@phdthesis{Preitschopf2023,
author = {Preitschopf, Tobias},
title = {Disentangling the Formation of PAHs in Extreme Environments by IR/UV Double Resonance Spectroscopy},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32279},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322791},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2023},
abstract = {Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as key building blocks in the formation of carbonaceous particles such as soot. In our immediate surroundings, they are mainly generated in incomplete combustion processes and are further considered as carriers of the Unidentified Infrared Bands which are detected in a wide variety of astrophysical envelopes in the interstellar medium. Currently, astrochemical as well as combustion related models favour small resonance stabilized radicals (RSR) as major contributors to PAHs in sequential reactions. Therefore, we generated two RSR under well-defined conditions to investigate their contribution to PAH formation in a pyrolysis microreactor. The various reaction products were identified by IR/UV ion dip spectroscopy which combines the mass-selectivity of UV light with the structural sensitivity of IR radiation. Finally, we investigated the intermolecular interactions in azaphenanthrene dimers in combination with high-level theoretical calculations and found a preferential formation of pi-stacked van der Waals cluster in a molecular jet expansion.},
subject = {Infrarotspektroskopie},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Brueckner2021,
author = {Br{\"u}ckner, Tobias Walter},
title = {Lewisbasenstabilisierte Bor-Bor-Mehrfachbindungssysteme - Darstellung und Reaktivit{\"a}tsstudien},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21347},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213479},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Darstellung und Reaktivit{\"a}t von Lewisbasenstabilisierten Bor-Bor-Mehrfachbindungssystemen. Besonderes Augenmerk lag hierbei auf der Aktivierung von Element-Wasserstoff-Bindungen von Boranen, Aminen, Silanen und Phosphanen durch NHC-stabilisierte Diborine. Des Weiteren wurde die Aktivierung von Bor-Bor-, sowie Phosphor-Phosphor-Einfachbindungen untersucht. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde die Reaktivit{\"a}t gegen{\"u}ber Carbenen und aromatischen Stickstoffbasen n{\"a}her beleuchtet.},
subject = {Diborine},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Hennig2022,
author = {Hennig, Philipp Thomas},
title = {Synthese, Charakterisierung und Eigenschaften neuartiger Mono- und Bis-Pentafluorethylborate sowie Pentafluorethylboran-Addukte},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-19289},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192899},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2022},
abstract = {Diese Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Synthese, Charakterisierung und Eigeschaften neuer Monopentafluorethylborat-Anionen der Form [C2F5BH2X]- (X= F, Cl, Br), [C2F5BH2(CN)]-, [C2F5BH(CN)2]-, [C2F5BH(CN)X]- (X= F, Cl, Br) und [C2F5B(CN)X2]- (X= Cl, Br)sowie den Bis-pentafluorethylborat-Anionen [(C2F5)2B(OMe)(CN)]-, [(C2F5)2BF(CN)]- und [(C2F5)2B(CN)2]-. Von einigen dieser Verbindungen wurden Ionische Fl{\"u}ssigkeiten basierend auf dem 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-Kation synthetisiert und deren physikalischen Parameter ausf{\"u}hrlich untersucht. Zudem wurden Pentafluorethylboran-Addukte mit verschiedenen Lewis-Basen der Form C2F5BH2-L (L= THF, SMe2, CH3CN, Pyridin, PPh3, CAAC, IDipp, SIDipp, Me4Im, (iPr)2Me2Im, tBu2Im) hergestellt welche zum Teil als Startmaterialien f{\"u}r die Synthese von Monopentafluorethylboraten verwendet wurden.},
subject = {Borate},
language = {de}
}
@article{HagspielArrowsmithFantuzzietal.2021,
author = {Hagspiel, Stephan and Arrowsmith, Merle and Fantuzzi, Felipe and Vargas, Alfredo and Rempel, Anna and Hermann, Alexander and Br{\"u}ckner, Tobias and Braunschweig, Holger},
title = {Highly colored boron-doped thiazolothiazoles from the reductive dimerization of boron isothiocyanates},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {60},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {12},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202015508},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256432},
pages = {6446-6450},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Reduction of (CAAC)BBr\(_2\)(NCS) (CAAC=cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene) in the presence of a Lewis base L yields tricoordinate (CAAC)LB(NCS) borylenes which undergo reversible E/Z-isomerization. The same reduction in the absence of L yields deep blue, bis(CAAC)-stabilized, boron-doped, aromatic thiazolothiazoles resulting from the dimerization of dicoordinate (CAAC)B(NCS) borylene intermediates.},
language = {en}
}
@article{MerzDietzVonhausenetal.2020,
author = {Merz, Julia and Dietz, Maximilian and Vonhausen, Yvonne and W{\"o}ber, Frederik and Friedrich, Alexandra and Sieh, Daniel and Krummenacher, Ivo and Braunschweig, Holger and Moos, Michael and Holzapfel, Marco and Lambert, Christoph and Marder, Todd B.},
title = {Synthesis, Photophysical and Electronic Properties of New Red-to-NIR Emitting Donor-Acceptor Pyrene Derivatives},
series = {Chemistry - A European Journal},
volume = {26},
journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal},
number = {2},
doi = {10.1002/chem.201904219},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207486},
pages = {438-453},
year = {2020},
abstract = {We synthesized new pyrene derivatives with strong bis(para -methoxyphenyl)amine donors at the 2,7-positions and n -azaacene acceptors at the K-region of pyrene. The compounds possess a strong intramolecular charge transfer, leading to unusual properties such as emission in the red to NIR region (700 nm), which has not been reported before for monomeric pyrenes. Detailed photophysical studies reveal very long intrinsic lifetimes of >100 ns for the new compounds, which is typical for 2,7-substituted pyrenes but not for K-region substituted pyrenes. The incorporation of strong donors and acceptors leads to very low reduction and oxidation potentials, and spectroelectrochemical studies show that the compounds are on the borderline between localized Robin-Day class-II and delocalized Robin-Day class-III species.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kelch2018,
author = {Kelch, Hauke},
title = {Synthese und Reaktivit{\"a}t neuer Bor-haltiger Heterocyclen UND Element-Element-Bindungsaktivierungen durch vicinale Biscarbenoide},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153951},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2018},
abstract = {Teil 1: Synthese und Reaktivit{\"a}t neuer Bor-haltiger Heterocyclen Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Versuche unternommen, neue Borolverbindungen auf Basis des 2,3,4,5-Tetrakis(pinakolboryl)buta-1,3-diendiyl-R{\"u}ckgrates mit unterschiedlichen Substituenten am Borzentrum darzustellen. Des Weiteren wurde ein neues Borolsystem auf Basis des Tetraphenylbutadien-Ger{\"u}stes synthetisiert, das die elektronenziehende Perfluorphenylgruppe als Bor-st{\"a}ndigen Substituenten tr{\"a}gt. Durch experimentelle Gegen{\"u}berstellung der strukturellen und spektroskopischen Parameter konnte - unterst{\"u}tzt durch quantenchemische Berechnungen - der Einfluss der R{\"u}ckgratsubstitution eingehend untersucht werden. Teil 2: Element-Element-Bindungsaktivierungen durch vicinale Biscarbenoide Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das vicinale Biscarbenoid Bis(piperidyl)acetylen eingesetzt um die Reaktivit{\"a}t dieser Verbindungsklasse gegen{\"u}ber Lewis-sauren Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen aufzukl{\"a}ren.},
subject = {Borheterocyclen},
language = {de}
}
@article{HorrerKrahfussLubitzetal.2020,
author = {Horrer, G{\"u}nther and Krahfuß, Mirjam J. and Lubitz, Katharina and Krummenacher, Ivo and Braunschweig, Holger and Radius, Udo},
title = {N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Complexes of Titanium(IV) and Titanium(III)},
series = {European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry},
volume = {2020},
journal = {European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry},
number = {3},
doi = {10.1002/ejic.201901207},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208725},
pages = {281-291},
year = {2020},
abstract = {The reaction of one and two equivalents of the N -heterocyclic carbene IMes [IMes = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene] or the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene cAAC\(^{Me}\) [cAAC\(^{Me}\) = 1-(2,6-diisopropyl-phenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetra-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylidene] with [TiCl\(_{4}\)] in n -hexane results in the formation of mono- and bis-carbene complexes [TiCl\(_{4}\)(IMes)] 1 , [TiCl\(_{4}\)(IMes)2] 2 , [TiCl\(_{4}\)(cAAC\(^{Me}\))] 3 , and [TiCl\(_{4}\)(cAAC\(^{Me}\))\(_{2}\)] 4 , respectively. For comparison, the titanium(IV) NHC complex [TiCl\(_{4}\)(Ii Pr\(^{Me}\))] 5 (Ii Pr\(^{Me}\) = 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The reaction of [TiCl\(_{4}\)(IMes)] 1 with PMe\(_{3}\) affords the mixed substituted complex [TiCl\(_{4}\)(IMes)(PMe\(_{3}\))] 6 . The reactions of [TiCl\(_{3}\)(THF)\(_{3}\)] with two equivalents of the carbenes IMes and cAAC\(^{Me}\) in n -hexane lead to the clean formation of the titanium(III) complexes [TiCl\(_{3}\)(IMes)\(_{2}\)] 7 and [TiCl\(_{3}\)(cAAC\(^{Me}\))\(_{2}\)] 8 . Compounds 1 -8 have been completely characterized by elemental analysis, IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and for 2 -5 , 7 and 8 by X-ray diffraction. Magnetometry in solution, EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and DFT calculations performed on 7 and 8 are indicative of a predominantly metal-centered d\(^{1}\)-radical in both cases.},
language = {en}
}
@article{RienschSwobodaLiketal.2021,
author = {Riensch, Nicolas Alexander and Swoboda, Lukas and Lik, Artur and Krummenacher, Ivo and Braunschweig, Holger and Helten, Holger},
title = {Conjugated Bis(triarylboranes) with Disconnected Conjugation},
series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie},
volume = {647},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie},
number = {5},
doi = {10.1002/zaac.202000476},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258020},
pages = {421-424},
year = {2021},
abstract = {A series of methylene-bridged bis(triarylboranes) has been synthesized via two complementary routes using metal-free catalytic Si/B exchange condensation under mild conditions. The title compounds comprise two borane moieties that show effective internal π-conjugation involving the respective boron centers and the adjacent hetaryl groups. Conjugation between both borane units, however, is disrupted by the aliphatic linker. Cyclic voltammetry revealed minimal electronic communication between the boron centers, as evidenced by two closely spaced reduction processes. The UV-vis spectra showed bathochromic shifted absorption bands compared to related monoboranes, which is attributed to the methylene bridge. A further red-shift results upon introduction of methyl or SiMe\(_3\) groups at the terminal thiophene rings.},
language = {en}
}
@article{HeRauchFriedrichetal.2021,
author = {He, Jiang and Rauch, Florian and Friedrich, Alexandra and Krebs, Johannes and Krummenacher, Ivo and Bertermann, R{\"u}diger and Nitsch, J{\"o}rn and Braunschweig, Holger and Finze, Maik and Marder, Todd B.},
title = {Phenylpyridyl-fused boroles: a unique coordination mode and weak B-N coordination-induced dual fluorescence},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {60},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {9},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202013692},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256423},
pages = {4833-4840},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Phenylpyridyl-fused boroles [TipPBB1]\(_4\) and TipPBB2 were synthesized and their properties investigated. [TipPBB1]\(_4\) forms a tetramer in both the solid state and solution. TipPBB2 contains a 4-coordinate boron atom in the solid state but dissociates to give a 3-coordinate boron species in solution. TipPBB2 shows interesting temperature-dependent dual fluorescence in solution because of the equilibrium between 3- and 4-coordinate boron species due to weak N⋅⋅⋅B intermolecular coordination.},
language = {en}
}
@article{ZapfRadiusFinze2021,
author = {Zapf, Ludwig and Radius, Udo and Finze, Maik},
title = {1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazoline-2-ylidenate anion - a ditopic dianionic N-heterocyclic carbene ligand},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {60},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {33},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202105529},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256498},
pages = {17974-17980},
year = {2021},
abstract = {The 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazolate anion 1 was obtained in high yield from lithium imidazolate and B(CN)\(_3\)-pyridine adduct. Anion 1 is chemically very robust and thus allowed the isolation of the corresponding H\(_5\)O\(_2\)\(^+\) salt. Furthermore, monoanion 1 served as starting species for the novel dianionic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazoline-2-ylidenate anion 3 that acts as ditopic ligand via the carbene center and the cyano groups at boron. First reactions of this new NHC 3 with methyl iodide, elemental selenium, and [Ni(CO)\(_4\)] led to the methylated imidazolate ion 4, the dianionic selenium adduct 5, and the dianionic nickel tricarbonyl complex 6. These NHC derivatives provide a first insight into the electronic and steric properties of the dianionic NHC 3. Especially the combination of properties, such as double negative charge, different coordination sites, large buried volume and good σ-donor and π-acceptor ability, make NHC 3 a unique and promising ligand and building block.},
language = {en}
}
@article{HanftLichtenberg2020,
author = {Hanft, Anna and Lichtenberg, Crispin},
title = {Dimerization of 2-[(2-((2-aminophenyl)thio)phenyl)amino]-cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one through hydrogen bonding, C\(_{19}\)H\(_{16}\)N\(_2\)OS},
series = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures},
volume = {235},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures},
number = {4},
doi = {10.1515/ncrs-2020-0124},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229482},
pages = {963-966},
year = {2020},
abstract = {C\(_{19}\)H\(_{16}\)N\(_2\)OS, triclinic, P (1) over bar (no. 2), a= 8.1510(3) angstrom, b = 8.8021(3) angstrom, c =11.3953(5) angstrom, alpha =72.546(2)degrees, beta=84.568(2)degrees, gamma =80.760(2)degrees, V =768.86(5) angstrom(3), Z =2, R\(_{gt}\)(F) = 0.0491, WR\(_{ref}\)(F-2) = 0.1494, T =100 K.},
language = {en}
}
@article{WuNitschMarder2021,
author = {Wu, Zhu and Nitsch, J{\"o}rn and Marder, Todd B.},
title = {Persistent room-temperature phosphorence from purely organic molecules and multi-component systems},
series = {Advanced Optical Materials},
volume = {9},
journal = {Advanced Optical Materials},
number = {20},
doi = {doi.org/10.1002/adom.202100411},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256415},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Recently, luminophores showing efficient room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have gained tremendous interest due to their numerous applications. However, most phosphors are derived from transition metal complexes because of their intrinsic fast intersystem crossing (ISC) induced by strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) constants of the heavy metal. Metal-free RTP materials are rare and have become a promising field because they are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. This review summarizes organic molecular materials with long triplet lifetimes at room temperature from the perspective of whether they stem from a molecular or multi-component system. Among purely organic phosphors, heteroatoms are usually introduced into the backbone in order to boost the singlet-triplet ISC rate constant. In multi-component systems, useful strategies such as host-guest, polymer matrix, copolymerization, and supramolecular assembly provide a rigid matrix to restrict nonradiative pathways thus realizing ultralong RTP.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Stangl2018,
author = {Stangl, Johannes Maria},
title = {Quantitative Feuchtesensorik mit lumineszierenden Ln-MOFs und Polymer-MOF-Matrix-Membranen},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173190},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2018},
abstract = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Sensorikeigenschaften der lumineszierenden metallorganischen Ger{\"u}stverbindungen (metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) ■(3@∞)[Ba0.98Eu0.02(Im)2] (1), ■(3@∞)[Sr0.90Eu0.10(Im)2] (2), ■(3@∞)[Tb(Im)3] (3), ■(2@∞)[Tb2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (4) und ■(2@∞)[Eu2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (5), sowohl in Form der Bulksubstanzen als auch in Form von mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) gegen{\"u}ber den Analyten Wasser, Methanol, Ethanol und Isopropanol untersucht und mittels kinetischer Betrachtungen quantitativ beschrieben. Hierf{\"u}r wurde ein Versuchsaufbau konstruiert, der den Anforderungen einer quantitativen Erfassung der Sensorikeigenschaften gen{\"u}gt und einflussgebende externe und interne Parameter, wie die Konzentration des Analyten, Temperatur, Druck, Probenmenge und Probenoberfl{\"a}che standardisiert, um eine m{\"o}glichst genaue Erfassung der auftretenden Ver{\"a}nderung der Lumineszenzintensit{\"a}t zu erm{\"o}glichen. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde eine mathematische Betrachtung genutzt, um die Ergebnisse der Experimente zu interpretieren und in einen Gesamtkontext zu setzen. F{\"u}r jedes der f{\"u}nf Modellsysteme wurde je eine Messreihe gegen ein breites Spektrum an relativen Feuchten (Wasser als Analyt) bei 25 °C durchgef{\"u}hrt. Der in allen F{\"a}llen auftretende Lumineszenzverlust ließ sich jeweils mittels einer Exponentialfunktion beschreiben und zur Bestimmung der konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngigen Reaktionskonstanten sowie der Halbwertszeiten nutzen. Die gewonnenen Informationen wurden verwendet, um die Reaktionskonstanten und die Schwellenwerte der Sensorik der jeweiligen Systeme zu bestimmten. In weiteren Versuchsreihen wurde der Messaufbau genutzt und der Einfluss der Alkohole Methanol, Ethanol und Isopropanol auf die Lumineszenz der MOFs ■(3@∞)[Ba0.98Eu0.02(Im)2] (1), ■(2@∞)[Tb2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (4) und ■(2@∞)[Eu2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (5) bei verschie-denen Konzentrationen in der Gasphase und bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen untersucht, quantitativ bestimmt und gem{\"a}ß der vorangegangen Messreihen f{\"u}r Feuchte beschrieben. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde die Ver{\"a}nderung des Lumineszenzmusters der MOFs ■(2@∞)[Tb2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (4) und ■(2@∞)[Eu2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (5) untersucht. Die M{\"o}glichkeiten der Prozessierung von ■(3@∞)[Ba0.98Eu0.02(Im)2] (1), und ■(2@∞)[Tb2Cl6(4,4'-bipy)3]•2(4,4'-bipy) (4) wurden im Hinblick auf eine praktische Anwendung im Bereich der Sensorik hin untersucht. Hierf{\"u}r wurden die jeweiligen Bulksubstanzen via Dropcoating in die drei Polymere Polystyrol (PS), Polyvinychlorid (PVC) und Polymethylpenten (TPX) eingebettet. Die so dargestellten MMMs wurden auf ihre Sensorikeigenschaften hin untersucht und der Lumineszenzverlust wurde quantitativ beschrieben. Des Weiteren wurde die korrespondierende Bulksubstanz, in Bezug auf die (konzentrationsabh{\"a}ngigen) Reaktionskonstanten und Halbwertszeiten, mit den MMMs verglichen. Im Rahmen einer Kooperation mit der Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. Dr. Janiak der Heinrich-Heine-Universit{\"a}t D{\"u}sseldorf wurden die MOFs ■(3@∞)[Ba0.98Eu0.02(Im)2] (1) und ■(3@∞)[Sr0.90Eu0.10(Im)2] (2) in Polysulfon (PSF) eingebettet und ebenfalls auf ihre F{\"a}higkeit zur Feuchtesensorik hin untersucht. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit war es erstmals m{\"o}glich, die Sensoreigenschaften der genutzten MOFs und CPs (1 - 5) quantitativ zu erfassen und mathematisch zu beschreiben. Ebenso konnte das entwickelte Sensorikkonzept erfolgreich auf die Erfassung von verschiedenen Alkoholen in der Gasphase {\"u}bertragen werden (f{\"u}r System 1, 4 und 5). Anschließend war es m{\"o}glich, die genutzten Modellsysteme 1, 2 und 4 unter dem Erhalt der Lumineszenzeigenschaft in verschiedene Polymere einzubetten und deren Eigenschaften zur Feuchtesensorik ebenfalls quantitativ zu erfassen und mathematisch zu beschreiben. Im letzten Abschnitt der Arbeit wurden die beiden por{\"o}sen ZIFs (zeolitic imidazolate frameworks) Na-Rho-ZMOF (6) und Zn(nmIm)2 (7) mit einer Terbiumnitratl{\"o}sung behandelt, um durch die F{\"u}llung der Kavit{\"a}ten die Lumineszenzeigenschaft der Terbiumionen in das ZIF zu implementieren. Der Grad und die Qualit{\"a}t der Bef{\"u}llung wurden anschließend analytisch auf Lumineszenzeigenschaften hin untersucht. Hierbei konnte die Bef{\"u}llung von Na-Rho-ZMOF (6) erfolgreich nachgewiesen werden, w{\"a}hrend es bei Zn(nmIm)2 (7) nicht zu einer Bef{\"u}llung des Porensystems kam.},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kuehn2022,
author = {Kuehn, Laura},
title = {Earth-Abundant Metal-Catalyzed and Transition Metal-Free Borylation of Aryl Halides},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21149},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211499},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2022},
abstract = {The present work focusses on the borylation of aryl halides. The first chapter presents a detailed review about previously reported nickel-catalyzed borylation reactions. The second chapter of the thesis describes, the borylation reaction of C-Cl bonds in aryl chlorides mediated by an NHC-stabilized nickel catalyst. The cyclohexyl substituted NHC Cy2Im was used to synthesize novel Cy2Im-stabilized nickel complexes [Ni2(Cy2Im)4(μ-(η2:η2)-COD)] 1, [Ni(Cy2Im)2(η2-C2H4)] 2, and [Ni(Cy2Im)2(η2-COE)] 3. An optimized procedure was developed using 5 mol\% of the Ni-catalyst, 1.5 equivalents of the boron reagent B2pin2, and 1.5 equivalents of NaOAc as the base in methylcyclohexane at 100 °C. With these optimized conditions, it was shown that a variety of aryl chlorides, containing either electron-withdrawing or -donating groups, were converted to the corresponding aryl boronic esters in yields up to 99\% (88\% isolated) yield. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the C-Cl oxidative addition product [Ni(Cy2Im)2(Cl)(4-F3C-C6H4)] 11, which has been synthesized and isolated separately, also catalyzes the reaction. Thus, rapid oxidative addition of the C-Cl bond of the aryl chloride to [Ni2(Cy2Im)4(μ-(η2:η2)-COD)] 1 to yield trans-[Ni(Cy2Im)2(Cl)(Ar)] represents the first step in the catalytic cycle. The rate limiting step in this catalytic cycle is the transmetalation of boron to nickel forming trans-[Ni(Cy2Im)2(Bpin)(Ar)], which was not possible to isolate. The boryl transfer reagent is assumed to be the anionic adduct Na[B2pin2(OAc)]. A final reductive elimination step gives the desired borylated product Ar-Bpin and regenerates [Ni(Cy2Im)2]. In the next chapter the first effective C-Cl bond borylation of aryl chlorides using NHC-stabilized Cu(I)-complexes of the type [Cu(NHC)(Cl)] was developed. The known complexes [Cu(iPr2Im)(Cl)] 15, [Cu(Me2ImMe)(Cl)] 16, and [Cu(Cy2Im)(Cl)] 17, bearing the small alkyl substituted NHCs, were synthesized in good yields by the reaction of copper(I) chloride with the corresponding free NHC at low temperature (-78 °C) in THF. A range of catalysts, bases, solvents, and boron sources were screened to determine the scope and limitations of this reaction. [Cu(Cy2Im)(Cl)] 17 revealed a significantly higher catalytic activity than [Cu(iPr2Im)(Cl)] 15. KOtBu turned out to be the only efficient base for this borylation reaction. Besides methylcyclohexane, toluene was the only solvent that gave the borylated product in moderate yields of 53\%. It was shown that a variety of electron-rich and electron-poor aryl chlorides can be converted to the corresponding aryl boronic esters in isolated yields of up to 80\%. A mechanism was proposed, in which a Cu-boryl complex [Cu(L)(Bpin)] is formed in the initial step. This is followed by C-B bond formation via σ-bond metathesis with the aryl chloride forming the aryl boronic ester and [Cu(L)(Cl)]. The latter reacts with KOtBu to give [Cu(L)(OtBu)], which regenerates the copper boryl complex by reaction with B2pin2. Chapter 4 describes studies directed towards the transition metal-free borylation of aryl halides using Lewis base adducts of diborane(4) compounds. A variety of novel pyridine and NHC adducts of boron compounds were synthesized. Adducts of the type pyridine·B2cat2 18-19 and NHC·B2(OR)4 20-23 were examined for their ability to transfer a boryl moiety to an aryl iodide. However, only Me2ImMe∙B2pin2 20 was found to be effective. The stoichiometric reaction of 20 with different substituted aryl iodides and bromides in benzene, at elevated temperatures, gave the desired aryl boronic esters in good yields. Interestingly, depending on the reaction temperature, C-C coupling between the aryl halide and the solvent (benzene), was detected leading to a side product which, together with observed hydrodehalogenation of the aryl halide, provided indications that the reaction might be radical in nature. When the boryl transfer reaction based on Me2ImMe∙B2pin2 20 was followed by EPR spectroscopy, a signal (though very weak and ill-defined) was detected, which is suggestive of a mechanism involving a boron-based radical. In addition, the boronium cation [(Me2ImMe)2∙Bpin]+ 37 with iodide as the counterion was isolated from the reaction residue, indicating the fate of the second boryl moiety. A preliminary mechanism for the boryl transfer from 20 to aryl iodides was proposed, which involves an NHC-Bpin˙ radical as the key intermediate. Me2ImMe-Bpin˙ is formed by homolytic B-B bond cleavage of the bis-NHC adduct (Me2ImMe)2∙B2pin2, which is formed in situ in small amounts under the reaction conditions. Me2ImMe-Bpin˙ reacts with the aryl iodide to give the aryl boronic ester with recovery of aromaticity. In the same step, from the second equivalent of NHC-Bpin˙, an NHC-stabilized iodo-Bpin adduct is formed as an intermediate, which is further coordinated by another NHC, yielding [(Me2ImMe)2∙Bpin]+I- 37.},
subject = {NHC-Nickel-Catalyst},
language = {en}
}
@article{NeitzBessiKachleretal.2022,
author = {Neitz, Hermann and Bessi, Irene and Kachler, Valentin and Michel, Manuela and H{\"o}bartner, Claudia},
title = {Tailored tolane-perfluorotolane assembly as supramolecular base pair replacement in DNA},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {62},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {1},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202214456},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312575},
year = {2022},
abstract = {Arene-fluoroarene interactions offer outstanding possibilities for engineering of supramolecular systems, including nucleic acids. Here, we implement the tolane-perfluorotolane interaction as base pair replacement in DNA. Tolane (THH) and perfluorotolane (TFF) moieties were connected to acyclic backbone units, comprising glycol nucleic acid (GNA) or butyl nucleic acid (BuNA) building blocks, that were incorporated via phosphoramidite chemistry at opposite positions in a DNA duplex. Thermodynamic analyses by UV thermal melting revealed a compelling stabilization by THH/TFF heteropairs only when connected to the BuNA backbone, but not with the shorter GNA linker. Detailed NMR studies confirmed the preference of the BuNA backbone for enhanced polar π-stacking. This work defines how orthogonal supramolecular interactions can be tailored by small constitutional changes in the DNA backbone, and it inspires future studies of arene-fluoroarene-programmed assembly of DNA.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Feizy2019,
author = {Feizy, Nilab},
title = {iClick-Reaktionen von Palladium(II)azid- und Platin(II)azid-Komplexen mit tridentaten N,N,N-Chelatliganden und elektronenarmen Alkinen},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-17893},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178938},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2019},
abstract = {Katalysatorfreie [3+2]-Cycloadditionen von Aziden mit Alkinen werden in der bioorthogonalen Chemie h{\"a}ufig verwendet und haben großes Potential zur milden Synthese von Biokonjugaten. W{\"a}hrend solche Reaktionen in der Ligandenperipherie von Metallkomplexen h{\"a}ufiger angewendet werden ist, sind solche Reaktionen direkt in der inneren Koordinationssph{\"a}re von Metallzentren bisher nur wenig erforscht. Die neue Beispiele daf{\"u}r sind die Synthese und Untersuchungen der Kinetik und Reaktivit{\"a}t einer Reihe von Rhodium(III)azid-Halbsandwichkomplexen der allgemeinen Formel [Rh(Cp*)(N3)(bpyR,R)]+ oder von isoelektronische und isostrukturelle Molybd{\"a}n(II)azid- und Wolfram(II)azid-Komplexe mit verschiedenen elektronenarme Alkine. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit waren daher iClick-Reaktionen (engl. inorganic click, „iClick") von Palladium(II)azid- und Platin(II)azid-Komplexen der allgemeinen Formel [M(N3)(L)]+ und [M(N3)(L)] mit elektronenarmen Alkinen Dimethylacetylendicarboxylat (DMAD) und 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-ins{\"a}ureethylester. Als Liganden kamen die N,N,N-Chelatoren 1,3-Bis(arylimino)isoindolin (HL1-4) die sich nur im Bezug auf die Position der Methylgruppen in den Pyridinringen unterscheiden, 6',6"-Dimethyl-2',2:6,2"-terpyridin (L5) und 2,6-Bis(3-pyridazinyl)pyridin (L6) zum Einsatz. Die Reaktionen von L1-L4 mit [MCl2(cod)] (M = Pd, Pt) liefert neutrale Komplexe [MCl(L1-3)] und f{\"u}r L5 einfach geladene [MCl(L5)]+. Das koordinierte Chlorid wurde dann mit Natriumazid substituiert. Im abschließenden Teil der Arbeit wurde die zwei Alkinen in iClick-Reaktion verwendet um Palladium(II)- und Platin-Triazolat-Komplexe zu synthetisieren. F{\"u}r die resultierenden Triazolat-Komplexe wurde eine N2-koordinierten des Triazolat-Liganden durch R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalyse f{\"u}r baii-Triazolat-Komplexe best{\"a}tigt. Besonderes Merkmal dieser Verbindungen ist, dass der Triazolat-Ligand aus Platzmangel senkrecht zum 1,3-Bis(arylimino)isoindolin-Ligand steht. In verwandten Terpyridin-Komplexen sind der mono- und tridentate Ligand dagegen coplanar. Mit 1,3-Bis(6-methyl-2-pyridylimino)isoindolin als Ligand konnten man keine Metall-Komplexe hergestellt werden, da die zus{\"a}tzlichen Methylgruppem in 6',6"-Positionen aus sterische Gr{\"u}nden eine Reaktion mit [MCl2(cod)] verhindern. Auch der in drei Stufen synthetisierte Ligand 6',6"-Dimethyl-2',2:6,2"-terpyridin der im Vergleich zu Terpyridin zwei zus{\"a}tzliche Methylgruppen in 6',6"-Position besitzen reagiert nur mit [PdCl2(cod)] nicht aber mit [PtCl2(cod)], da der Ionenradius von Pt(II) gr{\"o}ßer als der von Pd(II) ist. Die hergestellte Chlorid-, Azid- und Triazolat-Komplexe mit L5 als N,N,N-Chelator waren nur in DMSO L{\"o}slich. Darin zersetzt es sich jedoch teilweise wieder in den freien Liganden. Die zus{\"a}tzlichen Methylgruppem in 6',6"-Positionen verhindern aus sterische Gr{\"u}nden die Chlorid-, Azid- und Triazolat-Komplexe stabil zu bleiben. Ligand L6 konnte nur in sehr niedrige Ausbeute isoliert werden, da in der letzten Stufe bzw. bei Stille-Kupplung zwischen 2,6-Bis(trimethylstannyl)pyridin und 3-Iodopyridazin die Homokupplungsprodukte von 3-Iodopyridazin entsteht, sodass die nicht getrennt werden konnten. Aufgrund der niedrigen Ausbeute wurden dann mit L6 keine Metall-Komplexe hergestellt. Die Kinetik der iClick-Reaktion ist ein entscheidender Faktor, wenn diese f{\"u}r die Markierung von Bio(makro)molek{\"u}len eingesetzt werden soll, da die Markierungsreaktion schneller als der interessierende biologische Prozess ablaufen muss. Daher wurden mit IR- und UV/Vis-Spektroskopie die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten pseudoerster Ordnung f{\"u}r die iClick-Reaktion der verschiedenen baii-Palladium(II)azid- und baii-Platin(II)azid-Komplexe mit Dimethylacetylendicarboxylat (DMAD) und 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-ins{\"a}ureethylester bestimmt. Hier sollte insbesondere der Einfluss der zus{\"a}tzlichen Methylgruppen in 4',4"- bzw. 5',5"-Positionen am 1,3-Bis(arylimino)isoindolin-Liganden sowie die Variation des Metallzentrums und Alkins auf die Geschwindigkeit der iClick-Reaktionen untersucht werden. Mit IR-Spektroskopie wurden Geschwindigkeitskonstanten um (2.8-4.9)⋅10-4 s-1 an Alkinen erhalten. Die Einf{\"u}hrung elektronenschiebender Methylgruppen in 4',4"- bzw. 5',5"-Positionen am 1,3-Bis(arylimino)isoindolin-Liganden f{\"u}hrt zu einer Erh{\"o}hung der Geschwindigkeitskonstant einem Faktor von 1.3 bzw. 1.2 gegen{\"u}ber 1,3-Bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindolin. Die iClick-Reaktion mit Platin als Metall ist 1.3-mal schneller als mit Palladium. Elektronenarme Alkine wie 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-ins{\"a}ureethylester f{\"u}hren im Vergleich zu Dimethylacetylendicarboxylat (DMAD) zu einer 1.8-fachen Erh{\"o}hung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit. Mit UV/Vis-Spektroskopie wurden niedrigere Geschwindigkeitskonstanten um 8.9·10-6 - 3.3·10-5 s-1 nur f{\"u}r die iClick-Reaktion der 1,3-Bis(arylimino)isoindolinplatin(II)azid-Komplexe mit Dimethylacetylendicarboxylat (DMAD) und 4,4,4-Trifluorobut-2-ins{\"a}ureethylester bestimmt, weil die Spektralen Unterschiede zwischen Azid-Vorstufe und Triazolat-Produkt mit Palladium als Metallzentren zu gering sind. Auch hier konnte die Erh{\"o}hung der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten durch Verwendung elektronen{\"a}rmerer Alkine best{\"a}tigt werden. Hier sollte die iClick-Reaktion in Zukunft f{\"u}r gr{\"o}ßere Auswahlm{\"o}glichkeiten an Chelatoren optimiert und außerdem die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Bildung von iClick-Produkten mit anderen Methoden untersucht werden, bevor biologische Tests durchgef{\"u}hrt werden.},
subject = {Alkine},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Duda2021,
author = {Duda, Katharina},
title = {Synthesen und Eigenschaften von Dicarba-closo-dodecaboran-Derivaten und ersten gemischten Fluorohydridoborat-Anionen},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-18103},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-181038},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Ein wesentliches Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Durchf{\"u}hrung von regioselektiven Deborierungsreaktionen von 1,7-Dicarba-closo-dodecaboranen sowie die Herstellung von polyfunktionalisierten meta-Carboran-Derivaten. Die synthetisierten {nido-7,9-C2B9}- und {closo-1,7-C2B10}-Derivate und ausgew{\"a}hlte ortho-Carboran-Derivate wurden nach erfolgter Kumada-artiger Kreuzkupplungsreaktion bzgl. ihrer Koordinationschemie untersucht. Die ethinylfunktionalisierten Borcluster wurden als Edukte f{\"u}r die Herstellung von Gold(I)-Komplexen genutzt. Weitere Ziele dieser Arbeit waren außerdem die Synthese und umfassende Charakterisierung des gemischten Fluorohydridoborat-Anions [BHF3]- und der carboranylsubstituierten Borat-Anionen [1-HF2B-closo-1,2-C2B10H11]- und [1-HF2B-9,12-I2-closo-1,2-C2B10H9]- sowie die Untersuchung hinsichtlich ihrer Folgechemie.},
subject = {Carborane},
language = {de}
}
@article{KrebsHaehnelKrummenacheretal.2021,
author = {Krebs, Johannes and Haehnel, Martin and Krummenacher, Ivo and Friedrich, Alexandra and Braunschweig, Holger and Finze, Maik and Ji, Lei and Marder, Todd B.},
title = {Synthesis and Structure of an o-Carboranyl-Substituted Three-Coordinate Borane Radical Anion},
series = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
volume = {27},
journal = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
number = {31},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202100938},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256841},
pages = {8159-8167},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Bis(1-(4-tolyl)-carboran-2-yl)-(4-tolyl)-borane [(1-(4-MeC\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\))-closo-1,2-C\(_{2}\)B\(_{10}\)H\(_{10}\)-2-)\(_{2}\)(4-MeC\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\))B] (1), a new bis(o-carboranyl)-(R)-borane was synthesised by lithiation of the o-carboranyl precursor and subsequent salt metathesis reaction with (4-tolyl)BBr\(_{2}\). Cyclic voltammetry experiments on 1 show multiple distinct reduction events with a one-electron first reduction. In a selective reduction experiment the corresponding paramagnetic radical anion 1\(^{.-}\) was isolated and characterized. Single-crystal structure analyses allow an in-depth comparison of 1, 1\(^{.-}\), their calculated geometries, and the S\(_{1}\) excited state of 1. Photophysical studies of 1 show a charge transfer (CT) emission with low quantum yield in solution but a strong increase in the solid state. TD-DFT calculations were used to identify transition-relevant orbitals.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Boshuis2022,
author = {Boshuis, Tim},
title = {Konzeption eines praxisorientierten Seminarkonzepts im Biologie/Chemiestudium zur Erfassung und F{\"o}rderung der Reflexionsf{\"a}higkeit von Lehramtsstudierenden},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25897},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258973},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2022},
abstract = {Um Kompetenzen von angehenden Lehrkr{\"a}ften zu f{\"o}rdern, werden Praxisphasen in das Lehramtsstudium integriert. Damit diese Phasen m{\"o}glichst effektiv sein k{\"o}nnen, m{\"u}ssen sie Studierenden die M{\"o}glichkeit bieten, Unterrichtsinhalte zu reflektieren. Dabei k{\"o}nnten Lehr-Lern-Labor-Seminare eine M{\"o}glichkeit sein, durch Praxisn{\"a}he und der komplexit{\"a}tsreduzierten Lehr-Lern-Umgebung, die systematische Reflexion konkreter unterrichtlicher Inhalte zu f{\"o}rdern. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird deshalb dargestellt, inwiefern solche Seminare zur Vermittlung eines Reflexionsschemas eingesetzt werden k{\"o}nnen. Mit Hilfe einer strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse wird untersucht, welche Komponenten der didaktischen Rekonstruktion von den Studierenden wahrgenommen werden und inwiefern sie in der Lage sind, ein Reflexionsschema in diesen Bereichen einzusetzen. Da das Handeln im Unterricht stark durch Pers{\"o}nlichkeitsmerkmale beeinflusst wird, wird ebenfalls {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft, ob {\"U}berzeugungen, Kognitionsbed{\"u}rfnis und Praxiserfahrung die Anwendung eines Reflexionsschemas beeinflussen. Durch die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit war es m{\"o}glich, ein Reflexionsschema zu validieren, dass es Studierenden erm{\"o}glicht, selbstst{\"a}ndig und fachunabh{\"a}ngig Unterrichtsinhalte zu reflektieren.},
subject = {Lehr-Lern-Labor},
language = {de}
}
@article{TenderaHelmKrahfussetal.2021,
author = {Tendera, Lukas and Helm, Moritz and Krahfuss, Mirjam and Kuntze-Fechner, Maximilian W. and Radius, Udo},
title = {Case Study of N-\(^{i}\)Pr versus N-Mes Substituted NHC Ligands in Nickel Chemistry: The Coordination and Cyclotrimerization of Alkynes at [Ni(NHC)\(_{2}\)]},
series = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
volume = {27},
journal = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
number = {71},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202103093},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257137},
pages = {17849-17861},
year = {2021},
abstract = {A case study on the effect of the employment of two different NHC ligands in complexes [Ni(NHC)\(_{2}\)] (NHC=\(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\) 1\(^{Me}\), Mes\(_{2}\)Im 2) and their behavior towards alkynes is reported. The reaction of a mixture of [Ni\(_{2}\)(\(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\))\(_{4}\)(μ-(η\(^{2}\) : η\(^{2}\))-COD)] B/ [Ni(\(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\))\(_{2}\)(η\(^{4}\)-COD)] B' or [Ni(Mes\(_{2}\)Im)\(_{2}\)] 2, respectively, with alkynes afforded complexes [Ni(NHC)\(_{2}\)(η\(^{2}\)-alkyne)] (NHC=\(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\): alkyne=MeC≡CMe 3, H\(_{7}\)C\(_{3}\)C≡CC\(_{3}\)H\(_{7}\) 4, PhC≡CPh 5, MeOOCC≡CCOOMe 6, Me\(_{3}\)SiC≡CSiMe\(_{3}\) 7, PhC≡CMe 8, HC≡CC\(_{3}\)H\(_{7}\) 9, HC≡CPh 10, HC≡C(p-Tol) 11, HC≡C(4-\(^{t}\)Bu-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)) 12, HC≡CCOOMe 13; NHC=Mes\(_{2}\)Im: alkyne=MeC≡CMe 14, MeOOCC≡CCOOMe 15, PhC≡CMe 16, HC≡C(4-\(^{t}\)Bu-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)) 17, HC≡CCOOMe 18). Unusual rearrangement products 11 a and 12 a were identified for the complexes of the terminal alkynes HC≡C(p-Tol) and HC≡C(4-\(^{t}\)Bu-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)), 11 and 12, which were formed by addition of a C-H bond of one of the NHC N-\(^{i}\)Pr methyl groups to the C≡C triple bond of the coordinated alkyne. Complex 2 catalyzes the cyclotrimerization of 2-butyne, 4-octyne, diphenylacetylene, dimethyl acetylendicarboxylate, 1-pentyne, phenylacetylene and methyl propiolate at ambient conditions, whereas 1\(^{Me}\) is not a good catalyst. The reaction of 2 with 2-butyne was monitored in some detail, which led to a mechanistic proposal for the cyclotrimerization at [Ni(NHC)\(_{2}\)]. DFT calculations reveal that the differences between 1\(^{Me}\) and 2 for alkyne cyclotrimerization lie in the energy profile of the initiation steps, which is very shallow for 2, and each step is associated with only a moderate energy change. The higher stability of 3 compared to 14 is attributed to a better electron transfer from the NHC to the metal to the alkyne ligand for the N-alkyl substituted NHC, to enhanced Ni-alkyne backbonding due to a smaller C\(_{NHC}\)-Ni-C\(_{NHC}\) bite angle, and to less steric repulsion of the smaller NHC \(^{i}\)Pr\(_{2}\)Im\(^{Me}\).},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rauch2020,
author = {Rauch, Florian},
title = {1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene: A Versatile Building Block for the Synthesis of New Boron-Containing Conjugated Systems},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21147},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211478},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Chapter 1 Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials provide a strategy to improve external quantum efficiencies of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Because of spin-statistics, 25\% singlet and 75\% triplet excitons are generated in an electronic device. Conventional organic emitters cannot harvest the triplet excitons, due to low spin orbit coupling, and exhibit low external quantum efficiencies. TADF materials have to be designed in such a way, that the energy gap between the lowest singlet and triplet states (ΔES-T) is sufficiently small to allow reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) in organic systems. An established structure property relationship for the generation of TADF materials is the spatial separation of HOMO and LUMO via an orthogonal arrangement of donor and acceptor in donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) compounds. This is achieved by increasing the steric bulk of the π-bridge. However, this is not always the most efficient method and electronic parameters have to be considered. In a combined experimental and theoretical study, a computational protocol to predict the excited states in D-π-A compounds containing the B(FXyl)2 (FXyl = 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acceptor group for the design of new TADF emitters is presented. To this end, the effect of different donor and π-bridge moieties on the energy gaps between local and charge-transfer singlet and triplet states was examined. To prove the computationally aided design concept, the D-π-B(FXyl)2 compounds Cbz-π (1), Cbz-Meπ (2), Phox-Meπ (3), Phox-MeOπ (4), and MeO₃Ph-FMeπ (5) were synthesized and fully characterized. The photophysical properties of these compounds in various solvents, polymeric film and in a frozen matrix were investigated in detail and show excellent agreement with the computationally obtained data (Figure 5.1). A simple structure-property relationship based on the molecular fragment orbitals of the donor and the π-bridge which minimize the relevant singlet-triplet gaps to achieve efficient TADF emitters is presented. Chapter 2 Three-coordinate boron is widely used as an acceptor in conjugated materials. In recent years the employment of trifluoromethylated aryls was shown to improve the acceptor properties of such boranes. Astonishingly, the use of ortho-trifluoromethylated aryls in boron containing systems also improves the stability of those systems in regard to their inherent reactivity towards nucleophiles. Borafluorenes are stronger acceptors than their non-annulated triarylborane derivatives. In previous studies, the effect of trifluoromethylated aryls as the exo-aryl moieties in borafluorenes, as well as the effect of fluorination on the backbone, were examined. As the latter suffers from a very low stability, systems using trifluoromethyl groups, both on the exo-aryl as well as the borafluorene backbone were designed in order to maximize both the stability as well as the acceptor strength. Three different perfluoroalkylated borafluorenes were prepared and their electronic and photophysical properties were investigated. The systems have four trifluoromethyl moieties on the borafluorene moiety as well as two trifluoromethyl groups at the ortho positions of their exo-aryl moieties. They differ with regard to the para-substituents on their exo-aryl moieties, being a proton (FXylFBf), a trifluoromethyl group (FMesFBf) or a dimethylamino group (p NMe2-FXylFBf), respectively. Furthermore, an acetonitrile adduct of FMesFBf was obtained and characterized. All derivatives exhibit extraordinarily low reduction potentials, comparable to those of perylenediimides. The most electron deficient derivative FMesFBf was also chemically reduced and its radical anion isolated and characterized. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of all compounds were investigated. All compounds exhibit weakly allowed lowest energy absorptions and very long fluorescent lifetimes of ca. 250 ns up to 1.6 μs; however, the underlying mechanisms differ. The donor substituted derivative p-NMe2-FXylFBf exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence from a charge transfer (CT) state, while the FMesFBf and FXylFBf borafluorenes exhibit only weakly allowed locally excited (LE) transitions due to their symmetry and low transition dipole moments, as suggested by DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Chapter 3 Conjugated dendrimers find wide application in various fields, such as charge transport/storage or emitter materials in organic solar cells or OLEDs. Previous studies on boron containing conjugated dendrimers are scarce and mostly employ a convergent synthesis approach, lacking a simple, generally applicable synthetic access. A new divergent approach was designed and conjugated triarylborane dendrimers were synthesized up to the 2nd generation. The synthetic strategy consists of three steps: 1) functionalization, via iridium catalyzed C-H borylation; 2) activation, via fluorination of the generated boronate ester with K[HF2] or [N(nBu)4][HF2]; and 3) expansion, via reaction of the trifluoroborate salts with aryl Grignard reagents. The concept was also shown to be viable for a convergent approach. All but one of the conjugated borane dendrimers exhibit multiple, distinct and reversible reduction potentials, making them potentially interesting materials for applications in molecular accumulators (Figure 5.7). Based on their photophysical properties, the 1st generation dendrimers exhibit good conjugation over the whole system. The conjugation does not further increase upon expansion to the 2nd generation, but the molar extinction coefficients increase linearly with the number of triarylborane sub-units, suggesting a potential application as photonic antennas. Chapter 4 A surprisingly high electronically-driven regioselectivity for the iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation using [Ir(COD)OMe]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) as the precatalytic species, bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) as the boron source and 4,4'-ditertbutyl-2,2'-bipyridin (dtbpy) as the ligand of D-π-A systems with diphenylamino (1) or carbazolyl (2) moieties as the donor, bis(2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boryl (B(FXyl)2) as the acceptor, and 1,4-phenylene as the π-bridge was observed. Under these conditions, borylation was observed only at the sterically least encumbered para-positions of the acceptor groups. As boronate esters are versatile building blocks for organic synthesis (C-C coupling, functional group transformations), the C-H borylation represents a simple potential method for post-functionalization by which electronic or other properties of D-π-A systems can be fine-tuned for specific applications. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the borylated (1-(Bpin)2) and unborylated (1) diphenylamino-substituted D-π-A systems were investigated. Interestingly, the borylated derivative exhibits coordination of THF to the boronate ester moieties, influencing the photophysical properties and exemplifying the non-innocence of boronate esters.},
subject = {Triarylborane},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Peng2020,
author = {Peng, Kun},
title = {iClick reactions as a modular access to palladium(II) and platinum(II) triazolato complexes: Trends in kinetics and biological activity},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21161},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211613},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2020},
abstract = {In the context of this work, important trends in the influence of the metal center, coligand, and alkyne reaction partner on the iClick reaction of square-planar palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with a N^N^N, C^N^N, or S^N^N coordination sphere and a number of internal as well as terminal alkynes were elaborated. Preliminary bioactivity studies on a human cancer cell line gave low micromolar EC50 values, for the most promising compound comparable to cisplatin serving as a reference drug. The further application of the iClick reaction to bioconjugation will be explored in future work.},
subject = {Click-Chemie},
language = {en}
}
@article{LiuMingZhangetal.2019,
author = {Liu, Xiaocui and Ming, Wenbo and Zhang, Yixiao and Friedrich, Alexandra and Marder, Todd B.},
title = {Copper-Catalyzed Triboration: Straightforward, Atom-Economical Synthesis of 1,1,1-Triborylalkanes from Terminal Alkynes and HBpin},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {58},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {52},
doi = {10.1002/anie.201909376},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-206185},
pages = {18923-18927},
year = {2019},
abstract = {A convenient and efficient one-step synthesis of 1,1,1-triborylalkanes was achieved via sequential dehydrogenative borylation and double hydroborations of terminal alkynes with HBpin (HBpin=pinacolborane) catalyzed by inexpensive and readily available Cu(OAc)\(_2\). This process proceeds under mild conditions, furnishing 1,1,1-tris(boronates) with wide substrate scope, excellent selectivity, and good functional-group tolerance, and is applicable to gram-scale synthesis without loss of yield. The 1,1,1-triborylalkanes can be used in the preparation of α-vinylboronates and borylated cyclic compounds, which are valuable but previously rare compounds. Different alkyl groups can be introduced stepwise via base-mediated deborylative alkylation to produce racemic tertiary alkyl boronates, which can be readily transformed into useful tertiary alcohols.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{He2020,
author = {He, Jiang},
title = {Studies of N-heterocyclic olefins as donors in triarylboranes and electron-poor phenylpyridyl-fused boroles},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21717},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217175},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Chapter 1 N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), relatives of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), exhibit high nucleophilicity and soft Lewis basic character. To investigate their π-electron donating ability, NHOs were attached to triarylborane π-acceptors (A) giving donor(D)-π-A compounds 1-3. In addition, an enamine π-donor analogue (4) was synthesized for comparison. UV-visible absorption studies show a larger red shift for the NHO-containing boranes than for the enamine analogue, a relative of a CAAC. The red shifted absorption of NHO-containing boranes indicate smaller energy gaps of NHO-containing boranes than CAAC-containing boranes. Solvent-dependent emission studies indicate that 1-4 have moderate intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) behavior. Electrochemical investigations reveal that the NHO-containing boranes have extremely low reversible oxidation potentials (e.g., for 3, E1/2ox = -0.40 V vs. Fc/Fc+ in THF) which indicate the electron rich property of NHOs. Furthermore, TD-DFT calculations were carried out on these four D-π-A boranes. The results show that the LUMOs of 1-4 only show a small difference, but the HOMOs of 1-3 are much more destabilized than that of the enamine-containing 4, which is in agreement with the electrochemical investigations and confirms the stronger donating ability of NHOs. Chapter 2 Since the beginning of this century, the chemistry of (hetero)arene-fused boroles has attracted increasing interest. (Hetero)arene-fused boroles exhibit strong Lewis acidity, distinct fluorescence properties, strong electron accepting abilities, etc. However, their chemistry been only very briefly reviewed either as part of reviews on "free" boroles or on boron-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this chapter, we addressed the chemistry of (hetero)arene-fused boroles from fundamentals to their widely varying applications. It includes: 1) Synthetic methodology Both historical and recently developed strategies for the synthesis of fused boroles. 2) Stabilities A comparison of different kinetic protection strategies. 3) 9-Borafluorenes with a fluorinated backbone Application as Lewis acids, forming ion pairs with Cp2Zr(CH3)2 and applied as activators for polymerization, activators of H2, and other related applications. 4) Donor-acceptor 9-borafluorenes Applications as F- "turn on" sensors, potential applications as electron accepting units for organic (opto)electronics, bipolar transporting materials, TADF materials, and different functionalization strategies. 5) Heteroarene-fused boroles Enhanced antiaromaticity, unique coordination mode and their interesting properties. 6) Intramolecular dative bonding in 9-borafluorenes Bond-cleavage-induced intramolecular charge transfer (BICT), BICT-induced large Stoke shifts and dual emissions, application as a ratiometric sensor. 7) 9-Borafluorene-based main chain polymers Application in polymer chemistry and their distinct properties, e.g., as a sensor for gaseous NH3. 8) Electrochemistry A comparison of electron-accepting ability of different functionalized fused boroles through electrochemical studies. 9) Chemical reduction of fused boroles Stable radical anions and dianions of fused boroles and their properties. 10) Three-coordinate borafluorenium cations Cationic 9-borafluorenes and their interesting properties, e.g., in THF, reversible thermal colour switching properties. Finally, a conclusion and outlook regarding the chemistry, properties and applications, and suggestions for areas which require further study was provided. Chapter 3 Interested in fusing electron-poor arene onto boroles, two electron-poor phenylpyridyl-fused boroles, [TipPBB1]4 and TipPBB2 were prepared. [TipPBB1]4 is a white solid adopting a unique coordination mode, which forming a tetramer with a cavity in both the solid state and solution (1H DOSY). The boron center of TipPBB2 is 4-coordinate in the solid state, evidenced by a solid-state 11B{1H} RSHE/MAS NMR study, but the system dissociates in solution, leading to 3-coordinate borole species. [TipPBB1]4 exhibits two reduction processes which are attributed to the phenylpyridyl cores. TipPBB2 also exhibits two reduction processes with the first half-reduction potential of E1/2red = -1.94 V. The electron accepting ability of TipPBB2 is largely enhanced and comparable to that of FMesBf. This enhanced electron accepting ability is attributed to the electron withdrawing property of the pyridyl group. TipPBB2 exhibits concentration- and temperature-dependent dual fluorescence in solution. With the temperature is lowered, the emission intensity decreases (Figure 6.4, left). We suggested that the dual fluorescence is caused by an equilibrium between 3-coordinate TipPBB2 and a weak intermolecular adduct of TipPBB2 via a B-N bond. This hypothesis was further supported by lifetime measurements at different concentrations, low temperature excitation spectra low temperature 1H NMR spectra and lifetime measurements upon addition of DMAP to a solution of TipPBB2 to simulate the 4-coordiante TipPBB2 species. Interestingly, the ratio of the relative percentages of the two lifetimes shows a linear relationship with temperature; thus, TipPBB2 could serve as a fluorescent thermometer. Furthermore, theoretical studies were carried out on TipPBB2, and two models, ((BMe3)TipPBB1(NMe3) and (BMe3)TipPBB2(NMe3)), which utilize a BMe3 group as the Lewis acid coordinated to pyridine and an NMe3 group as the Lewis base coordinated to the boron center of the borole, were used to simulate the [TipPBB1]4 and intermolecular 4-coordinate TipPBB2, respectively. Theoretical studies indicate that the HOMO of TipPBB2 is located at the Tip group, which is in contrast to its borafluorene derivatives for which the HOMOs are located on the borafluorene cores. Chapter 4 Two derivatives of phenylpyridyl-fused boroles were prepared via functionalization of the pyridyl groups in two different directions, namely an electron-rich dihydropyridine moiety (compound 10) and an electron-deficient N-methylpyridinium cation (compound 11). Both compounds were fully characterized. The 11B NMR signal of compound 10 was observed at 58.8 ppm in CDCl3, which suggests strong conjugation between the boron atom and dihydropyridine moiety. Compound 11 shows a reversible coordination to THF which was confirmed by NMR studies. Compared to other 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl protected 9-borafluorenes which only coordinate to CH3CN or DMF, the coordination of the weaker and bulkier THF to compound 11 indicates an extremely electron-deficient boron center in compound 11. The electron-rich property of the dihydropyridine moiety of compound 10 was confirmed by its oxidation potential (Epc = +0.37 V). Due to the strong conjugation of the dihydropyridine moiety with the boron atom, the reduction potential of compound 10 shifts cathodically and is more negative than -2.5 V. Compound 11 exhibits three reduction processes with the first reversible reduction potential at Ered1/2 = -1.23 V, which is significantly anodically shifted compared to that of its precursor (TipPBB2) or its framework 1-methyl-2-phenylpyridin-1-ium triflate (12). This significantly anodically shifted reduction potential confirms an extremely electron-deficient property of compound 11. Photophysical studies indicate that the lowest energy transition of compound 10 is more likely a locally-excited (LE) transition and compound 11 exhibits a polarized ground state. Furthermore, we performed theoretical studies for both compounds. The electron cloud distribution of the HOMO of compound 10 supports the strong conjugation between the boron atom and the dihydropyridine moiety in the ground state. An extremely low LUMO energy was determined by theoretical studies which confirmed the extremely electron-deficient property of compound 11. Chapter 5 Inspired by the enhancement of electron accepting ability with increasing numbers of electron withdrawing groups at boron, we tried to study the properties of a bis(pyridyl)arylboranes. In our attempt to synthesize a bis(pyridyl)arylborane, we obtained a bis(2-pyridyl)methoxyborate Li+ complex which is as a dimer both in solution and the solid state. In the solid state, compound [16]2 is a dimer containing two bis(2-pyridyl)methoxyborate which are linked by two lithium cations. Each lithium cation coordinates to one methoxy group and two pyridyl groups, one from each of the two bis(2-pyridyl)methoxyborate anions. The parameters of [16]2 were compared with other bis(2-pyridyl)methoxyborate stabilized Pt(IV) complex, bis(2-pyridyl)hydroxylborate stabilized Ru(II) complex and the dimer of EtAl(OMe)(2-pyridyl)2Li. To confirm the coordination mode in solution, 1H DOSY spectroscopy was carried out in CD2Cl2. The van der Waals radius obtained by 1H DOSY nicely matches with the result from the solid state and thus proves the dimer of 16 is persistent in solution. Finally, different Lewis acids (e.g., TMSCl, BF3•Et2O, AlCl3, HCl) were used to attempt to detach the methoxy group of [16]2. However, we observed either decomposition or selective cleavage of the Tip group, or no reaction at all, rather than cleavage of the methoxy group from boron.},
subject = {Triarylborane},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Gernert2021,
author = {Gernert, Markus Stefan},
title = {Lumineszenzverhalten von Kupfer(I)- und Zink(II)-verbindungen mit N-heterozyklischen Carbenen als π-Chromophorliganden},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-23109},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231099},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit galten Kupfer(I)-emitter als vielversprechende Alternativen zu den bis dato f{\"u}hrenden Iridium(III)-emittern, waren dabei aber nur sehr selten tats{\"a}chlich kompetitiv. Die oftmals verwendenten chelatisierenden Diimin- bzw. Phosphanliganden als π-Chromophorligand erm{\"o}glichten bei diesen Kupfer(I)-emittern die Nutzung von TADF als Emissionsmechanismus, womit in seltenen F{\"a}llen strahlenden Ratenkonstanten von kr > 105 s-1 erreicht wurden. Diese Werte konnten allerdings nicht f{\"u}r den gesamten sichtbaren Spektralbereich erzielt werden, was auf eingeschr{\"a}nkte Modifikationsm{\"o}glichkeiten sowie unvollst{\"a}ndige Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden kann. Erkl{\"a}rtes Ziel dieser Arbeit war es folglich, die Modifikationsm{\"o}glichkeiten von Kupfer(I)-emittern deutlich zu vergr{\"o}ßern. Hierbei wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf die Verwendung von Carbenen als monodentaten π-Chromophorliganden gelegt. Ausgehend von MeCAAC bzw. verschiedenen CAArCs konnte eine Bandbreite von Kupfer(I)- sowie Zink(II)-verbindungen synthetisiert sowie charakterisiert werden. Die durchgef{\"u}hrten Photolumineszenzstudien zeigen eindrucksvoll die Chromophoreigenschaften der verwendeten Carbene auf, werden doch Quantenausbeuten bis nahezu 1 sowie strahlende Ratenkonstanten von bis zu 9·105 s-1 erreicht. Es gelang somit also, Kupfer(I)-carbenverbindungen als vielversprechende Emitterklasse zu etablieren. In einem zweiten Bereich wurden anschließend erste Versuche unternommen, die gewonnen Erkenntnisse auf das Feld der Zink(II)-carbenverbindungen zu {\"u}bertragen. Dabei konnten wichtige Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich Struktur und Stabilit{\"a}t Zink(II)-MeCAAC-verbindungen erhalten werden.},
subject = {Photolumineszenz},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Crumbach2021,
author = {Crumbach, Merian},
title = {Modifying the Optoelectronic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Linear Oligomers by Doping with Boron and Further Heteroatoms},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24284},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242845},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Der Austausch ausgew{\"a}hlter CC-Einheiten durch ihre isoelektronischen und isosteren BN-Einheiten in π-konjugierten organischen Verbindungen (BN/CC-Isosterie), insbesondere in polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAKs), hat sich als erfolgreiche Strategie zur Herstellung neuartiger organisch-anorganischer Hybridmaterialien erwiesen, die strukturelle {\"A}hnlichkeiten mit ihren reinen Kohlenstoff Analoga aufweisen, aber in vielen F{\"a}llen mit ver{\"a}nderten faszinierenden Eigenschaften und Funktionen. In den ersten beiden Kapiteln werden die Synthese und Eigenschaften von neuartigen BNB-dotierten Phenalenylen, Dithienoazadiborepinen und Dithienooxadiborepinen vorgestellt. Die optoelektronischen Eigenschaften dieser neuen Bauelemente k{\"o}nnen durch Variation der eingebauten Ar- (Mes, Tip, FMes) und R-Gruppen (H, Me, i-Pr, t-Bu, Ph) effektiv eingestellt werden. Theoretische Untersuchungen, einschließlich NICS (Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift) Scans und AICD (Anisotropy of the Induced Current Density)-Berechnungen, wurden durchgef{\"u}hrt und geben Einblick in ihren aromatischen oder antiaromatischen Charakter. Der Einbau von BP-Einheiten, welche mit BN und CC valenz-isoelektronisch sind, in unges{\"a}ttigte organische Verbindungen ist dagegen bisher kaum untersucht worden, obwohl das Potenzial der resultierenden BCP-Hybridmaterialien f{\"u}r elektronische Anwendungen erst k{\"u}rzlich erkannt wurde. Konjugierte Hauptkettenpolymere mit BP-Fragmenten im R{\"u}ckgrat sind bisher unbekannt. Die ersten molekularen Modellverbindungen f{\"u}r ein BP-Analogon des konjugierten Polymers Poly(p-phenylen-vinylen) (PPV) werden in Kapitel 3 vorgestellt. Theoretische Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Mes*-Gruppe das Phosphor-zentrum vollst{\"a}ndig planarisiert, wodurch der B=P-Doppelbindungscharakter verst{\"a}rkt und eine Konjugation {\"u}ber die BP-Einheit erm{\"o}glicht wird. Es wurden verschiedene synthetische Ans{\"a}tze zu diesen molekularen Modellverbindungen untersucht und eine erfolgreiche synthetische Strategie gefunden.},
subject = {Aromatizit{\"a}t},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fritze2021,
author = {Fritze, Lars},
title = {Ways to Novel Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials Applying New B-C Bond Formation Strategies},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24217},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242173},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2021},
abstract = {π-Conjugated oligomers and polymers with tricoordinate boron centers incorporated into the main chain have attracted considerable attention as the interaction of the vacant p orbital on boron with an adjacent π system of the chain leads to conjugated materials with intriguing optical and electronic properties. This enables applicability in organic electronics and optoelectronics (OLEDs, OFETs, photovoltaics) or as sensory materials. The potential of our B-C coupling protocol using metal-free catalytic Si/B exchange condensation is demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of π-conjugated monodisperse (het)aryl oligoboranes. Variation of the (het)aryl moieties allowed for tunability of the optoelectronic properties of the materials. Additionally, catalytic C-C cross-coupling strategies were applied to synthesize oligofuryl-based mono- and bisboranes, as well as polymers. These studies led to very robust and highly emissive compounds (f up to 97 \%), which allow for tuning of their emission color from blue to orange. Furthermore, this work includes investigations of reaction routes to a kinetically stabilized tetraoxaporphyrinogen. Being a key aspect of this work, a full investigation of the mechanism of the catalytic Si/B exchange was carried out. Additionally, this work presents the use of borenium cations to perform B-C coupling via intermolecular electrophilic borylation. Similar to the Si/B exchange, this route is capable of giving access to diaryl(bromo)boranes.},
subject = {Konjugierte Polymere},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Berger2022,
author = {Berger, Sarina Maria},
title = {Influence of Charge and Its Distribution on Biological Applications of Bis-Triarylboranes and Preliminary Investigations on H\(_2\)O\(_2\)-Cleavable Aryl Boronate Esters},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24314},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-243147},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2022},
abstract = {This dissertation describes the synthesis of an unsymmetrically-substituted triarylborane. This term describes a three-coordinate boron atom that is bound to three different aromatic systems, namely 2,6-dimethylphenyl, mesityl, and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2,6-dimethylphenyl. It is also demonstrated that the amine functionality can be converted with methyl triflate into an ammonium moiety. The investigation of photophysical and electrochemical properties of this compound in comparison with the non-aminated and di-aminated analogues of the triarylborane is described besides other investigations of e. g. singlet oxygen sensitization, rotational barriers, and fundamental DFT calculations. Based on these investigations, selectively mono-, bis- and tris-dimethylamino- and trimethylammonium-substituted bis-triarylborane bithiophene chromophores were synthesized and their photophysical, and electrochemical properties were investigated together with the water solubility and singlet oxygen sensitizing efficiency of the cationic compounds Cat1+, Cat2+, Cat(i)2+, and Cat3+. Comparing these properties with the results obtained for the mono-triarylboranes reveals a large influence of the bridging unit on the investigated properties of the bis-triarylboranes. In addition, the interaction of the cationic bis-triarylboranes with different polynucleotides were investigated in buffered solutions as well as the ability of these selectively charged compounds to enter and localize within organelles of human lung carcinoma and normal lung cells. All these investigations demonstrate that the number of charges and their distribution influences the interactions and staining properties as well as most of the other properties investigated. In addition, preliminary investigations on H2O2-cleavable boronate esters in the presence of stochiometric amounts of H2O2 are described for three different aryl boronate esters.},
subject = {Triarylborane},
language = {en}
}
@article{ArrowsmithEndresHeinzetal.2021,
author = {Arrowsmith, Merle and Endres, Sara and Heinz, Myron and Nestler, Vincent and Holthausen, Max C. and Braunschweig, Holger},
title = {Probing the Boundaries between Lewis-Basic and Redox Behavior of a Parent Borylene},
series = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
volume = {27},
journal = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
number = {70},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202103256},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257154},
pages = {17660-17668},
year = {2021},
abstract = {The parent borylene (CAAC)(Me\(_{3}\)P)BH, 1 (CAAC=cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene), acts both as a Lewis base and one-electron reducing agent towards group 13 trichlorides (ECl\(_{3}\), E=B, Al, Ga, In), yielding the adducts 1-ECl\(_{3}\) and increasing proportions of the radical cation [1]\(^{•+}\) for the heavier group 13 analogues. With boron trihalides (BX\(_{3}\), X=F, Cl, Br, I) 1 undergoes sequential adduct formation and halide abstraction reactions to yield borylboronium cations and shows an increasing tendency towards redox processes for the heavier halides. Calculations confirm that 1 acts as a strong Lewis base towards EX3 and show a marked increase in the B-E bond dissociation energies down both group 13 and the halide group.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Sorg2020,
author = {Sorg, Jens Rudolf},
title = {Koordinationspolymere auf Antimon- und Bismut-Basis mit aromatischen Stickstoff-Donor Liganden - Einblick in Strukturen und Lumineszenz},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21107},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211074},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten die Strukturen von 32 neuen Koordinationspolymeren (CPs) und acht neuen Komplexen auf Basis von Antimon- \bzw Bismuthalogeniden und N-Donor Liganden aufgekl{\"a}rt werden. Davon konnten 26 CPs vollst{\"a}ndig mittels diffraktometrischer, spektroskopischer und thermischer Analysetechniken charakterisiert werden. Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Arbeit lag dabei auf den strukturellen Eigenschaften sowie den Photolumineszenzeigenschaften der antimon- \bzw bismuthaltigen Koordinationspolymere. F{\"u}r die Synthese der Koordinationsverbindungen wurden die Bis- \bzw Trispyridyle 4,4'-Bipyridin (\textit{4-bipy}), 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylen (\textit{4-bpe}), 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethan (\textit{4-bpa}) und 2,4,6-Tris(4-pyridyl)triazin (\textit{4-tpt}), die aromatischen Nitrile 4-Cyanopyridin (\textit{4-cypy}) und 2,4,6-Tris(4-cyanophenyl)triazin (\textit{4-tcpt}) sowie die Heteroaromaten Pyrazin (\textit{pyz}) und Thiazol (\textit{thz}) zusammen mit SbX\$_3\$ und BiX\$_3\$ (X: Cl, Br, I) eingesetzt. Die Reagenzien wurden unter unterschiedlichen Synthesebedingungen miteinander zur Reaktion gebracht, um die Koordination der organische Liganden zu realisieren. Auf diese Weise konnte eine F{\"u}lle an Strukturen beobachtet werden, die sich von Komplexen {\"u}ber eindimensionale Str{\"a}nge und zweidimensionale Schichten bis hin zu dreidimensionalen Netzwerken erstreckt. Als bevorzugte Koordinationsumgebung wurde sowohl f{\"u}r Bi\$^{3+}\$, als auch f{\"u}r Sb\$^{3+}\$ verzerrte Oktaeder beobachtet. F{\"u}r Antimon konnten dar{\"u}ber hinaus quadratisch pyramidale und tetraedrische Koordination mit stereochemisch aktiven freien Elektronenpaaren beobachtet werden, w{\"a}hrend vergleichbare Bismutverbindungen oktaedrische Koordination aufweisen. Dies verdeutlicht die st{\"a}rkere Neigung des freien Elektronenpaares von Sb\$^{3+}\$ {\"u}ber sterische Wechselwirkungen mit den Liganden in Interaktion zu treten, verglichen mit jenem von Bi\$^{3+}\$. Die Bispyridyl Liganden \textit{4-bipy}, \textit{4-bpe} und \textit{4-bpa} formen mit den Antimon(III)- und Bismut(III)halogeniden die sublimierbaren, doppelstr{\"a}ngigen CPs \$^{\ 1}_\infty\$[E\$_2\$X\$_6\$(\textit{L})\$_2\$] (E: Sb, Bi; X: Cl, Br, I; L: \textit{4-bipy}, \textit{4-bpe}, \textit{4-bpa}; \textbf{1}-\textbf{6}, \textbf{8}-\textbf{15}) sowie \$^{\ 1}_\infty\$[SbCl\$_3\$(\textit{4-bipy})] (\textbf{7}). In den CPs \textbf{1}-\textbf{6}, \textbf{8}-\textbf{15} erfolgt die Verkn{\"u}pfung der E\$^{3+}\$-Kationen nicht nur {\"u}ber die organischen Liganden, sondern auch {\"u}ber die Halogenidoliganden. Eine {\"a}hnliche Art der Verkn{\"u}pfung tritt in den CPs \$^{\ 3}_\infty[\$Bi\$_2\$Br\$_6\$(\textit{4-tcpt})] (\textbf{26}) und \$^{\ 2}_\infty[\$Bi\$_2\$Br\$_6\$(\textit{pyz})] (\textbf{32}) auf, w{\"a}hrend in \$^{\ 1}_\infty[\$BiX\$_3\$(\textit{4-cypy})\$_2\$] (X: Cl, Br; \textbf{16}, \textbf{17}) die Verkn{\"u}pfung sogar ausschließlich {\"u}ber die Halogenidoliganden erfolgt. Umsetzungen der Halogenide mit \textit{4-tpt} f{\"u}hren zur Ausbildung verschiedener Koordinationspolymere. W{\"a}hrend mit den Iodiden sowohl die CPs \$^{\ 1}_\infty[\$EI\$_3\$(\textit{4-tpt})] (E: Sb, Bi; \textbf{22}, \textbf{23}), als auch \$^{\ 2}_\infty[\$E\$_4\$I\$_{12}\$(\textit{4-tpt})\$_2\$] (E: Sb, Bi; \textbf{24}, \textbf{25}) zug{\"a}nglich sind, reagieren die Chloride und Bromide zu \$^{\ 2}_\infty[\$EX\$_3\$(\textit{4-tpt})] (E: Sb , Bi; X: Cl, Br; \textbf{18}-\textbf{21}). Aus dem CP \$^{\ 1}_\infty[\$SbCl\$_3\$(\textit{pyz})] (\textbf{29}), das quadratische \{SbCl\$_3\$N\$_2\$\}-Pyramiden enth{\"a}lt, kann durch Erhitzen das h{\"o}her vernetzte \$^{\ 3}_\infty[\$Sb\$_2\$Cl\$_6\$(\textit{pyz})\$_3\$] (\textbf{30}) mit oktaedrischer Sb\$^{3+}\$-Koordination in einer Kondensationsreaktion dargestellt werden. Eine verwandte Struktur wurde auch f{\"u}r die iodidhaltige Verbindung \$^{\ 3}_\infty[\$Sb\$_2\$Cl\$_6\$(\textit{pyz})\$_3\$] (\textbf{31}) beobachtet werden. Die Untersuchung der Lumineszenzeigenschaften der synthetisierten Koordinationspolymere ergab, dass die breitbandigen Anregungsprozesse in den Sb- und Bi-CPs durch metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) Prozesse hervorgerufen werden. F{\"u}r die Emission stellen ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) {\"U}berg{\"a}nge von ligandzentrierten Zust{\"a}nde in die elektronischen Grundzust{\"a}nde an den anorganischen Koordinationseinheiten und inter-valence charge-transfer (IVCT) Prozesse in E\$^{3+}\$-Paaren die bedeutendsten Prozesse dar. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte in einigen CPs aber auch ligandbasierte Fluoreszenz \bzw Phosphoreszenz beobachtet werden. Die Intensit{\"a}t der Lumineszenz ist erheblich von den enthaltenen Halogenidoliganden abh{\"a}ngig (Cl>Br>I), weshalb f{\"u}r iodidhaltige Verbindungen keine Lumineszenz beobachtet werden konnte. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus wurden vier lanthanoidhaltige Koordinationspolymere der Zusammensetzung \$\beta\$-\$^{\ 1}_\infty[\$Bi\$_{2-x}\$Ln\$_x\$Cl\$_6\$(\textit{4-bipy})\$_2\$] (Ln: Ce, Eu, Tb, Eu/Tb; \textbf{41:Ln}) hergestellt. Dadurch konnte die hervorragende Eignung bismutbasierter Koordinationspolymere als Wirtsverbindungen f{\"u}r Ln\$^{3+}\$-Kationen nachgewiesen werden. In diesen Verbindungen f{\"u}hrt die Anregung des Wirtsgitters {\"u}ber einen Energietransfer zu den charakteristischen Eu\$^{3+}\$- und Tb\$^{3+}\$-Emissionen. Die Anwesenheit von Ce\$^{3+}\$ f{\"u}hrt hingegen zu einer deutlichen Intensit{\"a}tssteigerung der Lumineszenz der Wirtsverbindung. Somit sind auf diese Weise effiziente Phosphore mit variablen Lumineszenzfarben zug{\"a}nglich. Insgesamt konnten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zahlreiche neue Sb- und Bi-basierte Koordinationsverbindungen mit N-Donor Liganden dargestellt werden und neue Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber ihre strukturellen Eigenschaften und Photolumineszenzeigenschaften erhalten werden.},
subject = {Photolumineszenz},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Liu2020,
author = {Liu, Xiaocui},
title = {Catalytic Triboration and Diboration of Terminal Alkynes},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-19253},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192537},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Chapter two reports the catalytic triboration of terminal alkynes with B2pin2 using readily available Cu(OAc)2 and PnBu3. Various 1,1,2-triborylalkenes, a class of compounds which have been demonstrated to be potential Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) inhibitors, are obtained directly in moderate to good yields. The process features mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance were observed. This Cu-catalyzed reaction can be conducted on a gram scale to produce the corresponding 1,1,2-triborylalkenes in modest yields. The utility of these products is demonstrated by further transformation of the C-B bonds to prepare gem-dihaloborylalkenes (F, Cl, Br), monohalodiborylalkenes (Cl, Br), and trans-diaryldiborylalkenes, which serve as important synthons and have previously been challenging to prepare. A convenient and efficient one step synthesis of 1,1,1-triborylalkanes was achieved via sequential dehydrogenative borylation and double hydroboration of terminal alkynes with HBpin (HBpin = pinacolborane) catalyzed by inexpensive and readily available Cu(OAc)2. This protocol proceeded under mild conditions, furnishing 1,1,1-tris(boronates) with wide substrate scope, excellent selectivity and good functional group tolerance, and is applicable to gram-scale synthesis without loss of yield. The 1,1,1-triborylalkanes can be used in the preparation of α-vinylboronates and borylated cyclic compounds, which are valuable but previously rare compounds. Different alkyl groups can be introduced stepwise via base-mediated deborylative alkylation to produce racemic tertiary alkyl boronates, which can be readily transformed into useful tertiary alcohols. Chapter 4 reported a NaOtBu-catalyzed mixed 1,1-diboration of terminal alkynes with an unsymmetrical diboron reagent BpinBdan. This Br{\o}nsted base-catalyzed reaction proceeds in a regio- and stereoselective fashion affording 1,1-diborylalkenes with two different boryl moieties in moderate to high yields, and is applicable to gram-scale synthesis without loss of yield or selectivity. Hydrogen bonding between the Bdan group and tBuOH is proposed to be responsible for the observed stereoselectivity. The mixed 1,1-diborylalkenes can be utilized in stereoselective Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions.},
subject = {Borylierung},
language = {en}
}
@article{BrosgeLorenzHeltenetal.2019,
author = {Brosge, Felix and Lorenz, Thomas and Helten, Holger and Bolm, Carsten},
title = {BN- and BO-Doped Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymers with Sulfoximine Core Units},
series = {Chemistry - A European Journal},
volume = {25},
journal = {Chemistry - A European Journal},
number = {55},
doi = {10.1002/chem.201903289},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-206194},
pages = {12708-12711},
year = {2019},
abstract = {While polysulfones constitute a class of well-established, highly valuable applied materials, knowledge about polymers based on the related sulfoximine group is very limited. We have employed functionalized diaryl sulfoximines and a p -phenylene bisborane as building blocks for unprecedented BN- and BO-doped alternating inorganic-organic hybrid copolymers. While the former were accessed by a facile silicon/boron exchange protocol, the synthesis of polymers with main-chain B-O linkages was achieved by salt elimination.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Saalfrank2020,
author = {Saalfrank, Christian},
title = {Lewis-Basen stabilisierte, aromatische Verbindungen des Bors : Darstellung und Reaktivit{\"a}t},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21057},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-210578},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Darstellung und Untersuchung cyclischer konjugierter Systeme des Bors. Hierbei wurden die zentralen Ringeinheiten der organischen Analoga mit zwei Boratomen in 1,4-Position substituiert. 1 Darstellung und Eigenschaften des CyCAAC-stabilisierten 1,4 Diborabenzols (87) Die Darstellung eines weiteren Vertreters des basenstabilisierten 1,4-Diborabenzols orientierte sich an vorangegangen Arbeiten der Gruppe um Braunschweig auf diesem Gebiet. Das Cyclohexyl-CAAC koordinierte Diboracumulen (85) wurde unter einer gereinigten Acetylen-atmosph{\"a}re mit einem Druck von etwa 1 bar ger{\"u}hrt. Quantenchemische Rechnungen ergaben einen NICS(0)-Wert von -2.6483 des [B2C4]-Rings (vgl. NICS(0)Benzol: -8.1723; B3LYP/Def2SVP Niveau) und best{\"a}tigten zus{\"a}tzlich die Bildung eines Ringstroms bzw. eines aromatischen Systems. Umsetzungen des Diborabenzols 87 mit den Alkalimetallen Lithium und Natrium wurden durchgef{\"u}hrt und die entsprechenden dianionischen Verbindungen 88 und 89 erhalten. Unter gleichen Reaktionsbedingungen wurden im Falle des Kaliums Einkristalle erhalten deren r{\"o}ntgenkristallographische Untersuchung den Konnektivit{\"a}tsbeweis f{\"u}r das Monoanion 90 liefern. 2 Synthese und Umsetzungen CAAC-stabilisierter 9,10 Diboraanthracene Die Darstellung des 9,10-(Dibromo)diboraanthracens 63 entlehnt sich der Literatur und findet durch eine Abfolge von Salzmetathesereaktionen zwischen o(Bistrimethylsilyl)benzol (65) und Bortribromid statt. Nach der Koordination der CAAC-Liganden an 63 wurde die schrittweise reduktive Abstraktion der Bromatome m{\"o}glich. Die Einelektronreduktionen von 92 und 93 lieferten nicht, wie erwartet, neutrale gemischtvalente Systeme. R{\"o}ntgenkristallographische Untersuchungen an geeigneten Einkristallen der Verbindung 99 zeigten, dass sich eine salzartige Struktur bildete. Bei der Reduktion von 93 wurden beide Bromidreste abgespalten und das Diboraanthracenfragment liegt als Radikalkation vor. Die zweifache Reduktion der Verbindungen 92 und 93 liefert ebenfalls Produkte, die keine 11B-NMR-Resonanz zeigen. Dieser Umstand spricht erneut f{\"u}r die Generierung offenschaliger Systeme. Die R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalyse geeigneter Einkristalle der beiden erhaltenen Produkte 103 und 104 zeigte, dass die neutrale Diboraanthracenspezies gebildet wurde (Schema 58). ESR-Experimente bei tiefen Temperaturen lieferten Einsicht {\"u}ber den elektronischen Grundzustand der beiden Verbindungen 103 und 104. Die beiden Verbindungen liegen, unter den gew{\"a}hlten Bedingungen, im open shell-Singulett-grundzustand vor. Es ergeben sich Singulett-Triplett-Abst{\"a}nde ΔES→T = 0.43 kJ/mol (4.46 meV) f{\"u}r 103 bzw. ΔES→T = 2.3 kJ/mol (23.8 meV) f{\"u}r 104. Die Reduktion von 92 mit einem {\"U}berschuss von Lithium l{\"a}sst die Darstellung des dianionischen Diborataanthracens 110 zu. Unter photochemischen Bedingungen bildet 103 eine zwitterionische Spiroverbindung 113, durch die Insertion eines Boratoms in den Pyrrolidinring des koordinierten CAAC-Liganden. Weiterhin sind 103 und 104 geeignete Ausgangsmaterialien zur Aktivierung kleiner Molek{\"u}le unter milden Bedingungen. Die Umsetzung der MeCAAC-Spezies 103 mit elementarem Schwefel liefert Verbindung 128, bei der eine S3-Br{\"u}cke zwischen den Boratomen insertiert wird. Im Falle des CyCAAC-Diboraanthracens 104 konnte die Koordination eines CO-Molek{\"u}ls an die Boratome (140) nachgewiesen werden. Zus{\"a}tzlich konnten, durch die Darstellung des Halbsandwichkomplexes 149, erste Einsichten in die Verwendung des Diboraanthracens (104) als Ligand in der {\"U}bergangsmetallchemie gewonnen werden (Schema 60). Der Halbsandwichkomplex [η6-(9,10-(CyCAAC)2DBA)Cr(CO)3] (149) wurde durch die Zugabe von 104 zu [(MeCN)3Cr(CO)3] dargestellt und das zugeh{\"o}rige IR-Spektrum der Verbindung 149 identifiziert 104 als starken Elektronendonorliganden.},
subject = {Diradikal},
language = {de}
}
@article{FranzsicoFantuzziCardozoetal.2021,
author = {Franzsico, Marcos A. S. and Fantuzzi, Felipe and Cardozo, Thiago M. and Esteves, Pierre M. and Engels, Bernd and Oliveira, Ricardo R.},
title = {Taming the Antiferromagnetic Beast: Computational Design of Ultrashort Mn-Mn Bonds Stabilized by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes},
series = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
volume = {27},
journal = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
number = {47},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202101116},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256874},
pages = {12126-12136},
year = {2021},
abstract = {The development of complexes featuring low-valent, multiply bonded metal centers is an exciting field with several potential applications. In this work, we describe the design principles and extensive computational investigation of new organometallic platforms featuring the elusive manganese-manganese bond stabilized by experimentally realized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). By using DFT computations benchmarked against multireference calculations, as well as MO- and VB-based bonding analyses, we could disentangle the various electronic and structural effects contributing to the thermodynamic and kinetic stability, as well as the experimental feasibility, of the systems. In particular, we explored the nature of the metal-carbene interaction and the role of the ancillary η\(^{6}\) coordination to the generation of Mn\(_{2}\) systems featuring ultrashort metal-metal bonds, closed-shell singlet multiplicities, and positive adiabatic singlet-triplet gaps. Our analysis identifies two distinct classes of viable synthetic targets, whose electrostructural properties are thoroughly investigated.},
language = {en}
}
@article{BruecknerFantuzziStennettetal.2021,
author = {Br{\"u}ckner, Tobias and Fantuzzi, Felipe and Stennett, Tom E. and Krummenacher, Ivo and Dewhurst, Rian D. and Engels, Bernd and Braunschweig, Holger},
title = {Isolation of neutral, mono-, and dicationic B\(_2\)P\(_2\) rings by diphosphorus addition to a boron-boron triple bond},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {60},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {24},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202102218},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256451},
pages = {13661-13665},
year = {2021},
abstract = {The NHC-stabilised diboryne (B\(_2\)(SIDep)\(_2\); SIDep=1,3-bis(2,6-diethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) undergoes a high-yielding P-P bond activation with tetraethyldiphosphine at room temperature to form a B\(_2\)P\(_2\) heterocycle via a diphosphoryldiborene by 1,2-diphosphination. The heterocycle can be oxidised to a radical cation and a dication, respectively, depending on the oxidant used and its counterion. Starting from the planar, neutral 1,3-bis(alkylidene)-1,3-diborata-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutane, each oxidation step leads to decreased B-B distances and loss of planarity by cationisation. X-ray analyses in conjunction with DFT and CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations reveal closed-shell singlet, butterfly-shaped structures for the NHC-stabilised dicationic B\(_2\)P\(_2\) rings, with their diradicaloid, planar-ring isomers lying close in energy.},
language = {en}
}
@article{MuessigLisinetskayaDewhurstetal.2020,
author = {Muessig, Jonas H. and Lisinetskaya, Polina and Dewhurst, Rian D. and Bertermann, R{\"u}diger and Thaler, Melanie and Mitric, Roland and Braunschweig, Holger},
title = {Dibortetraiodid (B\(_2\)I\(_4\)) ist im Festk{\"o}rper ein Polymer aus sp3-hybridisiertem Bor},
series = {Angewandte Chemie},
volume = {132},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie},
number = {14},
doi = {10.1002/ange.201913590},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219653},
pages = {5574-5579},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Anhand der ersten Festk{\"o}rperstrukturen von Dibortetraiodid (B\(_2\)I\(_4\)) wird gezeigt, dass dieses nicht, wie lange angenommen, analog zu den leichteren Dibortetrahalogeniden B\(_2\)F\(_4\), B\(_2\)Cl\(_4\) und B\(_2\)Br\(_4\) in allen Aggregatzust{\"a}nden in Form diskreter Molek{\"u}le mit planaren, dreifach koordinierten Boratomen vorliegt. R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalysen, Festk{\"o}rper-NMR- und IR-Messungen zeigen, dass B\(_2\)I\(_4\) im Festk{\"o}rper in zwei polymeren Konformeren vorkommt, die tetraedrisch koordinierte Boratome enthalten. Anhand von DFT-Rechnungen werden die IR-Spektren in L{\"o}sung und im Festk{\"o}rper simuliert und mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen.},
language = {de}
}
@article{MuessigLisinetskayaDewhurstetal.2020,
author = {Muessig, Jonas H. and Lisinetskaya, Polina and Dewhurst, Rian D. and Bertermann, R{\"u}diger and Thaler, Melanie and Mitric, Roland and Braunschweig, Holger},
title = {Tetraiododiborane(4) (B\(_2\)I\(_4\)) is a Polymer based on sp\(^3\) Boron in the Solid State},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {59},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
doi = {10.1002/anie.201913590},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209428},
pages = {5531-5535},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Herein we present the first solid-state structures of tetraiododiborane(4) (B\(_2\)I\(_4\)), which was long believed to exist in all phases as discrete molecules with planar, tricoordinate boron atoms, like the lighter tetrahalodiboranes(4) B\(_2\)F\(_4\), B\(_2\)Cl\(_4\), and B\(_2\)Br\(_4\). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR, and IR measurements indicate that B\(_2\)I\(_4\) in fact exists as two different polymeric forms in the solid state, both of which feature boron atoms in tetrahedral environments. DFT calculations are used to simulate the IR spectra of the solution and solid-state structures, and these are compared with the experimental spectra.},
language = {en}
}
@article{SchneiderTanzerKrauelDeutschetal.2021,
author = {Schneider, Leon N. and Tanzer Krauel, Eva-Maria and Deutsch, Carl and Urbahns, Klaus and Bischof, Tobias and Maibom, Kristina A. M. and Landmann, Johannes and Keppner, Fabian and Kerpen, Christoph and Hailmann, Michael and Zapf, Ludwig and Knuplez, Tanja and Bertermann, R{\"u}diger and Ignat'ev, Nikolai V. and Finze, Maik},
title = {Stable and Storable N(CF\(_{3}\))\(_{2}\) Transfer Reagents},
series = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
volume = {27},
journal = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
number = {42},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202101436},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256890},
pages = {10973-10978},
year = {2021},
abstract = {Fluorinated groups are essential for drug design, agrochemicals, and materials science. The bis(trifluoromethyl)amino group is an example of a stable group that has a high potential. While the number of molecules containing perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkoxy, and other fluorinated groups is steadily increasing, examples with the N(CF\(_{3}\))\(_{2}\) group are rare. One reason is that transfer reagents are scarce and metal-based storable reagents are unknown. Herein, a set of Cu\(^{I}\) and Ag\(^{I}\) bis(trifluoromethyl)amido complexes stabilized by N- and P-donor ligands with unprecedented stability are presented. The complexes are stable solids that can even be manipulated in air for a short time. They are bis(trifluoromethyl)amination reagents as shown by nucleophilic substitution and Sandmeyer reactions. In addition to a series of benzylbis(trifluoromethyl)amines, 2-bis(trifluoromethyl)amino acetate was obtained, which, upon hydrolysis, gives the fluorinated amino acid N,N-bis(trifluoromethyl)glycine.},
language = {en}
}
@article{LiuMingZhangetal.2019,
author = {Liu, Xiaocui and Ming, Wenbo and Zhang, Yixiao and Friedrich, Alexandra and Marder, Todd B.},
title = {Kupferkatalysierte Triborierung: Einfache, atom{\"o}konomische Synthese von 1,1,1-Triborylalkanen aus terminalen Alkinen und HBpin},
series = {Angewandte Chemie},
volume = {131},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie},
number = {52},
doi = {10.1002/ange.201909376},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212189},
pages = {19099-19103},
year = {2019},
abstract = {Eine effiziente, einstufige Synthese von 1,1,1-Trialkylalkanen durch die sequenzielle, dehydrierende Borylierung und zweifache Hydroborierung von terminalen Alkinen mit Pinakolboran (HBpin) wurde unter Verwendung des kosteng{\"u}nstigen und einfach zug{\"a}nglichen Kupfersalzes Cu(OAc)2 als Katalysator realisiert. Das Verfahren zeichnet sich durch ein breites Substratspektrum, eine außerordentliche Selektivit{\"a}t und eine hohe Toleranz gegen{\"u}ber funktionellen Gruppen aus. Zudem kann die Reaktion ohne Ausbeuteverlust im Gramm-Maßstab durchgef{\"u}hrt werden. Die somit erhaltenen 1,1,1-Trialkylalkane k{\"o}nnen Anwendungen in der Herstellung von synthetisch wertvollen und bislang schwer zug{\"a}nglichen α-Vinylboronaten und zyklischen Boryl-Verbindungen finden. Verschiedene Alkylgruppen k{\"o}nnen stufenweise {\"u}ber eine basenvermittelte deborylierende Alkylierung eingef{\"u}hrt werden, um racemische, terti{\"a}re Alkylboronate herzustellen, die einfach in n{\"u}tzliche terti{\"a}re Alkohole umgewandelt werden k{\"o}nnen.},
language = {de}
}
@article{CzernetzkiArrowsmithFantuzzietal.2021,
author = {Czernetzki, Corinna and Arrowsmith, Merle and Fantuzzi, Felipe and G{\"a}rtner, Annalena and Tr{\"o}ster, Tobias and Krummenacher, Ivo and Schorr, Fabian and Braunschweig, Holger},
title = {A neutral beryllium(I) radical},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {60},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {38},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202108405},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256529},
pages = {20776-20780},
year = {2021},
abstract = {The reduction of a cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene (CAAC)-stabilized organoberyllium chloride yields the first neutral beryllium radical, which was characterized by EPR, IR, UV/Vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. DFT calculations show significant spin density at beryllium and confirm donor-acceptor bonding between an alkylberyllium radical fragment and a neutral CAAC ligand.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Huang2022,
author = {Huang, Mingming},
title = {C-S Bond Borylation and Diborylation of Alkyl Halides, Tosylates, and Alcohols},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-25718},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257186},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2022},
abstract = {Alkylboronates play an important role in synthetic chemistry, materials science and drug discovery. They are easy to handle due to their good air and moisture stability, and can be readily employed to form carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds and can be converted to various functional groups under mild reaction conditions. Compared with conventional groups, such as aryl (pseudo)halides or alcohols, organosulfur compounds represent an alternative and complimentary substitute in coupling reactions. The construction of C-B bond from C-SO bond of aryl sulfoxide is presented in Chapter 2. The selective cleavage of either alkyl(C)-sulfonyl or aryl(C)-sulfonyl bonds of an aryl alkyl sulfone via Cu-free or Cu-mediated processes generates the corresponding boronate esters, which are presented in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. 1,2-Bis(boronate esters) are emerging as important synthetic intermediates for preparing 1,2-difunctional compounds. In addition, the boryl moieties in different environments in a 1,2-bis(boronate ester) can be differentiated and converted selectively, allowing the synthesis of a wide variety of complex molecules. A direct and selective diboration of C-X and C-O bonds for the preparation of 1,2-bis(boronate esters) is presented in Chapter 5.},
language = {en}
}
@article{CuiDietzHaerterichetal.2021,
author = {Cui, Jingjing and Dietz, Maximilian and H{\"a}rterich, Marcel and Fantuzzi, Felipe and Lu, Wei and Dewhurst, Rian D. and Braunschweig, Holger},
title = {Diphosphino-Functionalized 1,8-Naphthyridines: a Multifaceted Ligand Platform for Boranes and Diboranes},
series = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
volume = {27},
journal = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
number = {63},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202102721},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256994},
pages = {15751-15756},
year = {2021},
abstract = {A 1,8-naphthyridine diphosphine (NDP) reacts with boron-containing Lewis acids to generate complexes featuring a number of different naphthyridine bonding modes. When exposed to diborane B\(_{2}\)Br\(_{4}\), NDP underwent self-deprotonation to afford [NDP-B\(_{2}\)Br\(_{3}\)]Br, an unsymmetrical diborane comprised of four fused rings. The reaction of two equivalents of monoborane BBr\(_{3}\) and NDP in a non-polar solvent provided the simple phosphine-borane adduct [NDP(BBr\(_{3}\))\(_{2}\)], which then underwent intramolecular halide abstraction to furnish the salt [NDP-BBr\(_{2}\)][BBr\(_{4}\)], featuring a different coordination mode from that of [NDP-B\(_{2}\)Br\(_{3}\)]Br. Direct deprotonation of NDP by KHMDS or PhCH2K generates mono- and dipotassium reagents, respectively. The monopotassium reagent reacts with one or half an equivalent of B\(_{2}\)(NMe\(_{2}\))\(_{2}\)Cl\(_{2}\) to afford NDP-based diboranes with three or four amino substituents.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wu2022,
author = {Wu, Zhu},
title = {Room Temperature Phosphorescence (RTP): Experimental And Theoretical Studies on Boron-Containing Materials},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-26084},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260844},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2022},
abstract = {Persistent room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) luminophores have gained remarkable interest recently for a number of applications in security printing, OLEDs, optical storage, time-gated biological imaging and oxygen sensors. We report the first persistent RTP with lifetimes up to 0.5 s from simple triarylboranes which have no lone pairs. We also have prepared 3 isomeric (o, m, p-bromophenyl)-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)boranes. Among the 3 isomers (o-, m- and p-BrTAB) synthesized, the ortho-one is the only one which shows dual phosphorescence, with a short lifetime of 0.8 ms and a long lifetime of 234 ms in the crystalline state at room temperature. At last, we checked the RTP properties from the boric acid. We found that the pure boric acid does not show RTP in the solid state.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Budiman2020,
author = {Budiman, Yudha Prawira},
title = {Applications of Fluorinated Aryl Boronates in Organic Synthesis},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21757},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217579},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2020},
abstract = {Fluorinated compounds are an important motif, particularly in pharmaceuticals, as one-third of the top performing drugs have fluorine in their structures. Fluorinated biaryls also have numerous applications in areas such as material science, agriculture, crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, etc. Thus, the development of new synthetic routes to fluorinated chemical compounds is an important area of current research. One promising method is the borylation of suitable precursors to generate fluorinated aryl boronates as versatile building blocks for organic synthesis. Chapter 1 In this chapter, the latest developments in the synthesis, stability issues, and applications of fluorinated aryl boronates in organic synthesis are reviewed. The catalytic synthesis of fluorinated aryl boronates using different methods, such as C-H, C-F, and C-X (X = Cl, Br, I, OTf) borylations are discussed. Further studies covering instability issues of the fluorinated boronate derivatives, which are accelerated by ortho-fluorine, have been reported, and the applications of these substrates, therefore, need special treatment. Numerous groups have reported methods to employ highly fluorinated aryl boronates that anticipate the protodeboronation issue; thus, polyfluorinated aryl boronates, especially those containing ortho-fluorine substituents, can be converted into chloride, bromide, iodide, phenol, carboxylic acid, nitro, cyano, methyl esters, and aldehyde analogues. These substrates can be applied in many cross-coupling reactions, such as the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction with aryl halides, the Chan-Evans-Lam C-N reaction with aryl amines or nitrosoarenes, C-C(O) reactions with N-(aryl-carbonyloxy)phthalamides or thiol esters (Liebskind-Srogl cross-coupling), and oxidative coupling reactions with terminal alkynes. Furthermore, the difficult reductive elimination from the highly stable complex [PdL2(2,6-C6F2+nH3-n)2] was the next challenge to be targeted in the homocoupling of 2,6-di-fluoro aryl pinacol boronates, and it has been solved by conducting the reaction in arene solvents that reduce the energy barrier in this step as long as no coordinating solvent or ancillary ligand is employed. Chapter 2 In this chapter, phenanthroline-ligated copper complexes proved to be efficient catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of highly fluorinated aryl boronate esters (ArF-Bpin) with aryl iodides or bromides. This newly developed method is an attractive alternative to the traditional methods as copper is an Earth-abundant metal, less toxic, and cheaper compared to the traditional methods which commonly required palladium catalysts, and silver oxide that is also often required in stoichiometric amounts. A combination of 10 mol\% copper iodide and 10 mol\% phenanthroline, with CsF as a base, in DMF, at 130 ˚C, for 18 hours is efficient to cross-couple fluorinated aryl pinacol boronates with aryl iodides to generate cross-coupled products in good to excellent yields. This method is also viable for polyfluorophenyl borate salts such as pentafluorophenyl-BF3K. Notably, employing aryl bromides instead of aryl iodides for the coupling with fluorinated aryl-Bpin compounds is also possible; however, increased amounts of CuI/phenanthroline catalyst is necessary, in a mixture of DMF and toluene (1:1). A diverse range of π···π stacking interactions is observed in the cross-coupling products partly perfluorinated biaryl crystals. They range from arene-perfluoroarene interactions (2-(perfluorophenyl)naphthalene and 2,3,4-trifluorobiphenyl) to arene-arene (9-perfluorophenyl)anthracene) and perfluoroarene-perfluoroarene (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-2'methylbiphenyl) interactions. Chapter 3 In this chapter, the efficient Pd-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of aryl pinacol pinacol boronates (ArF-Bpin) that contain two ortho-fluorines is presented. The reaction must be conducted in a "noncoordinating" solvent such as toluene, benzene, or m-xylene and, notably, stronger coordinating solvents or ancillary ligands have to be avoided. Thus, the Pd center becomes more electron deficient and the reductive elimination becomes more favorable. The Pd-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of di-ortho-fluorinated aryl boronate derivatives is difficult in strongly coordinating solvents or in the presence of strong ancillary ligands, as the reaction stops at the [PdL2(2,6-C6F2+nH3-n)2] stage after the transmetalations without the reductive elimination taking place. It is known that the rate of reductive elimination of Ar-Ar from [ML2(Ar)(Ar)] complexes containing group-10 metals decreases in the order Arrich-Arpoor > Arrich-Arrich > Arpoor-Arpoor. Furthermore, reductive elimination of the most electron-poor diaryls, such as C6F5-C6F5, from [PdL2(C6F5)2] complexes is difficult and has been a challenge for 50 years, due to their high stability as the Pd-Caryl bond is strong. Thus, the Pd-catalyzed homocoupling of perfluoro phenyl boronates is found to be rather difficult. Further investigation showed that stoichiometric reactions of C6F5Bpin, 2,4,6-trifluorophenyl-Bpin, or 2,6-difluorophenyl-Bpin with palladium acetate in MeCN stops at the double transmetalation step, as demonstrated by the isolation of cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(C6F5)2], cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(2,4,6-C6F3H2)2], and cis-[Pd(MeCN)2(2,6-C6F2H3)2] in quantitative yields. Thus, it can be concluded that the reductive elimination from diaryl-palladium complexes containing two ortho-fluorines in both aryl rings, is difficult even in a weakly coordinating solvent such as MeCN. Therefore, even less coordinating solvents are needed to make the Pd center more electron deficient. Reactions using "noncoordinating" arene solvents such as toluene, benzene, or m-xylene were conducted and found to be effective for the catalytic homocoupling of 2,6-C6F2+nH3-nBpin. The scope of the reactions was expanded. Using toluene as the solvent, the palladium-catalyzed homocoupling of ArF-Bpin derivatives containing one, two or no ortho-fluorines gave the coupled products in excellent yields without any difficulties. DFT calculations at the B3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP/6-311+g(2d,p)/IEFPCM // B3LYP-D3/SDD/6-31g**/IEFPCM level of theory predicted an exergonic process and lower barrier (< 21 kcal/mol) for the reductive elimination of Pd(C6F5)2 complexes bearing arene ligands, compared to stronger coordinating solvents (acetonitrile, THF, SMe2, and PMe3), which have high barriers ( > 33.7 kcal/mol). Reductive elimination from [Pd(ηn-Ar)(C6F5)2] complexes have low barriers due to: (i) ring slippage of the arene ligand as a hapticity change from η6 in the reactant to ηn (n ≤ 3) in the transition state and the product, which led to less σ-repulsion; and (ii) more favorable π-back-bonding from Pd(ArF)2 to the arene fragment in the transition state. Chapter 4 In this chapter, the efficient Pd-catalyzed C-Cl borylation of aryl chlorides containing two ortho-fluorines is presented. The reactions are conducted under base-free conditions to prevent the decomposition of the di-ortho-fluorinated aryl boronates, which are unstable in the presence of base. A combination of Pd(dba)2 (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) with SPhos (2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl) as a ligand is efficient to catalyze the C-Cl borylation of aryl chlorides containing two ortho-fluorine substituents without base, and the products were isolated in excellent yields. The substrate scope can be expanded to aryl chloride containing one or no ortho-fluorines and the borylated products were isolated in good to very good yield. This method provides a nice alternative to traditional methodologies using lithium or Grignard reagents.},
subject = {Homogene Katalyse},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Lorenz2021,
author = {Lorenz, Thomas},
title = {Conjugated Polymers with BN Units in the Main Chain},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21923},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219230},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2021},
abstract = {In recent years PI-conjugated organoboron polymers and BN-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have attracted a lot of interest due to their great potential in organic electronics. However, there are only few known examples of conjugated polymers with BN units in their main chain. Within this work silazane cleavage with silicon-boron (Si/B) exchange for the synthesis of a novel class of inorganic-organic hybrid polymers is demonstrated. These polymers consist of alternating NBN and para-phenylene units in the main chain. Photophysical studies and TD-DFT calculations for the polymer and molecular model systems were carried out, revealing a low extent of PI-conjugation across the NBN units. The new polymers can be used as macromolecular polyligands by a cross-linking reaction with a ZrIV compound. In the next chapter the synthesis and characterization of the first poly(p-phenylene iminoborane) is presented. This novel inorganic-organic hybrid polymer can be described as a BN analogue of the well-known poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and is also accessible using the previously described Si/B exchange as synthetic strategy. Photophysical investigations and TD-DFT calculations on the polymer and corresponding model oligomers provide clear evidence for PI-conjugation across the B=N units and extension of the conjugation path with increasing chain length. Furthermore, a possible application of Si/B exchange for the synthesis of polysulfoximines was explored. Herein, diaryl sulfoximines and a p-phenylene bisborane serve as building blocks for new BN- and BO-doped alternating inorganic-organic hybrid copolymers. While the BN-linked polymers were accessible by a facile silicon/boron exchange protocol, the synthesis of polymers with B-O linkages in the main chain is achieved by salt elimination. In the last chapter the concept of Si/B exchange was investigated for the synthesis of BP-linked oligomers. Herein oligomers with sterically less demanding substituents (substituents: 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl or 2,4,6-tri-iso-propylphenyl) at the phosphorus are accessible using Si/B exchange, but the oligomer with Mes* (2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) as substituent needed a salt elimination pathway to give the desired product. Experimental data and theoretical investigations indicate, that the P-substituent has a high influence on the geometry of the phosphorus center and therefore on the possible conjugation over the BP units.},
subject = {Polyphenylenvinylenanaloga},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Krahfuss2020,
author = {Krahfuß, Mirjam Julia},
title = {N-Heterocyclic Silylenes as ambiphilic Reagents in Main Group Chemistry and as Ligands in Transition Metal Chemistry},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-21724},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217246},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2020},
abstract = {This thesis reports on the applications of a particular N-heterocyclic silylene, Dipp2NHSi (1), as an ambiphilic reagent in main group chemistry and as a ligand in transition metal chemistry. One focus of the work lies in the evaluation of the differences in the reactivity of N-heterocyclic silylenes in main group element and transition metal chemistry in comparison with the in these areas nowadays ubiquitous N-heterocyclic carbenes. The first chapter gives an insight into the reactivity of Dipp2NHSi with respect to different types of main group element compounds. Silylene 1 was reacted with group 13 compounds. Adduct formation was observed with AlI3, Al(C6F5)3 and B(C6F5)3 which led to isolation of Dipp2NHSi·AlI3 (2), Dipp2NHSi·Al(C6F5)3 (3) and Dipp2NHSi·B(C6F5)3 (4). Furthermore, the reactivity of Dipp2NHSi (1) with respect to different elementhalide bonds was investigated. The reaction with elemental bromine and iodine leads to the dihalosilanes Dipp2NHSiBr2 (5) and Dipp2NHSiI2 (6). Utilizing methyl iodide, benzyl chloride and benzyl bromide, the insertion products Dipp2NHSi(I)(Me) (10), Dipp2NHSi(Cl)(benzyl) (11) and Dipp2NHSi(Br)(benzyl) (12) are obtained. Thus, insertion is preferred to reductive coupling with formation of RH2C-CH2R (R = H, Ph) and the corresponding dihalosilane. The reaction of 1 with Me3SnCl leads to the diazabutene {(Me3Sn)N(Dipp)CH}2 (9). The reaction of 1 with Ph2SnCl2 gives exclusively Dipp2NHSiCl2 (8) and cyclic polystannanes (Ph2Sn)n. The reactivity of 1 towards selected 1,3-dipolar compounds was also examined and Dipp2NHSi was reacted with azides of different size. The reaction with adamantyl azide led to the formation of the tetrazoline 13. For the reaction with the sterically less demanding trimethylsilyl azide the azido silane Dipp2NHSi(N(SiMe3)2)(N3) (14) and the degradation product 14* was isolated. The cyclosilamine 15 was formed from the reaction of 1 with 2,6-(diphenyl)phenyl azide. The bonding situation and ligation properties of Dipp2NHSi in transition metal complexes was assessed in the second part of the thesis by means of theoretical calculations and experimental investigations. Calculations on the main electronic features of Me2Im/Me2NHSi and Dipp2NHSi/Dipp2Im revealed significant differences in the frontier orbital region of these compounds, which affect the ligation properties of NHSis in general. It was demonstrated that NHSis show significantly different behaviour concerning their coordination chemistry. In particular, one energetically low lying π-acceptor orbital seems to determine the coordination chemistry of these ligands. To provide experimental support for these calculations, the silylene complexes [M(CO)5(Dipp2NHSi)] (M = Cr 16, Mo 17, W 18) were synthesized from Dipp2NHSi and [M(CO)6] (M = Cr, Mo, W) and the tungsten NHSi complex 18 was compared to the NHC complexes [W(CO)5(iPr2Im)] (19), [W(CO)5(iPr2ImMe)] (20) and [W(CO)5(Me2ImMe)] (21). The bonding of Me2Im and Me2NHSi (= L) to transition metal complexes has been assessed with DFT calculations for the model systems [Ni(L)], [Ni(CO)3(L)], and [W(CO)5(L)]. These studies revealed some common features in the difference between M-NHSi and M-NHC bonding which largely affect the bonding situation in transition metal complexes. NHSis show a propensity for bridging two metal atoms which was demonstrated on three different examples. Dipp2NHSi reacts with [Ni(CO)4] to form the dinuclear silylene-bridged complex [{Ni(CO)2(μ-Dipp2NHSi)}2] (22) upon CO elimination. The reduction of [Ni(η5-C5H5)2] with lithium naphthalenide in the presence of Dipp2NHSi yielded the NHSi-bridged Ni(I) dimer [{(η5 C5H5)Ni(µ-Dipp2NHSi)}2] (23). The dimeric half-sandwich complex [{(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2}2] led upon reaction with Dipp2NHSi to the formation of the dinuclear, NHSi-bridged complex [{(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)}2(µ-CO)(µ-Dipp2NHSi)] (24). The insertion of Dipp2NHSi into metal halide bonds was investigated in a series of manganese complexes [Mn(CO)5(X)] (X = Cl, Br, I). The reaction of Dipp2NHSi with [Mn(CO)5(I)] led to substitution of two carbonyl ligands with Dipp2NHSi (1) to afford the tricarbonyl complex [Mn(CO)3(Dipp2NHSi)2(I)] (25). In 25, the iodide ligand is aligned in the {Mn(CO)3} plane, located between both NHSi silicon atoms. Treatment of [Mn(CO)5(Br)] with two equivalents of Dipp2NHSi afforded the complex [Mn(CO)3(Dipp2NHSi)2(Br)] (26), in which the bromide ligand is distorted towards one of the NHSi ligands. The reaction of the silylene ligand with [Mn(CO)5(Cl)] at room temperature afforded a mixture of two products, [Mn(CO)3(Dipp2NHSi)2(Cl)] (27*) and the insertion product [Mn(CO)4(Dipp2NHSi)(Dipp2NHSi-Cl)] (27). Complete transfer of a halide to the silylene was achieved for the reaction of Dipp2NHSi with [(η5-C5H5)Ni(PPh3)(Cl)] to yield [Ni(PPh3)(η5-C5H5)(Dipp2NHSi-Cl)] (28). Similarly, the reaction with [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(I)] led to the formation of [(η5 C5H5)Fe(CO)2(Dipp2NHSi-I)] (29).},
subject = {Silandiylverbindungen},
language = {en}
}
@article{HuangWuKrebsetal.2021,
author = {Huang, Mingming and Wu, Zhu and Krebs, Johannes and Friedrich, Alexandra and Luo, Xiaoling and Westcott, Stephen A. and Radius, Udo and Marder, Todd B.},
title = {Ni-Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Sulfoxides},
series = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
volume = {27},
journal = {Chemistry—A European Journal},
number = {31},
doi = {10.1002/chem.202100342},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256778},
pages = {8149-8158},
year = {2021},
abstract = {A nickel/N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalytic system has been developed for the borylation of aryl sulfoxides with B\(_{2}\)(neop)\(_{2}\) (neop=neopentyl glycolato). A wide range of aryl sulfoxides with different electronic and steric properties were converted into the corresponding arylboronic esters in good yields. The regioselective borylation of unsymmetric diaryl sulfoxides was also feasible leading to borylation of the sterically less encumbered aryl substituent. Competition experiments demonstrated that an electron-deficient aryl moiety reacts preferentially. The origin of the selectivity in the Ni-catalyzed borylation of electronically biased unsymmetrical diaryl sulfoxide lies in the oxidative addition step of the catalytic cycle, as oxidative addition of methoxyphenyl 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl sulfoxide to the Ni(0) complex occurs selectively to give the structurally characterized complex trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(4-CF\(_{3}\)-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)){(SO)-4-MeO-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{4}\)}] 4. For complex 5, the isomer trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))(OSC\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))] 5-I was structurally characterized in which the phenyl sulfinyl ligand is bound via the oxygen atom to nickel. In solution, the complex trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))(OSC\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))] 5-I is in equilibrium with the S-bonded isomer trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))(SOC\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))] 5, as shown by NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations reveal that these isomers are separated by a mere 0.3 kJ/mol (M06/def2-TZVP-level of theory) and connected via a transition state trans-[Ni(ICy)\(_{2}\)(C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))(η\(^{2}\)-{SO}-C\(_{6}\)H\(_{5}\))], which lies only 10.8 kcal/mol above 5.},
language = {en}
}
@article{LiuKoleBudimanetal.2021,
author = {Liu, Zhiqiang and Kole, Goutam Kumar and Budiman, Yudha P. and Tian, Ya-Ming and Friedrich, Alexandra and Luo, Xiaoling and Westcott, Stephen A. and Radius, Udo and Marder, Todd B.},
title = {Transition metal catalyst-free, base-promoted 1,2-additions of polyfluorophenylboronates to aldehydes and ketones},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {60},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {30},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202103686},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256487},
pages = {16529-16538},
year = {2021},
abstract = {A novel protocol for the transition metal-free 1,2-addition of polyfluoroaryl boronate esters to aldehydes and ketones is reported, which provides secondary alcohols, tertiary alcohols, and ketones. Control experiments and DFT calculations indicate that both the ortho-F substituents on the polyfluorophenyl boronates and the counterion K\(^+\) in the carbonate base are critical. The distinguishing features of this procedure include the employment of commercially available starting materials and the broad scope of the reaction with a wide variety of carbonyl compounds giving moderate to excellent yields. Intriguing structural features involving O-H⋅⋅⋅O and O-H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonding, as well as arene-perfluoroarene interactions, in this series of racemic polyfluoroaryl carbinols have also been addressed.},
language = {en}
}
@article{HagspielFantuzziDewhurstetal.2021,
author = {Hagspiel, Stephan and Fantuzzi, Felipe and Dewhurst, Rian D. and G{\"a}rtner, Annalena and Lindl, Felix and Lamprecht, Anna and Braunschweig, Holger},
title = {Adducts of the parent boraphosphaketene H\(_2\)BPCO and their decarbonylative insertion chemistry},
series = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
volume = {60},
journal = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
number = {24},
doi = {10.1002/anie.202103521},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256470},
pages = {13666-13670},
year = {2021},
abstract = {The first examples of Lewis base adducts of the parent boraphosphaketene (H\(_2\)B-PCO) and their cyclodimers are prepared. One of these adducts is shown to undergo mild decarbonylation and phosphinidene insertion into a B-C bond of a borole, forming very rare examples of 1,2-phosphaborinines, B/P isosteres of benzene. The strong donor properties of these 1,2-phosphaborinines are confirmed by the synthesis of their π complexes with the Group 6 metals.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{GamachegebRupp2021,
author = {Gamache [geb. Rupp], Mira Theresa},
title = {Ligand Design for Ru(II) Photosensitizers in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-24676},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246766},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2021},
abstract = {This thesis investigates different ligand designs for Ru(II) complexes and the activity of the complexes as photosensitizer (PS) in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The catalytic system typically contains a catalyst, a sacrificial electron donor (SED) and a PS, which needs to exhibit strong absorption and luminescence, as well as reversible redox behavior. Electron-withdrawing pyridine substituents on the terpyridine metal ion receptor result in an increase of excited-state lifetime and quantum yield (Φ = 74*10-5; τ = 3.8 ns) and lead to complex III-C1 exhibiting activity as PS. While the turn-over frequency (TOFmax) and turn-over number (TON) are relatively low (TOFmax = 57 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1; TON(44 h) = 134 mmolH2 molPS-1), the catalytic system is long-lived, losing only 20\% of its activity over the course of 12 days. Interestingly, the heteroleptic design in III-C1 proves to be beneficial for the performance as PS, despite III-C1 having comparable photophysical and electrochemical properties as the homoleptic complex IV-C2 (TOFmax = 35 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1; TON(24 h) = 14 mmolH2 molPS-1). Reductive quenching of the excited PS by the SED is identified as rate-limiting step in both cases. Hence, the ligands are designed to be more electron-accepting either via N-methylation of the peripheral pyridine substituents or introduction of a pyrimidine ring in the metal ion receptor, leading to increased excited-state lifetimes (τ = 9-40 ns) and luminescence quantum yields (Φ = 40-400*10-5). However, the more electron-accepting character of the ligands also results in anodically shifted reduction potentials, leading to a lack of driving force for the electron transfer from the reduced PS to the catalyst. Hence, this electron transfer step is found to be a limiting factor to the overall performance of the PS. While higher TOFmax in hydrogen evolution experiments are observed for pyrimidine-containing PS (TOFmax = 300-715 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1), the longevity for these systems is reduced with half-life times of 2-6 h. Expansion of the pyrimidine-containing ligands to dinuclear complexes yields a stronger absorptivity (ε = 100-135*103 L mol-1 cm-1), increased luminescence (τ = 90-125 ns, Φ = 210-350*10-5) and can also result in higher TOFmax given sufficient driving force for electron transfer to the catalyst (TOFmax = 1500 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1). When comparing complexes with similar driving forces, stronger luminescence is reflected in a higher TOFmax. Besides thermodynamic considerations, kinetic effects and electron transfer efficiency are assumed to impact the observed activity in hydrogen evolution. In summary, this work shows that targeted ligand design can make the previously disregarded group of Ru(II) complexes with tridentate ligands attractive candidates for use as PS in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.},
subject = {Fotokatalyse},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schmidt2022,
author = {Schmidt, Uwe},
title = {Sandwich- und Halbsandwich-substituierte Diborene - Synthese, Eigenschaften und Reaktivit{\"a}t},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-23460},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234601},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2022},
abstract = {Innerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es gelungen, durch das Einf{\"u}hren von Cymantrenylresten neue Diborene darzustellen, welche Halbsandwich-Substituenten tragen und somit das Substitutionsmuster von basenstabilisierten Diborenen um eine weitere Verbindungsklasse zu erweitern. Neben Cymantrenylresten gelang es auch, Ferrocenylreste als weitere Substituenten in entsprechende Diborensysteme einzuf{\"u}hren. {\"U}ber die Darstellung neuer Diborensysteme hinaus, waren Reaktivit{\"a}tsstudien am Diboraferrocenophan 29 ebenso ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der vorliegenden Arbeit. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass 29 mit kleinen Lewis-Basen, Element-Wasserstoff-Verbindungen und Hydrierungsreagenzien zur Reaktion gebracht werden kann.},
subject = {Diborene},
language = {de}
}
@article{TinajeroTrejoRanaNageletal.2016,
author = {Tinajero-Trejo, Mariana and Rana, Namrata and Nagel, Christoph and Jesse, Helen E. and Smith, Thomas W. and Wareham, Lauren K. and Hippler, Michael and Schatzschneider, Ulrich and Poole, Robert K.},
title = {Antimicrobial Activity of the Manganese Photoactivated Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule [Mn(CO)\(_3\)(tpa-kappa\(^3\)N)]\(^+\) Against a Pathogenic Escherichia coli that Causes Urinary Infections},
series = {Antioxidants \& Redox Signaling},
volume = {24},
journal = {Antioxidants \& Redox Signaling},
number = {14},
doi = {10.1089/ars.2015.6484},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-188910},
pages = {765-780},
year = {2016},
abstract = {Aims: We set out to investigate the antibacterial activity of a new Mn-based photoactivated carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (PhotoCORM, [Mn(CO)\(_3\)(tpa-kappa\(^3\)N)]\(^+\)) against an antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic strain (EC958) of Escherichia coli. Results: Activated PhotoCORM inhibits growth and decreases viability of E. coli EC958, but non-illuminated carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM) is without effect. NADH-supported respiration rates are significantly decreased by activated PhotoCORM, mimicking the effect of dissolved CO gas. CO from the PhotoCORM binds to intracellular targets, namely respiratory oxidases in strain EC958 and a bacterial globin heterologously expressed in strain K-12. However, unlike previously characterized CORMs, the PhotoCORM is not significantly accumulated in cells, as deduced from the cellular manganese content. Activated PhotoCORM reacts avidly with hydrogen peroxide producing hydroxyl radicals; the observed peroxide-enhanced toxicity of the PhotoCORM is ameliorated by thiourea. The PhotoCORM also potentiates the effect of the antibiotic, doxycycline. Innovation: The present work investigates for the first time the antimicrobial activity of a light-activated PhotoCORM against an antibiotic-resistant pathogen. A comprehensive study of the effects of the PhotoCORM and its derivative molecules upon illumination is performed and mechanisms of toxicity of the activated PhotoCORM are investigated. Conclusion: The PhotoCORM allows a site-specific and time-controlled release of CO in bacterial cultures and has the potential to provide much needed information on the generality of CORM activities in biology. Understanding the mechanism(s) of activated PhotoCORM toxicity will be key in exploring the potential of this and similar compounds as antimicrobial agents, perhaps in combinatorial therapies with other agents.},
language = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Haerterich2024,
author = {H{\"a}rterich, Marcel},
title = {Synthese und Reaktivit{\"a}t niedervalenter borhaltiger Verbindungen der Oxidationsstufe +1},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-31760},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317605},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2024},
abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese und Reaktivitat niedervalenter borhaltiger Verbindungen der Oxidationsstufe +I, sowie der Darstellung eines neuen zweiz{\"a}hnigen Carbens. Von zentraler Bedeutung waren dabei Verbindungen aus der Substanzklasse der cAACs, die sowohl als stabilisierende Lewis-Basen der Diborene und Borylene zum Einsatz kamen, als auch das Grundger{\"u}st des neuen Carbens bilden. Zun{\"a}chst stand die Synthese eines neuen Diborens im Fokus, wobei Cyclohexylsubstituenten am Pyrrolidingerust des cAACs verwendet wurden. Die Reaktivit{\"a}tsstudien wurden anschließend am Diboren mit dem methylsubstituierten cAAC-Derivat durchgef{\"u}hrt. Dabei konnte neben der 1,2-Addition von Wasser die Insertion von Acetylen in die BB-Bindung, sowie die Spaltung durch die Reaktion mit diversen Aziden beobachtet werden. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus gelingt die vollst{\"a}ndige Separierung beider Boratome in zwei getrennte Molek{\"u}le bei der Umsetzung mit Kohlenstoffdioxid in einer Reaktionssequenz aus [2+2]-Cycloaddition und -reversion. Das dabei erhaltene Hydroborylen wurde im zweiten Teil der Arbeit hinsichtlich seiner Reaktivit{\"a}t untersucht. Gerade die Carbonylfunktionalit{\"a}t erlaubte hierbei den Zugang zu vielf{\"a}ltigen Reaktionsprodukten. Unter anderen kann der Carbonylsubstituent in ein Alkin oder ein Nitril {\"u}berf{\"u}hrt werden. Zudem kann die, aus der {\"U}bergangsmetall-Carbonylchemie bekannte, Fischer-Carben Synthese am Borylen reproduziert werden und stellt somit ein metallomimetisches Verhalten der Borylene zur Schau. Der letzte Teil befasst sich mit der Darstellung eines zweiz{\"a}hnigen Carbenliganden, wobei der Nachweis des freien Carbens indirekt mittels Abfangreaktionen gelang.},
subject = {Bor},
language = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Dietz2024,
author = {Dietz, Maximilian},
title = {Synthese und Reaktivit{\"a}t neutraler Diboraarene},
doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32109},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321098},
school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
year = {2024},
abstract = {Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Darstellung und Reaktivit{\"a}t neutraler Diboraarene, wobei im ersten Teil die Synthese neuer Metallkomplexe eines cAAC-stabilisierten (cAAC = cyclisches Alkyl(amino)carben) 1,4-Diborabenzols sowie deren Folgereaktivit{\"a}t im Fokus steht. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird die Reaktivit{\"a}t des Diborabenzols und eines cAAC-stabilisierten 9,10-Diboraanthracens gegen{\"u}ber Hauptgruppenelementverbindungen untersucht und vergleichend gegen{\"u}bergestellt. Darauffolgend werden neben der Synthese neuer Metallkomplexe des Diboraanthracens auch weitere Reaktivit{\"a}tsuntersuchungen der Verbindung behandelt. Der letzte Teil der Arbeit befasst sich mit der Darstellung neuartiger neutraler und cAAC-stabilisierter Diboraacene {\"u}ber eine Modulation des π-Systems. Dabei wird der synthetische Zugang zu einem 1,4-Diboranaphthalin und einem 6,13-Diborapentacen erm{\"o}glicht und ausgew{\"a}hlte Reaktivit{\"a}ten beider Verbindungen demonstriert.},
subject = {Bor},
language = {de}
}
@article{DietzJohnsonMartinezMartinezetal.2019,
author = {Dietz, Maximilian and Johnson, Alice and Mart{\´i}nez-Mart{\´i}nez, Antonio and Weller, Andrew S.},
title = {The [Rh(Xantphos)]+ catalyzed hydroboration of diphenylacetylene using trimethylamine-borane},
series = {Inorganica Chimica Acta},
volume = {491},
journal = {Inorganica Chimica Acta},
doi = {10.1016/j.ica.2019.03.032},
url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225352},
pages = {9-13},
year = {2019},
abstract = {The rhodium(I) complex [Rh(κ3-P,O,P-Xantphos)(η2-PhC≡CPh)][BArF4] (ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H4) is an effective catalyst for the cis-selective hydroboration of the alkyne diphenylacetylene using the amine-borane H3B·NMe3. Detailed mechanistic studies, that include initial rate measurements, full simulation of temporal profiles for a variety of catalyst and substrate concentrations, and speciation experiments, suggest a mechanism that involves initial coordination of alkyne and a saturation kinetics regime for amine-borane binding. The solid-state molecular structure of a model complex that probes the proposed resting state is also reported, [Rh(κ3-P,O,P-Xantphos)(NCMe)(η2-PhC≡CPh)][BArF4].},
language = {en}
}