse shaping in single-beam geometry, we obtain various 3D spectra of the dianion of TIPS-tetraazapentacene, a fluorophore with limited stability at ambient conditions. From this, we recover previously unknown characteristics of its electronic two-photon state. Rephasing and nonrephasing sixth-order contributions are measured without additional phasing that hampered previous attempts using noncollinear geometries. We systematically resolve all nonlinear signals from the same dataset that can be acquired in 8 min. The approach is generalizable to other incoherent observables such as external photoelectrons, photocurrents, or photoions.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Muzha2022, author = {Muzha, Andreas}, title = {Herstellung und Charakterisierung kolloidaler L{\"o}sungen diamantbasierter und verwandter Materialien}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-29668}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296685}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In der vorliegenden Publikation wurden stabile kolloidale L{\"o}sungen aus CVD-Diamant, Detonationsdiamant sowie artverwandten Materialien hergestellt und charakterisiert Besonderes Augenmerk wurde bei der Zerkleinerung von CVD Diamant daraufgelegt, dass die nanoskaligen Partikel ihre materialspezifischen Eigenschaften auch bei Reduktion der Gr{\"o}ße beibehalten. Systematisch wurde die Zerkleinerung in einer Planetenm{\"u}hle analysiert. Es wurde sowohl die minimal erreichbare Partikelgr{\"o}ße, als auch die Menge an erzeugtem, nanoskaligem Material bewertet. Um die Vermahlung zu verbessern, wurden die Geschwindigkeit der M{\"u}hle, die Gr{\"o}ße der Mahlk{\"o}rper, die Dauer der Vermahlung, sowie die eingesetzten L{\"o}semittel variiert. Des Weiteren konnten durch die Vermahlung unterschiedlich hergestellter CVD Diamantfilme in einer Vibrationsm{\"u}hle die Einfl{\"u}sse von Schichtdicke und Korngr{\"o}ße der Diamantkristalle untersucht werden. Durch Bearbeitung von Detonationsdiamanten und Kohlenstoffnanozwiebeln wurden stabile kolloidale L{\"o}sungen hergestellt, mit Partikelgr{\"o}ßen im unteren Nanometerbereich. Diese sind im alkalischen pH-Bereich stabil sein, hierf{\"u}r wurde durch Luft und S{\"a}ureoxidation oxidierter Detonationsdiamant und oxidierte Kohlenstoffnanozwiebeln hergestellt. Mithilfe der thermogravimetrischen Analyse und Infrarotspektroskopie wurde die hierf{\"u}r optimale Temperatur und Dauer bestimmt.}, subject = {Diamant}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Selby2022, author = {Selby, Joshua}, title = {Design and Chiroptical Properties of Chirally Substituted Indolenine Squaraine Mono-, Oligo-, and Polymers}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-28206}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-282067}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {A series of monomeric chirally substituted indolenine squaraine monomers were successfully synthesized and utilized for the construction of various oligo- and polymers, in order to study their chiroptical properties in terms of exciton chirality. The quaternary carbon atom at the 3-position of the indolenine subunit, as well as the alkyl side chain attached to the indolenine nitrogen were selected as the most suitable site for chiral functionalization. For the C(3)-chiral derivatives, two synthetic routes depending on the desired substitution at the stereogenic center were established. The chiral side chains were prepared via Evans asymmetric alkylation where the resulting branching point at the 2 position constituted the chiral center. While the chiral substitution only had minor effects on the linear optical properties and geometric structure of the chromophore, all compounds exhibited a distinct and measurable CD signal that correlated with the distance of the chiral center to the central chromophore. Polymers bearing chiral side chains exhibited a solvent- and temperature-dependent helix-coil equilibrium, which was influenced by the type of side chain used. CD spectroscopy revealed the helical conformation to possess a preferred twist sense, and temperature-dependent measurements showed the degree of homohelicity to be nearly complete in certain cases. Furthermore, a CPL signal was able to be obtained for the helical conformer of one polymer. Various (co)oligo- and polymers comprising the C(3)-chiral monomers only displayed a solvent-independent J-type absorption behavior and thus did not form helical conformations in solution. CD spectroscopy revealed a solvent-dependent adoption of quasi-enantiomeric conformers, which was elucidated by quantum chemical TDDFT calculations.}, subject = {Squaraine}, language = {en} } @article{MenekseRennerMahlmeisteretal.2020, author = {Menekse, Kaan and Renner, Rebecca and Mahlmeister, Bernhard and Stolte, Matthias and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Bowl-shaped naphthalimide-annulated corannulene as nonfullerene acceptor in organic solar cells}, series = {Organic Materials}, volume = {2}, journal = {Organic Materials}, number = {3}, issn = {2625-1825}, doi = {10.1055/s-0040-1714283}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-299095}, pages = {229-234}, year = {2020}, abstract = {An electron-poor bowl-shaped naphthalimide-annulated corannulene with branched alkyl residues in the imide position was synthesized by a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling annulation sequence. This dipolar compound exhibits strong absorption in the visible range along with a low-lying LUMO level at -3.85 eV, enabling n-type charge transport in organic thin-film transistors. Furthermore, we processed inverted bulk-heterojunction solar cells in combination with the two donor polymers PCE-10 and PM6 to achieve open-circuit voltages up to 1.04 V. By using a blend of the self-assembled naphthalimide-annulated corannulene and PCE-10, we were able to obtain a power conversion efficiency of up to 2.1\%, which is to the best of our knowledge the highest reported value for a corannulene-based organic solar cell to date.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Wolf2021, author = {Wolf, Natalia}, title = {Synthese multifunktionaler Farbstoffe und Linker zur Visualisierung biologischer Strukturen}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-20531}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205312}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Durch stetige Entwicklung der Mikroskopiemethoden in den letzten Jahrzehnten ist es nun m{\"o}glich Strukturen und Abl{\"a}ufe in biologischen Systemen detaillierter darzustellen als mit der von Abbe entdeckten maximalen Aufl{\"o}sungsgrenze. Oft werden dabei Fluoreszenzmarker benutzt, welche die unsichtbare Welt der Mikrobiologie und deren biochemische Prozesse illuminieren. Diese werden entweder durch Expression, wie z.B. das gr{\"u}n fluoreszierende Protein (GFP), in das zu untersuchende Objekt eingebracht oder durch klassische Markierungsmethoden mithilfe von fluoreszierenden Immunkonjugaten installiert. Jedoch gewinnt eine alternative Strategie, die von der interdisziplin{\"a}ren Zusammenarbeit zwischen Chemikern, Physikern und Biologen profitiert, immer mehr an Bedeutung - die bioorthogonale Click-Chemie. Sie erm{\"o}glicht eine effiziente Fluoreszenzmarkierung der biologischen Strukturen unter minimalem Eingriff in die Abl{\"a}ufe der Zelle. Dazu m{\"u}ssen allerdings sowohl Farbstoffe als auch die biologisch aktiven Substanzen chemisch modifiziert werden, da nur dadurch die Bioorthogonalit{\"a}t gew{\"a}hrleistet werden kann. Mittlerweile existiert eine breite Palette an fluoreszierenden Farbstoffen, die das komplette sichtbare Spektrum abdecken und sich f{\"u}r diverse Mikroskopiemethoden eignen. Allerdings gibt es zwei Farbstoffklassen, die sich aus der gesamten F{\"u}lle abheben und sich f{\"u}r hochaufl{\"o}sende bildgebende Experimente auf Einzelmolek{\"u}lebene eignen. Zum einen ist es die Farbstofffamilie der Cyanine und insbesondere der wasserl{\"o}slichen Pentamethincyanine, die reversibel und kontrolliert zum Photoschalten animiert werden k{\"o}nnen und in der stochastisch optischen Rekonstruktionsmikroskopie Anwendung finden. Zum anderen ist es die Gruppe, der Rhodamine und Fluoresceine, die zu Xanthenfarbstoffen geh{\"o}ren und sich durch gute photophysikalische Eigenschaften auszeichnen. Trotz der Beliebtheit stellt ihre Darstellung immer noch eine Herausforderung dar und limitiert deren Einsatz. Deshalb war es notwendig im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit M{\"o}glichkeiten zur Syntheseoptimierung beider Farbstoffklassen zu finden, damit diese im Folgenden weiterentwickelt und an die biologische Fragestellung angepasst werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Arbeit unterteilt sich deshalb in Relation an die oben genannten Farbstoffklassen in zwei Bereiche. Im ersten Teil wurden Projekte basierend auf den wasserl{\"o}slichen Pentamethincyaninen behandelt. Im zweiten Teil besch{\"a}ftigte sich die Arbeit mit Projekten, die auf Xanthen-Farbstoffen aufbauen.}, subject = {Farbstoff}, language = {de} } @article{SchneiderSchauliesSchumacherWiggeretal.2021, author = {Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle and Schumacher, Fabian and Wigger, Dominik and Sch{\"o}l, Marie and Waghmare, Trushnal and Schlegel, Jan and Seibel, J{\"u}rgen and Kleuser, Burkhard}, title = {Sphingolipids: effectors and Achilles heals in viral infections?}, series = {Cells}, volume = {10}, journal = {Cells}, number = {9}, issn = {2073-4409}, doi = {10.3390/cells10092175}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245151}, year = {2021}, abstract = {As viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, any step during their life cycle strictly depends on successful interaction with their particular host cells. In particular, their interaction with cellular membranes is of crucial importance for most steps in the viral replication cycle. Such interactions are initiated by uptake of viral particles and subsequent trafficking to intracellular compartments to access their replication compartments which provide a spatially confined environment concentrating viral and cellular components, and subsequently, employ cellular membranes for assembly and exit of viral progeny. The ability of viruses to actively modulate lipid composition such as sphingolipids (SLs) is essential for successful completion of the viral life cycle. In addition to their structural and biophysical properties of cellular membranes, some sphingolipid (SL) species are bioactive and as such, take part in cellular signaling processes involved in regulating viral replication. It is especially due to the progress made in tools to study accumulation and dynamics of SLs, which visualize their compartmentalization and identify interaction partners at a cellular level, as well as the availability of genetic knockout systems, that the role of particular SL species in the viral replication process can be analyzed and, most importantly, be explored as targets for therapeutic intervention.}, language = {en} } @article{HofmannFayezScheineretal.2020, author = {Hofmann, Julian and Fayez, Shaimaa and Scheiner, Matthias and Hoffmann, Matthias and Oerter, Sabrina and Appelt-Menzel, Antje and Maher, Pamela and Maurice, Tangui and Bringmann, Gerhard and Decker, Michael}, title = {Sterubin: Enantioresolution and Configurational Stability, Enantiomeric Purity in Nature, and Neuroprotective Activity in Vitro and in Vivo}, series = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, volume = {26}, journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, number = {32}, doi = {10.1002/chem.202001264}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215993}, pages = {7299 -- 7308}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is a neurological disorder with still no preventive or curative treatment. Flavonoids are phytochemicals with potential therapeutic value. Previous studies described the flavanone sterubin isolated from the Californian plant Eriodictyon californicum as a potent neuroprotectant in several in vitro assays. Herein, the resolution of synthetic racemic sterubin (1) into its two enantiomers, (R)-1 and (S)-1, is described, which has been performed on a chiral chromatographic phase, and their stereochemical assignment online by HPLC-ECD coupling. (R)-1 and (S)-1 showed comparable neuroprotection in vitro with no significant differences. While the pure stereoisomers were configurationally stable in methanol, fast racemization was observed in the presence of culture medium. We also established the occurrence of extracted sterubin as its pure (S)-enantiomer. Moreover, the activity of sterubin (1) was investigated for the first time in vivo, in an AD mouse model. Sterubin (1) showed a significant positive impact on short- and long-term memory at low dosages.}, language = {en} } @article{KimLiessStolteetal.2021, author = {Kim, Jin Hong and Liess, Andreas and Stolte, Matthias and Krause, Ana-Maria and Stepanenko, Vladimir and Zhong, Chuwei and Bialas, David and Spano, Frank and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {An Efficient Narrowband Near-Infrared at 1040 nm Organic Photodetector Realized by Intermolecular Charge Transfer Mediated Coupling Based on a Squaraine Dye}, series = {Advanced Materials}, volume = {33}, journal = {Advanced Materials}, number = {26}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202100582}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256374}, year = {2021}, abstract = {A highly sensitive short-wave infrared (SWIR, λ > 1000 nm) organic photodiode (OPD) is described based on a well-organized nanocrystalline bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) active layer composed of a dicyanovinyl-functionalized squaraine dye (SQ-H) donor material in combination with PC\(_{61}\)BM. Through thermal annealing, dipolar SQ-H chromophores self-assemble in a nanoscale structure with intermolecular charge transfer mediated coupling, resulting in a redshifted and narrow absorption band at 1040 nm as well as enhanced charge carrier mobility. The optimized OPD exhibits an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 12.3\% and a full-width at half-maximum of only 85 nm (815 cm\(^{-1}\)) at 1050 nm under 0 V, which is the first efficient SWIR OPD based on J-type aggregates. Photoplethysmography application for heart-rate monitoring is successfully demonstrated on flexible substrates without applying reverse bias, indicating the potential of OPDs based on short-range coupled dye aggregates for low-power operating wearable applications.}, language = {en} } @article{LehmannDechantWehetal.2020, author = {Lehmann, Matthias and Dechant, Moritz and Weh, Dominik and Freytag, Emely}, title = {Metal Phthalocyanine-Fullerene Dyads: Promising Lamellar Columnar Donor-Acceptor Liquid Crystal Phases}, series = {ChemPlusChem}, volume = {85}, journal = {ChemPlusChem}, number = {8}, doi = {10.1002/cplu.202000540}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218531}, pages = {1934 -- 1938}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Liquid crystal (LC) shape-amphiphiles with a disc tethered to a fullerene have been intensely studied for the application in photovoltaics, and helical nanosegregation of C\(_{60}\) has been claimed around the π-stacking disks based on X-ray results. The most promising materials reported to date have been resynthesized and studied comprehensively by XRS, density measurements, modelling, and electron density reconstruction. In contrast to previous reports, the results indicate that metal phthalocyanine-fullerene mesogens pack in lamellar columnar phases with p2gm symmetry. Fullerenes assemble in layers and are flanked by phthalocyanine columns, thus explaining the balanced charge carrier mobility of electrons and holes. Such variable donor-acceptor structures are promising for organic electronic applications.}, language = {en} } @article{ShenBialasHechtetal.2021, author = {Shen, Chia-An and Bialas, David and Hecht, Markus and Stepanenko, Vladimir and Sugiyasu, Kazunori and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Polymorphism in squaraine dye aggregates by self-assembly pathway differentiation: panchromatic tubular dye nanorods versus J-aggregate nanosheets}, series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, number = {21}, edition = {60}, doi = {10.1002/anie.202102183}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256443}, pages = {11949-11958}, year = {2021}, abstract = {A bis(squaraine) dye equipped with alkyl and oligoethyleneglycol chains was synthesized by connecting two dicyanomethylene substituted squaraine dyes with a phenylene spacer unit. The aggregation behavior of this bis(squaraine) was investigated in non-polar toluene/tetrachloroethane (98:2) solvent mixture, which revealed competing cooperative self-assembly pathways into two supramolecular polymorphs with entirely different packing structures and UV/Vis/NIR absorption properties. The self-assembly pathway can be controlled by the cooling rate from a heated solution of the monomers. For both polymorphs, quasi-equilibrium conditions between monomers and the respective aggregates can be established to derive thermodynamic parameters and insights into the self-assembly mechanisms. AFM measurements revealed a nanosheet structure with a height of 2 nm for the thermodynamically more stable polymorph and a tubular nanorod structure with a helical pitch of 13 nm and a diameter of 5 nm for the kinetically favored polymorph. Together with wide angle X-ray scattering measurements, packing models were derived: the thermodynamic polymorph consists of brick-work type nanosheets that exhibit red-shifted absorption bands as typical for J-aggregates, while the nanorod polymorph consists of eight supramolecular polymer strands of the bis(squaraine) intertwined to form a chimney-type tubular structure. The absorption of this aggregate covers a large spectral range from 550 to 875 nm, which cannot be rationalized by the conventional exciton theory. By applying the Essential States Model and considering intermolecular charge transfer, the aggregate spectrum was adequately reproduced, revealing that the broad absorption spectrum is due to pronounced donor-acceptor overlap within the bis(squaraine) nanorods. The latter is also responsible for the pronounced bathochromic shift observed for the nanosheet structure as a result of the slip-stacked arranged squaraine chromophores.}, language = {en} } @unpublished{FerschMalyRueheetal.2023, author = {Fersch, Daniel and Mal{\´y}, Pavel and R{\"u}he, Jessica and Lisinetskii, Victor and Hensen, Matthias and W{\"u}rthner, Frank and Brixner, Tobias}, title = {Single-Molecule Ultrafast Fluorescence-Detected Pump-Probe Microscopy}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31348}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313485}, year = {2023}, abstract = {We introduce fluorescence-detected pump-probe microscopy by combining a wavelength-tunable ultrafast laser with a confocal scanning fluorescence microscope, enabling access to the femtosecond time scale on the micrometer spatial scale. In addition, we obtain spectral information from Fourier transformation over excitation pulse-pair time delays. We demonstrate this new approach on a model system of a terrylene bisimide (TBI) dye embedded in a PMMA matrix and acquire the linear excitation spectrum as well as time-dependent pump-probe spectra simultaneously. We then push the technique towards single TBI molecules and analyze the statistical distribution of their excitation spectra. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ultrafast transient evolution of several individual molecules, highlighting their different behavior in contrast to the ensemble due to their individual local environment. By correlating the linear and nonlinear spectra, we assess the effect of the molecular environment on the excited-state energy.}, subject = {Fluoreszenz}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Mims2023, author = {Mims, David}, title = {Einblicke in die Spinchemie durch Untersuchung des Magnetfeldeffektes in rigide gebundenen Radikalionenpaaren}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-30354}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-303547}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Synthese starrer Donor-Akzeptor-Verbindungen und Untersuchung des Magnetfeldeffektes auf Lebenszeit resultierender Biradikale mittels optischer Spektroskopie.}, subject = {Magnetfeldeffekt}, language = {de} } @article{PinznerKellerMutetal.2021, author = {Pinzner, Florian and Keller, Thorsten and Mut, J{\"u}rgen and Bechold, Julian and Seibel, J{\"u}rgen and Groll, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Polyoxazolines with a vicinally double-bioactivated terminus for biomacromolecular affinity assessment}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {21}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {9}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {10.3390/s21093153}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239530}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Interactions between proteins and carbohydrates with larger biomacromolecules, e.g., lectins, are usually examined using self-assembled monolayers on target gold surfaces as a simplified model measuring setup. However, most of those measuring setups are either limited to a single substrate or do not allow for control over ligand distance and spacing. Here, we develop a synthetic strategy, consisting of a cascade of a thioesterification, native chemical ligation (NCL) and thiol-ene reaction, in order to create three-component polymer conjugates with a defined double bioactivation at the chain end. The target architecture is the vicinal attachment of two biomolecule residues to the α telechelic end point of a polymer and a thioether group at the ω chain end for fixating the conjugate to a gold sensor chip surface. As proof-of-principle studies for affinity measurements, we demonstrate the interaction between covalently bound mannose and ConA in surface acoustic wave (SAW) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Roos2023, author = {Roos, Lena}, title = {Synthese unterschiedlicher Tetracene und Untersuchung ihrer optischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31326}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313268}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Mittels einer f{\"u}nfstufigen Synthese wurde das 2,2´-Ditetracen als Modellsystem zur Erforschung von singlet fission-Prozessen hergestellt. Die Synthese wurde mit einer Gesamtausbeute von 21 \% durchgef{\"u}hrt, wobei der Schl{\"u}sselschritt, die Kopplung der beiden Monomere, durch eine Suzuki-Kopplung erfolgte. Das gew{\"u}nschte Produkt konnte nach gr{\"u}ndlicher Reinigung mittels Gradientensublimation als leuchtend rote Einkristalle erhalten werden. W{\"a}hrend die Emissionsspektren der Einzelmolek{\"u}le nahezu identisch sind, zeigen Untersuchungen mittels Photolumineszenzspektroskopie eine Rotverschiebung im Emissionsspektrum des Dimer-Einkristalls im Vergleich zum Einkristall des Tetracen-Monomers. Durch theoretische Berechnung konnte die Absenkung des S1-Zustands des Dimers im Kristall erkl{\"a}rt werden, wodurch die Energiebedingung f{\"u}r singlet fission (2 E(T1) ≤ E(S1)) nicht mehr erf{\"u}llt ist. Weiterhin wurden mehrere mit Alkylgruppen und Vinylgruppen substituierte Tetracenderivate synthetisiert und diese mittels optischer und elektrochemischer Methoden auf ihre Eigenschaften hin untersucht. Es wurde bei allen synthetisierten Derivaten eine Rotverschiebung der Hauptbanden im Absorptionsspektrum beobachtet, was durch einen kleineren HOMO-LUMO-Abstand im Vergleich zum nicht substituierten Tetracen erkl{\"a}rt wird. Es wurde zudem eine erh{\"o}hte Stabilit{\"a}t dieser Derivate gegen{\"u}ber Umwelteinfl{\"u}ssen wie Licht und Sauerstoff, die die Bildung von Endoperoxiden und Dimeren zur Folge haben, festgestellt. Dies kann auf sterische Effekte sowie die Stabilisierung des biradikalischen Zustands dieser Molek{\"u}le durch Hyperkonjugation und Resonanzeffekte zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden.}, subject = {Polycyclische Aromaten}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Merz2022, author = {Merz, Viktor}, title = {Funktionalisierung und Untersuchung von Nanodiamanten f{\"u}r biomedizinische und sensorische Anwendungen}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24588}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245888}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Nanodiamant (ND) ist ein vielseitiges und vielversprechendes Material f{\"u}r Bio-Anwendungen. Trotz vieler Bem{\"u}hungen bleibt die Agglomeration von Nanodiamant und die unspezifische Adsorption von Proteinen an der ND-Oberfl{\"a}che bei Kontakt mit Biofl{\"u}ssigkeiten ein großes Hindernis f{\"u}r biomedizinische Anwendungen. Eine Auswahl verzweigter und linearer Molek{\"u}le mit {\"u}berlegener F{\"a}higkeit zur kolloidalen Stabilisierung von Nanopartikeln in Salz- und Zellmedienumgebung, f{\"u}r bis zu 30 Tage, wurde an die ND-Oberfl{\"a}che angebracht. Das Baukastensystem mit Azid als Außengruppen bietet eine große Vielfalt an Bindungen mit vielen Molek{\"u}len, wie z. B. Medikamenten, Farbstoffen oder Targeting-Molek{\"u}len. Das Anh{\"a}ngen von z. B. Zwitterionen an die Kette sch{\"u}tzt die ND-Oberfl{\"a}che vor der Bildung einer Proteinkorona, wenn die Partikel mit proteinhaltigen Biofl{\"u}ssigkeiten in Kontakt kommen. Die Ergebnisse der thermogravimetrischen Analyse der Beladung der ND-Oberfl{\"a}che zeigen eine signifikante Verhinderung der Proteinadsorption von bis zu 98 \% im Vergleich zu NDs ohne zwitterionische Kopfgruppen und eine lange kolloidale Stabilit{\"a}t, wenn Tetraethylenglykol (TEG) an die Oberfl{\"a}che gebunden wird. Die Vielseitigkeit des modularen Systems, um nicht nur zwitterionische Ketten, sondern auch klickbare funktionelle Molek{\"u}le an fluoreszierende Nanodiamanten (fNDs) zu binden, zeigt das Potenzial des Systems am Nanodiamanten. Unter Verwendung von Defektstrukturen, wie Stickstoff-Vakanz-Zentren (NV), k{\"o}nnen Diamantpartikel aufgrund ihres weitgehend ungiftigen Verhaltens als fluoreszierende Nanodiamanten (fNDs) f{\"u}r photostabile Markierung, Bioimaging und nanoskalige Sensorik in lebenden Zellen und Organismen verwendet werden. Um die fND-Oberfl{\"a}che zu funktionalisieren, wurde eine neuartige Mahltechnik mit Diazoniumsalzen etabliert, um ein Pfropfen auf wenig reaktive HPHT-fNDs durchzuf{\"u}hren, was zu einer hohen Oberfl{\"a}chenbeladung und einem hohen negativen Zetapotenzial f{\"u}hrt. Die Kombination der Vorteile von TEG und zwitterionhaltigen Gruppen mit der F{\"a}higkeit zum Targeting von Antik{\"o}rpern auf fND best{\"a}tigt zum ersten Mal die verbesserte kolloidale Stabilit{\"a}t in Experimenten mit lebenden Zellen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus deuten die Ergebnisse auf eine verbesserte Corona-Abstoßung im Vergleich zu fND ohne zwitterionhaltige Kopfgruppen hin. Infolgedessen wurden die Zirkulationszeiten von 4 (fND ohne Zwitterionenkette, aber mit Antik{\"o}rper) auf 17 (mit Antik{\"o}rper und Zwitterionenketten) Stunden vergr{\"o}ßert. In nicht-biomedizinischen Anwendungen kann das modulare System als Sonde f{\"u}r Schwermetalle durch die Anbindung von Farbstoffen verwendet werden. Die Detektion von Metallen in verschiedenen Umgebungen mit hoher Selektivit{\"a}t und Spezifit{\"a}t ist eine der Voraussetzungen f{\"u}r den Kampf gegen die Umweltverschmutzung mit diesen Elementen. Pyrene sind gut geeignet und weit bekannt f{\"u}r die Fluoreszenzsensorik in verschiedenen Medien. Das angewandte Sensorprinzip beruht typischerweise auf der Bildung von intra- und intermolekularen Excimeren, was jedoch den Empfindlichkeitsbereich aufgrund der Maskierung von z.B. Quenching-Effekten durch die Excimer-Emission einschr{\"a}nkt. Diese Studie zeigt einen hochselektiven, strukturstabilen chemischen Sensor, der auf der monomeren Fluoreszenz von Pyrenanteilen mit Triazolgruppen basiert. Dieser Sensor kann Cu2+, Pb2+ und Hg2+ in organischen L{\"o}sungsmitteln {\"u}ber einen weiten Konzentrationsbereich quantitativ nachweisen, auch in Gegenwart von ubiquit{\"a}ren Ionen wie Na+, K+, Ca2+ und Mg2+. Die stark emittierende Fluoreszenz des Sensors mit einer langen Lebensdauer von 165 ns wird durch eine 1:1-Komplexbildung bei Zugabe von Metallionen in Acetonitril gel{\"o}scht. Bei Zugabe eines zehnfachen {\"U}berschusses des Metallions zum Sensor bilden sich Agglomerate mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 3 nm. Aufgrund der komplexen Wechselwirkungen im System werden konventionelle lineare Korrelationen nicht f{\"u}r alle Konzentrationen beobachtet. Daher wird ein kritischer Vergleich zwischen der konventionellen Job-Plot-Interpretation, der Methode von Benesi-Hildebrand und einem nicht-linearen Fit vorgestellt. Das vorgestellte System erm{\"o}glicht die spezifische und robuste Erfassung von medizinisch und {\"o}kologisch relevanten Ionen im gesundheitsrelevanten nM-Bereich und k{\"o}nnte z. B. zur {\"U}berwachung der entsprechenden Ionen in Abfallstr{\"o}men eingesetzt werden. Doch h{\"a}ufig landen diese Abfallstr{\"o}me in empfindlichen Aquakulturen, wo eine solche Sensortechnik nur funktioniert, wenn die Sonde wasserl{\"o}slich ist, um die Ausbreitung und Bildung von Umweltsch{\"a}den durch Schwermetalle zu {\"u}berwachen. Viele Chemosensoren arbeiten nur in bestimmten L{\"o}sungsmitteln und unter hochreinen Bedingungen quantitativ. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode zur Stabilisierung von wasserunl{\"o}slichen Chemosensoren auf Nanodiamanten in salzhaltigem Wasser unter Beibehaltung der Sensoreffektivit{\"a}t und -spezifit{\"a}t sowie der kolloidalen Stabilit{\"a}t vorgestellt. Zus{\"a}tzlich wird die Sensorf{\"a}higkeit in organischen L{\"o}sungsmitteln beibehalten. Diese Studie gibt Einblick in die Absorptionsf{\"a}higkeit von Pyren-Derivaten an der Nanodiamant-Oberfl{\"a}che und einen Weg, diese reversibel zu desorbieren. Außerdem beweist das System, dass in Anwesenheit von 95 \% Sauerstoffatmosph{\"a}re bei der Fluoreszenzmessung die Ergebnisse nicht von denen in Argonatmosph{\"a}re abweichen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus st{\"o}rt das Vorhandensein g{\"a}ngiger Ionen im Wasser die kolloidale Stabilit{\"a}t der NDs nicht und hat auch keinen Einfluss auf die Sensorfunktionalit{\"a}t und ist somit ein vielversprechender Kandidat f{\"u}r Messungen ohne aufw{\"a}ndige Pr{\"a}parationsschritte.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Roos2021, author = {Roos, Markus}, title = {Synthesis, Photophysics and Photocatalysis of [FeFe] Complex Containing Dyads and Bimolecular Systems}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-23453}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234537}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2021}, abstract = {In the course of this work, a total of three photocatalytically active dyads for proton reduction could be synthesized together with the associated individual components. Two of them, D1 and D2, comprised a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ photosensitizer and D3 an [Ir(ppy)2bpy]+ photosensitizer. A Ppyr3-substituted propyldithiolate [FeFe] complex was used as catalyst in all systems. The absorption spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations showed that an inner-dyadic electronic coupling is effectively prevented in the dyads due to conjugation blockers within the bridging units used. The photocatalytic investigations exhibited that all dyad containing two-component systems (2CS) showed a significantly worse performance than the corresponding bimolecular three-component systems (3CS). Transient absorption spectroscopy showed that the 2CS behave very similarly to the associated multicomponent systems during photocatalysis. The electron that was intended for the intramolecular transfer from the photosensitizer unit to the catalyst unit within the dyads remains at the photosensitizer for a relatively long time, analogous to the 3CS and despite the covalently bound catalyst. It is therefore assumed that this intramolecular electron transfer is likely to be hindered as a result of the weak electronic coupling caused by the bridge units used. Instead, the system bypasses this through an intermolecular transfer to other dyad molecules in the immediate vicinity. In addition, with the help of emission quenching experiments and electrochemical investigations, it could be clearly concluded that all investigated systems proceed via the reductive quenching mechanism during photocatalysis.}, subject = {Fotokatalyse}, language = {en} } @article{BrustNaglerShoyamaetal.2023, author = {Brust, Felix and Nagler, Oliver and Shoyama, Kazutaka and Stolte, Matthias and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Silandiol-Bay-Bridged Perylene Bisimides}, series = {Advanced Optical Materials}, volume = {11}, journal = {Advanced Optical Materials}, number = {5}, doi = {10.1002/adom.202202676}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312599}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Perylene bisimides (PBIs) are among the best fluorophores but have to be enwrapped for optoelectronic applications by large and heavy substituents to prevent their ππ-stacking, which is known to accelerate non-radiative decay processes in the solid state. Here, light-weight di-tert-butylsilyl groups are introduced to bridge 1,12-dihydroxy and 1,6,7,12-tetrahydroxy PBIs to afford sublimable dyes for vacuum-processed optoelectronic devices. For both new compounds, this substitution provides a twisted and shielded perylene π-core whose, via OSiObridges, rigid structure affords well-resolved absorption and emission spectra with strong fluorescence in solution, as well as in the solid state. The usefulness of these dyes for vacuum-processed optoelectronic devices is demonstrated in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that show monomer-like emission spectra and high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) values of up to 3.1\% for the doubly silicon-bridged PBI.}, language = {en} } @article{SchmidtStolteSuessetal.2019, author = {Schmidt, David and Stolte, Matthias and S{\"u}ß, Jasmin and Liess, Dr. Andreas and Stepanenko, Vladimir and W{\"u}rthner, Frank}, title = {Protein-like enwrapped perylene bisimide chromophore as bright microcrystalline emitter material}, series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, volume = {58}, journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition}, number = {38}, doi = {10.1002/ange.201907618}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204809}, pages = {13385-13389}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Strongly emissive solid-state materials are mandatory components for many emerging optoelectronic technologies, but fluorescence is often quenched in the solid state owing to strong intermolecular interactions. The design of new organic pigments, which retain their optical properties despite their high tendency to crystallize, could overcome such limitations. Herein, we show a new material with monomer-like absorption and emission profiles as well as fluorescence quantum yields over 90 \% in its crystalline solid state. The material was synthesized by attaching two bulky tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenoxy substituents at the perylene bisimide bay positions. These substituents direct a packing arrangement with full enwrapping of the chromophore and unidirectional chromophore alignment within the crystal lattice to afford optical properties that resemble those of their natural pigment counterparts, in which chromophores are rigidly embedded in protein environments.}, language = {en} } @article{GriesbeckMichailRauchetal.2019, author = {Griesbeck, Stefanie and Michail, Evripidis and Rauch, Florian and Ogasawara, Hiroaki and Wang, Chenguang and Sato, Yoshikatsu and Edkins, Robert M. and Zhang, Zuolun and Taki, Masayasu and Lambert, Christoph and Yamaguchi, Shigehiro and Marder, Todd B.}, title = {The Effect of Branching on One- and Two-Photon Absorption, Cell Viability and Localization of Cationic Triarylborane Chromophores with Dipolar versus Octupolar Charge Distributions for Cellular Imaging}, series = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, volume = {25}, journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal}, number = {57}, doi = {10.1002/chem.201902461}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204829}, pages = {13164-13175}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Two different chromophores, namely a dipolar and an octupolar system, were prepared and their linear and nonlinear optical properties as well as their bioimaging capabilities were compared. Both contain triphenylamine as the donor and a triarylborane as the acceptor, the latter modified with cationic trimethylammonio groups to provide solubility in aqueous media. The octupolar system exhibits a much higher two-photon brightness, and also better cell viability and enhanced selectivity for lysosomes compared with the dipolar chromophore. Furthermore, both dyes were applied in two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) live-cell imaging.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Roger2024, author = {Roger, Chantal}, title = {Photophysics and Spin Chemistry of Triptycene Bridge Donor-Acceptor-Triads}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-36303}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-363031}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {The goal of this thesis was to investigate the influence of rotational restriction between individual parts and of the varying electron density in the bridging unit of D B A systems on the exchange interaction 2J, and thus the electronic coupling between a donor state and an acceptor state. A better understanding of how to influence the underlaying spin dynamics in such donor acceptor systems can open up the door to new technologies, such as modern molecular electronics or optoelectronic devices. Therefore, three series of molecules consisting of a TAA electron donor, a TTC or ATC bridging unit and a PDI electron acceptor were studied. To investigate the influence of rotational restriction on 2J and the electronic coupling, a series of four rotationally hindered triads (chapter 6) was synthesised. The dihedral angle between the TAA and the TTC as well as between the TTC and the PDI was restricted by ortho methyl groups at the phenylene linkers of the connecting ends to the TTC bridge, producing a twist around the linking single bond which minimises the π overlap. The triads exhibit varying numbers of ortho methyl groups and therefore different degrees of rotational restriction. In order to shine light on the influence of varying electron density on 2J and the electronic coupling, a series of four substituted triptycene triads (chapter 7) was synthesised. The electron density in the TTC bridging unit was varied by electron donating and electron withdrawing groups in 12,13 position of the TTC bridging unit and thus varying its HOMO/LUMO energy. The last series of two anthracene bridge triads (chapter 8) connected both approaches by restricting the rotation with ortho methyl groups and simultaneously by varying the bridge energies. In order to obtain the electronic properties, steady state absorption and emission spectra of all triads were investigated (chapter 4). Here, all triads show spectral features associated with the separate absorption bands of TAA and the PDI moiety. The reduced QYs, compared to the unsubstituted PDI acceptor, indicate a non radiative quenching mechanism in all triads. The CV data (chapter 5) were used to calculate the energies of possible CSSs and those results were used to assign the CR dynamics into the different Marcus regions. fs TA measurements reveal that all triads form a CSS upon excitation of the PDI moiety. The lifetimes of the involved states and the rate constants were determined by global exponential fits and global target analysis. The CR dynamics upon depopulation of the CSSs were investigated using external magnetic field dependent ns TA spectroscopy. The ns TA maps show that all triads recombine via CRT pathway populating the local 3PDI state in toluene and provided the respective lifetimes. The approximate QYs of triplet formation were determined using actinometry. The magnetic field dependent ns TA data reveal the exchange interaction 2J between singlet and triplet CSS for each triad. Those magnetic field dependent ns TA data in toluene were furthermore treated using a quantum mechanical simulation (done by U.E. Steiner) to extract the rate constants kT and kS for CRT and CRS, respectively. However, the error margins of kS were rather wide. Finally, the electronic couplings between the donor and the acceptor states were obtained by combining the aforementioned experimental results of the rate constants and applying the Bixon Jortner theoretical description of diabatic ET and Andersons perturbative theory of the exchange coupling. Therefore, the experimentally determined values of 2J and the calculated values of kCS and kT were used. The rate constant kS was calculated based on the electronic coupling V1CSS 1S0. The rotationally hindered triads (chapter 6) show a strong influence of the degree of rotational restriction on the lifetimes and rate constants of the CS processes. The rate constants of CS are increasing with increasing rotational freedom. The magnetic field dependent decay data show that the exchange interactions increase with increasing rotational freedom. Based on the CR dynamics, the calculated electronic couplings of the ET processes reflect the same trend along the series. Here, only singlet couplings turned out to be strongly influenced while the triplet couplings are not. Therefore, this series shows that the ET dynamics of donor acceptor systems can strongly be influenced by restricting the rotational freedom. In the substituted triptycene triads (chapter 7), decreasing electron density in the bridging unit causes a decrease of the CS rate constants. The magnetic field dependent decay data show that with decreasing electron density in the bridge the exchange interaction decreases. The CR dynamics-based rate constants and the electronic couplings follow the same trend as the exchange interaction. This series shows that varying the HOMO/LUMO levels of the connecting bridge between donor and acceptor strongly influences the ET processes. In the anthracene bridge triads (chapter 8), the CS process is slow in both triads. The CR was fast in the anthracene triad and is slowed down in the methoxy substituted anthracene bridge triad. The increase of the exchange interaction with increasing electron density in the bridge was more pronounced than in the substituted triptycene triads. Thus, the variation of electron density in the bridge strongly influences the ET processes even though the rotation is restricted. In this thesis, it was shown that the influence of the rotational hindrance as well as the electron density in a connecting bridge have strong influence on all ET processes and the electronic coupling in donor acceptor systems. These approaches can therefore be used to modify magnetic properties of new materials.}, subject = {Rotation}, language = {en} }