@phdthesis{Griesbeck2020,
  author    = {Griesbeck, Stefanie Ingrid},
  title     = {A Very Positive Image of Boron: Triarylborane Chromophores for Live Cell Imaging},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-17992},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-179921},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Efficient quadrupolar chromophores (A-pi-A) with triarylborane moieties as acceptors have been studied by the Marder group regarding their non-linear optical properties and two-photon absorption ability for many years. Within the present work, this class of dyes found applications in live-cell imaging. Therefore, the dyes need to be water-soluble and water-stable in diluted aqueous solutions, which was examined in Chapter 2. Furthermore, the influence of the pi-bridge on absorption and emission maxima, fluorescence quantum yields and especially the two-photon absorption properties of the chromophores was investigated in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, a different strategy for the design of efficient two-photon excited fluorescence imaging dyes was explored using dipoles (D-A) and octupoles (DA3). Finding the optimum balance between water-stability and pi-conjugation and, therefore, red-shifted absorption and emission and high fluorescence quantum yields, was investigated in Chapter 5},
  subject      = {Borane},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sieck2018,
  author    = {Sieck, Carolin},
  title     = {Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Luminescent Rhodacyclopentadienes and Rhodium 2,2'-Biphenyl Complexes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-154844},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The photochemistry and photophysics of transition metal complexes are of great interest, since such materials can be exploited for a wide range of applications such as in photocatalysis, sensing and imaging, multiphoton-absorption materials and the fabrication of OLEDs. A full understanding of the excited state behavior of transition metal compounds is therefore important for the design of new materials for the applications mentioned above. In principle, the luminescence properties of this class of compounds can be tuned by changing the metal or subtle changes in the ligand environment. Furthermore, transition-metal complexes continue to play a major role in modern synthetic chemistry. In particular, they can realize selective transformations that would either be difficult or impossible by conventional organic chemistry. For example, they enable the efficient and selective formation of carbon-carbon bonds. One famous example of these types of transformations are metal-catalyzed cyclization reactions. Herein, metallacyclopentadiene complexes are considered as key intermediates in a number of metal-mediated or -catalyzed cyclization reactions, i.e. the [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of alkynes. Recent research has focused on the synthesis and characterization of these metallacyclic intermediates such as MC4 ring systems. Metallacyclopentadienes are structurally related to main group EC4 systems such as boroles, siloles, thiophenes and phospholes. Overall, this group of compounds (EC4 analogues) is well known and has attracted significant attention due to their electron-transport and optical properties. Unlike transition metal analogues, however, these EC4 systems show no phosphorescence, which is due to inefficient SOC compared to 2nd and 3rd row transition metals, which promoted us to explore the phosphorescence potential of metallacyclopentadienes. In 2001, Marder et al. developed a one-pot high-yield synthesis of luminescent 2,5 bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes by reductive coupling of 1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-diynes at a suitable rhodium(I) precursor. Over the past years, a variety of ligands (e.g. TMSA, S,S' diethyldithiocarbamate, etc.) and 1,4-bis(p-R-phenyl)-1,3-butadiynes or linked , bis(p-R-arylethynyl)alkanes (R = electron withdrawing or donating groups) were investigated and always provided a selective formation of 2,5 bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes, which were reported to be fluorescent despite presence of the heavy atom. To examine the influence of the ligand sphere around the rhodium center on the intersystem-crossing (ISC) processes in the above-mentioned fluorescent rhodacyclopentadienes and to increase the metal character in the frontier orbitals by destabilizing the Rh filled d-orbitals, a -electron donating group was introduced, namely acetylacetonato (acac). Interestingly, in 2010 Tay reacted [Rh(κ2-O,O-acac)(PMe3)2] with ,-bis(p-R-arylbutadiynyl)alkanes and observed not only the fluorescent 2,5 bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes, but also rhodium 2,2'-bph complexes as products, which were reported to be phosphorescent in preliminary photophysical studies. In this work, the reaction behavior of [Rh(κ2-O,O-acac)(L)2] (L = PMe3, P(p-tolyl)3) with different ,-bis(p-R-arylbutadiynyl)alkanes was established. Furthermore, the separation of the two isomers 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes (A) and rhodium 2,2'-bph complexes (B), and the photophysical properties of those were explored in order to clarify their fundamentally different excited state behaviors. Reactions of [Rh(κ2-O,O-acac)(P(p-tolyl3)2)] with ,-bis(arylbutadiynyl)alkanes gives exclusively weakly fluorescent 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes. Changing the phosphine ligands to PMe3, reactions of [Rh(κ2-O,O-acac)(PMe3)2] and , bis(arylbutadiynyl)alkanes afford two isomeric types of MC4 metallacycles with very different photophysical properties, as mentioned before. As a result of a normal [2+2] reductive coupling at rhodium, 2,5 bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes (A) are formed, which display intense fluorescence. Rhodium 2,2'-bph complexes (B), which show phosphorescence, have been isolated as a second isomer originating from an unusual [4+2] cycloaddition reaction and a subsequent -H-shift. Control of the isomer distribution, of 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes (A) and rhodium biphenyl complexes (B), is achieved by modification of the linked , bis(arylbutadiynyl)alkane. Changing the linker length from four CH2 to three CH2 groups, dramatically favors the formation of the rhodium biphenyl isomer B, providing a fundamentally new route to access photoactive metal biphenyl compounds in good yields. This is very exciting as the photophysical properties of only a limited number of bph complexes of Ir, Pd and Pt had been explored. The lack of photophysical reports in the literature is presumably due to the limited synthetic access to various substituted 2,2'-bph transition metal complexes. On the other hand, as the reaction of [Rh(κ2-O,O-acac)(P(p-tolyl)3)2] with , bis(arylbutadiynyl)alkanes provides a selective reaction to give weakly fluorescent 2,5 bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadiene complexes with P(p-tolyl)3 as phosphine ligands, a different synthetic access to 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadiene complexes with PMe3 as phosphine ligands was developed, preventing the time-consuming separation of the isomers. The weak rhodium-phosphorus bonds of 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadiene complexes bearing P(p tolyl)3 as phosphine ligands, relative to those of related PMe3 complexes, allowed for facile ligand exchange reactions. In the presence of an excess of PMe3, a stepwise reaction was observed, giving first the mono-substituted, mixed-phosphine rhodacyclopentadiene intermediates and, subsequently, full conversion to the highly fluorescent 2,5 bis(arylethynyl)-rhodacyclopentadienes bearing only PMe3 ligands (by increasing the reaction temperature). With spectroscopically pure 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadiene complexes A (bearing PMe3 as phosphine ligands) and rhodium 2,2-bph complexes B in hand, photophysical studies were conducted. The 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes (A) are highly fluorescent with high quantum yields up to 54\% and very short lifetimes (τ = 0.2 - 2.5 ns) in solution at room temperature. Even at 77 K in glass matrices, no additional phosphorescence is observed which is in line with previous observations made by Steffen et al., who showed that SOC mediated by the heavy metal atom in 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes and 2,5 bis(arylethynyl)iridacyclopentadienes is negligible. The origin of this fluorescence lies in the pure intra-ligand (IL) nature of the excited states S1 and T1. The HOMO and the LUMO are nearly pure  and * ligand orbitals, respectively, and the HOMO is energetically well separated from the filled rhodium d orbitals. The absence of phosphorescence in transition metal complexes due to mainly IL character of the excited states is not unusual, even for heavier homologues than rhodium with greater SOC, resulting in residual S1 emission (fluorescence) despite ISC S1→Tn being sufficiently fast for population of T1 states. However, there are very few complexes that exhibit fluorescence with the efficiency displayed by our rhodacyclopentadienes, which involves exceptionally slow S1→Tn ISC on the timescale of nanoseconds rather than a few picoseconds or faster. In stark contrast, the 2,2'-bph rhodium complexes B are exclusively phosphorescent, as expected for 2nd-row transition metal complexes, and show long-lived (hundreds of s) phosphorescence (Ф = 0.01 - 0.33) at room temperature in solution. As no fluorescence is detected even at low temperature, it can be assumed that S1→Tn ISC must be faster than both fluorescence and non-radiative decay from the S1 state. This contrasts with the behavior of the isomeric 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes for which unusually slow ISC occurs on a timescale that is competitive with fluorescence (vide supra). The very small values for the radiative rate constants, however, indicate that the nature of the T1 state is purely 3IL with weak SOC mediated by the Rh atom. The phosphorescence efficiency of these complexes in solution at room temperature is even more impressive, as non-radiative coupling of the excited state with the ground state typically inhibits phosphorescence. Instead, the rigidity of the organic -system allows the ligand-based excited triplet state to exist in solution for up to 646 s and to emit with high quantum yields for biphenyl complexes. The exceptionally long lifetimes and small radiative rate constants of the rhodium biphenyl complexes are presumably a result of the large conjugated -system of the organic ligand. According to TD DFT studies, the T1 state involves charge-transfer from the biphenyl ligand into the arylethynyl moiety away from the rhodium atom. This reduces the SOC of the metal center that would be necessary for fast phosphorescence. These results show that the π-chromophoric ligand can gain control over the photophysical excited state behavior to such an extent that even heavy transition metal atoms like rhodium participate in increasing the fluorescence such as main-group analogues do. Furthermore, in the 2,2'-bph rhodium complexes, the rigidity of the organic -system allows the ligand-based excited triplet state to exist in solution for up to hundreds of s and to emit with exceptional quantum yields. Therefore, investigations of the influence of the ligand sphere around the rhodium center have been made to modify the photophysical properties and furthermore to explore the reaction behavior of these rhodium complexes. Bearing in mind that the P(p-tolyl)3 ligands can easily be replaced by the stronger -donating PMe3 ligands, ligand exchange reactions with N heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as even stronger -donors was investigated. Addition of two equivalents of NHCs at room temperature led to the release of one equivalent of P(p-tolyl3) and formation of the mono-substituted NHC rhodium complex. The reaction of isolated mono-NHC complex with another equivalent of NHC at room temperature did not result in the exchange of the second phosphine ligand. Moderate heating of the reaction to 60 °C, however, resulted in the formation of tetra-substituted NHC rhodium complex [Rh(nPr2Im)4]+[acac]-. To circumvent the loss of the other ligands in the experiments described above, a different approach was investigated to access rhodacyclopentadienes with NHC instead of phosphine ligands. Reaction of the bis-NHC complex [Rh(κ2-O,O-acac)(nPr2Im)2] with , bis(arylbutadiynyl)alkanes at room temperature resulted 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)-rhodacyclopentadienes with the NHC ligands being cis or trans to each other as indicated by NMR spectroscopic measurements and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Isolation of clean material and a fundamental photophysical study could not be finished for reasons of time within the scope of this work. Furthermore, shortening of the well conjugated -system of the chromophoric ligand (changing from tetraynes to diynes) was another strategy to examine the reaction behavior of theses ligands with rhodium(I) complexes and to modify the excited state behavior of the formed rhodacyclopentadienes. The reaction of [Rh(κ2-O,O-acac)(PMe3)2] with 1,7 diaryl 1,6-heptadiynes (diynes) leads to the selective formation of 2,5 bis(aryl)rhodacyclopentadienes. These compounds, however, are very weakly fluorescent with quantum yields ФPL < 1, and very short emission lifetimes in toluene at room temperature. Presumably, vibrational modes of the bis(phenyl)butadiene backbone leads to a higher rate constant for non-radiative decay and is thus responsible for the low quantum yields compared to their corresponding PMe3 complexes with the bis(phenylethynyl)butadiene backbone at room temperature. No additional phosphorescence, even at 77 K in the glass matrix is observed. Chancing the phosphine ligands to P(p-tolyl)3, reactions of [Rh(κ2-O,O-acac)(P(p-tolyl3)2)] with 1,7-diaryl-1,6-heptadiynes, however, resulted in a metal-mediated or -catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of alkynes and leads to full conversion to dimerization and trimerization products and recovery of the rhodium(I) starting material. This is intuitive, considering that P(Ar)3 (Ar = aryl) ligands are considered weaker -donor ligands and therefore have a higher tendency to dissociate. Therefore, rhodium(I) complexes with aryl phosphines as ligands have an increasing tendency to promote catalytic reactions, while the stronger -donating ligands (PMe3 or NHCs) promote the formation of stable rhodium complexes. Finally, in Chapter 4, the findings of the work conducted on N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) is presented. These compounds have unique electronic and steric properties and are therefore of great interest as ligands and organo-catalysts. In this work, studies of substitution reactions involving novel carbonyl complexes of rhodium and nickel are reported. For characterization and comparison of CAACmethyl with the large amount of data available for NHC and sterically more demanding CAAC ligands, an overview on physicochemical data (electronics, sterics and bond strength) is provided. The reaction of [Rh(-Cl)(CO)2]2 with 2 equivalents of CAACmethyl at low temperature afforded the mononuclear complex cis-[(RhCl(CO)2(CAACmethyl)]. However, reacting [Rh( Cl)(CO)2]2 with CAACmethyl at room temperature afforded a mixture of complexes. The mononuclear complex [(RhCl(CO)(CAACmethyl)2], the chloro-bridged complexes [(Rh2( Cl)2(CO)3(CAACmethyl)], [Rh(-Cl)(CO)(CAACmethyl)]2 and a carbon monoxide activation product were formed. The carbon monoxide activation product is presumably formed via the reaction of two equivalents of the CAAC with CO to give the bis-carbene adduct of CO, and subsequent rearrangement via migration of the Dipp moiety. While classical N-heterocyclic carbenes are not electrophilic enough to react with CO, related diamidocarbenes and alkyl(amino)carbenes undergo addition reactions with CO to give the corresponding ketenes. Consequently, to obtain the CAAC-disubstituted mononuclear complex selectively, 8 equivalents of CAACmethyl were reacted with 1 equivalent of [Rh(-Cl)(CO)2]2. For the evaluation of TEP values, [Ni(CO)3(CAAC)] was synthesized in collaboration with the group of Radius. With the complexes [(RhCl(CO)(CAACmethyl)2] and [Ni(CO)3(CAAC)] in hand, it was furthermore possible to examine the electronic and steric parameters of CAACmethyl. Like its bulkier congeners CAACmenthyl and CAACcy, the methyl-substituted CAAC is proposed to be a notably stronger -donor than common NHCs. While it has a very similar TEP value of 2046 cm-1, it additionally possess superior -acceptor properties (P = 67.2 ppm of phosphinidene adduct). CAACs appear to be very effective in the isolation of a variety of otherwise unstable main group and transition metal diamagnetic and paramagnetic species. This is due to their low-lying LUMO and the small singlet-triplet gap. These electronic properties also allow free CAACs to activate small molecules with strong bonds. They also bind strongly to transition metal centers, which enables their use under harsh conditions. One recent development is the use of CAACs as ligands in transition metal complexes, which previously were only postulated as short-lived catalytic intermediates.[292,345] The availability of these reactive species allows for a better understanding of known catalytic reactions and the design of new catalysts and, moreover, new applications. For example Radius et al.[320] prepared a CAAC complex of cobalt as a precursor for thin-film deposition and Steffen et al.[346] reported a CAAC complex of copper with very high photoluminescent properties, which could be used in LED devices. With the development of cheap and facile synthetic methods for the preparation of CAACs and their corresponding transition metals complexes, as well as the knowledge of their electronic properties, it is safe to predict that applications in and around this field of chemistry will continue to increase.},
  subject      = {{\"U}bergangsmetallkomplexe},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Roth2021,
  author    = {Roth, Patrick},
  title     = {Metalltricarbonyl-basierte CO-releasing molecules (CORMs): Variation der Freisetzungskinetik und Biokonjugation},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24017},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240171},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Kohlenstoffmonoxid ist ein wichtiges kleines Signalmolek{\"u}l das im menschlichen K{\"o}rper durch die enzymatische Wirkung von H{\"a}m-Oxygenase (HO) auf H{\"a}m produziert wird. F{\"u}r eine thera-peutische Anwendung werden Metallcarbonyl-Komplexe als CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) untersucht, die eine kontrollierte Freisetzung in biologischen Zielstrukturen erlauben. Daf{\"u}r wird entweder die Ligandenperipherie ("drug sphere") modifiziert oder die CORMs an bio-molekulare Tr{\"a}gersysteme konjugiert. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit stand dabei die lichtinduzierte Freisetzung von Kohlenstoffmonoxid aus Mangan(I)tricarbonyl-Komplexen im Vordergrund. Die oktaedrische Koordinationssph{\"a}re des Metallzentrums wurde dabei durch verschiedene faciale tridentate Liganden komplettiert, welche außerdem eine einfache und modulare Verkn{\"u}pfung mit biologischen Tr{\"a}ger-molek{\"u}len erm{\"o}glichen sollten. Als Chelatoren wurden Derivate von N,N-Bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amin (bpa) ausgew{\"a}hlt, in denen das zentrale Stickstoffatom mit Alkylaminen unterschiedlicher Kettenl{\"a}nge funktionalisiert ist, welche {\"u}ber Amid-Bindungen mit Carboxylat-modifizierten Tr{\"a}germolek{\"u}len verkn{\"u}pft werden k{\"o}nnen. Diesen bpa-Liganden sollte ein neuartiges Ligandensystem auf der Basis von N-(Phenanthridin-6-ylmethyl)-N-(chinolin-2-ylmethyl)ethan-1,2-diamin (pqen) gegen{\"u}bergestellt werden, in denen die Phenanthridin-Gruppe interessante photophysikalische und photochemische Eigenschaften erwarten l{\"a}sst. Die CO-releasing molecules sollten zudem mit den isostrukturellen Rhenium(I)tricarbonyl-Komplexen verglichen werden, die als Marker f{\"u}r die Fluoreszenz-mikroskopie dienen.},
  subject      = {Metallcarbonyle},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Dannenbauer2015,
  author    = {Dannenbauer, Nicole},
  title     = {Koordinationspolymere und -verbindungen mit intrinsischer Lumineszenz auf Basis von Selten-Erd-Chloriden, Thiazol, Thiolaten und Amin-Co-Liganden},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136218},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit konnten 69 neue und neuartige Koordinationspolymere sowie Komplexe mit schwefelhaltigen Liganden auf Selten-Erd-Chlorid-Basis synthetisiert und strukturell charak-terisiert werden. Durch die Umsetzung der Chloride mit dem Liganden Thiazol konnten bei Raumtemperatur, abh{\"a}ngig vom Ionenradius und der eingesetzten Menge Thiazol, sowohl Koordinationspolymere wie 1∞[LnCl3(thz)6]·thz (Ln = La, Ce), dimere Komplexe [Ln2Cl6(thz)8]·3(thz) (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd), [Pr2Cl6(thz)8] sowie monomere Komplexe [LnCl3(thz)4]2·thz (Ln = Sm , Eu , Tb, Ho) erhalten werden. Mittels temperaturabh{\"a}ngiger Pulverdiffraktometrie und in-situ Infra-rotspektroskopie sowie DTA/TG-Messungen konnte exemplarisch an 1∞[LaCl3(thz)6]·thz und [Pr2Cl6(thz)8] gezeigt werden, dass stufenweise thermisch bedingt Thiazolmolek{\"u}le aus den Strukturen abgegeben werden bis hin zur R{\"u}ckbildung des eingesetzten LnCl3. Unter der Vo-raussetzung, dass die fl{\"u}chtige Komponente Thiazol resorbiert wird, ist daher ein Kreispro-zess denkbar. Ferner konnten zus{\"a}tzlich wasserhaltige Phasen wie der vierkernige Cluster [Pr4Cl10(OH)2(thz)8(H2O)2] erhalten werden. Durch die Zugabe eines geeigneten Linkermolek{\"u}ls in das Reaktionssystem aus trivalenten Lanthanidchloriden und Thiazol konnten unter solvothermalen Bedingungen eine Vielzahl an Koordinationspolymeren und Komplexen erhalten werden. Als Linker oder als end-on Ligan-den eigneten sich sowohl eine Reihe an ditopischer Pyridylliganden 4,4'-Biypridin (bipy), 1,2-Di-(4-pyridyl)ethen (dpe), trans-1-(2-Pyridyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethylen (tppe), 1,2-Di-(4-pyridyl)ethan (dpa), sowie die Diazine Pyrazin (pyz) und Pyrimidin (pym) oder auch Azole wie 1,2,4-Triazol (tzH) und Pyrazol (pzH). Mittels Einkristallstrukturanalyse und pulverdiffrakto-metrischer Methoden konnten die dreidimensionalen Ger{\"u}stverbindungen 3∞[LnCl3(dpa)2]·thz (Ln = Ce - Sm, Gd - Lu), die Schichtstrukturen 2∞[Ln2Cl6(bipy)3(thz)2]·thz (Ln = La, Ce), 2∞[LnCl3(tzH)2(thz)]·thz (Ln = Pr, Sm - Gd) und die strangartigen Koordinationspolymere 1∞[LnCl3(bipy)(thz)2]·thz (Ln = Pr, Nd), 1∞[LnCl3(bipy)(thz)2]·thz (Ln = Sm, Eu - Er, Yb), 1∞[Ln2Cl6(dpe)2(thz)4]·dpe (Ln = Ce, Nd), 1∞[LnCl3(dpe)(thz)2]· 0.5 (dpe) 0.5 (thz) (Ln = Sm, Gd - Dy, Er, Yb), 1∞[HoCl3(dpe)(thz)2]·thz, 1∞[La2Cl6(dpa)(thz)6], 1∞[Pr2Cl6(pyz) (thz)6], 1∞[Ln2Cl6(tzH)4(thz)2] (Ln = Pr, Sm, Gd) sowie die Komplexe [LnCl3(tppe)2(thz)2] (Ln = Nd, Tb, Ho, Er), [Ln2Cl6(pyz)(thz)6]·2(thz) (Ln = Tb, Er), [Ln2Cl6(pym)2(thz)4] (Ln = Tb , Er), [LnCl3(pzH)3(thz)2] (Ln = Pr, Gd) charakterisiert werden.   Ferner konnten die erhaltenen Verbindungen weitestgehend auf ihre photolumineszenz-spektroskopischen sowie thermischen Eigenschaften hin untersucht werden. Außerdem konn-ten auch durch direkte Schwefelkoordination an die Ln3+-Zentren eindimensionale Koordina-tionspolymere 1∞[PrCl2(amt)(py)3] (amt- = 3-Amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazolat), [HNEt3]1∞[LnCl2(amt)2] (Ln = Ho, Er) und Komplexe [LnCl2(Mbim)(py)3]·py (Ln = Y, Er; Mbim = 2-Mercaptobenzimdiazolat) generiert werden},
  subject      = {Lanthanoide},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Schoenfeld2014,
  author    = {Sch{\"o}nfeld, Fabian},
  title     = {Solvensfreie Synthese von {\"U}bergangsmetall-azolat- und -azin-Netzwerken mit Struktureigenschaftsbeziehungen bez{\"u}glich Polarisierbarkeit und sorptionsabh{\"a}ngiger Lumineszenz},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115035},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Verwendung einer solvensfreien Synthesese zur Darstellung koordinationspolymerer Verbindungen basierend auf den 3d-{\"U}bergangsmetallen Mn, Fe, Co und Zn und N-heterozyklischen, aminischen Ligandenschmelzen. Die eingesetzten Metalle wurden entweder in ihrer elementaren Form in einer bereits bekannten, redox-basierten Synthese oder als Metallchloride in einer adduktbasierten Synthese verwendet. Synthesen mit den Liganden Imidazol (ImH), Pyrazol (PzH), Benzimidazol (bzImH), 1,2,3-Triazol (1,2,3-TzH), 1,2,4,-Triazol (1,2,4-TzH) und Piperazin (pipz) f{\"u}hrten zu verschiedenen neuen Verbindungen und Kristallstrukturen, speziell bei Verwendung des Liganden pipz. Die erhaltenen Produkte wurden f{\"u}r Untersuchungen von Struktureigenschafts-beziehungen hinsichtlich des Polarisationsverhaltens und im Falle der 1,2,3-Triazolate f{\"u}r eine Untersuchung von Photolumineszenzeigenschaften in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von Physisorptionsprozessen verwendet. Unter den Piperazin-Verbindungen findet sich eine starke Varianz im Bereich des polymeren Charakters und des Vernetzungsgrades, welcher von Komplexen (null-dimensional) wie [CoCl2(pipz)] (26) and [ZnCl2(pipz)] (27) {\"u}ber Str{\"a}nge (eindimensional) wie 1∞[{\"U}MCl2(py)2(pipz)] ({\"U}M = Mn (29), Fe (30), Co (31)) bis hin zu Netzen (zweidimensional) wie 2∞[Fe2Cl4(pipz)3]∙(pipz) (25) und Ger{\"u}sten (dreidimensional) wie 3∞[FeCl2(pipz)] (32) reicht. Thermoanalyse und darauf basierende Ver{\"a}nderungen in den Reaktionsbedingungen erm{\"o}glichen es, die Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen den einzelnen Phasen aufzuzeigen und ihre thermodynamischen Stabilit{\"a}ten zu untersuchen, was nicht nur f{\"u}r die Piperazin-Verbindungen, sondern auch f{\"u}r andere Systeme gelang, von denen die gr{\"o}ßte Gruppe die Imidazolate des Typs 3∞[{\"U}M3(Im)6(ImH)2] ({\"U}M = Mn (1), Fe (2), Co (3)) waren. Der erfolgreiche Zusatz von geringen Mengen Mn2+ in das MOF 3∞[Zn(1,2,3-Tz)2] (21) f{\"u}hrt zur Bildung der Phase 3∞[Zn0,9Mn0,1(1,2,3-Tz)2] (22) und zur Aktivierung von Photolumineszenz unter Beibehaltung von Mikroporosit{\"a}t. Das erhaltene lumineszierende, mikropor{\"o}se Ger{\"u}st wurde als Modellsystem f{\"u}r die Analyse von Lumineszenz{\"a}nderungen w{\"a}hrend der Physisorption verschiedener Analysegase und bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen verwendet. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse k{\"o}nnen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Charakterisierung potentieller Sensormaterialien spielen und sind weiterhin ein m{\"o}glicher Ausgangspunkt f{\"u}r mechanistische {\"U}berlegungen bei diesen hochinteressanten Struktureigenschaftsbeziehungen. Die erfolgreiche Redoxreaktion elementarer Metalle mit den Liganden ImH, PzH, bzImH und 1,2,3-TzH erlaubte eine Untersuchung dielektrischer Eigenschaften einer Gruppe von verwandten Verbindungen bez{\"u}glich verschiedener Probenformen (Pulversch{\"u}ttungen gegen{\"u}ber gepressten Pellets) und Strukturmerkmale wie Rigidit{\"a}t der Kristallstrukturen. Diese Eigenschaften wurden dar{\"u}ber hinaus auch temperaturabh{\"a}ngig in einem Bereich von -100 °C bis 150 °C untersucht. Weiterhin konnte mit Untersuchungen an den MOFs 3∞[{\"U}M(1,2,3-Tz)2] ({\"U}M = Mn (18), Fe (19), Co (20), Zn (21)) auch ein Beitrag zu einem Feld der MOF-Chemie geleistet werden, welches bereits stark diskutiert wurde, jedoch bislang nur sehr schwach erforscht ist.},
  subject      = {Festk{\"o}rperchemie},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Stangl2018,
  author    = {Stangl, Johannes Maria},
  title     = {Quantitative Feuchtesensorik mit lumineszierenden Ln-MOFs und Polymer-MOF-Matrix-Membranen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173190},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Sensorikeigenschaften der lumineszierenden metallorganischen Ger{\"u}stverbindungen (metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) ■(3@∞)[Ba0.98Eu0.02(Im)2] (1), ■(3@∞)[Sr0.90Eu0.10(Im)2] (2), ■(3@∞)[Tb(Im)3] (3), ■(2@∞)[Tb2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (4) und ■(2@∞)[Eu2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (5), sowohl in Form der Bulksubstanzen als auch in Form von mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) gegen{\"u}ber den Analyten Wasser, Methanol, Ethanol und Isopropanol untersucht und mittels kinetischer Betrachtungen quantitativ beschrieben. Hierf{\"u}r wurde ein Versuchsaufbau konstruiert, der den Anforderungen einer quantitativen Erfassung der Sensorikeigenschaften gen{\"u}gt und einflussgebende externe und interne Parameter, wie die Konzentration des Analyten, Temperatur, Druck, Probenmenge und Probenoberfl{\"a}che standardisiert, um eine m{\"o}glichst genaue Erfassung der auftretenden Ver{\"a}nderung der Lumineszenzintensit{\"a}t zu erm{\"o}glichen. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde eine mathematische Betrachtung genutzt, um die Ergebnisse der Experimente zu interpretieren und in einen Gesamtkontext zu setzen. F{\"u}r jedes der f{\"u}nf Modellsysteme wurde je eine Messreihe gegen ein breites Spektrum an relativen Feuchten (Wasser als Analyt) bei 25 °C durchgef{\"u}hrt. Der in allen F{\"a}llen auftretende Lumineszenzverlust ließ sich jeweils mittels einer Exponentialfunktion beschreiben und zur Bestimmung der konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngigen Reaktionskonstanten sowie der Halbwertszeiten nutzen. Die gewonnenen Informationen wurden verwendet, um die Reaktionskonstanten und die Schwellenwerte der Sensorik der jeweiligen Systeme zu bestimmten. In weiteren Versuchsreihen wurde der Messaufbau genutzt und der Einfluss der Alkohole Methanol, Ethanol und Isopropanol auf die Lumineszenz der MOFs ■(3@∞)[Ba0.98Eu0.02(Im)2] (1), ■(2@∞)[Tb2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (4) und ■(2@∞)[Eu2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (5) bei verschie-denen Konzentrationen in der Gasphase und bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen untersucht, quantitativ bestimmt und gem{\"a}ß der vorangegangen Messreihen f{\"u}r Feuchte beschrieben. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde die Ver{\"a}nderung des Lumineszenzmusters der MOFs ■(2@∞)[Tb2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (4) und ■(2@∞)[Eu2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (5) untersucht. Die M{\"o}glichkeiten der Prozessierung von ■(3@∞)[Ba0.98Eu0.02(Im)2] (1), und ■(2@∞)[Tb2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (4) wurden im Hinblick auf eine praktische Anwendung im Bereich der Sensorik hin untersucht. Hierf{\"u}r wurden die jeweiligen Bulksubstanzen via Dropcoating in die drei Polymere Polystyrol (PS), Polyvinychlorid (PVC) und Polymethylpenten (TPX) eingebettet. Die so dargestellten MMMs wurden auf ihre Sensorikeigenschaften hin untersucht und der Lumineszenzverlust wurde quantitativ beschrieben. Des Weiteren wurde die korrespondierende Bulksubstanz, in Bezug auf die (konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngigen) Reaktionskonstanten und Halbwertszeiten, mit den MMMs verglichen. Im Rahmen einer Kooperation mit der Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. Dr. Janiak der Heinrich-Heine-Universit{\"a}t D{\"u}sseldorf wurden die MOFs ■(3@∞)[Ba0.98Eu0.02(Im)2] (1) und ■(3@∞)[Sr0.90Eu0.10(Im)2] (2) in Polysulfon (PSF) eingebettet und ebenfalls auf ihre F{\"a}higkeit zur Feuchtesensorik hin untersucht. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit war es erstmals m{\"o}glich, die Sensoreigenschaften der genutzten MOFs und CPs (1 - 5) quantitativ zu erfassen und mathematisch zu beschreiben. Ebenso konnte das entwickelte Sensorikkonzept erfolgreich auf die Erfassung von verschiedenen Alkoholen in der Gasphase {\"u}bertragen werden (f{\"u}r System 1, 4 und 5). Anschließend war es m{\"o}glich, die genutzten Modellsysteme 1, 2 und 4 unter dem Erhalt der Lumineszenzeigenschaft in verschiedene Polymere einzubetten und deren Eigenschaften zur Feuchtesensorik ebenfalls quantitativ zu erfassen und mathematisch zu beschreiben. Im letzten Abschnitt der Arbeit wurden die beiden por{\"o}sen ZIFs (zeolitic imidazolate frameworks) Na-Rho-ZMOF (6) und Zn(nmIm)2 (7) mit einer Terbiumnitratl{\"o}sung behandelt, um durch die F{\"u}llung der Kavit{\"a}ten die Lumineszenzeigenschaft der Terbiumionen in das ZIF zu implementieren. Der Grad und die Qualit{\"a}t der Bef{\"u}llung wurden anschließend analytisch auf Lumineszenzeigenschaften hin untersucht. Hierbei konnte die Bef{\"u}llung von Na-Rho-ZMOF (6) erfolgreich nachgewiesen werden, w{\"a}hrend es bei Zn(nmIm)2 (7) nicht zu einer Bef{\"u}llung des Porensystems kam.},
  language  = {de}
}