@article{KoehlerBauerDietzetal.2022,
  author    = {Koehler, Jonas and Bauer, Andr{\´e} and Dietz, Andreas J. and Kuenzer, Claudia},
  title     = {Towards forecasting future snow cover dynamics in the European Alps — the potential of long optical remote-sensing time series},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {18},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs14184461},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288338},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Snow is a vital environmental parameter and dynamically responsive to climate change, particularly in mountainous regions. Snow cover can be monitored at variable spatial scales using Earth Observation (EO) data. Long-lasting remote sensing missions enable the generation of multi-decadal time series and thus the detection of long-term trends. However, there have been few attempts to use these to model future snow cover dynamics. In this study, we, therefore, explore the potential of such time series to forecast the Snow Line Elevation (SLE) in the European Alps. We generate monthly SLE time series from the entire Landsat archive (1985-2021) in 43 Alpine catchments. Positive long-term SLE change rates are detected, with the highest rates (5-8 m/y) in the Western and Central Alps. We utilize this SLE dataset to implement and evaluate seven uni-variate time series modeling and forecasting approaches. The best results were achieved by Random Forests, with a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.79 and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 258 m, Telescope (0.76, 268 m), and seasonal ARIMA (0.75, 270 m). Since the model performance varies strongly with the input data, we developed a combined forecast based on the best-performing methods in each catchment. This approach was then used to forecast the SLE for the years 2022-2029. In the majority of the catchments, the shift of the forecast median SLE level retained the sign of the long-term trend. In cases where a deviating SLE dynamic is forecast, a discussion based on the unique properties of the catchment and past SLE dynamics is required. In the future, we expect major improvements in our SLE forecasting efforts by including external predictor variables in a multi-variate modeling approach.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GeyerPaisWotte2020,
  author    = {Geyer, Gerd and Pais, Miguel Caldeira and Wotte, Thomas},
  title     = {Unexpectedly curved spines in a Cambrian trilobite: considerations on the spinosity in Kingaspidoides spinirecurvatus sp. nov. from the Anti-Atlas, Morocco, and related Cambrian ellipsocephaloids},
  series = {PalZ},
  volume    = {94},
  journal   = {PalZ},
  issn      = {0031-0220},
  doi       = {10.1007/s12542-020-00514-x},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231873},
  pages     = {645-660},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The new ellipsocephaloid trilobite species Kingaspidoides spinirecurvatus has a spectacular morphology because of a unique set of two long and anteriorly recurved spines on the occipital ring and the axial ring of thoracic segment 8. Together with the long genal spines this whimsical dorsally directed spine arrangement is thought to act as a non-standard protective device against predators. This is illustrated by the body posture during different stages of enrolment, contrasting with the more sophisticated spinosities seen in later trilobites, which are discussed in brief. Kingaspidoides spinirecurvatus from the lower-middle Cambrian boundary interval of the eastern Anti-Atlas in Morocco has been known for about two decades, with specimens handled as precious objects on the fossil market. Similar, but far less spectacular, spine arrangements on the thoracic axial rings are known from other ellipsocephaloid trilobites from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco and the Franconian Forest region of Germany. This suggests that an experimental phase of spine development took place within the Kingaspi-doides clade during the early-middle Cambrian boundary interval.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzJosephBaumhaueretal.1990,
  author    = {Schulz, Erhard and Joseph, Alain and Baumhauer, Roland and Schultze, Ekkerhard and Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Upper Pleistocene and Holocene history of the Bilma region (Kawar, NE-Niger)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86828},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {A 42 m drilling was pertormed in the depresalon of Bilma, Xawar, NE-Niger. The sediment and pollen records show that after an initial deposition of dune sands there were repeated lake phases which terminated by desiccation and consolidation of spring mounds. The pollen record indicates a continuous presence of savanna vegetation. The record probably covers the period between the Upper Pleistocene and the Late Holocene. The climate was characterised by a monssonal summer rain regime giving effective rain fall of about 450-500 mm per year. Groundwater recharge was possible but estimates of the amount of water resources are difficult because of the karstic system of the escarpment and the nearly unknown hydrogeological situation.},
  subject      = {Pleistoz{\"a}n},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MayrKuenzerGessneretal.2019,
  author    = {Mayr, Stefan and Kuenzer, Claudia and Gessner, Ursula and Klein, Igor and Rutzinger, Martin},
  title     = {Validation of earth observation time-series: a review for large-area and temporally dense land surface products},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {22},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs11222616},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193202},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Large-area remote sensing time-series offer unique features for the extensive investigation of our environment. Since various error sources in the acquisition chain of datasets exist, only properly validated results can be of value for research and downstream decision processes. This review presents an overview of validation approaches concerning temporally dense time-series of land surface geo-information products that cover the continental to global scale. Categorization according to utilized validation data revealed that product intercomparisons and comparison to reference data are the conventional validation methods. The reviewed studies are mainly based on optical sensors and orientated towards global coverage, with vegetation-related variables as the focus. Trends indicate an increase in remote sensing-based studies that feature long-term datasets of land surface variables. The hereby corresponding validation efforts show only minor methodological diversification in the past two decades. To sustain comprehensive and standardized validation efforts, the provision of spatiotemporally dense validation data in order to estimate actual differences between measurement and the true state has to be maintained. The promotion of novel approaches can, on the other hand, prove beneficial for various downstream applications, although typically only theoretical uncertainties are provided.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{QamarAzmatAbbasetal.2018,
  author    = {Qamar, Muhammad Uzair and Azmat, Muhammad and Abbas, Azhar and Usman, Muhammad and Shahid, Muhammad Adnan and Khan, Zahid Mahmood},
  title     = {Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal},
  series = {Water},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Water},
  number    = {4, 509},
  doi       = {10.3390/w10040509},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224711},
  pages     = {1-24},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The command area of the Rakh branch canal grows wheat, sugarcane, and rice crops in abundance. The canal water, which is trivial for irrigating these crops, is conveyed to the farms through the network of canals and distributaries. For the maintenance of this vast infrastructure; the end users are charged on a seasonal basis. The present water charges are severely criticized for not being adequate to properly manage the entire infrastructure. We use the residual value to determine the value of the irrigation water and then based on the quantity of irrigation water supplied to farm land coupled with the infrastructure maintenance cost, full cost recovery figures are executed for the study area, and policy recommendations are made for the implementation of the full cost recovery system. The approach is unique in the sense that the pricings are based on the actual quantity of water conveyed to the field for irrigating crops. The results of our analysis showed that the canal water is severely under charged in the culturable command area of selected distributaries, thus negating the plan of having a self-sustainable irrigation system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LandmannSchrammColditzetal.2010,
  author    = {Landmann, Tobias and Schramm, Matthias and Colditz, Rene R. and Dietz, Andreas and Dech, Stefan},
  title     = {Wide Area Wetland Mapping in Semi-Arid Africa Using 250-Meter MODIS Metrics and Topographic Variables},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68628},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Wetlands in West Africa are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change. West African wetlands are often freshwater transfer mechanisms from wetter climate regions to dryer areas, providing an array of ecosystem services and functions. Often wetland-specific data in Africa is only available on a per country basis or as point data. Since wetlands are challenging to map, their accuracies are not well considered in global land cover products. In this paper we describe a methodology to map wetlands using well-corrected 250-meter MODIS time-series data for the year 2002 and over a 360,000 km2 large study area in western Burkina Faso and southern Mali (West Africa). A MODIS-based spectral index table is used to map basic wetland morphology classes. The index uses the wet season near infrared (NIR) metrics as a surrogate for flooding, as a function of the dry season chlorophyll activity metrics (as NDVI). Topographic features such as sinks and streamline areas were used to mask areas where wetlands can potentially occur, and minimize spectral confusion. 30-m Landsat trajectories from the same year, over two reference sites, were used for accuracy assessment, which considered the area-proportion of each class mapped in Landsat for every MODIS cell. We were able to map a total of five wetland categories. Aerial extend of all mapped wetlands (class "Wetland") is 9,350 km2, corresponding to 4.3\% of the total study area size. The classes "No wetland"/"Wetland" could be separated with very high certainty; the overall agreement (KHAT) was 84.2\% (0.67) and 97.9\% (0.59) for the two reference sites, respectively. The methodology described herein can be employed to render wide area base line information on wetland distributions in semi-arid West Africa, as a data-scarce region. The results can provide (spatially) interoperable information feeds for inter-zonal as well as local scale water assessments.},
  subject      = {Geologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchuesslerOppermannKreuzeretal.1986,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Oppermann, Uwe and Kreuzer, Hans and Seidel, Eberhard and Okrusch, Martin and Lenz, Karl-Ludwig and Raschka, Helmut},
  title     = {Zur Altersstellung des ostbayerischen Kristallins - Ergebnisse neuer K-Ar Datierungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31778},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Schuessler1993,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich},
  title     = {Zur geologischen Situation der Erzlagerst{\"a}tte Kupferberg-Neufang in der Umrahmung der M{\"u}nchberger Gneismasse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31791},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Die Kupfer-Zink-Lagerst{\"a}tte von Kupferberg-Neufang im Bereich der M{\"u}nchberger Deckenstruktur besteht aus einem etwa 4 km langen Zug einzelner stratiformer Vererzungslinsen, der in NW-SE-Richtung vom anchimetamorphen Pal{\"a}ozoikum "Bayerischer" Faziesentwicklung in die Prasinit-Phyllit-Serie hin{\"u}berzieht. Bisherige lagerst{\"a}ttenkundliche Untersuchimgen interpretierten die gesamte Lagerst{\"a}tte als einheitliche, submarin-exhalativ entstandene stratiforme Bildung in Zusammenhang mit ordovizischem basischem Vulkanismus, der in den Rahmengesteinen der Lagerst{\"a}tte durch die Diabase der anchimetamorphen Randschieferserie bzw. die Prasinite der Prasinit-Phyllit-Serie dokumentiert ist. Diese Vorstellung steht jedoch in deutlichem Widerspruch zu den Ergebnissen neuerer geochemischer und biostratigraphischer Untersuchungen, die f{\"u}r die Diabase und Prasinite eine v{\"o}llig unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung ergaben und die zeigten, daß die Prasinit-Phyllit-Serie schon im Oberproterozoikum, die erzf{\"u}hrenden Schichten im anchimetamorphen Pal{\"a}ozoikum aber erst im Unterdevon sedimentiert wurden. F{\"u}r eine Kl{\"a}rung der Situation sind weitere Untersuchungen im Bereich der Lagerst{\"a}tte erforderlich.},
  language  = {de}
}