@phdthesis{Klawitter2006,
  author    = {Klawitter, Ruth},
  title     = {Theoriegeleitete praxisorientierte Lehrerausbildung im Fach Geographie. Eine wissenschaftliche Untersuchung am Standort Studienhaus Geographie im Schullandheim Bauersberg in der Rh{\"o}n},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20075},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Diese Studie entwickelt und testet ein Ausbildungskonzept f{\"u}r die Lehrerausbildung im Fach Geographie am Beispiel der Bildungseinrichtung Studienhaus Geographie des Schullandheims Bauersberg bei Bischofsheim a.d. Rh{\"o}n. Die theoretischen {\"U}berlegungen beinhalten einen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die bestehenden p{\"a}dagogischen Zielsetzungen, die administrativen Grundlagen, die aufgezeigten Defizite der universit{\"a}ren Lehrerausbildung wie die daraus resultierenden Reformans{\"a}tze und Forderungen an eine qualifizierte Lehrerausbildung. F{\"u}r das fallbeispielhaft entwickelte Konzept einer Lehrerausbildung im Fach Geographie stellen die professionstheoretischen Ans{\"a}tze zu einer kompetenzorientierte Lehrerausbildung die Basis dar, auf der die p{\"a}dagogischen Zielsetzungen einer auf Professionalit{\"a}t ausgerichteten Lehrerausbildung formuliert werden. Schwerpunktm{\"a}ßig basiert das Ausbildungskonzept auf dem bildungstheoretischen Dreieck zur Neustrukturierung der Lehrerbildung von BAYER/CARLE/WILDT, welches die Vernetzungsm{\"o}glichkeiten der die Lehrerausbildung kennzeichnenden Bezugssysteme Wissenschaft (im Sinne von Theorie), Praxis (im Sinne von Berufsfeldbezug) und Person (im Sinne von Professionalit{\"a}t) beschreibt. Grundlage des Ausbildungskonzeptes stellen ebenfalls die administrativen Vorgaben der bayerischen Lehrerausbildung dar. Eine wesentliche Rolle f{\"u}r die Konzeption dieser Form der Ausbildung am Standort Studienhaus Geographie spielen neben den strukturellen Voraussetzungen dieser Einrichtung die ge{\"a}ußerten Defizite der universit{\"a}ren Lehrerausbildung, die jeweils in der Aussage einer zu wenig an der Praxis orientierten Ausbildung gipfeln. Untersuchungen zur Qualit{\"a}t der universit{\"a}ren Geographielehrerausbildung geben Hinweise zu einer intensiveren Vermittlung von Methodenkompetenz bez{\"u}glich des Unterrichtsprinzips Handlungsorientierung und des Einsatz von geographischen Arbeitstechniken wie Experimente, Exkursionen/Arbeiten im Gel{\"a}nde etc.. Unterst{\"u}tzt werden die sich daraus ableitenden Optimierungsvorschl{\"a}ge durch die Realisierung verschiedener Reformans{\"a}tze im Fach Geographie wie f{\"a}cher{\"u}bergreifendes, projektorientiertes, in der Zusammenarbeit mit der Schulpraxis stattfindendes Arbeiten an außerschulischen Lernorten und durch die von den jeweiligen Fachvertretern formulierten Richtlinien zur Optimierung der Lehrerausbildung. Das Ausbildungskonzept basiert auf interdisziplin{\"a}r angelegten Lehrveranstaltungen, die in Kooperation der Geographiedidaktik mit der Physischen Geographie, der Humangeographie, der Geologie, der Mineralogie und der Schulpraxis und zur Erarbeitung unterrichtsrelevanter geographischer Ausbildungsinhalte stattfinden. Kennzeichnend ist die Veranstaltungsstruktur Blockveranstaltung, welche handlungs- und projektorientierte, auf Teamarbeit ausgerichtete Arbeitsformen f{\"o}rdert und die gemeinsame Erarbeitung von Ausbildungsinhalten aus fachdidaktischer und fachwissenschaftlicher Perspektive in der Theorie mit anschließender Anwendung bei Gel{\"a}ndearbeiten. Eine Umsetzung der theoretischen Kenntnisse in fachad{\"a}quates, didaktisch-methodisches Unterrichtsmaterial/-vorhaben wie deren Erprobung mit Sch{\"u}lern schließt sich an. Den Abschluss dieser Ausbildungsform bildet eine gemeinsame Evaluation und Reflexion der gesetzten fachdidaktischen, fachwissenschaftlichen und hochschuldidaktischen Zielsetzungen bez{\"u}glich der Ausbildungsinhalte und -methode. In der qualitativen Studie wurde die Eignung des Standortes Studienhaus Geographie f{\"u}r Lehrveranstaltungen, die gem{\"a}ß dem Konzept der theoriegeleiteten praxisorientierten Lehrerausbildung stattfinden, evaluiert. Lehrende der Geographie/Geologie/Mineralogie, Studierende und Lehrkr{\"a}fte wurden in Leitfadeninterviews befragt. In der quantitativen Studie evaluierten alle teilgenommenen Studierende mittels eines Fragebogens dieses Ausbildungskonzept. Sowohl aus der Perspektive der Lehrenden der Fachwissenschaft als auch aus derjenigen der Geographiedidaktik und der Studierenden stellt diese Einrichtung aufgrund ihrer Lage und r{\"a}umlichen wie materiellen Ausstattung einen geeigneten Ausbildungsort f{\"u}r eine universit{\"a}re Lehrerausbildung, die nach p{\"a}dagogischen, fach- und hochschuldidaktischen Kriterien organisiert ist, dar.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kirschke2008,
  author    = {Kirschke, Stefanie},
  title     = {Bilanzierung des Methanaustauschs zwischen Biosph{\"a}re und Atmosph{\"a}re in Periglazialr{\"a}umen mit Hilfe von Fernerkundung und Modellen am Beispiel des Lena Deltas},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-29024},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {Verbleibende Unsicherheiten im Kohlenstoffhaushalt in {\"O}kosystemen der hohen n{\"o}rdlichen Breiten k{\"o}nnen teilweise auf die Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung der r{\"a}umlich und zeitlich hoch variablen Methanemissionsraten von Permafrostb{\"o}den zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Methan ist ein global abundantes atmosph{\"a}risches Spurengas, welches signifikant zur Erw{\"a}rmung der Atmosph{\"a}re beitr{\"a}gt. Aufgrund der hohen Sensibilit{\"a}t des arktischen Bodenkohlenstoffreservoirs sowie der großen von Permafrost unterlagerten Landfl{\"a}chen sind arktische Gebiete am kritischsten von einem globalen Klimawandel betroffen. Diese Dissertation adressiert den Bedarf an Modellierungsans{\"a}tzen f{\"u}r die Bestimmung der Quellst{\"a}rke nordsibirischer permafrostbeeinflusster {\"O}kosysteme der nassen polygonalen Tundra mit Hinblick auf die Methanemissionen auf regionalem Maßstab. Die Arbeit pr{\"a}sentiert eine methodische Struktur in welcher zwei prozessbasierte Modelle herangezogen werden, um die komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Kompartimenten Pedosph{\"a}re, Biosph{\"a}re und Atmosph{\"a}re, welche zu Methanemissionen aus Permafrostb{\"o}den f{\"u}hren, zu erfassen. Es wird ein Upscaling der Gesamtmethanfl{\"u}sse auf ein gr{\"o}ßeres, von Permafrost unterlagertes Untersuchungsgebiet auf Basis eines prozessbasierten Modells durchgef{\"u}hrt. Das prozessbasierte Vegetationsmodell Biosphere Energy Hydrology Transfer Model (BETHY/DLR) wird f{\"u}r die Berechnung der Nettoprim{\"a}rproduktion (NPP) arktischer Tundravegetation herangezogen. Die NPP ist ein Maß f{\"u}r die Substratverf{\"u}gbarkeit der Methanproduktion und daher ein wichtiger Eingangsparameter f{\"u}r das zweite Modell: Das prozessbasierte Methanemissionsmodell wird anschließend verwendet, um die Methanfl{\"u}sse einer gegebenen Bodens{\"a}ule explizit zu berechnen. Dabei werden die Prozesse der Methanogenese, Methanotrophie sowie drei verschiedene Transportmechanismen - molekulare Diffusion, Gasblasenbildung und pflanzengebundener Transport durch vaskul{\"a}re Pflanzen - ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Das Methanemissionsmodell ist f{\"u}r Permafrostbedingungen modifiziert, indem das t{\"a}gliche Auftauen des Permafrostbodens in der kurzen arktischen Vegetationsperiode ber{\"u}cksichtigt wird. Der Modellantrieb besteht aus meteorologischen Datens{\"a}tzen des European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Die Eingangsdatens{\"a}tze werden mit Hilfe von in situ Messdaten validiert. Zus{\"a}tzliche Eingangsdaten f{\"u}r beide Modelle werden aus Fernerkundungsdaten abgeleitet, welche mit Feldspektralmessungen validiert werden. Eine modifizierte Landklassifikation auf der Basis von Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) Daten wird f{\"u}r die Ableitung von Informationen zu Feuchtgebietsverteilung und Vegetationsbedeckung herangezogen. Zeitserien der Auftautiefe werden zur Beschreibung des Auftauens bzw. R{\"u}ckfrierens des Bodens verwendet. Diese Faktoren sind die Haupteinflussgr{\"o}ßen f{\"u}r die Modellierung von Methanemissionen aus permafrostbeeinflussten Tundra{\"o}kosystemen. Die vorgestellten Modellergebnisse werden mittels Eddy-Kovarianz-Messungen der Methanfl{\"u}sse validiert, welche w{\"a}hrend der Vegetationsperioden der Jahre 2003-2006 im s{\"u}dlichen Teil des Lena Deltas (72°N, 126°E) vom Alfred Wegener Institut f{\"u}r Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI) durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden. Das Untersuchungsgebiet Lena Delta liegt an der Laptewsee in Nordostsibirien und ist durch {\"O}kosysteme der arktischen nassen polygonalen Tundra sowie kalten kontinuierlichen Permafrost charakterisiert. Zeitlich integrierte Werte der modellierten Methanfl{\"u}sse sowie der in situ Messungen zeigen gute {\"U}bereinstimmungen und weisen auf eine leichte Modelluntersch{\"a}tzung von etwa 10\%.},
  subject      = {Methanemission},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KhareLatifiRossietal.2019,
  author    = {Khare, Siddhartha and Latifi, Hooman and Rossi, Sergio and Ghosh, Sanjay Kumar},
  title     = {Fractional cover mapping of invasive plant species by combining very high-resolution stereo and multi-sensor multispectral imageries},
  series = {Forests},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Forests},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {1999-4907},
  doi       = {10.3390/f10070540},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197250},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Invasive plant species are major threats to biodiversity. They can be identified and monitored by means of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. This study aimed to test the potential of multiple very high-resolution (VHR) optical multispectral and stereo imageries (VHRSI) at spatial resolutions of 1.5 and 5 m to quantify the presence of the invasive lantana (Lantana camara L.) and predict its distribution at large spatial scale using medium-resolution fractional cover analysis. We created initial training data for fractional cover analysis by classifying smaller extent VHR data (SPOT-6 and RapidEye) along with three dimensional (3D) VHRSI derived digital surface model (DSM) datasets. We modelled the statistical relationship between fractional cover and spectral reflectance for a VHR subset of the study area located in the Himalayan region of India, and finally predicted the fractional cover of lantana based on the spectral reflectance of Landsat-8 imagery of a larger spatial extent. We classified SPOT-6 and RapidEye data and used the outputs as training data to create continuous field layers of Landsat-8 imagery. The area outside the overlapping region was predicted by fractional cover analysis due to the larger extent of Landsat-8 imagery compared with VHR datasets. Results showed clear discrimination of understory lantana from upperstory vegetation with 87.38\% (for SPOT-6), and 85.27\% (for RapidEye) overall accuracy due to the presence of additional VHRSI derived DSM information. Independent validation for lantana fractional cover estimated root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 11.8\% (for RapidEye) and 7.22\% (for SPOT-6), and R\(^2\) values of 0.85 and 0.92 for RapidEye (5 m) and SPOT-6 (1.5 m), respectively. Results suggested an increase in predictive accuracy of lantana within forest areas along with increase in the spatial resolution for the same Landsat-8 imagery. The variance explained at 1.5 m spatial resolution to predict lantana was 64.37\%, whereas it decreased by up to 37.96\% in the case of 5 m spatial resolution data. This study revealed the high potential of combining small extent VHR and VHRSI- derived 3D optical data with larger extent, freely available satellite data for identification and mapping of invasive species in mountainous forests and remote regions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kempf2000,
  author    = {Kempf, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Klimageomorphologische Studien in Zentral-Namibia: Ein Beitrag zur Morpho-, Pedo- und {\"O}kogenese},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-5325},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2000},
  abstract  = {Es werden die Ergebnisse mehrj{\"a}hriger geomorphologische, pedologischer und {\"o}kologischer Feldaufnahmen in Namibia vorgestellt. Der Schwerpunkt der Betrachtung lag auf einem West-Ost-Transekt im zentralen Drittel des Landes zwischen dem s{\"u}dlichen Wendekreis und der Etosha-Region. Das Transekt beschreibt einen klima-geomorphologischen {\"U}bergang vom namibischen Schelf, {\"u}ber das Litoral, die Namib-Rumpffl{\"a}che, das Randstufenvorland mit dem Escarpment und das Hochland mit dem Windhoek-Okahandja-Becken bis zu den ausgedehnten Kontinentalbecken der Kalahari. Schelf, Randstufenvorland, Becken und Kalahari stellen dabei potentielle Akkumulationslandschaften, dar, Hochland und Namib-Fl{\"a}che die zugeh{\"o}rigen Abtragungslandschaften. Der geomorphologische Formenschatz der Akkumulations- und Abtragungslandschaften wurde ebenso analytisch beschrieben, wie die landschafts{\"o}kologische Grundausstattung, v. a. B{\"o}den und Vegetation. Die jeweils ablaufenden Prozesse und Prozesskombinationen wurden mit klimatischen Daten in einem {\"O}kosystemmodell verkn{\"u}pft. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells wurden geomorphologische Reliktformen verschiedener Zeitalter im landschaftlichen Zusammenhang {\"o}kogenetisch interpretiert und ein historischer Ablauf der Milieugeschichte seit dem Endterti{\"a}r rekonstruiert. Unterst{\"u}tzend wurden Proxydaten, v. a. pal{\"a}o{\"o}kologische und geoarch{\"a}ologische herangezogen.},
  subject      = {Zentralnamibia},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kawohl2022,
  author    = {Kawohl, Alexander},
  title     = {The Petrology and Geochemistry of Igneous Dykes above the Temagami Anomaly (Ontario, Canada) and their Relationship to the 1.85 Ga Sudbury Impact},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27961},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-279617},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The area northeast of Sudbury, Ontario, is known for one of the largest unexplained geophysical anomalies on the Canadian Shield, the 1,200 km2 Temagami Anomaly. The geological cause of this regional magnetic, conductive and gravity feature has previously been modelled to be a mafic-ultramafic body at relatively great depth (2-15 km) of unknown age and origin, which may or may not be related to the meteorite impact-generated Sudbury Igneous Complex in its immediate vicinity. However, with a profound lack of outcrops and drill holes, the geological cause of the anomaly remains elusive, a genetic link to the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact event purely speculative. In search for any potential surface expression of the deep-seated cause of the Temagami Anomaly, this study provides a first, yet comprehensive petrological and geochemical assessment of exotic igneous dykes recently discovered in outcrops above, and drill cores into, the Temagami Anomaly. Based on cross-cutting field relations, petrographic studies, lithogeochemistry, whole-rock Nd-Sr-Pb isotope systematics, and U-Pb geochronology, it was possible to identify, and distinguish between, at least six different groups of igneous dykes: (i) Calc-alkaline quartz diorite dykes related to the 1.85 Ga Sudbury Igneous Complex (locally termed Offset Dykes); (ii) tholeiitic quartz diabase of the regional 2.22 Ga Nipissing Suite/Senneterre Dyke Swarm; (iii) calc-alkaline quartz diabase of the regional 2.17 Ga Biscotasing Dyke Swarm; (iv) alkaline ultrabasic dykes correlated with the 1.88-1.86 Ga Circum-Superior Large Igneous Province (LIP); and (v) aplitic dykes as well as (vi) a hornblende syenite, the latter two of more ambiguous age and stratigraphic position. The findings presented in this study - the discovery of three new Offset Dykes in particular - offer some unexpected insights into the geology and economic potential of one of the least explored areas of the world-class Sudbury Mining Camp as well as into the nature and distribution of both allochthonous and autochthonous impactites within one of the oldest and largest impact structures known on Earth. Not only do the geometric patterns of dyke (and breccia) distribution reaffirm previous notions of the existence of discrete ring structures in the sense of a ~200-km multi-ring basin, but they provide critical constraints as to the pre-erosional thickness and extent of the impact melt sheet, thus helping to identity new areas for Ni-Cu-PGE exploration. Furthermore, this study provides important insights into the pre-impact stratigraphy and the magmatic evolution of the region in general, which reveals to be much more complex, compositionally divers, and protracted than initially assumed. Of note is the discovery of rocks related to the 2.17 Ga Biscotasing and the 1.88-1.86 Ga Circum-Superior magmatic events, as these were not previously known to occur on the southeast margin of the Superior Craton. Shortly predating the Sudbury impact and being contemporaneous with ore-forming events at Thompson (Manitoba) and Raglan (Cape Smith), these magmatic rocks could provide the missing link between unusual mafic, pre-enriched, crustal target rocks, and the unique metal endowment of the Sudbury Impact Structure. The actual geological cause of the Temagami Anomaly remains open to debate and requires the downward extension of existing bore holes as well as more detailed geophysical investigations. The hypothesis of a genetic relationship between Sudbury impact event and Temagami Anomaly is neither borne out by any evidence nor particularly realistic, even in case of an oblique impact, and should thus be abandoned. It is instead proposed, based on circumstantial evidence, that the anomaly might be explained by an ultramafic complex of the 1.88-1.86 Ga Circum-Superior LIP.},
  subject      = {Impaktstruktur},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Karama2021,
  author    = {Karama, Alphonse},
  title     = {East African Seasonal Rainfall prediction using multiple linear regression and regression with ARIMA errors models},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25183},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251831},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The detrimental impacts of climate variability on water, agriculture, and food resources in East Africa underscore the importance of reliable seasonal climate prediction. To overcome this difficulty RARIMAE method were evolved. Applications RARIMAE in the literature shows that amalgamating different methods can be an efficient and effective way to improve the forecasts of time series under consideration. With these motivations, attempt have been made to develop a multiple linear regression model (MLR) and a RARIMAE models for forecasting seasonal rainfall in east Africa under the following objectives: 1. To develop MLR model for seasonal rainfall prediction in East Africa. 2. To develop a RARIMAE model for seasonal rainfall prediction in East Africa. 3. Comparison of model's efficiency under consideration In order to achieve the above objectives, the monthly precipitation data covering the period from 1949 to 2000 was obtained from Climate Research Unit (CRU). Next to that, the first differenced climate indices were used as predictors. In the first part of this study, the analyses of the rainfall fluctuation in whole Central- East Africa region which span over a longitude of 15 degrees East to 55 degrees East and a latitude of 15 degrees South to 15 degrees North was done by the help of maps. For models' comparison, the R-squared values for the MLR model are subtracted from the R-squared values of RARIMAE model. The results show positive values which indicates that R-squared is improved by RARIMAE model. On the other side, the root mean square errors (RMSE) values of the RARIMAE model are subtracted from the RMSE values of the MLR model and the results show negative value which indicates that RMSE is reduced by RARIMAE model for training and testing datasets. For the second part of this study, the area which is considered covers a longitude of 31.5 degrees East to 41 degrees East and a latitude of 3.5 degrees South to 0.5 degrees South. This region covers Central-East of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), north of Burundi, south of Uganda, Rwanda, north of Tanzania and south of Kenya. Considering a model constructed based on the average rainfall time series in this region, the long rainfall season counts the nine months lead of the first principal component of Indian sea level pressure (SLP_PC19) and the nine months lead of Dipole Mode Index (DMI_LR9) as selected predictors for both statistical and predictive model. On the other side, the short rainfall season counts the three months lead of the first principal component of Indian sea surface temperature (SST_PC13) and the three months lead of Southern Oscillation Index (SOI_SR3) as predictors for predictive model. For short rainfall season statistical model SAOD current time series (SAOD_SR0) was added on the two predictors in predictive model. By applying a MLR model it is shown that the forecast can explain 27.4\% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 74.2mm/season for long rainfall season while for the RARIMAE the forecast explains 53.6\% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 59.4mm/season. By applying a MLR model it is shown that the forecast can explain 22.8\% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 106.1 mm/season for short rainfall season predictive model while for the RARIMAE the forecast explains 55.1\% of the total variation and has a RMSE of 81.1 mm/season. From such comparison, a significant rise in R-squared, a decrease of RMSE values were observed in RARIMAE models for both short rainfall and long rainfall season averaged time series. In terms of reliability, RARIMAE outperformed its MLR counterparts with better efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, whenever the data suffer from autocorrelation, we can go for MLR with ARIMA error, the ARIMA error part is more to correct the autocorrelation thereby improving the variance and productiveness of the model.},
  subject      = {Regression},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{KanmegneTamga2024,
  author    = {Kanmegne Tamga, Dan Emmanuel},
  title     = {Modelling Carbon Sequestration of Agroforestry Systems in West Africa using Remote Sensing},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-36926},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-369269},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {The production of commodities such as cocoa, rubber, oil palm and cashew, is the main driver of deforestation in West Africa (WA). The practiced production systems correspond to a land managment approach referred to as agroforestry systems (AFS), which consist of managing trees and crops on the same unit of land.Because of the ubiquity of trees, AFS reported as viable solution for climate mitigation; the carbon sequestrated by the trees could be estimated with remote sensing (RS) data and methods and reported as emission reduction efforts. However, the diversity in AFS in relation to their composition, structure and spatial distribution makes it challenging for an accurate monitoring of carbon stocks using RS. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose a RS-based approach for the estimation of carbon sequestration in AFS across the climatic regions of WA. The main objectives were to (i) provide an accurate classification map of AFS by modelling the spatial distribution of the classification error; (ii) estimate the carbon stock of AFS in the main climatic regions of WA using RS data; (iii) evaluate the dynamic of carbon stocks within AFS across WA. Three regions of interest (ROI) were defined in Cote d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso, one in each climatic region of WA namely the Guineo-Congolian, Guinean and Sudanian, and three field campaigns were carried out for data collection. The collected data consisted of reference points for image classification, biometric tree measurements (diameter, height, species) for biomass estimation. A total of 261 samples were collected in 12 AFS across WA. For the RS data, yearly composite images from Sentinel-1 and -2 (S1 and S2), ALOS-PALSAR and GEDI data were used. A supervised classification using random forest (RF) was implemented and the classification error was assessed using the Shannon entropy generated from the class probabilities. For carbon estimation, different RS data, machine learning algorithms and carbon reference sources were compared for the prediction of the aboveground biomass in AFS. The assessment of the carbon dynamic was carried between 2017 and 2021. An average carbon map was genrated and use as reference for the comparison of annual carbon estimations, using the standard deviation as threshold. As far as the results are concerned, the classification accuracy was higher than 0.9 in all the ROIs, and AFS were mainly represented by rubber (38.9\%), cocoa (36.4\%), palm (10.8\%) in the ROI-1, mango (15.2\%) and cashew (13.4\%) in ROI-2, shea tree (55.7\%) and African locust bean (28.1\%) in ROI-3. However, evidence of misclassification was found in cocoa, mango, and shea butter. The assessment of the classification error suggested that the error level was higher in the ROI-3 and ROI-1. The error generated from the entropy was able to reduced the level of misclassification by 63\% with 11\% of loss of information. Moreover, the approach was able to accuretely detect encroachement in protected areas. On carbon estimation, the highest prediction accuracy (R²>0.8) was obtained for a RF model using the combination of S1 and S2 and AGB derived from field measurements. Predictions from GEDI could only be used as reference in the ROI-1 but resulted in a prediction error was higher in cashew, mango, rubber and cocoa plantations, and the carbon stock level was higher in African locust bean (43.9 t/ha), shea butter (15 t/ha), cashew (13.8 t/ha), mango (12.8 t/ha), cocoa (7.51 t/ha) and rubber (7.33 t/ha). The analysis showed that carbon stock is determined mainly by the diameter (R²=0.45) and height (R²=0.13) of trees. It was found that crop plantations had the lowest biodiversity level, and no significant relationship was found between the considered biodiversity indices and carbon stock levels. The assessment of the spatial distribution of carbon sources and sinks showed that cashew plantations are carbon emitters due to firewood collection, while cocoa plantations showed the highest potential for carbon sequestration. The study revealed that Sentinel data could be used to support a RS-based approach for modelling carbon sequestration in AFS. Entropy could be used to map crop plantations and to monitor encroachment in protected areas. Moreover, field measurements with appropriate allometric models could ensure an accurate estimation of carbon stocks in AFS. Even though AFS in the Sudanian region had the highest carbon stocks level, there is a high potential to increase the carbon level in cocoa plantations by integrating and/or maintaining forest trees.},
  subject      = {Sequestrierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kackstaetter2003,
  author    = {Kackstaetter, Uwe R.},
  title     = {Contaminant diffusion and sorption of an artificial leachate in selected geologic barriers of Frankonia, Bavaria, Germany},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-16151},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2003},
  abstract  = {The geologic barrier represents the final contact between a landfill and the environment. Ideally suited are clays and mudstones because of sufficient vertical and lateral extent, low hydraulic conductivities and high sorptive characteristics. Since hydraulic conductivity is no longer the single criteria to determine transport and retardation of contaminants in geologic landfill barrier materials, diffusive and sorptive characteristics of 4 different clay and mudstone lithologies in Northern Bavaria, were investigated. Cored samples from various depths were included in this study and subjected to evaluations of geochemistry, mineralogy, physical parameters, sorption and diffusion. A transient double reservoir with decreasing source concentration was designed and constructed using clear polycarbonate cylinders for undisturbed clay plugs of 2 to 4cm thickness. Samples were also fitted with internal electrical conductivity probes to determine the migration of the diffusive front. A multi chemical species synthetic landfill leachate was contrived to simulate and evaluate natural pollutant conditions. A computational method for determining mineralogy from geochemical data was also developed. It was found that sorptive processes are mostly controlled by the quality and type of fine grained phyllosilicates and the individual chemical species involved exhibited linear, Freundlich, as well as Langmuir sorption properties. Effective diffusion and sorption coefficients were also determined using POLLUTEv6 (GAEA, 1997) software and receptor reservoir concentrations for K, Na, Ca, Cu, NH4, Cl, NO3, SO4, and concentration totals at predetermined time intervals. Anion exclusion proved to be a major factor in the diffusion process and was used to explain many observed anomalies. Furthermore, diffusion coefficients were found not to be static with a multi chemical species leachate, but actually varied during the course of the experiment. Strong indications point toward the major role of pore space quality, shape, and form as control of diffusive properties of a geologic barrier. A correlation of CECNa of the samples with De may point to a possible deduction of diffusive properties for multi species leachates without extensive and time consuming laboratory tests},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KacicThonfeldGessneretal.2023,
  author    = {Kacic, Patrick and Thonfeld, Frank and Gessner, Ursula and Kuenzer, Claudia},
  title     = {Forest structure characterization in Germany: novel products and analysis based on GEDI, Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {8},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs15081969},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313727},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Monitoring forest conditions is an essential task in the context of global climate change to preserve biodiversity, protect carbon sinks and foster future forest resilience. Severe impacts of heatwaves and droughts triggering cascading effects such as insect infestation are challenging the semi-natural forests in Germany. As a consequence of repeated drought years since 2018, large-scale canopy cover loss has occurred calling for an improved disturbance monitoring and assessment of forest structure conditions. The present study demonstrates the potential of complementary remote sensing sensors to generate wall-to-wall products of forest structure for Germany. The combination of high spatial and temporal resolution imagery from Sentinel-1 (Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR) and Sentinel-2 (multispectral) with novel samples on forest structure from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI, LiDAR, Light detection and ranging) enables the analysis of forest structure dynamics. Modeling the three-dimensional structure of forests from GEDI samples in machine learning models reveals the recent changes in German forests due to disturbances (e.g., canopy cover degradation, salvage logging). This first consistent data set on forest structure for Germany from 2017 to 2022 provides information of forest canopy height, forest canopy cover and forest biomass and allows estimating recent forest conditions at 10 m spatial resolution. The wall-to-wall maps of the forest structure support a better understanding of post-disturbance forest structure and forest resilience.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KacicKuenzer2022,
  author    = {Kacic, Patrick and Kuenzer, Claudia},
  title     = {Forest biodiversity monitoring based on remotely sensed spectral diversity — a review},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {21},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs14215363},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290535},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Forests are essential for global environmental well-being because of their rich provision of ecosystem services and regulating factors. Global forests are under increasing pressure from climate change, resource extraction, and anthropologically-driven disturbances. The results are dramatic losses of habitats accompanied with the reduction of species diversity. There is the urgent need for forest biodiversity monitoring comprising analysis on α, β, and γ scale to identify hotspots of biodiversity. Remote sensing enables large-scale monitoring at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions. Concepts of remotely sensed spectral diversity have been identified as promising methodologies for the consistent and multi-temporal analysis of forest biodiversity. This review provides a first time focus on the three spectral diversity concepts "vegetation indices", "spectral information content", and "spectral species" for forest biodiversity monitoring based on airborne and spaceborne remote sensing. In addition, the reviewed articles are analyzed regarding the spatiotemporal distribution, remote sensing sensors, temporal scales and thematic foci. We identify multispectral sensors as primary data source which underlines the focus on optical diversity as a proxy for forest biodiversity. Moreover, there is a general conceptual focus on the analysis of spectral information content. In recent years, the spectral species concept has raised attention and has been applied to Sentinel-2 and MODIS data for the analysis from local spectral species to global spectral communities. Novel remote sensing processing capacities and the provision of complementary remote sensing data sets offer great potentials for large-scale biodiversity monitoring in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Jung2006,
  author    = {Jung, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {GIS-gest{\"u}tzte Rekonstruktion der neogenen Reliefentwicklung tektonisch beeinflusster Mittelgebirgslandschaften am Beispiel des Spessarts (NW-Bayern, SE-Hessen)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20961},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Klimatische wie auch strukturelle Einfl{\"u}sse haben in einem sich wandelnden Wirkungsgef{\"u}ge an der Reliefentwicklung des Spessarts mitgewirkt. Seit dem ausgehenden Jura wurde die mesozoische Gesteinsauflage zun{\"a}chst unter tropoiden Bedingungen von undifferenzierten Verwitterungs- und Abtragungsprozessen sukzessive aufgearbeitet. Eine zunehmend differenzierte Formung und Inwertsetzung des strukturellen Inventars ist mindestens seit dem Untermioz{\"a}n feststellbar. Klimatische Ver{\"a}nderungen, unterst{\"u}tzt von tektonischen Aktivit{\"a}ten haben sich fr{\"u}her als in anderen Mittelgebirgsregionen auf die Reliefgestaltung ausgewirkt. Rheinische Elemente tektonischer Deformationen setzen sich bereits im Oligoz{\"a}n durch, wie Untersuchungen der Tonlagerst{\"a}tte Klingenberg belegen. Die untermioz{\"a}ne Reliefdifferenzierung wird anhand der Sedimente und Vulkanite des Schl{\"u}chterner Beckens deutlich. Sedimente der Hanau-Seligenst{\"a}dter Senke liefern Hinweise {\"u}ber die Ausr{\"a}umung der Sandsteinschichten im Vorderen Spessart und die Entwicklung der Sandsteinstufe. Durch restriktive Fl{\"a}chenbildung im Stufenvorland wurde die Sandsteinstufe lagekonstant herauspr{\"a}pariert. Der im Bereich des Stufenhanges und der Auslieger-Inselberge verbreitete Sandstein-Saprolit belegt den morphogenetischen Zusammenhang mit der tropoiden Verwitterungsdynamik. Die jungterti{\"a}re und pleistoz{\"a}ne Formung hat zu einer Akzentuierung, die holoz{\"a}nen Prozesse zu einer lokalen Nivellierung des Reliefs beigetragen. Mit Hilfe des Geographischen Informationssystems (GIS) wurden morphogenetisch relevante Parameter, z.B. das Formeninventar, terti{\"a}re Verwitterungsbildungen oder die Tektonik erfasst und thematisch {\"u}berlagert. Eine morphologische Landschaftsdifferenzierung des Spessarts wurde anhand Geomorphologischer Raumeinheiten erarbeitet.},
  subject      = {Spessart},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{IbebuchiPaeth2021,
  author    = {Ibebuchi, Chibuike Chiedozie and Paeth, Heiko},
  title     = {The Imprint of the Southern Annular Mode on Black Carbon AOD in the Western Cape Province},
  series = {Atmosphere},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Atmosphere},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2073-4433},
  doi       = {10.3390/atmos12101287},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248387},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {This study examines the relationship between variations of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and black carbon (BC) at 550 nm aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the Western Cape province (WC). Variations of the positive (negative) phase of the SAM are found to be related to regional circulation types (CTs) in southern Africa, associated with suppressed (enhanced) westerly wind over the WC through the southward (northward) migration of Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude cyclones. The CTs related to positive (negative) SAM anomalies induce stable (unstable) atmospheric conditions over the southwestern regions of the WC, especially during the austral winter and autumn seasons. Through the control of CTs, positive (negative) SAM phases tend to contribute to the build-up (dispersion and dilution) of BC in the study region because they imply dry (wet) conditions which favor the build-up (washing out) of pollutant particles in the atmosphere. Indeed, recent years with an above-average frequency of CTs related to positive (negative) SAM anomalies are associated with a high (low) BC AOD over southwesternmost Africa.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ibebuchi2023,
  author    = {Ibebuchi, Chibuike Chiedozie},
  title     = {On the representation of atmospheric circulation modes in regional climate models over Western Europe},
  series = {International Journal of Climatology},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {International Journal of Climatology},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1002/joc.7807},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312424},
  pages     = {668 -- 682},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Atmospheric circulation is a key driver of climate variability, and the representation of atmospheric circulation modes in regional climate models (RCMs) can enhance the credibility of regional climate projections. This study examines the representation of large-scale atmospheric circulation modes in Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5 RCMs once driven by ERA-Interim, and by two general circulation models (GCMs). The study region is Western Europe and the circulation modes are classified using the Promax rotated T-mode principal component analysis. The results indicate that the RCMs can replicate the classified atmospheric modes as obtained from ERA5 reanalysis, though with biases dependent on the data providing the lateral boundary condition and the choice of RCM. When the boundary condition is provided by ERA-Interim that is more consistent with observations, the simulated map types and the associating time series match well with their counterparts from ERA5. Further, on average, the multi-model ensemble mean of the analysed RCMs, driven by ERA-Interim, indicated a slight improvement in the representation of the modes obtained from ERA5. Conversely, when the RCMs are driven by the GCMs that are models without assimilation of observational data, the representation of the atmospheric modes, as obtained from ERA5, is relatively less accurate compared to when the RCMs are driven by ERA-Interim. This suggests that the biases stem from the GCMs. On average, the representation of the modes was not improved in the multi-model ensemble mean of the five analysed RCMs driven by either of the GCMs. However, when the best-performed RCMs were selected on average the ensemble mean indicated a slight improvement. Moreover, the presence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the simulated modes depends also on the lateral boundary conditions. The relationship between the modes and the NAO was replicated only when the RCMs were driven by reanalysis. The results indicate that the forcing model is the main factor in reproducing the atmospheric circulation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ibebuchi2021,
  author    = {Ibebuchi, Chibuike Chiedozie},
  title     = {Revisiting the 1992 severe drought episode in South Africa: the role of El Ni{\~n}o in the anomalies of atmospheric circulation types in Africa south of the equator},
  series = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  volume    = {146},
  journal   = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
  number    = {1-2},
  issn      = {1434-4483},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00704-021-03741-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268569},
  pages     = {723-740},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {During strong El Ni{\~n}o events, below-average rainfall is expected in large parts of southern Africa. The 1992 El Ni{\~n}o season was associated with one of the worst drought episodes in large parts of South Africa. Using reanalysis data set from NCEP-NCAR, this study examined circulation types (CTs) in Africa south of the equator that are statistically related to the El Ni{\~n}o signal in the southwest Indian Ocean and the implication of this relationship during the 1992 drought episode in South Africa. A statistically significant correlation was found between the above-average Nino 3.4 index and a CT that features widespread cyclonic activity in the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, coupled with a weaker state of the south Indian Ocean high-pressure. During the analysis period, it was found that the El Ni{\~n}o signal enhanced the amplitude of the aforementioned CT. The impacts of the El Ni{\~n}o signal on CTs in southern Africa, which could have contributed to the 1992 severe drought episode in South Africa, were reflected in (i) robust decrease in the frequency of occurrence of the austral summer climatology pattern of atmospheric circulation that favors southeasterly moisture fluxes, advected by the South Indian Ocean high-pressure; (ii) modulation of easterly moisture fluxes, advected by the South Atlantic Ocean high-pressure, ridging south of South Africa; (iii) and enhancement of the amplitude of CTs that both enhances subsidence over South Africa, and associated with the dominance of westerlies across the Agulhas current. Under the ssp585 scenario, the analyzed climate models suggested that the impact of radiative heating on the CT significantly related to El Ni{\~n}o might result in an anomalous increase in surface pressure at the eastern parts of South Africa.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Ibebuchi2021,
  author    = {Ibebuchi, Chibuike Chiedozie},
  title     = {Circulation pattern controls of wet days and dry days in Free State, South Africa},
  series = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  volume    = {133},
  journal   = {Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics},
  number    = {5},
  issn      = {1436-5065},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00703-021-00822-0},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268552},
  pages     = {1469-1480},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Atmospheric circulation is a vital process in the transport of heat, moisture, and pollutants around the globe. The variability of rainfall depends to some extent on the atmospheric circulation. This paper investigates synoptic situations in southern Africa that can be associated with wet days and dry days in Free State, South Africa, in addition to the underlying dynamics. Principal component analysis was applied to the T-mode matrix (variable is time series and observation is grid points at which the field was observed) of daily mean sea level pressure field from 1979 to 2018 in classifying the circulation patterns in southern Africa. 18 circulation types (CTs) were classified in the study region. From the linkage of the CTs to the observed rainfall data, from 11 stations in Free State, it was found that dominant austral winter and late austral autumn CTs have a higher probability of being associated with dry days in Free State. Dominant austral summer and late austral spring CTs were found to have a higher probability of being associated with wet days in Free State. Cyclonic/anti-cyclonic activity over the southwest Indian Ocean, explained to a good extent, the inter-seasonal variability of rainfall in Free State. The synoptic state associated with a stronger anti-cyclonic circulation at the western branch of the South Indian Ocean high-pressure, during austral summer, leading to enhanced low-level moisture transport by southeast winds was found to have the highest probability of being associated with above-average rainfall in most regions in Free State. On the other hand, the synoptic state associated with enhanced transport of cold dry air, by the extratropical westerlies, was found to have the highest probability of being associated with (winter) dryness in Free State.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hoeppner2009,
  author    = {H{\"o}ppner, Kathrin},
  title     = {Beobachtung des Hydroxyl (OH*)-Airglow: Untersuchung von Klimasignalen und atmosph{\"a}rischen Wellen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-33588},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die obere Mesosph{\"a}re ist die Atmosph{\"a}renschicht, die von etwa 80-100 km H{\"o}he reicht. Aufgrund der geringen Luftdichte - sie ist f{\"u}nf bis sechs Gr{\"o}ßenordnungen geringer als an der Erdoberfl{\"a}che - und der effektiven Abstrahlung von W{\"a}rme in den Weltraum („Strahlungsk{\"u}hlung") wird generell angenommen, dass Klimasignale in diesem H{\"o}henbereich sehr viel ausgepr{\"a}gter sein sollten als in den unteren Atmosph{\"a}renschichten. Es wird daher erwartet, dass Beobachtungen in dieser Region der Atmosph{\"a}re eine fr{\"u}hzeitige Erkennung von Klimatrends mit guter statistischer Signifikanz erlauben sollten. Daten, die von diesen Messungen bereitgestellt werden, sind wichtig f{\"u}r die Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung numerischer Klimamodelle, die die mittlere Atmosph{\"a}re abdecken. Dieser H{\"o}henbereich der Atmosph{\"a}re ist messtechnisch jedoch nur schwer zug{\"a}nglich. Die Dichte der Messnetze ist keinesfalls vergleichbar mit denen f{\"u}r die Beobachtung etwa der Stratosph{\"a}re oder der Troposph{\"a}re; Routinemessungen gibt es kaum. Direkte Messungen werden mit raketengest{\"u}tzten Instrumenten, indirekte Messungen {\"u}ber satellitengest{\"u}tzte und bodengebundene Techniken, wie z.B. Lidar, Radar und Spektroskopie, vorgenommen. Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf Daten des „GRound-based Infrared P-branch Spectrometer (GRIPS)", das Infrarot-Emissionen aus der sogenannten OH*-Airglow-Schicht misst, aus denen die Temperatur in ~87 km H{\"o}he abgeleitet werden kann. Neben anthropogenen Einfl{\"u}ssen auf das Klima gibt es nat{\"u}rliche Effekte, die Temperaturschwankungen in der oberen Mesosph{\"a}re verursachen k{\"o}nnen. F{\"u}r die Interpretation experimenteller Daten ist das Verst{\"a}ndnis dieser nat{\"u}rlichen Quellen der Variabilit{\"a}t wichtig. Daher wird mithilfe einer 25-j{\"a}hrigen Zeitreihe der {\"u}ber Wuppertal (51,3°N, 7,2°O) gemessenen OH*-Temperaturen die potentielle Wechselwirkung der Dynamik der oberen Mesosph{\"a}re mit der Sonnenaktivit{\"a}t untersucht. Eine Korrelation der Aktivit{\"a}t planetarer Wellen mit dem solaren Magnetfeld (22-j{\"a}hriger solarer Hale-Zyklus) konnte festgestellt werden. Als m{\"o}glicher physikalischer Mechanismus wird vorgeschlagen, dass der Ringstrom im Erdinnern und damit das interne Magnetfeld der Erde durch das solare Magnetfeld moduliert wird, was wiederum zu Modulationen des totalen Magnetfeldes im Erdinnern {\"u}ber die Kopplung elektromagnetischer Drehmomente zwischen dem Erdkern und dem Erdmantel f{\"u}hrt. Als Folge sollte die Rotationsperiode der Erde - und damit die Aktivit{\"a}t planetarer Wellen - durch die solare Magnetfeldst{\"a}rke moduliert sein. Der Aktivit{\"a}t planetarer Wellen ist zudem eine quasi-zweij{\"a}hrige Schwingung {\"u}berlagert. Zumeist ist die Wellenaktivit{\"a}t verst{\"a}rkt, wenn sich die Windrichtung des mittleren zonalen Windes der {\"a}quatorialen Quasi-Biennalen Oszillation (QBO) von einem Westwind zu einem Ostwind umkehrt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte festgestellt werden, dass die unregelm{\"a}ßige Verteilung der Sonnenflecken auf der Sonnenscheibe aufgrund der Rotation der Sonne zu Fluktuationen der OH*-Temperatur f{\"u}hrt. H{\"a}ufig beobachtet werden ausgepr{\"a}gte spektrale Komponenten in den OH*-Temperaturfluktuationen im Periodenbereich von 27 bis 31 Tagen. Diese Signaturen werden vorl{\"a}ufig auf die differentielle Rotation der Sonne zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt. Dynamische Prozesse wie z.B. atmosph{\"a}rische Schwerewellen sind von großer Bedeutung f{\"u}r den Energiehaushalt der oberen Mesosph{\"a}re / unteren Thermosph{\"a}re (MLT-Region). Daher m{\"u}ssen sie in Klimamodellen ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden, was derzeit jedoch nur durch einfache Parametrisierungen bewerkstelligt werden kann. Um eine m{\"o}glichst realistische Modellierung der großr{\"a}umigen Zirkulationssysteme zu erm{\"o}glichen, ist die Kenntnis der Strukturfunktionen der Schwerewellen sowie ihre Quell- und Senkenst{\"a}rken in Raum und Zeit erforderlich. Messungen von Schwerewellen sind daher unabdingbar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden im Rahmen von Fallstudien Temperatursignaturen untersucht, wie sie von Schwerewellen erzeugt werden. Verwendet werden hierf{\"u}r zeitlich hoch aufgel{\"o}ste OH*-Temperaturzeitreihen aufgenommen am Hohenpeißenberg (47,8°N, 11,0°O) und an der Zugspitze (47,5°N, 11,0°O). Durch den Alpenkamm induzierte Schwerewellen k{\"o}nnen identifiziert und Schwerewellenparameter wie beispielsweise die Ausbreitungsrichtung oder die Phasengeschwindigkeit quantifiziert werden. Messungen, aufgenommen von Bord des deutschen Forschungsschiffes „Polarstern" im Golf von Biskaya (um 48°N, 6°O), werden mit satellitenbasierten Beobachtungen kombiniert. Es wird gezeigt, dass Schwerewellen, die von einem atlantischen Zyklon erzeugt werden, die Temperatur in der Mesopausenregion beeinflussen k{\"o}nnen. Das GRIPS-System ist ferner prinzipiell zur schnellen Erkennung von Naturgefahren wie z.B. Tsunamis, Erdbeben oder Vulkanaktivit{\"a}t geeignet, da solche Ereignisse Infraschall erzeugen, der wiederum erkennbare Temperaturfluktuationen in der OH*-Airglow-Schicht verursacht. Am Beispiel des Sumatra-Tsunamis von 2004 wird diese M{\"o}glichkeit quantitativ diskutiert.},
  subject      = {Mesopause},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HoehnFrimmelPrince2021,
  author    = {H{\"o}hn, Stefan and Frimmel, Hartwig E. and Prince, Westley},
  title     = {Syn-metamorphic sulfidation of the Gamsberg zinc deposit, South Africa},
  series = {Mineralogy and Petrology},
  volume    = {115},
  journal   = {Mineralogy and Petrology},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {1438-1168},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00710-021-00764-w},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268574},
  pages     = {709-728},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The Mesoproterozoic Aggeneys-Gamsberg ore district, South Africa, is one of the world´s largest sulfidic base metal concentrations and well-known as a prime example of Broken Hill-type base metal deposits, traditionally interpreted as metamorphosed SEDEX deposits. Within this district, the Gamsberg deposit stands out for its huge size and strongly Zn-dominated ore ( >14 Mt contained Zn). New electron microprobe analyses and element abundance maps of sulfides and silicates point to fluid-driven sulfidation during retrograde metamorphism. Differences in the chemistry of sulfide inclusions within zoned garnet grains reflect different degrees of interaction of sulfides with high metal/sulfur-ratio with a sulfur-rich metamorphic fluid. Independent evidence of sulfidation during retrograde metamorphism comes from graphic-textured sulfide aggregates that previously have been interpreted as quenched sulfidic melts, replacement of pyrrhotite by pyrite along micro-fractures, and sulfides in phyllic alteration zones. Limited availability of fluid under retrograde conditions caused locally different degrees of segregation of Fe-rich sphalerite into Zn-rich sphalerite and pyrite, and thus considerable heterogeneity in sphalerite chemistry. The invoked sulfur-rich metamorphic fluids would have been able to sulfidize base metal-rich zones in the whole deposit and thus camouflage a potential pre-metamorphic oxidation. These findings support the recently established hypothesis of a pre-Klondikean weathering-induced oxidation event and challenge the traditional explanation of Broken Hill-type deposits as merely metamorphosed SEDEX deposits. Instead, we suggest that the massive sulfide deposits experienced a complex history, starting with initial SEDEX-type mineralization, followed by near-surface oxidation with spatial metal separation, and then sulfidation of this oxidized ore during medium- to high-grade metamorphism.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HoehnFrimmelDebailleetal.2021,
  author    = {H{\"o}hn, Stefan and Frimmel, Hartwig E. and Debaille, Vinciane and Price, Westley},
  title     = {Pre-Klondikean oxidation prepared the ground for Broken Hill-type mineralization in South Africa},
  series = {Terra Nova},
  volume    = {33},
  journal   = {Terra Nova},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.1111/ter.12502},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218545},
  pages     = {168 -- 173},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {New Cu isotope data obtained on chalcopyrite from the Black Mountain and the Broken Hill deposits in the medium- to high-grade metamorphic Aggeneys-Gamsberg ore district (South Africa) require a revision of our understanding of the genesis of metamorphic Broken Hill-type massive sulphide deposits. Chalcopyrite from both deposits revealed unusually wide ranges in δ\(^{65}\)Cu (-2.41 to 2.84 per mille NIST 976 standard) in combination with distinctly positive mean values (0.27 and 0.94 per mille, respectively). This is interpreted to reflect derivation from various silicate and oxide precursor minerals in which Cu occurred in higher oxidation states. Together with the observation of a typical supergene base metal distribution within the deposits and their spatial association with an unconformity only meters above the ore horizon, our new data are best explained by supergene oxidation of originally possibly SEDEX deposits prior to metamorphic sulphide formation, between the Okiepian (1,210-1,180 Ma) and Klondikean (1,040-1,020 Ma) orogenic events.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Hoehn2017,
  author    = {H{\"o}hn, Stefan},
  title     = {Geologischer Rahmen und Genese der Kupferberger Cu-Zn-Lagerst{\"a}tte},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155759},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Bei der Cu-Zn-Lagerst{\"a}tte bei Kupferberg, 10 km nord{\"o}stlich von Kulmbach, handelt es sich um Bayerns gr{\"o}ßten, historischen Buntmetallabbau. Der etwa 4 km lange Zug einzelner, stratiformer Erzlinsen befindet sich im Nordwesten in der parautochthonen Randschiefer Formation und im S{\"u}dosten in der Prasinit-Phyllit Formation, die ein Teil der allochthonen M{\"u}nchberger Gneismasse ist. Bisherige Versuche, die Genese der Lagerst{\"a}tte zu erkl{\"a}ren, scheiterten daran, den versatzlosen {\"U}bertritt einer stratiformen Lagerst{\"a}tte {\"u}ber eine regional bedeutende St{\"o}rungszone zu erkl{\"a}ren. U-Pb Zirkondatierungen an mafischen und felsischen Vulkaniten im Umfeld der Lagerst{\"a}tte best{\"a}tigten das Bild eines kambrisch-ordovizischen Extensionsvulkanismus. Das Fehlen von N-MORB-{\"a}hnlichen geochemischen Signaturen in den untersuchten Proben der gesamten s{\"u}dwestlichen, saxothuringischen Vogtland Synklinale deutet auf eine gescheiterte Riftbildung am Nordrand Gondwanas hin und setzt somit den geotektonischen Rahmen f{\"u}r die Ablagerung der Wirtsformation(en). Die Cu-Zn-Vererzung selbst liegt hier im Wesentlichen als Vergesellschaftung von Pyrit, Chalkopyrit, Sphalerit, Quarz und Kalzit in kohlenstoffreichem Tonschiefer vor. Die verschiedenen Untersuchungen an den beiden Erzlinsen zeigten, dass in der „St. Veits" Erzlinse eine syngenetische Pyrit-Anreicherung mit charakteristisch niedrigen Co/Ni-Verh{\"a}ltnissen ({\o} = 3,7) vorliegt. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus konnte dort noch mindestens eine hydrothermale Pyrit-Generation (Co/Ni-Verh{\"a}ltnis ca. 35) nachgewiesen werden, die nur dort auftritt, wo auch Chalkopyrit angereichert ist und deutlich h{\"o}here Co/Ni-Verh{\"a}ltnisse aufweist ({\o} = 35). Die Ermittlung der Cu-Isotopenverh{\"a}ltnisse des Chalkopyrits zeigte ein δ65Cu-Spektrum von -0,26 bis 0,36  per mille, was stark f{\"u}r eine hydrothermale Anreicherung unter hohen (>250 °C) Temperaturbedingungen spricht. W{\"a}hrend sich die Erzlinsen in der Randschiefer und Prasinit-Phyllit Formation hinsichtlich ihrer Sulfid-Mineralogie so {\"a}hnlich sind, dass sie bisher immer als eine Lagerst{\"a}tte angesprochen wurden, erbrachte ein statistischer Vergleich der beiden δ34S-Datens{\"a}tze, dass es sich hier nur mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von ca. 2 \% um Stichproben der gleichen Grundgesamtheit handelt. Entsprechend liegen innerhalb der Kupferberger Lagerst{\"a}tte zwei unterschiedliche Schichten, reich an syngenetischem Pyrit, vor. Die Tatsache, dass das δ34S-Spektrum potentieller Schwefelquellen f{\"u}r die hydrothermale Chalkopyrit-Mineralisation theoretisch sehr groß, de facto aber mit dem δ34S-Spektrum der syngenetischen Sulfidanreicherung fast identisch ist (δ34S = 3,2 ± 0,6  per mille bzw. δ34S = 3,1 ± 0,9  per mille), spricht f{\"u}r eine schichtinterne Sulfidmobilisierung. Aus den hier erbrachten Ergebnissen wird ein genetisches Modell f{\"u}r die Kupferberger Lagerst{\"a}tte geschlussfolgert, in dem jeweils eine der zahlreichen sediment{\"a}ren, Pyrit-reichen Schichten aus der Randschiefer und der Prasinit-Phyllit Formation bei der {\"U}berschiebung der M{\"u}nchberger Gneismasse tektonisch in Kontakt gebracht wurden. Im Zuge eben dieser Raumnahme der allochthonen Masse wurden Teile der Randschiefer Formation unter Gr{\"u}nschiefer-fazielle Bedingungen gebracht. Dabei kam es sowohl zur Freisetzung von Buntmetallen, die vorher zum Großteil in Pyrit gebunden waren, als auch zur Entw{\"a}sserung der umliegenden Tonschiefer. Durch die {\"u}berlagernden, impermeablen metamorphen Decken wurde das entstandene metallreiche Fluid an der {\"U}berschiebungsbahn kanalisiert. Durch den Druckabfall in der Spr{\"o}de-Duktil-{\"U}bergangszone kam es zum Sieden des aufsteigenden Fluids, was zur Ausf{\"a}llung der Sulfide f{\"u}hrte. Die Bildung bedeutender Erzlinsen erfolgte vor allem dort, wo das {\"u}bers{\"a}ttigte Fluid auf Pyrit-reiche Schwarzschiefer bzw. Phyllite traf. Da die Abbauw{\"u}rdigkeit dieser Erzlinsen im Wesentlichen auf die epigenetische {\"U}berpr{\"a}gung im Zuge der Decken{\"u}berschiebung zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren ist, handelt es sich bei der Kupferberger Cu-Zn-Vererzung um eines der seltenen Beispiele f{\"u}r eine tats{\"a}chliche metamorphogene bzw. syntektonische Buntmetalllagerst{\"a}tte.},
  subject      = {Lagerst{\"a}tte},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HuthGessnerKleinetal.2020,
  author    = {Huth, Juliane and Gessner, Ursula and Klein, Igor and Yesou, Herv{\´e} and Lai, Xijun and Oppelt, Natascha and Kuenzer, Claudia},
  title     = {Analyzing water dynamics based on Sentinel-1 time series — a study for Dongting Lake wetlands in China},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs12111761},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205977},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In China, freshwater is an increasingly scarce resource and wetlands are under great pressure. This study focuses on China's second largest freshwater lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River — the Dongting Lake — and its surrounding wetlands, which are declared a protected Ramsar site. The Dongting Lake area is also a research region of focus within the Sino-European Dragon Programme, aiming for the international collaboration of Earth Observation researchers. ESA's Copernicus Programme enables comprehensive monitoring with area-wide coverage, which is especially advantageous for large wetlands that are difficult to access during floods. The first year completely covered by Sentinel-1 SAR satellite data was 2016, which is used here to focus on Dongting Lake's wetland dynamics. The well-established, threshold-based approach and the high spatio-temporal resolution of Sentinel-1 imagery enabled the generation of monthly surface water maps and the analysis of the inundation frequency at a 10 m resolution. The maximum extent of the Dongting Lake derived from Sentinel-1 occurred in July 2016, at 2465 km\(^2\), indicating an extreme flood year. The minimum size of the lake was detected in October, at 1331 km\(^2\). Time series analysis reveals detailed inundation patterns and small-scale structures within the lake that were not known from previous studies. Sentinel-1 also proves to be capable of mapping the wetland management practices for Dongting Lake polders and dykes. For validation, the lake extent and inundation duration derived from the Sentinel-1 data were compared with excerpts from the Global WaterPack (frequently derived by the German Aerospace Center, DLR), high-resolution optical data, and in situ water level data, which showed very good agreement for the period studied. The mean monthly extent of the lake in 2016 from Sentinel-1 was 1798 km\(^2\), which is consistent with the Global WaterPack, deviating by only 4\%. In summary, the presented analysis of the complete annual time series of the Sentinel-1 data provides information on the monthly behavior of water expansion, which is of interest and relevance to local authorities involved in water resource management tasks in the region, as well as to wetland conservationists concerned with the Ramsar site wetlands of Dongting Lake and to local researchers.},
  language  = {en}
}