@article{RemelgadoSafiWegmann2020, author = {Remelgado, Ruben and Safi, Kamran and Wegmann, Martin}, title = {From ecology to remote sensing: using animals to map land cover}, series = {Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation}, volume = {6}, journal = {Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1002/rse2.126}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225200}, pages = {93-104}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Land cover is a key variable in monitoring applications and new processing technologies made deriving this information easier. Yet, classification algorithms remain dependent on samples collected on the field and field campaigns are limited by financial, infrastructural and political boundaries. Here, animal tracking data could be an asset. Looking at the land cover dependencies of animal behaviour, we can obtain land cover samples over places that are difficult to access. Following this premise, we evaluated the potential of animal movement data to map land cover. Specifically, we used 13 White Storks (Cicona cicona) individuals of the same population to map agriculture within three test regions distributed along their migratory track. The White Stork has adapted to foraging over agricultural lands, making it an ideal source of samples to map this land use. We applied a presence-absence modelling approach over a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series and validated our classifications, with high-resolution land cover information. Our results suggest White Stork movement is useful to map agriculture, however, we identified some limitations. We achieved high accuracies (F1-scores > 0.8) for two test regions, but observed poor results over one region. This can be explained by differences in land management practices. The animals preferred agriculture in every test region, but our data showed a biased distribution of training samples between irrigated and non-irrigated land. When both options occurred, the animals disregarded non-irrigated land leading to its misclassification as non-agriculture. Additionally, we found difference between the GPS observation dates and the harvest times for non-irrigated crops. Given the White Stork takes advantage of managed land to search for prey, the inactivity of these fields was the likely culprit of their underrepresentation. Including more species attracted to agriculture - with other land-use dependencies and observation times - can contribute to better results in similar applications.}, language = {en} } @misc{Halbleib2019, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Halbleib, Julia}, title = {Bodenerosion und ihre Modellierung auf Grundlage der Allgemeinen Bodenabtragsgleichung (ABAG) - Erosionsabsch{\"a}tzung mittels AVErosion im Untersuchungsgebiet Biosph{\"a}renreservat Rh{\"o}n}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178811}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2019}, abstract = {In dieser Arbeit wird ein Verfahren zur Modellierung der Bodenerosion auf Ackerfl{\"a}chen in einem Untersuchungsgebiet im UNESCO-Biosph{\"a}renreservat Rh{\"o}n vorgestellt. Als Grundlage dienen fl{\"a}chendeckend verf{\"u}gbare, hochaufl{\"o}sende Datens{\"a}tzen zu allen relevanten Faktoren. Ziel ist es die Sensitivit{\"a}t des Modells gegen{\"u}ber verschiedenen Faktoren sowie die {\"U}bertragbarkeit des Verfahrens auf gr{\"o}ßere Untersuchungsgebiete zu testen. Die Modellierung findet dabei in ArcView 3.2 {\"u}ber die Extension AVErosion von SCH{\"A}UBLE (2005) statt, w{\"a}hrend die Vorprozessierung in ArcMap von ESRI durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. Zun{\"a}chst werden grundlegende Begriffe zu den Prozessen, Einflussfaktoren und Messmethoden von Bodenerosion erl{\"a}utert. Die von Bodenerosion verursachten Sch{\"a}den und m{\"o}gliche Schutzmaßnahmen werden aufgrund ihrer Relevanz, unter anderem f{\"u}r die betroffenen Landwirte, geschildert. Nach dem {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die wichtigsten Erosionsmodelle werden die hier verwendete Allgemeine Bodenabtragsgleichung (ABAG) und ihre einzelnen Berechnungsschritte vorgestellt. Das Modellierungstool AVErosion verwendet zus{\"a}tzlich Elemente der Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE87). Zur Bodenerosionsmodellierung stehen hochaufl{\"o}sende Datens{\"a}tze aus dem Untersuchungsgebiet zur Verf{\"u}gung, aus denen in der Vorprozessierung die Raster der Faktoren errechnet werden. Insgesamt werden zehn Szenarien mit verschiedenen C-Faktoren und zwei Szenarien mit variierendem R-Faktor modelliert. Daraufhin wird das Untersuchungsgebiet nach physisch-geographischen Gesichtspunkten beschrieben und die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung in der Region charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse der Modellierung zeigen, dass neben den Reliefeigenschaften die Bodenbewirtschaftung auf den Ackerfl{\"a}chen den gr{\"o}ßten Einfluss auf den Bodenabtrag hat. Die Variationen der Niederschlagssumme in den R-Faktor-Szenarien hat hingegen vergleichsweise wenig Auswirkungen auf das Modellierungsergebnis. Zwar konnte durch das Fehlen von aktuellen Bewirtschaftungsdaten keine Modellierung der tats{\"a}chlichen Bodenerosion erzielt werden, jedoch zeigen die verschiedenen C-Faktor-Szenarien den potentiellen Bodenabtrag bei unterschiedlicher Bewirtschaftung. Es wird deutlich, dass auf erosionsgef{\"a}hrdeten Fl{\"a}chen durch eine angepasste Form der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung geringere Abtragswerte in der Modellierung erreicht werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Methode l{\"a}sst sich gut auf das Untersuchungsgebiet im Biosph{\"a}renreservat Rh{\"o}n anwenden und zeigt Potential zur {\"U}bertragung auf gr{\"o}ßere Untersuchungsgebiete}, subject = {Bodenerosion}, language = {de} } @article{ArendtReinhardtImjelaSchulteetal.2021, author = {Arendt, Robert and Reinhardt-Imjela, Christian and Schulte, Achim and Faulstich, Leona and Ullmann, Tobias and Beck, Lorenz and Martinis, Sandro and Johannes, Petrina and Lengricht, Joachim}, title = {Natural pans as an important surface water resource in the Cuvelai Basin — Metrics for storage volume calculations and identification of potential augmentation sites}, series = {Water}, volume = {13}, journal = {Water}, number = {2}, issn = {2073-4441}, doi = {10.3390/w13020177}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223019}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Numerous ephemeral rivers and thousands of natural pans characterize the transboundary Iishana-System of the Cuvelai Basin between Namibia and Angola. After the rainy season, surface water stored in pans is often the only affordable water source for many people in rural areas. High inter- and intra-annual rainfall variations in this semiarid environment provoke years of extreme flood events and long periods of droughts. Thus, the issue of water availability is playing an increasingly important role in one of the most densely populated and fastest growing regions in southwestern Africa. Currently, there is no transnational approach to quantifying the potential storage and supply functions of the Iishana-System. To bridge these knowledge gaps and to increase the resilience of the local people's livelihood, suitable pans for expansion as intermediate storage were identified and their metrics determined. Therefore, a modified Blue Spot Analysis was performed, based on the high-resolution TanDEM-X digital elevation model. Further, surface area-volume ratio calculations were accomplished for finding suitable augmentation sites in a first step. The potential water storage volume of more than 190,000 pans was calculated at 1.9 km\(^3\). Over 2200 pans were identified for potential expansion to facilitate increased water supply and flood protection in the future.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dirscherl2022, author = {Dirscherl, Mariel Christina}, title = {Remote Sensing of Supraglacial Lake Dynamics in Antarctica - Exploiting Methods from Artificial Intelligence for Derivation of Antarctic Supraglacial Lake Extents in Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-27950}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-279505}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {With accelerating global climate change, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is exposed to increasing ice dynamic change. During 1992 and 2017, Antarctica contributed ~7.6 mm to global sea-level-rise mainly due to ocean thermal forcing along West Antarctica and atmospheric warming along the Antarctic Peninsula (API). Together, these processes caused the progressive retreat of glaciers and ice shelves and weakened their efficient buttressing force causing widespread ice flow accelerations. Holding ~91\% of the global ice mass and 57.3 m of sea-level-equivalent, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is by far the largest potential contributor to future sea-level-rise. Despite the improved understanding of Antarctic ice dynamics, the future of Antarctica remains difficult to predict with its contribution to global sea-level-rise representing the largest uncertainty in current projections. Given that recent studies point towards atmospheric warming and melt intensification to become a dominant driver for future Antarctic ice mass loss, the monitoring of supraglacial lakes and their impacts on ice dynamics is of utmost importance. In this regard, recent progress in Earth Observation provides an abundance of high-resolution optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite data at unprecedented spatial and temporal coverage and greatly supports the monitoring of the Antarctic continent where ground-based mapping efforts are difficult to perform. As an automated mapping technique for supraglacial lake extent delineation in optical and SAR satellite imagery as well as a pan-Antarctic inventory of Antarctic supraglacial lakes at high spatial and temporal resolution is entirely missing, this thesis aims to advance the understanding of Antarctic surface hydrology through exploitation of spaceborne remote sensing. In particular, a detailed literature review on spaceborne remote sensing of Antarctic supraglacial lakes identified several research gaps including the lack of (1) an automated mapping technique for optical or SAR satellite data that is transferable in space and time, (2) high-resolution supraglacial lake extent mappings at intra-annual and inter-annual temporal resolution and (3) large-scale mapping efforts across the entire Antarctic continent. In addition, past method developments were found to be restricted to purely visual, manual or semi-automated mapping techniques hindering their application to multi-temporal satellite imagery at large-scale. In this context, the development of automated mapping techniques was mainly limited by sensor-specific characteristics including the similar appearance of supraglacial lakes and other ice sheet surface features in optical or SAR data, the varying temporal signature of supraglacial lakes throughout the year as well as effects such as speckle noise and wind roughening in SAR data or cloud coverage in optical data. To overcome these limitations, this thesis exploits methods from artificial intelligence and big data processing for development of an automated processing chain for supraglacial lake extent delineation in Sentinel-1 SAR and optical Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The combination of both sensor types enabled to capture both surface and subsurface lakes as well as to acquire data during cloud cover or wind roughening of lakes. For Sentinel-1, a deep convolutional neural network based on residual U-Net was trained on the basis of 21,200 labeled Sentinel-1 SAR image patches covering 13 Antarctic regions. Similarly, optical Sentinel-2 data were collected over 14 Antarctic regions and used for training of a Random Forest classifier. Optical and SAR classification products were combined through decision-level fusion at bi-weekly temporal scale and unprecedented 10 m spatial resolution. Finally, the method was implemented as part of DLR's High-Performance Computing infrastructure allowing for an automated processing of large amounts of data including all required pre- and postprocessing steps. The results of an accuracy assessment over independent test scenes highlighted the functionality of the classifiers returning accuracies of 93\% and 95\% for supraglacial lakes in Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, respectively. Exploiting the full archive of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, the developed framework for the first time enabled the monitoring of seasonal characteristics of Antarctic supraglacial lakes over six major ice shelves in 2015-2021. In particular, the results for API ice shelves revealed low lake coverage during 2015-2018 and particularly high lake coverage during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 melting seasons. On the contrary, East Antarctic ice shelves were characterized by high lake coverage during 2016-2019 and extremely low lake coverage during the 2020-2021 melting season. Over all six investigated ice shelves, the development of drainage systems was revealed highlighting an increased risk for ice shelf instability. Through statistical correlation analysis with climate data at varying time lags as well as annual data on Southern Hemisphere atmospheric modes, environmental drivers for meltwater ponding were revealed. In addition, the influence of the local glaciological setting was investigated through computation of annual recurrence times of lakes. Over both ice sheet regions, the complex interplay between local, regional and large-scale environmental drivers was found to control supraglacial lake formation despite local to regional discrepancies, as revealed through pixel-based correlation analysis. Local control factors included the ice surface topography, the ice shelf geometry, the presence of low-albedo features as well as a reduced firn air content and were found to exert strong control on lake distribution. On the other hand, regional controls on lake evolution were revealed to be the amount of incoming solar radiation, air temperature and wind occurrence. While foehn winds were found to dictate lake evolution over the API, katabatic winds influenced lake ponding in East Antarctica. Furthermore, the regional near-surface climate was shown to be driven by large-scale atmospheric modes and teleconnections with the tropics. Overall, the results highlight that similar driving factors control supraglacial lake formation on the API and EAIS pointing towards their transferability to other Antarctic regions.}, subject = {Optische Fernerkundung}, language = {en} } @article{MeisterGarbeTrappeetal.2021, author = {Meister, Julia and Garbe, Philipp and Trappe, Julian and Ullmann, Tobias and Es-Senussi, Ashraf and Baumhauer, Roland and Lange-Athinodorou, Eva and El-Raouf, Amr Abd}, title = {The Sacred Waterscape of the Temple of Bastet at Ancient Bubastis, Nile Delta (Egypt)}, series = {Geosciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Geosciences}, number = {9}, issn = {2076-3263}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences11090385}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246129}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Sacred water canals or lakes, which provided water for all kinds of purification rites and other activities, were very specific and important features of temples in ancient Egypt. In addition to the longer-known textual record, preliminary geoarchaeological surveys have recently provided evidence of a sacred canal at the Temple of Bastet at Bubastis. In order to further explore the location, shape, and course of this canal and to find evidence of the existence of a second waterway, also described by Herodotus, 34 drillings and five 2D geoelectrical measurements were carried out in 2019 and 2020 near the temple. The drillings and 2D ERT surveying revealed loamy to clayey deposits with a thickness of up to five meters, most likely deposited in a very low energy fluvial system (i.e., a canal), allowing the reconstruction of two separate sacred canals both north and south of the Temple of Bastet. In addition to the course of the canals, the width of about 30 m fits Herodotus' description of the sacred waterways. The presence of numerous artefacts proved the anthropogenic use of the ancient canals, which were presumably connected to the Nile via a tributary or canal located west or northwest of Bubastis.}, language = {en} } @article{KuenzerKleinUllmannetal.2015, author = {Kuenzer, Claudia and Klein, Igor and Ullmann, Tobias and Georgiou, Efi Foufoula and Baumhauer, Roland and Dech, Stefan}, title = {Remote Sensing of River Delta Inundation: Exploiting the Potential of Coarse Spatial Resolution, Temporally-Dense MODIS Time Series}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {7}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, doi = {10.3390/rs70708516}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151552}, pages = {8516 -- 8542}, year = {2015}, abstract = {River deltas belong to the most densely settled places on earth. Although they only account for 5\% of the global land surface, over 550 million people live in deltas. These preferred livelihood locations, which feature flat terrain, fertile alluvial soils, access to fluvial and marine resources, a rich wetland biodiversity and other advantages are, however, threatened by numerous internal and external processes. Socio-economic development, urbanization, climate change induced sea level rise, as well as flood pulse changes due to upstream water diversion all lead to changes in these highly dynamic systems. A thorough understanding of a river delta's general setting and intra-annual as well as long-term dynamic is therefore crucial for an informed management of natural resources. Here, remote sensing can play a key role in analyzing and monitoring these vast areas at a global scale. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the potential of intra-annual time series analyses at dense temporal, but coarse spatial resolution for inundation characterization in five river deltas located in four different countries. Based on 250 m MODIS reflectance data we analyze inundation dynamics in four densely populated Asian river deltas-namely the Yellow River Delta (China), the Mekong Delta (Vietnam), the Irrawaddy Delta (Myanmar), and the Ganges-Brahmaputra (Bangladesh, India)-as well as one very contrasting delta: the nearly uninhabited polar Mackenzie Delta Region in northwestern Canada for the complete time span of one year (2013). A complex processing chain of water surface derivation on a daily basis allows the generation of intra-annual time series, which indicate inundation duration in each of the deltas. Our analyses depict distinct inundation patterns within each of the deltas, which can be attributed to processes such as overland flooding, irrigation agriculture, aquaculture, or snowmelt and thermokarst processes. Clear differences between mid-latitude, subtropical, and polar deltas are illustrated, and the advantages and limitations of the approach for inundation derivation are discussed.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Schenk2008, author = {Schenk, Tilman A.}, title = {Multiagentensysteme zur Simulation von Konsumentenentscheidungen}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231722}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, pages = {182}, year = {2008}, abstract = {St{\"a}dte sehen sich in der Entwicklung ihres Einzelhandelsangebots zunehmend Konkurrenzsituationen zwischen traditionellen Innenstadt- und neu entstehenden Stadtrandlagen ausgesetzt, die einerseits die gestiegenen Fl{\"a}chen- und Produktivit{\"a}tsanspr{\"u}che der Unternehmen eher erf{\"u}llen, w{\"a}hrend andererseits B{\"u}rger, Politik und etablierter Handel ein ‚Aussterben' der Innenst{\"a}dte bef{\"u}rchten. Die Konsequenzen planerischer Entscheidungen in dieser Hinsicht abzusch{\"a}tzen, wird zunehmend komplexer. Daf{\"u}r sind ebenso eine st{\"a}rkere Individualisierung des Konsumverhaltens verantwortlich, wie eine gestiegene Sensibilit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber Verkehrs- und Emissionsbelastungen. Modellierungen und Simulationen k{\"o}nnen einen Beitrag zu fundierter Entscheidungsfindung leisten, indem sie durch Prognosen von Szenarien mit unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen solche Auswirkungen aufzeigen. In der Vergangenheit wurden Kaufkraftstr{\"o}me durch Modelle abgebildet, die auf aggregierten Ausgangsdaten und Analogieschl{\"u}ssen zu Naturgesetzen (Gravitations-, Potenzialansatz) oder nutzentheoretischen Annahmen (Diskreter Entscheidungsansatz) beruhten. In dieser Arbeit wird daf{\"u}r erstmals ein agentenbasierter Ansatz angewendet, da sich so individuelle Ausdifferenzierungen des Konsumentenhandelns wesentlich leichter integrieren und Ergebnisse anschaulicher pr{\"a}sentieren lassen. Urspr{\"u}nglich entstammt die Idee zur Agententechnologie einem Forschungsfeld der Informatik, der K{\"u}nstlichen Intelligenz. Ziel war hier, Algorithmen zu entwickeln, die aus einer Menge von kleinen Softwarebausteinen bestehen, die zur L{\"o}sung eines Problems miteinander in Kommunikation treten und sich selbst zielbezogen anordnen. Somit schreibt sich der Algorithmus im Grunde selbst. Dieses Konzept kann in den Sozialwissenschaften als Modellierungsparadigma genutzt werden, insofern als dass sie der Idee der Selbstorganisation von Gesellschaften recht nahe kommt. Insbesondere zeichnen sich Multiagentensysteme durch eine dezentrale Kontrolle und Datenvorhaltung aus, die es dar{\"u}ber hinaus erm{\"o}glichen, auch komplexe Systeme von Entscheidungsprozessen mit wenigen Spezifikationen darzustellen. Damit begegnet der Agentenansatz vielen Einw{\"a}nden gegen Analogie- und Entscheidungsmodelle. Durch die konsequente Einnahme einer individuenbezogenen Sichtweise ist die individuelle Ausdifferenzierung von Entscheidungsprozessen viel eher abbildbar. F{\"u}r das Forschungsprojekt konnten f{\"u}r einenm ntersuchungsraum in Nordschweden (Funktionalregion Ume{\aa}, ca. 140.000 Einwohner) individuenbezogene Einwohnerdaten verf{\"u}gbar gemacht werden. Diese enthielten u.a. Lagekoordinaten des Wohn- und Arbeitsorts, Alter, Geschlecht, verf{\"u}gbares Einkommen und Angaben zur Haushaltsstruktur. Verbunden mit Erkenntnissen aus empirischen Untersuchungen (Konsumentenbefragung, Gesch{\"a}ftskartierung) stellten sie die Eingabegr{\"o}ßen f{\"u}r ein agentenbasiertes Modell der Einkaufsst{\"a}ttenwahl bei der Lebensmittelversorgung dar. Die Konsumentenbefragung stellte regressionsanalytische Abh{\"a}ngigkeiten zwischen sozio{\"o}konomischen Daten und Konsumpr{\"a}ferenzen bez{\"u}glich einzelner Gesch{\"a}ftsattribute (Preisniveau, Produktqualit{\"a}t, Sortimentsbreite, Service etc.) her, die gleichen Attribute wurden f{\"u}r die Gesch{\"a}fte erhoben. Somit k{\"o}nnen Kaufkraftstr{\"o}me zwischen Einzelelementen der Nachfrage (individuelle Konsumenten) und des Angebots (einzelne Gesch{\"a}ftsstandorte) als individuell variierende Bewertung der Gesch{\"a}fte durch die Agenten dargestellt werden, gem{\"a}ß derer die Agenten ihre lebensmittelrelevante Kaufkraft auf die Gesch{\"a}fte verteilen. F{\"u}r die Gesch{\"a}fte der gesamten Region konnten G{\"u}temaßwerte bis 0,7 erreicht werden, f{\"u}r einzelne Betriebsformate auch {\"u}ber 0,9. Dies zeigt, dass auch bei der Verwendung individuenbezogener Modelle, die mit einer deutlich h{\"o}heren Anzahl Freiheitsgraden behaftet sind als ihre aggregierten Gegenst{\"u}cke, hohe Prognosequalit{\"a}ten f{\"u}r Umsatzsch{\"a}tzungen von Standorten erreicht werden k{\"o}nnen. Gleichzeitig bietet der Agentenansatz die M{\"o}glichkeit, einzelne Simulationsobjekte bei ihrer Entscheidungsfindung und ihren Aktivit{\"a}ten zu verfolgen. Dabei konnten ebenfalls plausible Einkaufsmuster abgebildet werden. Da die Distanz vom Wohn- bzw. Arbeitsort zum Gesch{\"a}ft Bestandteil des Modells ist, k{\"o}nnen auch die von den Einwohnern zum Zweck der Grundversorgung zu leistenden Distanzaufw{\"a}nde in verschiedenen Angebotssituationen analysiert werden. Als Fallstudie wurde ein Vergleich von zwei Situationen 1997 und 2004 vorgenommen. W{\"a}hrend dieses Zeitraums haben im Untersuchungsgebiet grundlegende Ver{\"a}nderungen der Einzelhandelsstruktur stattgefunden, die zu einem weitgehenden R{\"u}ckzug des Angebots aus den peripheren l{\"a}ndlichen Gebieten gef{\"u}hrt haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigteneine hohe {\"U}bereinstimmung mit den auf nationaler Ebene erhobenen Mobilit{\"a}tsdaten, ließen aber auch einen differenzierten Blick auf die unterschiedliche Betroffenheit der Einwohner der Region zu. An agentenbasierte Simulationen werden in den Sozialwissenschaften große Erwartungen gekn{\"u}pft, da sie erstmals erm{\"o}glichen, gesellschaftliche Ph{\"a}nomene auf der Ebene ihres Zustandekommens, dem Individuum, zu erfassen, sowie komplexe mentale Vorg{\"a}nge des Handelns, Lernens und Kommunizierens auf einfache Weise in ein Modell zu integrieren. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde im Bereich der Konsumentenforschung erstmals ein solcher Ansatz auf regionaler Ebene angewendet, um zu planungsrelevanten Aussagen zu gelangen. In Kombination mit anderen Anwendungen im Bereich der Bev{\"o}lkerungsprognose, des Verkehrs und der innerst{\"a}dtischen Migration haben Agentensimulationen alle Voraussetzungen zu einem zukunftsweisenden Paradigma f{\"u}r die Raum- und Fachplanung.}, subject = {Ume{\aa}}, language = {de} } @book{OPUS4-17070, title = {Historische Erzlagerst{\"a}tten und Mineralienfundorte des Harzes}, editor = {Kleinschrot, Dorothee and Hanig, Kristina}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, organization = {Mineralogisches Museum der Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-100-6}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-101-3}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170700}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {x, 105}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Der Harz ist eine Mittelgebirgsregion, die in Deutschland und Mitteleuropa auf faszinierende Weise hervorsticht: Kaum eine andere deutsche Landschaft kann mit einer solchen Vielfalt an Gesteinen und Erzen aufwarten. Diese Besonderheit wurzelt tief in der geologischen Entstehung der Region. Ihrer Geschichte will nun der Katalog auf die Spur kommen - anhand von ausgew{\"a}hlten Exponaten einer einzigartigen Sammlung. Aufgebaut wurde die umfangreiche Sammlung von Peter C. Ruppert. Der Kunstsammler und W{\"u}rzburger Ehrenb{\"u}rger sammelte {\"u}ber Jahrzehnte hinweg außergew{\"o}hnliche Mineralien und Gesteine aus den historischen Erzlagerst{\"a}tten des Harzes. Seit Januar 2014 zeigt das Mineralogische Museum der Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg die wertvollen Exponate - und widmet der Sammlung diesen Katalog.}, subject = {Erzlagerst{\"a}tte}, language = {de} } @article{KleinOppeltKuenzer2021, author = {Klein, Igor and Oppelt, Natascha and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Application of remote sensing data for locust research and management — a review}, series = {Insects}, volume = {12}, journal = {Insects}, number = {3}, issn = {2075-4450}, doi = {10.3390/insects12030233}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234090}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Recently, locust outbreaks around the world have destroyed agricultural and natural vegetation and caused massive damage endangering food security. Unusual heavy rainfalls in habitats of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) and lack of monitoring due to political conflicts or inaccessibility of those habitats lead to massive desert locust outbreaks and swarms migrating over the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, India and Pakistan. At the same time, swarms of the Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) in some Central Asian countries and swarms of the Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus) in Russia and China destroyed crops despite developed and ongoing monitoring and control measurements. These recent events underline that the risk and damage caused by locust pests is as present as ever and affects 100 million of human lives despite technical progress in locust monitoring, prediction and control approaches. Remote sensing has become one of the most important data sources in locust management. Since the 1980s, remote sensing data and applications have accompanied many locust management activities and contributed to an improved and more effective control of locust outbreaks and plagues. Recently, open-access remote sensing data archives as well as progress in cloud computing provide unprecedented opportunity for remote sensing-based locust management and research. Additionally, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems bring up new prospects for a more effective and faster locust control. Nevertheless, the full capacity of available remote sensing applications and possibilities have not been exploited yet. This review paper provides a comprehensive and quantitative overview of international research articles focusing on remote sensing application for locust management and research. We reviewed 110 articles published over the last four decades, and categorized them into different aspects and main research topics to summarize achievements and gaps for further research and application development. The results reveal a strong focus on three species — the desert locust, the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), and the Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) — and corresponding regions of interest. There is still a lack of international studies for other pest species such as the Italian locust, the Moroccan locust, the Central American locust (Schistocerca piceifrons), the South American locust (Schistocerca cancellata), the brown locust (Locustana pardalina) and the red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata). In terms of applied sensors, most studies utilized Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre VEGETATION (SPOT-VGT), Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) as well as Landsat data focusing mainly on vegetation monitoring or land cover mapping. Application of geomorphological metrics as well as radar-based soil moisture data is comparably rare despite previous acknowledgement of their importance for locust outbreaks. Despite great advance and usage of available remote sensing resources, we identify several gaps and potential for future research to further improve the understanding and capacities of the use of remote sensing in supporting locust outbreak- research and management.}, language = {en} } @misc{Paetzold2020, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {P{\"a}tzold, Simon}, title = {Dachbegr{\"u}nung in W{\"u}rzburg: GIS-basierte Potentialanalyse als Planungsgrundlage im st{\"a}dtischen Begr{\"u}nungsinstrumentarium}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21067}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-210674}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Nach aktuellem Stand der Forschung ist die Dachbegr{\"u}nung eine geeignete Klimaanpassungsmaßnahme, mit der die Folgen des rezenten Klimawandels in verdichteten und versiegelten Stadtgebieten abgeschw{\"a}cht werden k{\"o}nnen. Vor dem Hintergrund schrumpfender Fl{\"a}chenreserven und wachsender Fl{\"a}chenkonkurrenz k{\"o}nnen auf D{\"a}chern alternative Fl{\"a}chenressourcen zur Expansion urbanen Gr{\"u}ns erschlossen werden. Zudem besitzt diese Begr{\"u}nungsart vielf{\"a}ltige {\"o}kologische und {\"o}konomische Vorteile (K{\"u}hlwirkung, Biodiversit{\"a}t, Wasserr{\"u}ckhaltung, Geb{\"a}uded{\"a}mmung und -schutz). Mit Bebauungspl{\"a}nen und Innenbereichssatzungen sowie F{\"o}rderprogrammen und indirekter F{\"o}rderung (gesplittete Abwassergeb{\"u}hren) stehen den Kommunen harte und weiche Instrumente zur Verf{\"u}gung, um Geb{\"a}udeeigent{\"u}mer f{\"u}r Dachbegr{\"u}nungsmaßnahmen im Neubau, aber auch im Bestandsbau zu mobilisieren. F{\"u}r eine Aktivierung bereits bestehender Dachfl{\"a}chen eignet sich besonders die Extensivbegr{\"u}nung dank ihrer anspruchslosen Vegetation, des minimalen Pflegeaufwands sowie den geringeren statischen und formspezifischen Anforderungen an die Dachkonstruktion gegen{\"u}ber der Intensivbegr{\"u}nung. Auf Basis von Untersuchungen mit Fernerkundungsdaten und amtlichen Geodaten konnten f{\"u}r deutsche Groß- und Mittelst{\"a}dte enorme Fl{\"a}chenpotentiale f{\"u}r die nachtr{\"a}gliche Dachbegr{\"u}nung festgestellt werden. Zur Stadt W{\"u}rzburg, in der als Hotspot des Klimawandels eine hohe Dringlichkeit f{\"u}r Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen besteht, lagen bis dato keine Daten zu diesem Potential vor. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Luftbilder, H{\"o}hendaten (LiDAR) und amtliche Geb{\"a}udeumriss-Daten in einem Geoinformationssystem (GIS) zu einer dreidimensionalen Dachlandschaft verarbeitet, hinsichtlich relevanter Begr{\"u}nungskriterien (Neigung, Homogenit{\"a}t, Gr{\"o}ße, Funktion) analysiert und in Form von Karten, Bildern und Statistiken ausgegeben. F{\"u}r das konkrete Untersuchungsgebiet der stadtklimatisch besonders kritischen Stadtbezirke Altstadt und Sanderau konnte eine empirische Grundlage zur Quantifizierung der Potentialfl{\"a}che geschaffen werden. Rund ein Drittel der {\"u}ber 5.000 untersuchten innerst{\"a}dtischen D{\"a}cher kommen mit einer Fl{\"a}che von {\"u}ber 300.000 m² f{\"u}r eine nachtr{\"a}gliche Begr{\"u}nung in Betracht. Zudem wurden Aussagen zur st{\"a}dtebaulichen Qualifizierung (Denkmalschutz) dieser Fl{\"a}chen getroffen und die Aktivierbarkeit mit dem einschl{\"a}gigen stadtplanerischem Begr{\"u}nungsinstrumentarium (F{\"o}rderprogramm, Satzung bzw. Bebauungsplan) bewertet. So konnten die f{\"u}r die Umsetzung der geeigneten Dachfl{\"a}chen n{\"o}tigen F{\"o}rderkosten auf Basis der geltenden F{\"o}rderrichtlinie approximiert werden. Zudem wurde unter Verwendung amtlicher Baustatistik und einschl{\"a}giger Bebauungspl{\"a}ne ein zeitlicher Horizont gesch{\"a}tzt, bis zu welchem sich Eigent{\"u}mer an die Vorgaben einer hypothetischen Dachbegr{\"u}nungssatzung anpassen w{\"u}rden. Die Arbeit bietet Anreize f{\"u}r die Methodik geoinformatischer Analysen sowie f{\"u}r st{\"a}dteplanerische Analyse- und Handlungsm{\"o}glichkeiten. Nat{\"u}rlich kann die fernerkundliche Messung keine bautechnische Begutachtung vor Ort ersetzen, sie kann aber im Vorfeld einen Eindruck der teils versteckten Fl{\"a}chenreserven kosteng{\"u}nstig und fl{\"a}chendeckend verschaffen und zudem die M{\"o}glichkeit darauf aufbauender Untersuchungen der {\"o}kologischen oder st{\"a}dtebaulichen Wirkung er{\"o}ffnen.}, subject = {Dachbegr{\"u}nung}, language = {de} } @article{UllmannBanksSchmittetal.2017, author = {Ullmann, Tobias and Banks, Sarah N. and Schmitt, Andreas and Jagdhuber, Thomas}, title = {Scattering characteristics of X-, C- and L-Band PolSAR data examined for the tundra environment of the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Canada}, series = {Applied Sciences}, volume = {7}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, number = {6}, doi = {10.3390/app7060595}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158362}, pages = {595}, year = {2017}, abstract = {In this study, polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) data at X-, C- and L-Bands, acquired by the satellites: TerraSAR-X (2011), Radarsat-2 (2011), ALOS (2010) and ALOS-2 (2016), were used to characterize the tundra land cover of a test site located close to the town of Tuktoyaktuk, NWT, Canada. Using available in situ ground data collected in 2010 and 2012, we investigate PolSAR scattering characteristics of common tundra land cover classes at X-, C- and L-Bands. Several decomposition features of quad-, co-, and cross-polarized data were compared, the correlation between them was investigated, and the class separability offered by their different feature spaces was analyzed. Certain PolSAR features at each wavelength were sensitive to the land cover and exhibited distinct scattering characteristics. Use of shorter wavelength imagery (X and C) was beneficial for the characterization of wetland and tundra vegetation, while L-Band data highlighted differences of the bare ground classes better. The Kennaugh Matrix decomposition applied in this study provided a unified framework to store, process, and analyze all data consistently, and the matrix offered a favorable feature space for class separation. Of all elements of the quad-polarized Kennaugh Matrix, the intensity based elements K0, K1, K2, K3 and K4 were found to be most valuable for class discrimination. These elements contributed to better class separation as indicated by an increase of the separability metrics squared Jefferys Matusita Distance and Transformed Divergence. The increase in separability was up to 57\% for Radarsat-2 and up to 18\% for ALOS-2 data.}, language = {en} } @techreport{ConradMorperBuschNetzbandetal.2019, type = {Working Paper}, author = {Conrad, Christopher and Morper-Busch, Lucia and Netzband, Maik and Teucher, Mike and Sch{\"o}nbrodt-Stitt, Sarah and Schorcht, Gunther and Dukhovny, Viktor}, title = {WUEMoCA Water Use Efficiency Monitor in Central Asia Informed Decision-Making in Land and Water Resources Management}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-19193}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-191934}, pages = {1-12}, year = {2019}, abstract = {WUEMoCA is an operational scientific webmapping tool for the regional monitoring of land and water use efficiency in the irrigated croplands of the transboundary Aral Sea Basin that is shared by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan. Satellite data on land use, crop pro-duction and water consumption is integrated with hydrological and economic information to provide of a set indicators. The tool is useful for large-scale decisions on water distribution or land use, and may be seen as demonstrator for numerous applications in practice, that require independent area-wide spatial information.}, subject = {Zentralasien}, language = {en} } @article{FisserKhorsandiWegmannetal.2022, author = {Fisser, Henrik and Khorsandi, Ehsan and Wegmann, Martin and Baier, Frank}, title = {Detecting moving trucks on roads using Sentinel-2 data}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {7}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14071595}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267174}, year = {2022}, abstract = {In most countries, freight is predominantly transported by road cargo trucks. We present a new satellite remote sensing method for detecting moving trucks on roads using Sentinel-2 data. The method exploits a temporal sensing offset of the Sentinel-2 multispectral instrument, causing spatially and spectrally distorted signatures of moving objects. A random forest classifier was trained (overall accuracy: 84\%) on visual-near-infrared-spectra of 2500 globally labelled targets. Based on the classification, the target objects were extracted using a developed recursive neighbourhood search. The speed and the heading of the objects were approximated. Detections were validated by employing 350 globally labelled target boxes (mean F\(_1\) score: 0.74). The lowest F\(_1\) score was achieved in Kenya (0.36), the highest in Poland (0.88). Furthermore, validated at 26 traffic count stations in Germany on in sum 390 dates, the truck detections correlate spatio-temporally with station figures (Pearson r-value: 0.82, RMSE: 43.7). Absolute counts were underestimated on 81\% of the dates. The detection performance may differ by season and road condition. Hence, the method is only suitable for approximating the relative truck traffic abundance rather than providing accurate absolute counts. However, existing road cargo monitoring methods that rely on traffic count stations or very high resolution remote sensing data have limited global availability. The proposed moving truck detection method could fill this gap, particularly where other information on road cargo traffic are sparse by employing globally and freely available Sentinel-2 data. It is inferior to the accuracy and the temporal detail of station counts, but superior in terms of spatial coverage.}, language = {en} } @article{UsmanReimannLiedletal.2018, author = {Usman, Muhammad and Reimann, Thomas and Liedl, Rudolf and Abbas, Azhar and Conrad, Christopher and Saleem, Shoaib}, title = {Inverse parametrization of a regional groundwater flow model with the aid of modelling and GIS: test and application of different approaches}, series = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}, volume = {7}, journal = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}, number = {1}, doi = {10.3390/ijgi7010022}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175721}, pages = {22}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The use of inverse methods allow efficient model calibration. This study employs PEST to calibrate a large catchment scale transient flow model. Results are demonstrated by comparing manually calibrated approaches with the automated approach. An advanced Tikhonov regularization algorithm was employed for carrying out the automated pilot point (PP) method. The results indicate that automated PP is more flexible and robust as compared to other approaches. Different statistical indicators show that this method yields reliable calibration as values of coefficient of determination (R-2) range from 0.98 to 0.99, Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (ME) range from 0.964 to 0.976, and root mean square errors (RMSE) range from 1.68 m to 1.23 m, for manual and automated approaches, respectively. Validation results of automated PP show ME as 0.969 and RMSE as 1.31 m. The results of output sensitivity suggest that hydraulic conductivity is a more influential parameter. Considering the limitations of the current study, it is recommended to perform global sensitivity and linear uncertainty analysis for the better estimation of the modelling results.}, language = {en} } @article{KunzKneisel2020, author = {Kunz, Julius and Kneisel, Christof}, title = {Glacier - Permafrost Interaction at a Thrust Moraine Complex in the Glacier Forefield Muragl, Swiss Alps}, series = {Geosciences}, volume = {10}, journal = {Geosciences}, number = {6}, issn = {2076-3263}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences10060205}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205830}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The internal structures of a moraine complex mostly provide information about the manner in which they develop and thus they can transmit details about several processes long after they have taken place. While the occurrence of glacier-permafrost interactions during the formation of large thrust moraine complexes at polar and subpolar glaciers as well as at marginal positions of former ice sheets has been well understood, their role in the formation of moraines on comparatively small alpine glaciers is still very poorly investigated. Therefore, the question arises as to whether evidence of former glacier-permafrost interactions can still be found in glacier forefields of small alpine glaciers and to what extent these differ from the processes in finer materials at larger polar or subpolar glaciers. To investigate this, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were carried out in the area of a presumed alpine thrust moraine complex in order to investigate internal moraine structures. The ERT data confirmed the presence of a massive ice core within the central and proximal parts of the moraine complex. Using GPR, linear internal structures were detected, which were interpreted as internal shear planes due to their extent and orientation. These shear planes lead to the assumption that the moraine complex is of glaciotectonic origin. Based on the detected internal structures and the high electrical resistivity values, it must also be assumed that the massive ice core is of sedimentary or polygenetic origin. The combined approach of the two methods enabled the authors of this study to detect different internal structures and to deduce a conceptual model of the thrust moraine formation.}, language = {en} } @article{ZieglerMeyerOtteetal.2022, author = {Ziegler, Alice and Meyer, Hanna and Otte, Insa and Peters, Marcell K. and Appelhans, Tim and Behler, Christina and B{\"o}hning-Gaese, Katrin and Classen, Alice and Detsch, Florian and Deckert, J{\"u}rgen and Eardley, Connal D. and Ferger, Stefan W. and Fischer, Markus and Gebert, Friederike and Haas, Michael and Helbig-Bonitz, Maria and Hemp, Andreas and Hemp, Claudia and Kakengi, Victor and Mayr, Antonia V. and Ngereza, Christine and Reudenbach, Christoph and R{\"o}der, Juliane and Rutten, Gemma and Schellenberger Costa, David and Schleuning, Matthias and Ssymank, Axel and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Tardanico, Joseph and Tschapka, Marco and Vollst{\"a}dt, Maximilian G. R. and W{\"o}llauer, Stephan and Zhang, Jie and Brandl, Roland and Nauss, Thomas}, title = {Potential of airborne LiDAR derived vegetation structure for the prediction of animal species richness at Mount Kilimanjaro}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {3}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14030786}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262251}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The monitoring of species and functional diversity is of increasing relevance for the development of strategies for the conservation and management of biodiversity. Therefore, reliable estimates of the performance of monitoring techniques across taxa become important. Using a unique dataset, this study investigates the potential of airborne LiDAR-derived variables characterizing vegetation structure as predictors for animal species richness at the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. To disentangle the structural LiDAR information from co-factors related to elevational vegetation zones, LiDAR-based models were compared to the predictive power of elevation models. 17 taxa and 4 feeding guilds were modeled and the standardized study design allowed for a comparison across the assemblages. Results show that most taxa (14) and feeding guilds (3) can be predicted best by elevation with normalized RMSE values but only for three of those taxa and two of those feeding guilds the difference to other models is significant. Generally, modeling performances between different models vary only slightly for each assemblage. For the remaining, structural information at most showed little additional contribution to the performance. In summary, LiDAR observations can be used for animal species prediction. However, the effort and cost of aerial surveys are not always in proportion with the prediction quality, especially when the species distribution follows zonal patterns, and elevation information yields similar results.}, language = {en} } @article{KirchnerHerrmannMatrasetal.2022, author = {Kirchner, Andr{\´e} and Herrmann, Nico and Matras, Paul and M{\"u}ller, Iris and Meister, Julia and Schattner, Thomas G.}, title = {A pedo-geomorphological view on land use and its potential in the surroundings of the ancient Hispano-Roman city Munigua (Seville, SW Spain)}, series = {E\&G Quaternary Science Journal}, volume = {71}, journal = {E\&G Quaternary Science Journal}, number = {2}, doi = {10.5194/egqsj-71-123-2022}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300141}, pages = {123 -- 143}, year = {2022}, abstract = {This study investigates the surroundings of Munigua (municipium Flavium Muniguense), a small Roman town in the ancient province of Hispania Baetica (SW Spain). The city's economy was based primarily on copper and iron mining, which brought financial prosperity to its citizens. Local production of agricultural goods is thought to have been of little importance, as the regional soil conditions do not seem to be suitable for extensive agriculture. To evaluate the recent soil agro-potential and to find evidence for prehistoric and historic land use in the surroundings of Munigua, we applied a pedo-geomorphological approach based on the physico-chemical analysis of 14 representative soil and sediment exposures. Selected samples were analyzed for bulk chemistry, texture and phytoliths. The chronostratigraphy of the sequences was based on radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples. The site evaluation of the present-day soil agro-potential was carried out according to standard procedures and included evaluation of potential rootability, available water-storage capacity and nutrient budget within the uppermost 1 m. The results show that moderate to very good soil agro-potential prevails in the granitic and floodplain areas surrounding Munigua. Clearly, recent soil agro-potential in these areas allows the production of basic agricultural goods, and similar limited agricultural use should also have been possible in ancient times. In contrast, weak to very weak present-day soil agro-potential prevails in the metamorphic landscape due to the occurrence of shallow and sandy to stony soils. In addition, the study provides pedo-geomorphological evidence for prehistoric and historic land use in pre-Roman, Roman and post-Roman times. Catenary soil mapping in the vicinity of a Roman house complex reveals multi-layered colluvial deposits. They document phases of hillslope erosion mainly triggered by human land use between 4063 ± 82 and 3796 ± 76 cal BP, around 2601 ± 115 cal BP, and between 1424 ± 96 and 421 ± 88 cal BP. Moreover, geochemical and phytolith analyses of a Roman hortic Anthrosol indicate the local cultivation of agricultural products that contributed to the food supply of Munigua. Overall, the evidence of Roman agricultural use in the Munigua area indicates that the city's economy was by no means focused solely on mining. The production of basic agricultural products was also part of Munigua's economic portfolio. Our geoarcheological study thus supports the archeological concept of economically diversified Roman cities in the province of Baetica and in Hispania.}, language = {en} } @book{JobFliessbachSchendzielorzBittlingmaieretal.2019, author = {Job, Hubert and Fließbach-Schendzielorz, Maike and Bittlingmaier, Sarah and Herling, Anne and Woltering, Manuel}, title = {Akzeptanz der bayerischen Nationalparks - Ein Beitrag zum sozio{\"o}konomischen Monitoring in den Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald und Berchtesgaden}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-102-0}, issn = {0510-9833}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-103-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171246}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {XI, 149}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Nationalparks sind das {\"a}lteste und bekannteste fl{\"a}chenbezogene Naturschutzinstrument weltweit. F{\"u}r den Erhalt einer nachhaltigen Lebensgrundlage und die Entwicklung der Biodiversit{\"a}t sowie f{\"u}r mehr Naturdynamik in der Landschaft haben sie eine sehr große Bedeutung, auch in unseren Breiten. Dennoch ist die Einstellung zu Nationalparks von Seiten der unmittelbaren Anwohner nicht immer unproblematisch. Entsprechend versucht die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Analyse neue Erkenntnisse bez{\"u}glich der Akzeptanz der Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald und Berchtesgaden, den {\"a}ltesten Deutschlands, aufzuzeigen. Empirische Grundlagen f{\"u}r diese Studie sind eine bayernweite Online-Befragung, qualitative Experteninterviews und aufw{\"a}ndige repr{\"a}sentative schriftliche Befragungen in den Nationalpark-Landkreisen Regen und Freyung-Grafenau bzw. Berchtesgadener Land im Jahr 2018. Auch die zeitliche Entwicklung der Akzeptanz wird auf Basis der Ergebnisse von Vorg{\"a}ngerstudien, soweit m{\"o}glich, ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Dabei sind es {\"o}konomische, emotionale, interpersonelle, soziokulturelle und nicht zuletzt f{\"u}r Geographen besonders interessante raumzeitliche Pr{\"a}diktoren der Akzeptanz beider Nationalparks, die im Fokus der Untersuchungen stehen.}, subject = {Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald}, language = {de} } @article{ZieglerPollingerBoelletal.2020, author = {Ziegler, Katrin and Pollinger, Felix and B{\"o}ll, Susanne and Paeth, Heiko}, title = {Statistical modeling of phenology in Bavaria based on past and future meteorological information}, series = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology}, volume = {140}, journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology}, issn = {0177-798X}, doi = {10.1007/s00704-020-03178-4}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-232717}, pages = {1467-1481}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Plant phenology is well known to be affected by meteorology. Observed changes in the occurrence of phenological phases arecommonly considered some of the most obvious effects of climate change. However, current climate models lack a representationof vegetation suitable for studying future changes in phenology itself. This study presents a statistical-dynamical modelingapproach for Bavaria in southern Germany, using over 13,000 paired samples of phenological and meteorological data foranalyses and climate change scenarios provided by a state-of-the-art regional climate model (RCM). Anomalies of severalmeteorological variables were used as predictors and phenological anomalies of the flowering date of the test plantForsythiasuspensaas predictand. Several cross-validated prediction models using various numbers and differently constructed predictorswere developed, compared, and evaluated via bootstrapping. As our approach needs a small set of meteorological observationsper phenological station, it allows for reliable parameter estimation and an easy transfer to other regions. The most robust andsuccessful model comprises predictors based on mean temperature, precipitation, wind velocity, and snow depth. Its averagecoefficient of determination and root mean square error (RMSE) per station are 60\% and ± 8.6 days, respectively. However, theprediction error strongly differs among stations. When transferred to other indicator plants, this method achieves a comparablelevel of predictive accuracy. Its application to two climate change scenarios reveals distinct changes for various plants andregions. The flowering date is simulated to occur between 5 and 25 days earlier at the end of the twenty-first century comparedto the phenology of the reference period (1961-1990).}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Krause2024, author = {Krause, Julian}, title = {Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf charakteristische B{\"o}den in Unterfranken unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung bodenhydrologischer Monitoringdaten (2018 bis 2022)}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-36066}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-360668}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2024}, abstract = {Die mit dem Klimawandel einhergehenden Umweltver{\"a}nderungen, wie steigende Temperaturen, Abnahme der Sommer- und Zunahme der Winterniederschl{\"a}ge, h{\"a}ufigere und l{\"a}ngere Trockenperioden, zunehmende Starkniederschl{\"a}ge, St{\"u}rme und Hitzewellen betreffen besonders den Bodenwasserhaushalt in seiner zentralen Regelungsfunktion f{\"u}r den Landschaftswasserhaushalt. Von der Wasserverf{\"u}gbarkeit im Boden h{\"a}ngen zu einem sehr hohen Grad auch die Ertr{\"a}ge der Land- und Forstwirtschaft ab. Eine besonders große Bedeutung kommt dabei der Wasserspeicherkapazit{\"a}t der B{\"o}den zu, da w{\"a}hrend einer Trockenphase die effektiven Niederschl{\"a}ge den Wasserbedarf der Pflanzen nicht decken k{\"o}nnen und das bereits gespeicherte Bodenwasser das {\"U}berleben der Pflanzen sicherstellen kann. F{\"u}r die land- und forstwirtschaftlichen Akteure sind in diesem Kontext quantitative und qualitative Aussagen zu den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den Boden essenziell, um die notwendigen Anpassungsmaßnahmen f{\"u}r ihre Betriebe treffen zu k{\"o}nnen. Zielsetzungen der vorliegenden Arbeit bestehen darin, die Dynamik der Bodenfeuchte in unterfr{\"a}nkischen B{\"o}den besser zu verstehen, die Datenlage zum Verlauf der Bodenfeuchte zu verbessern und die Auswirkungen von prognostizierten klimatischen Parametern absch{\"a}tzen zu k{\"o}nnen. Hierzu wurden an sechs f{\"u}r ihre jeweiligen Naturr{\"a}ume und hinsichtlich ihrer anthropogenen Nutzung charakteristischen Standorten meteorologisch-bodenhydrologische Messstationen installiert. Die Messstationen befinden sich in einem Rigosol auf Buntsandstein in einem Weinberg bei B{\"u}rgstadt sowie auf einer Parabraunerde im L{\"o}ssgebiet bei Herchsheim unter Ackernutzung. Am {\"U}bergang von Muschelkalk in Keuper befinden sich die Stationen in Obbach, wo eine Braunerde unter Ackernutzung vorliegt und im Forst des Universit{\"a}tswalds Sailershausen werden die Untersuchungen in einer Braunerde-Terra fusca durchgef{\"u}hrt. Im Forst befinden sich auch die Stationen in Oberrimbach mit Braunerden aus Sandsteinkeuper und in Willmars mit Braunerden aus Buntsandstein. Der Beobachtungszeitraum dieser Arbeit reicht von Juli 2018 bis November 2022. In diesen Zeitraum fiel die dreij{\"a}hrige D{\"u}rre von 2018 bis 2020, das Jahr 2021 mit einem durchschnittlichen Witterungsverlauf und das D{\"u}rrejahr 2022. Das Langzeitmonitoring wurde von umfangreichen Gel{\"a}nde- und Laboranalysen der grundlegenden bodenkundlichen Parameter der Bodenprofile und der Standorte begleitet. Die bodengeographischen-geomorphologischen Standortanalysen bilden zusammen mit den qualitativen Auswertungen der Bodenfeuchtezeitreihen die Grundlage f{\"u}r Einsch{\"a}tzungen zu den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den Bodenwasserhaushalt. Verl{\"a}ssliche Aussagen zum Bodenwasserhaushalt k{\"o}nnen nur auf Grundlage von zeitlich und r{\"a}umlich hoch aufgel{\"o}sten Daten getroffen werden. Bodenfeuchtezeitreihen zusammen mit den bodenphysikalischen Daten lagen in dieser Datenqualit{\"a}t f{\"u}r Unterfranken bisher nur sehr vereinzelt vor. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die untersuchten B{\"o}den entsprechend den jeweiligen naturr{\"a}umlichen Gegebenheiten sehr unterschiedliche bodenhydrologische Eigenschaften aufweisen. W{\"a}hrend langer Trockenphasen k{\"o}nnen beispielsweise die Parabraunerden am Standort Herchsheim wegen ihrer h{\"o}heren Wasserspeicherkapazit{\"a}t die Pflanzen l{\"a}nger mit Wasser versorgen als die sandigen Braunerden am Standort Oberrimbach. Die Bodenfeuchteregime im Beobachtungszeitraum waren sehr stark vom Witterungsverlauf einzelner Jahre abh{\"a}ngig. Das Bodenfeuchteregime bei einem durchschnittlichen Witterungsverlauf wie in 2021 zeichnet sich durch eine langsame Abnahme der Bodenfeuchte ab Beginn der Vegetationsperiode im Fr{\"u}hjahr aus. Regelm{\"a}ßige Niederschl{\"a}ge im Fr{\"u}hjahr f{\"u}llen den oberfl{\"a}chennahen Bodenwasserspeicher immer wieder auf und sichern den Bodenwasservorrat in der Tiefe bis in den Hochsommer. Im Hochsommer k{\"o}nnen Pflanzen dann w{\"a}hrend der Trockenphasen ihren Wasserbedarf aus den tieferen Horizonten decken. Im Gegensatz dazu nimmt die Bodenfeuchte in D{\"u}rrejahren wie 2018 bis 2020 oder 2022 bereits im Fr{\"u}hjahr bis in die untersten Horizonte stark ab. Die nutzbare Feldkapazit{\"a}t ist zum Teil schon im Juni weitgehend ausgesch{\"o}pft, womit f{\"u}r sp{\"a}tere Trockenphasen kein Bodenwasser mehr zur Verf{\"u}gung steht. Die Herbst- und Winterniederschl{\"a}ge s{\"a}ttigen den Bodenwasservorrat wieder bis zur Feldkapazit{\"a}t auf. Bei tiefreichender Ersch{\"o}pfung des Bodenwassers wurde die Feldkapazit{\"a}t erst im Januar oder Februar erreicht. Im Zuge der land- und forstwirtschaftlichen Nutzung ist eine gute Datenlage zu den bodenkundlichen und stand{\"o}rtlichen Gegebenheiten f{\"u}r klimaadaptierte Anpassungsstrategien essentiell. Wichtige Zielsetzungen bestehen grunds{\"a}tzlich in der Erhaltung der Bodenfunktionen, in der Verbesserung der Infiltrationskapazit{\"a}t und Wasserspeicherkapazit{\"a}t. Hier kommt dem Boden als interaktive Austauschfl{\"a}che zwischen den Sph{\"a}ren und damit dem Bodenschutz eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Die in Zukunft erwarteten klimatischen Bedingungen stellen an jeden Boden andere Herausforderungen, welchen mit stand{\"o}rtlich abgestimmten Bodenschutzmaßnahmen begegnet werden kann.}, subject = {Bodengeografie}, language = {de} }