@phdthesis{Hannaa2010, author = {Hannaa, Wagih}, title = {Taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Cenomanian-Turonian macro-invertebrate from eastern Sinai, Egypt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54405}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The present study concerened with taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Cenomanian-Turonian macrobenthic fauna which includes bivalves, gastropods, echinoids, and coral. In addtion, cephalopods are also taken in consideration. 144 taxa are identified and systematically described. Palaeoecological and taphonomic anylsis of the statistically sampled macrobenthos are also discussed. The biostratigraphic sequences along the Cenomanian-Turonian rocks were carried out on the basis of ammonites and other macrobenthic fauna such as corals and bivalves. In order to reconstruct benthic association, 41 statistically sampled were subjected to cluster ananlysis by using Past Programm (Hammer et al., 2001). 10 association and three assemblages were described in order to reconstruct the different depositional enviroments.}, subject = {Pal{\"a}ontologie}, language = {en} } @incollection{HammannHeunischSchuessler1989, author = {Hammann, W. and Heunisch, C. and Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich}, title = {Organische Mikrofossilien (Chlorophyta, Acritarcha, Sporae diversae, Scolecodonten) aus den Schichten des Streichengrundes, Unterdevon, im Raum Guttenberg-Kupferberg des Frankenwaldes.}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39152}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1989}, abstract = {Aus einer SE von Guttenberg im Frankenwald auftretenden Abfolge von bisher zur ordovizischen Randschieferserie gez{\"a}hlten grauen Schiefern und Tuffiten, den "Streichengrund-Schichten", wird eine reiche Assoziation organischer Mikrofossilien mit einem unterdevonisehen (Unter-Ems) Ablagerungsalter und mit aufgearbeitetem Unterordovizium (Ober-Arenig) beschrieben. Diese umfaßt 11 Arten der Chlorophyten, 44 Arten der Acritarchen - davon neu Uncillisphaera spinifurcillata 11. sp., sowie 42 Taxa der Sporae dispersae und Scolecodonten. Die somit als tektonische Schuppe innerhalb der ordovizischen Randschieferserie liegenden Streichengrund-Schichten stellen eine im Frankenwald bisher unbekannte Fazieseinheit des Unterdevon dar, die mit ihren vulkanischen Anteilen bayerische, mit ihren klastischen Anteilen th{\"u}ringische Z{\"u}ge besitzt. Lithologische Vergleiche mit den in streichender Verl{\"a}ngerung nach S hin auftretenden dunklen Schiefern der stratiformen Lagerst{\"a}tte von Kupferberg legen ein Unterdevon-Alter auch f{\"u}r diese Einheit nahe.}, subject = {Frankenwald}, language = {de} } @article{HaggMayrMannigetal.2018, author = {Hagg, Wilfried and Mayr, Elisabeth and Mannig, Birgit and Reyers, Mark and Schubert, David and Pinto, Joaquim G. and Peters, Juliane and Pieczonka, Tino and Juen, Martin and Bolch, Tobias and Paeth, Heiko and Mayer, Christoph}, title = {Future climate change and its impact on runoff generation from the debris-covered Inylchek glaciers, Central Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan}, series = {Water}, volume = {10}, journal = {Water}, number = {11}, issn = {2073-4441}, doi = {10.3390/w10111513}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197592}, pages = {1513}, year = {2018}, abstract = {The heavily debris-covered Inylchek glaciers in the central Tian Shan are the largest glacier system in the Tarim catchment. It is assumed that almost 50\% of the discharge of Tarim River are provided by glaciers. For this reason, climatic changes, and thus changes in glacier mass balance and glacier discharge are of high impact for the whole region. In this study, a conceptual hydrological model able to incorporate discharge from debris-covered glacier areas is presented. To simulate glacier melt and subsequent runoff in the past (1970/1971-1999/2000) and future (2070/2071-2099/2100), meteorological input data were generated based on ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 global climate model projections. The hydrological model HBV-LMU was calibrated by an automatic calibration algorithm using runoff and snow cover information as objective functions. Manual fine-tuning was performed to avoid unrealistic results for glacier mass balance. The simulations show that annual runoff sums will increase significantly under future climate conditions. A sensitivity analysis revealed that total runoff does not decrease until the glacier area is reduced by 43\%. Ice melt is the major runoff source in the recent past, and its contribution will even increase in the coming decades. Seasonal changes reveal a trend towards enhanced melt in spring, but a change from a glacial-nival to a nival-pluvial runoff regime will not be reached until the end of this century.}, language = {en} } @incollection{HagedornSponholz1990, author = {Hagedorn, Horst and Sponholz, Barbara}, title = {Silikatkarst in Nord- und Ostniger - Einbindung der Verkarstung in die terti{\"a}re und quart{\"a}re Landschaftsgeschichte}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56597}, publisher = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1990}, abstract = {Im Nordosten der Republik Niger sind Karstformen in Sandsteinen, Silcretes, Eisenkrusten und im Kristallin weit verbreitet. Aufgrund geomorphologischer Untersuchungen und mikromorphologischer Analysen l{\"a}ßt sich eine echte Verkarstung im Sinne l{\"o}sungsbedingter Reliefformung nachweisen. Untersuchungen an D{\"u}nnschliffen und rasterelektronenmikroskopische Analysen von Quarzkomoberfl{\"a}chen zeigen extrem starke Kornkorrosion in den {\"a}ußeren Probenbereichen (Wandungen von Karstformen) und allgemein starke Spuren von Kiesels{\"a}uremobilisierung. Die Ausf{\"a}llung von Kiesels{\"a}ure auf den Quarzk{\"o}rnern kann bis zur Neukristallisation von Quarz reichen (Djado, Stufe von Bilma) oder nur als amorpher {\"U}berzug ausgebildet sein (Massive von Tennit und Koutous). Die Gesamtheit der Befunde deutet auf eine Hauptphase der Verkarstung im fr{\"u}hen Terti{\"a}r hin, die von weiteren L{\"o}sungsphasen im j{\"u}ngeren Terti{\"a}r und wahrscheinlich auch im Quart{\"a}r gefolgt wird. Die jeweils {\"u}ber weite R{\"a}ume {\"a}hnlichen Befunde lassen eine Abh{\"a}ngigkeit des Verkarstungsgeschehens von den pal{\"a}oklimatischen Bedingungen vermuten; vor allem durch die Ausbildung eines unterirdischen Entw{\"a}ssernngs- und Hohlraumsystems sind enge Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Karstformenschatz und der Entwicklung der {\"u}brigen Reliefelemente gegeben.}, subject = {Geographie}, language = {de} } @article{HaHuthBachoferetal.2022, author = {Ha, Tuyen V. and Huth, Juliane and Bachofer, Felix and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {A review of Earth observation-based drought studies in Southeast Asia}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {14}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {15}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs14153763}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286258}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Drought is a recurring natural climatic hazard event over terrestrial land; it poses devastating threats to human health, the economy, and the environment. Given the increasing climate crisis, it is likely that extreme drought phenomena will become more frequent, and their impacts will probably be more devastating. Drought observations from space, therefore, play a key role in dissimilating timely and accurate information to support early warning drought management and mitigation planning, particularly in sparse in-situ data regions. In this paper, we reviewed drought-related studies based on Earth observation (EO) products in Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2021. The results of this review indicated that drought publications in the region are on the increase, with a majority (70\%) of the studies being undertaken in Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. These countries also accounted for nearly 97\% of the economic losses due to drought extremes. Vegetation indices from multispectral optical remote sensing sensors remained a primary source of data for drought monitoring in the region. Many studies (~21\%) did not provide accuracy assessment on drought mapping products, while precipitation was the main data source for validation. We observed a positive association between spatial extent and spatial resolution, suggesting that nearly 81\% of the articles focused on the local and national scales. Although there was an increase in drought research interest in the region, challenges remain regarding large-area and long time-series drought measurements, the combined drought approach, machine learning-based drought prediction, and the integration of multi-sensor remote sensing products (e.g., Landsat and Sentinel-2). Satellite EO data could be a substantial part of the future efforts that are necessary for mitigating drought-related challenges, ensuring food security, establishing a more sustainable economy, and the preservation of the natural environment in the region.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gruner2000, author = {Gruner, Birgit}, title = {Metamorphoseentwicklung im Kaokog{\"u}rtel, NW-Namibia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2486}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2000}, abstract = {Der Kaokog{\"u}rtel in NW-Namibia geh{\"o}rt zu den panafrikanischen Orogensystemen Westgondwanas. Er besteht aus pr{\"a}panafrikanischen Grundgebirgseinheiten und panafrikanischen vulkano-sediment{\"a}ren Deckgebirgseinheiten, die einer gr{\"u}nschiefer- bis granulitfaziellen Metamorphose unterlagen. F{\"u}r Metapelite lassen sich Metamorphosezonen mit aufsteigender Metamorphose von Ost nach West aushalten: Granat-Zone, Staurolith-Zone, Disthen-Zone, ky-sill-mu-Zone, sill-mu-Zone, sill-ksp-Zone, g-cd-sill-ksp-Zone. Mit Hilfe geothermobarometrischer und moderner phasenpetrologischer Methoden (z.B. P-T- Pseudoschnitte) wurden die P-T-Bedingungen ermittelt, die die Metapelite w{\"a}hrend ihrer tektono-metamorphen Entwicklung durchlaufen haben. Es zeigt sich eine MT-HT/MP Barrow-type Metamorphoseentwicklung im {\"o}stlichen und zentralen Kaokog{\"u}rtel sowie eine HT/LP Buchan-type Entwicklung im westlichen Kaokog{\"u}rtel. Die geodynamische Relevanz dieser Entwicklungen wird diskutiert.}, subject = {Kaoko-G{\"u}rtel}, language = {de} } @article{GlaserSponholz1993, author = {Glaser, R{\"u}diger and Sponholz, Barbara}, title = {Erste Untersuchungen von Hangrutschungen an der Frankenh{\"o}he}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53615}, year = {1993}, abstract = {Der vorliegende Beitrag faßt den derzeitigen Stand der Untersuchungen von Hangrutschungen im Bereich der Frankenh{\"o}he, die im Rahmen des EPOCH-Programmes durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden, zusammen. Nach einer Inventarisierung der regionalen Rutschungsereignisse wird die Rutschung bei Obergailnau in einer geomorphologischen Detailkartierung vorgestellt. F{\"u}r die Ausl{\"o}sung der Rutschung kommen mehrere Faktoren in Betracht: neben einer erh{\"o}hten Rutschungsanf{\"a}lligkeit aufgrund der geologisch-tektonischen Verh{\"a}ltnisse muß v.a. auch eine Einflußnahme durch die Landnutzung mit ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden. Dazu z{\"a}hlen Steinbrucharbeiten in unmittelbarer N{\"a}he der Rutschung, aber auch Wasserbaumaßnahmen am Schloßberg. In diesem potentielllabilisierten Gebiet kam es nach {\"u}berdurchschnittlichen Niederschl{\"a}gen Anfang 1958 zu einer {\"U}berschreitung der Belastungsgrenze des Hanges, die sich in einer großfl{\"a}chigen Rutschung {\"a}ußerte. Die weiteren Untersuchungen sollen zeigen, ob sich die f{\"u}r Obergailnau herausgestellten Faktorenkomplexe im regionalen Rahmen verifizieren lassen.}, subject = {Geographie}, language = {de} } @article{GhazaryanRienowOldenburgetal.2021, author = {Ghazaryan, Gohar and Rienow, Andreas and Oldenburg, Carsten and Thonfeld, Frank and Trampnau, Birte and Sticksel, Sarah and J{\"u}rgens, Carsten}, title = {Monitoring of urban sprawl and densification processes in Western Germany in the light of SDG indicator 11.3.1 based on an automated retrospective classification approach}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {9}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13091694}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236671}, year = {2021}, abstract = {By 2050, two-third of the world's population will live in cities. In this study, we develop a framework for analyzing urban growth-related imperviousness in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) from the 1980s to date using Landsat data. For the baseline 2017-time step, official geodata was extracted to generate labelled data for ten classes, including three classes representing low, middle, and high level of imperviousness. We used the output of the 2017 classification and information based on radiometric bi-temporal change detection for retrospective classification. Besides spectral bands, we calculated several indices and various temporal composites, which were used as an input for Random Forest classification. The results provide information on three imperviousness classes with accuracies exceeding 75\%. According to our results, the imperviousness areas grew continuously from 1985 to 2017, with a high imperviousness area growth of more than 167,000 ha, comprising around 30\% increase. The information on the expansion of urban areas was integrated with population dynamics data to estimate the progress towards SDG 11. With the intensity analysis and the integration of population data, the spatial heterogeneity of urban expansion and population growth was analysed, showing that the urban expansion rates considerably excelled population growth rates in some regions in NRW. The study highlights the applicability of earth observation data for accurately quantifying spatio-temporal urban dynamics for sustainable urbanization and targeted planning.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gessner2010, author = {Geßner, Ursula}, title = {R{\"a}umliche und zeitliche Muster der Vegetationsstruktur in Savannen des s{\"u}dlichen Afrika}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55128}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2010}, abstract = {Die Ver{\"a}nderung der terrestrischen {\"O}kosysteme, ist ein grundlegendes Element des Globalen Wandels. In diesem Kontext unterliegt auch eines der gr{\"o}ßten Biome der Erde, die tropische und subtropische Savanne, immer st{\"a}rkeren Ver{\"a}nderungen. Dieses Biom in sozio{\"o}konomischer und {\"o}kologischer Hinsicht von besonderer Bedeutung. F{\"u}r einen rasch wachsenden Teil der Weltbev{\"o}lkerung bildet es die Grundlage f{\"u}r das Betreiben von Weidewirtschaft, Ackerbau und Tourismus. In nationalen und internationalen Forschungsprogrammen zum Globalen Wandel hat die Analyse von Landnutzungs- und Landbedeckungs{\"a}nderungen in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Landbedeckungsdynamik von Savannen{\"o}kosystemen ist jedoch noch nicht hinreichend verstanden, so dass diese {\"O}kosysteme in globalen Studien nur ansatzweise ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden k{\"o}nnen. Besondere Herausforderungen bei der Erfassung der Landbedeckung und ihrer Dynamik liegen im Falle der Savannen in der heterogenen r{\"a}umlichen Verteilung der Wuchsformen, in den graduellen {\"U}berg{\"a}ngen zwischen Landbedeckungsklassen und in der hohen inner- und interannuellen Variabilit{\"a}t der Vegetationsdecke. Vor diesem Hintergrund besch{\"a}ftigt sich diese Dissertation mit der fernerkundungsbasierten Erfassung und Interpretation der Vegetationsstruktur und der Vegetationsdynamik von Savannen am Beispiel ausgew{\"a}hlter afrikanischer Untersuchungsregionen. Die Vegetationsstruktur wird in dieser Dissertation in Form von Bedeckungsgraden holziger Vegetation, krautiger Vegetation und vegetationsloser Fl{\"a}che erfasst. Es kommt ein mehrskaliges Verfahren zum Einsatz, in dem h{\"o}chstaufgel{\"o}ste IKONOS- und QuickBird-Daten, Landsat-Daten und annuelle MODIS-Zeitreihen ausgewertet werden. Der Ansatz basiert auf der Methodik der Ensemble-Regeressionb{\"a}ume und stellt eine Erweiterung und Optimierung der Herangehensweise des MODIS-Standardproduktes Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) nach Hansen et al. (2002) dar. Beim Vergleich mit unabh{\"a}ngigen Validierungsdaten der n{\"a}chst h{\"o}heren Aufl{\"o}sungsebene zeigt sich das Potenzial der vorgestellten Methodik. Die r{\"a}umliche {\"U}bertragbarkeit der Regressionsb{\"a}ume wird am Beispiel von zwei Vegetationstypen innerhalb der Zentralnamibischen Savanne dargestellt. In diesem Zusammenhang zeigt sich der hohe Stellenwert einer optimalen Auswahl an Trainingsdaten mit einer repr{\"a}sentativen Abdeckung der Wertespanne aller existierenden Bedeckungsgrade. Die erarbeiteten Resultate unterstreichen, die optimale Eignung der Subpixel-Bedeckungsgrade, gerade zur Beschreibung von Savannenlandschaften. In der Kombination von herk{\"o}mmlichen, diskreten Landbedeckungs- oder Vegetationskarten mit Informationen zu Bedeckungsgraden wird ein besonderer Mehrwert f{\"u}r weiterf{\"u}hrende Analysen gesehen. Die Dynamik der Savannenvegetation wird in dieser Arbeit sowohl auf biannueller als auch auf mehrj{\"a}hriger Skala charakterisiert. Bei der biannuellen Analyse werden die Ver{\"a}nderungen der holzigen Vegetationsbedeckung zwischen den Jahren 2003/04 und 2006/07 erfasst. Hierf{\"u}r findet eine zeitliche {\"U}bertragung des zuvor vorgestellten Verfahrens zur Ableitung von Bedeckungsanteilen statt. Im Rahmen der biannuellen Untersuchungen k{\"o}nnen Ver{\"a}nderungsfl{\"a}chen identifiziert werden, ohne Einschr{\"a}nkung auf {\"U}berg{\"a}nge zwischen fest definierten Klassengrenzen. In Erg{\"a}nzung der biannuellen Analysen werden aus MODIS-EVI- und Niederschlagszeitreihen Maßzahlen abgeleitet, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Niederschlag und Vegetationsentwicklung, die Variabilit{\"a}t und die Trends der Vegetation {\"u}ber einen Zeitraum von acht Jahren beschreiben. Hierbei kommen beispielsweise Korrelationsanalysen zwischen Vegetationsindex- und Niederschlagszeitreihen zum Einsatz. Zudem werden Trendanalysen der Vegetationsindex-Zeitreihen durchgef{\"u}hrt. Die Trends werden einerseits allein aus den Zeitreihen der Vegetationsindizes ermittelt, andererseits wird bei der Berechnung von Restrends (Residual Trends) der Einfluss des Niederschlags ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Neben den Korrelations- und Trendanalysen werden unterschiedliche Variabilit{\"a}tsmaße der Vegetationsindex-Zeitreihen genutzt, um die mehrj{\"a}hrige Vegetationsdynamik zu beschreiben. Durch die Kombination von Fernerkundungsdaten unterschiedlicher r{\"a}umlicher und zeitlicher Aufl{\"o}sungen wird in dieser Dissertation die heterogene Vegetationsstruktur und die komplexe Vegetationsdynamik ausgew{\"a}hlter afrikanischer Savannen{\"o}kosysteme beschreiben.}, subject = {Savanne}, language = {de} } @article{GeyerPaisWotte2020, author = {Geyer, Gerd and Pais, Miguel Caldeira and Wotte, Thomas}, title = {Unexpectedly curved spines in a Cambrian trilobite: considerations on the spinosity in Kingaspidoides spinirecurvatus sp. nov. from the Anti-Atlas, Morocco, and related Cambrian ellipsocephaloids}, series = {PalZ}, volume = {94}, journal = {PalZ}, issn = {0031-0220}, doi = {10.1007/s12542-020-00514-x}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231873}, pages = {645-660}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The new ellipsocephaloid trilobite species Kingaspidoides spinirecurvatus has a spectacular morphology because of a unique set of two long and anteriorly recurved spines on the occipital ring and the axial ring of thoracic segment 8. Together with the long genal spines this whimsical dorsally directed spine arrangement is thought to act as a non-standard protective device against predators. This is illustrated by the body posture during different stages of enrolment, contrasting with the more sophisticated spinosities seen in later trilobites, which are discussed in brief. Kingaspidoides spinirecurvatus from the lower-middle Cambrian boundary interval of the eastern Anti-Atlas in Morocco has been known for about two decades, with specimens handled as precious objects on the fossil market. Similar, but far less spectacular, spine arrangements on the thoracic axial rings are known from other ellipsocephaloid trilobites from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco and the Franconian Forest region of Germany. This suggests that an experimental phase of spine development took place within the Kingaspi-doides clade during the early-middle Cambrian boundary interval.}, language = {en} } @article{GeyerLanding2021, author = {Geyer, Gerd and Landing, Ed}, title = {The Souss lagerstatte of the Anti-Atlas, Morocco: discovery of the first Cambrian fossil lagerstatte from Africa}, series = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {11}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-82546-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259236}, pages = {3107}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Episodic low oxygenated conditions on the sea-floor are likely responsible for exceptional preservation of animal remains in the upper Amouslek Formation (lower Cambrian, Stage 3) on the northern slope of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco. This stratigraphic interval has yielded trilobite, brachiopod, and hyolith fossils with preserved soft parts, including some of the oldest known trilobite guts. The "Souss fossil lagerstatte" (newly proposed designation) represents the first Cambrian fossil lagerstatte in Cambrian strata known from Africa and is one of the oldest trilobite-bearing fossil lagerstatten on Earth. Inter-regional correlation of the Souss fossil lagerstatte in West Gondwana suggests its development during an interval of high eustatic levels recorded by dark shales that occur in informal upper Cambrian Series 2 in Siberia, South China, and East Gondwana.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gerend2012, author = {Gerend, Jennifer}, title = {U.S. and German Approaches to Regulating Retail Development: Urban Planning Tools and Local Policies}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70257}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {This dissertation examines retail development regulation in the U.S. and in Germany, comparing the various urban planning tools and policies in use by municipal governments. These similarities and differences are explored through research into three case study cities in each country, with special attention paid to how these governments regulate large-scale or "big box" retail.}, subject = {Einzelhandel}, language = {en} } @misc{Geiger2000, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Geiger, Markus}, title = {The Geology of the southern Warmbad Basin Margin - Tephrostratigraphy, Age, Fossil Record and Sedimentary Environment of Carboniferous-Permian Glacigenic Deposits of the Dwyka Group, Zwartbas, southern Namibia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46251}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2000}, abstract = {At Zwartbas, about 10 km west of Vioolsdrif, southern Namibia, the Dwyka succession is composed of tillites and distal fossiliferous dropstone-bearing glacio-marine shales. The completely exposed Dwyka succession is interbedded with thin bentonites, altered distal pyroclastic deposits, which were derived from the magmatic arc at the southern rim of Gondwana. Dropstone-bearing and dropstonefree sequences intercalate with four diamictites, of which the two lowest were certainly recognised as tillites. Four events of deglaciation were proven at Zwartbas and thus consist with correlative deposits in southern Africa. Numerous fossilised fishes, trace fossils, and plant fragments appear frequently within the lower half of the Dwyka succession whereas trace fossils were principally found in the complete succession. Although the environmental determination is quite problematic, the fossil assemblage rather implies proximal, shallow water conditions with temporary restricted oxygenation. The hinterland was covered with considerable vegetation, which points to a moderate climate. Water salinity determinations based on shale geochemistry rectify contrary palaeontological results and point to rather brackish or non-marine conditions in comparison to present-day salinites. Geochemical analyses of the bentonites relate the pyroclastic deposits with acid to intermediate source magmas, as they are known from the magmatic arc in present-day Patagonia. Tectono-magmatic comparisons furthermore emphasise a syn-collision or volcanic-arc situation of the magma source. However, significant cyclicity in the production of the pyroclastic deposits was not observed. Radiometric age determinations of two tuff beds clearly date the onset of glacial activity into the Late Carboniferous.}, subject = {Namibia}, language = {en} } @misc{Geiger1999, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Geiger, Markus}, title = {An Explanation of the Geological Map 1:10000 of the Namibian borderland along the Orange River at Zwartbas - Warmbad District - Karas Region - Namibia}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46269}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1999}, abstract = {The locality of Zwartbas is situated at the border of Namibia and South Africa about 15 km west of Noordoewer. The mapped area is confined by the Tandjieskoppe Mountains in the north and the Orange River in the south. Outcropping rocks are predominantly sediments of the Nama Group and of the Karoo Supergroup. During the compilation of this paper doubts arose about the correct classification of the Nama rocks as it is found in literature. Since no certain clues were found to revise the classification of the Nama rocks, the original classification remains still valid. Thus the Kuibis and Schwarzrand Subgroup constitute the Nama succession and date it to Vendian age. A glacial unconformity represents a hiatus for about 260 Ma. This is covered by sediments of the Karoo Supergroup. Late Carboniferous and early Permian glacial deposits of diamictitic shale of the Dwyka and shales of the Ecca Group overlie the unconformity. The shales of the Dwyka Group contain fossiliferous units and volcanic ash-layers. A sill of the Jurassic Tandjiesberg Dolerite Complex (also Karoo Supergroup) intruded rocks at the Dwyka-Ecca-boundary. Finally fluvial and aeolian deposits and calcretes of the Cretaceous to Tertiary Kalahari Group and recent depositionary events cover the older rocks occasionally.}, subject = {Namibia}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Gehring2001, author = {Gehring, Iris}, title = {Volcanostratigraphy using geophysical methods on La Fossa di Vulcano (S-Italy)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-1181941}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2001}, abstract = {For many active volcanoes all over the world a civil protection program, normally combined with hazard maps, exists. Optimising of hazard maps and the associated hazard assessment implies a detailed knowledge of the volcanostratigraphy, because the deposits provoke information on the potential behaviour during a new activity cycle. Pyroclastic deposits, however, may vary widely in thickness and distribution over very short lateral distances. High resolution characterisation of single strata often cannot be archived, if solely sedimentological and geochemical methods are used. Gamma-ray measurements taken in the field combined with grain-size depended magnetic susceptibility measurements made in the laboratory are used in this work to optimise the resolution of volcanostratigraphic investigations. The island of Vulcano is part of the Aeolian Archipelago sited of the northern coast of Sicily. La Fossa cone is the active centre of Vulcano, where fumarolic and seismic activity can be observed. The cone was built up during the last 6,000 years, whereby the last eruption period is dated to historic times (1888-1890). For the tuff cone La Fossa the most likely volcanic hazards are the emplacement of pyroclastic deposits as well as gas hazards (especially SOx and CO2), due to this the detailed knowledge of the stratigraphy is mandatory. Most of the population resides in Vulcano Porto and the nearby sited peninsula of Vulcanello, which are highly endangered locations for a future eruption scenario. Measurements, made in standard outcrops, allow a characterisation of the successions Punte Nere, Tufi Varicolori, Palizzi, Commenda, and Cratere Attuale. A discrimination of all successions by solely one of the methods is rarely possible. In some cases, however, the combination of the methods leads to clear results. It can also be noticed that the exposition as well as the sedimentation type (wet-surge or dry-surge deposits) affect the measurements. In general it can be assumed that the higher the magma is evolved the higher the g -ray values and the lower the susceptibility values. Measurements from the Wingertsberg (Laacher See deposits, Eifel, W-Germany) show clearly that a higher degree of magma evolution correlates with lower susceptibility and higher gamma-ray values. Variations of the values can be observed not only by the change of the degree of magmatic evolution but also by the inhomogeneous deposition conditions. Particularly the gamma-ray measurements show lower values for the wet-surge deposits than for the dry-surge deposits, even though the erupted material has the same geochemical composition. This can be explained especially by reactions inside of the moist eruption cloud and short-time after deposition, when easily soluble elements like K, U, and Th can be leached by these aggressive fluids. Even extended exposition and high water content can provoke depletion of various elements within the complete or parts of the outcrop, too. If the deposits are affected by a fumarolic activity especially the susceptibility values show significant variations, whereas in general extreme low values are observed. Contamination of deposits also can occur, if they are overlain by weathered deposits of higher concentration of K, U, and Th. Weathering and mobilisation within the upper deposits can generate an element enrichment within the lower deposits. In general the element ratios of the barried underlying deposits are less affected than the exposed ones. After gauging the values of the well defined succession for standard outcrops undefined outcrops were measured. These outcrops are not clearly classified by sedimentological and geochemical methods, thus a correlation with the combined geophysical methods is useful. In general the combination of the methods allows a correlation, although in some cases more than one interpretation is possible. But in connection with time marker horizons as well as sedimentological features an interpretation is feasible. These situations show that a classification solely based on geophysical methods is possible for many cases but, if the volcanic system is more complex, a combination with sedimentological and geochemical methods may be needed. The investigations on Vulcano, documented in this work, recommend a re-interpretation of the dispersial of some successions of La Fossa cone, especially the presumption that Tufi Varicolori only exist inside of the Caldera of La Fossa. As a consequence the eruption and energy model especially for Tufi Varicolori have to be reviewed.}, subject = {Vulcano}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Fritsch2013, author = {Fritsch, Sebastian}, title = {Spatial and temporal patterns of crop yield and marginal land in the Aral Sea Basin: derivation by combining multi-scale and multi-temporal remote sensing data with alight use efficiency model}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87939}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {Irrigated agriculture in the Khorezm region in the arid inner Aral Sea Basin faces enormous challenges due to a legacy of cotton monoculture and non-sustainable water use. Regional crop growth monitoring and yield estimation continuously gain in importance, especially with regard to climate change and food security issues. Remote sensing is the ideal tool for regional-scale analysis, especially in regions where ground-truth data collection is difficult and data availability is scarce. New satellite systems promise higher spatial and temporal resolutions. So-called light use efficiency (LUE) models are based on the fraction of photosynthetic active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR), a biophysical parameter that can be derived from satellite measurements. The general objective of this thesis was to use satellite data, in conjunction with an adapted LUE model, for inferring crop yield of cotton and rice at field (6.5 m) and regional (250 m) scale for multiple years (2003-2009), in order to assess crop yield variations in the study area. Intensive field measurements of FPAR were conducted in the Khorezm region during the growing season 2009. RapidEye imagery was acquired approximately bi-weekly during this time. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated for all images. Linear regression between image-based NDVI and field-based FPAR was conducted. The analyses resulted in high correlations, and the resulting regression equations were used to generate time series of FPAR at the RapidEye level. RapidEye-based FPAR was subsequently aggregated to the MODIS scale and used to validate the existing MODIS FPAR product. This step was carried out to evaluate the applicability of MODIS FPAR for regional vegetation monitoring. The validation revealed that the MODIS product generally overestimates RapidEye FPAR by about 6 to 15 \%. Mixture of crop types was found to be a problem at the 1 km scale, but less severe at the 250 m scale. Consequently, high resolution FPAR was used to calibrate 8-day, 250 m MODIS NDVI data, this time by linear regression of RapidEye-based FPAR against MODIS-based NDVI. The established FPAR datasets, for both RapidEye and MODIS, were subsequently assimilated into a LUE model as the driving variable. This model operated at both satellite scales, and both required an estimation of further parameters like the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) or the actual light use efficiency (LUEact). The latter is influenced by crop stress factors like temperature or water stress, which were taken account of in the model. Water stress was especially important, and calculated via the ratio of the actual (ETact) to the potential, crop-specific evapotranspiration (ETc). Results showed that water stress typically occurred between the beginning of May and mid-September and beginning of May and end of July for cotton and rice crops, respectively. The mean water stress showed only minor differences between years. Exceptions occurred in 2008 and 2009, where the mean water stress was higher and lower, respectively. In 2008, this was likely caused by generally reduced water availability in the whole region. Model estimations were evaluated using field-based harvest information (RapidEye) and statistical information at district level (MODIS). The results showed that the model at both the RapidEye and the MODIS scale can estimate regional crop yield with acceptable accuracy. The RMSE for the RapidEye scale amounted to 29.1 \% for cotton and 30.4 \% for rice, respectively. At the MODIS scale, depending on the year and evaluated at Oblast level, the RMSE ranged from 10.5 \% to 23.8 \% for cotton and from -0.4 \% to -19.4 \% for rice. Altogether, the RapidEye scale model slightly underestimated cotton (bias = 0.22) and rice yield (bias = 0.11). The MODIS-scale model, on the other hand, also underestimated official rice yield (bias from 0.01 to 0.87), but overestimated official cotton yield (bias from -0.28 to -0.6). Evaluation of the MODIS scale revealed that predictions were very accurate for some districts, but less for others. The produced crop yield maps indicated that crop yield generally decreases with distance to the river. The lowest yields can be found in the southern districts, close to the desert. From a temporal point of view, there were areas characterized by low crop yields over the span of the seven years investigated. The study at hand showed that light use efficiency-based modeling, based on remote sensing data, is a viable way for regional crop yield prediction. The found accuracies were good within the boundaries of related research. From a methodological viewpoint, the work carried out made several improvements to the existing LUE models reported in the literature, e.g. the calibration of FPAR for the study region using in situ and high resolution RapidEye imagery and the incorporation of crop-specific water stress in the calculation.}, subject = {Fernerkundung}, language = {en} } @article{ForkuorUllmannGriesbeck2020, author = {Forkuor, Gerald and Ullmann, Tobias and Griesbeck, Mario}, title = {Mapping and monitoring small-scale mining activities in Ghana using Sentinel-1 time series (2015-2019)}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {6}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12060911}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203204}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Illegal small-scale mining (galamsey) in South-Western Ghana has grown tremendously in the last decade and caused significant environmental degradation. Excessive cloud cover in the area has limited the use of optical remote sensing data to map and monitor the extent of these activities. This study investigated the use of annual time-series Sentinel-1 data to map and monitor illegal mining activities along major rivers in South-Western Ghana between 2015 and 2019. A change detection approach, based on three time-series features — minimum, mean, maximum — was used to compute a backscatter threshold value suitable to identify/detect mining-induced land cover changes in the study area. Compared to the mean and maximum, the minimum time-series feature (in both VH and VV polarization) was found to be more sensitive to changes in backscattering within the period of investigation. Our approach permitted the detection of new illegal mining areas on an annual basis. A backscatter threshold value of +1.65 dB was found suitable for detecting illegal mining activities in the study area. Application of this threshold revealed illegal mining area extents of 102 km\(^2\), 60 km\(^2\) and 33 km\(^2\) for periods 2015/2016-2016/2017, 2016/2017-2017/2018 and 2017/2018-2018/2019, respectively. The observed decreasing trend in new illegal mining areas suggests that efforts at stopping illegal mining yielded positive results in the period investigated. Despite the advantages of Synthetic Aperture Radar data in monitoring phenomena in cloud-prone areas, our analysis revealed that about 25\% of the Sentinel-1 data, mostly acquired in March and October (beginning and end of rainy season respectively), were unusable due to atmospheric effects from high intensity rainfall events. Further investigation in other geographies and climatic regions is needed to ascertain the susceptibility of Sentinel-1 data to atmospheric conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{FleuchausBlumWildeetal.2021, author = {Fleuchaus, Paul and Blum, Philipp and Wilde, Martina and Terhorst, Birgit and Butscher, Christoph}, title = {Retrospective evaluation of landslide susceptibility maps and review of validation practice}, series = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, volume = {80}, journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences}, issn = {1866-6280}, doi = {10.1007/s12665-021-09770-9}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-308911}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Despite the widespread application of landslide susceptibility analyses, there is hardly any information about whether or not the occurrence of recent landslide events was correctly predicted by the relevant susceptibility maps. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate four landslide susceptibility maps retrospectively in a landslide-prone area of the Swabian Alb (Germany). The predictive performance of each susceptibility map is evaluated based on a landslide event triggered by heavy rainfalls in the year 2013. The retrospective evaluation revealed significant variations in the predictive accuracy of the analyzed studies. Both completely erroneous as well as very precise predictions were observed. These differences are less attributed to the applied statistical method and more to the quality and comprehensiveness of the used input data. Furthermore, a literature review of 50 peer-reviewed articles showed that most landslide susceptibility analyses achieve very high validation scores. 73\% of the analyzed studies achieved an area under curve (AUC) value of at least 80\%. These high validation scores, however, do not reflect the high uncertainty in statistical susceptibility analysis. Thus, the quality assessment of landslide susceptibility maps should not only comprise an index-based, quantitative validation, but also an additional qualitative plausibility check considering local geomorphological characteristics and local landslide mechanisms. Finally, the proposed retrospective evaluation approach cannot only help to assess the quality of susceptibility maps and demonstrate the reliability of such statistical methods, but also identify issues that will enable the susceptibility maps to be improved in the future.}, language = {en} } @article{FekriLatifiAmanietal.2021, author = {Fekri, Erfan and Latifi, Hooman and Amani, Meisam and Zobeidinezhad, Abdolkarim}, title = {A training sample migration method for wetland mapping and monitoring using Sentinel data in Google Earth Engine}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {20}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13204169}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248542}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems due to their critical services to both humans and the environment. Therefore, wetland mapping and monitoring are essential for their conservation. In this regard, remote sensing offers efficient solutions due to the availability of cost-efficient archived images over different spatial scales. However, a lack of sufficient consistent training samples at different times is a significant limitation of multi-temporal wetland monitoring. In this study, a new training sample migration method was developed to identify unchanged training samples to be used in wetland classification and change analyses over the International Shadegan Wetland (ISW) areas of southwestern Iran. To this end, we first produced the wetland map of a reference year (2020), for which we had training samples, by combining Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images and the Random Forest (RF) classifier in Google Earth Engine (GEE). The Overall Accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient (KC) of this reference map were 97.93\% and 0.97, respectively. Then, an automatic change detection method was developed to migrate unchanged training samples from the reference year to the target years of 2018, 2019, and 2021. Within the proposed method, three indices of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and the mean Standard Deviation (SD) of the spectral bands, along with two similarity measures of the Euclidean Distance (ED) and Spectral Angle Distance (SAD), were computed for each pair of reference-target years. The optimum threshold for unchanged samples was also derived using a histogram thresholding approach, which led to selecting the samples that were most likely unchanged based on the highest OA and KC for classifying the test dataset. The proposed migration sample method resulted in high OAs of 95.89\%, 96.83\%, and 97.06\% and KCs of 0.95, 0.96, and 0.96 for the target years of 2018, 2019, and 2021, respectively. Finally, the migrated samples were used to generate the wetland map for the target years. Overall, our proposed method showed high potential for wetland mapping and monitoring when no training samples existed for a target year.}, language = {en} } @misc{Fekete2004, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Fekete, Alexander}, title = {Massenbewegungen im Elbursgebirge, Iran - im Spannungsfeld zwischen nat{\"u}rlicher Stabilit{\"a}t und anthropogener Beeinflussung}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13576}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Massenbewegungen (in englischer Literatur landslides, in franz{\"o}sischer Literatur glissements de terre) sind das Symptom von Hanginstabilit{\"a}ten in einem Naturraum. Die Wahl des {\"U}berbegriffs Massenbewegungen und die Untergliederung der einzelnen Stadien des Prozessablaufs wurden im Rahmen eines pragmatischen Ansatzes dieser Arbeit neu festgelegt. Im Untersuchungsgebiet im Elbursgebirge im Norden des Iran stellen Massenbewegungen ein Ph{\"a}nomen dar, welches die Kulturlandschaft bedroht, aber auch durch sie selbst bedingt ist. In dieser Arbeit wurden Abh{\"a}ngigkeitsbeziehungen zwischen menschlichem Eingriff und nat{\"u}rlichem Stabilit{\"a}tspotential untersucht. In einem heuristischen Ansatz wurden Faktoren analysiert, welche Massenbewegungen bedingen oder ausl{\"o}sen. Faktoren wie geologischer Untergrund, Bodenauflage, Hangneigung, Exposition, Hydrologie, Vegetationsbedeckung oder Straßenbau wirken in unterschiedlicher Weise auf die Verursachung von Massenbewegungen ein. Die Analyse der Tragweite und Relevanz dieser Faktoren erfolgte mittels einer Faktoren{\"u}berlagerung in einem Geographischen Informationssystem (GIS). Das GIS bildete die Schnittstelle f{\"u}r Fernerkundungsdaten, Kartenmaterial, Gel{\"a}ndeaufnahme und das digitale Gel{\"a}ndemodell (DEM, bzw. DTM). Neben Photos, Beschreibungen, GPS-Punkten und Bodenproben aus der Gel{\"a}ndeaufnahme im Iran wurden CORONA- und LANDSAT-ETM+ - Satellitendaten sowie Klimaaufzeichnungen, Topographische und Geologische Karten auf ihre Aussagekraft hin analysiert. Durch Verschneidung der Datenebenen konnten Gef{\"a}hrdungszonen hinsichtlich Massenbewegungen ausgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den vorhandenen Befunden {\"u}ber aufgetretene Massenbewegungen {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Die {\"U}bereinstimmung der Gef{\"a}hrdungszonen mit der Verteilung vorgefundener Massenbewegungsformen best{\"a}tigte die Richtigkeit des methodischen Vorgehens. Bei der Auswahl und Bearbeitung von Daten und Methodik lagen die Schwerpunkte im Anwendungsbezug und in der Qualit{\"a}tssicherung. Zur Erstellung des digitalen H{\"o}henmodells wurde ein eigener Ansatz zur Extraktion von H{\"o}henlinien aus Topographischen Karten verfolgt. Das Ergebnis der Arbeit ist ein kosteng{\"u}nstiger, pragmatischer und {\"u}bertragbarer Ansatz zur Bewertung des Gef{\"a}hrdungspotentials von Massenbewegungen.}, subject = {Elbursgebirge}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Esch2006, author = {Esch, Thomas}, title = {Automatisierte Analyse von Siedlungsfl{\"a}chen auf der Basis h{\"o}chstaufl{\"o}sender Radardaten}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18863}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {St{\"a}dtische Agglomerationen zeichnen sich durch eine zunehmende Dynamik {\"o}kologischer, {\"o}konomischer und sozialer Ver{\"a}nderungen aus. Um eine nachhaltige Entwicklung urbaner R{\"a}ume zu gew{\"a}hrleisten, bedarf es verst{\"a}rkt innovativer Methoden zur Erfassung der raumwirksamen Ver{\"a}nderungen. Diesbez{\"u}glich hat sich die satellitengest{\"u}tzte Erdbeobachtung als kosteng{\"u}nstiges Instrumentarium zur Erhebung planungsrelevanter Informationen erwiesen. Dabei wird in naher Zukunft eine neue Generation von Radarsatelliten zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen, deren Leistungsverm{\"o}gen erstmals die operationelle Analyse von Siedlungsfl{\"a}chen auf Grundlage von Radardaten erm{\"o}glicht. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es das Ziel der Dissertation, auf der Basis einer nutzerorientierten Methodik das Potential hochaufl{\"o}sender SAR-Daten zur automatisierten Erfassung und Analyse von Siedlungsfl{\"a}chen zu untersuchen. Die Methodik setzt auf dem objektorientierten Bildanalysekonzept der Software eCognition auf. Dabei haben sich der SAR-Speckle sowie Schw{\"a}chen hinsichtlich der G{\"u}te der Bildsegmentierung bzw. der Bestimmung geeigneter Segmentierungseinstellungen als Limitierungen erwiesen. Folglich liegt ein erster Schwerpunkt auf der Optimierung und Stabilisierung einer segmentbasierten Auswertung von Radardaten. Hier hat sich gezeigt, dass mit Blick auf Siedlungsareale weiterhin Optimierungsbedarf hinsichtlich einer strukturerhaltenden Bildgl{\"a}ttung besteht. Daher wird zun{\"a}chst ein neuer Filteransatz entwickelt, der gegen{\"u}ber den etablierten Techniken eine konsequentere Reduzierung des Speckle in homogenen Bildarealen gew{\"a}hrleistet und dabei gleichsam die hochfrequente Information in stark strukturierten Aufnahmebereichen bewahrt. Die Schwierigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der G{\"u}te und {\"U}bertragbarkeit der Bildsegmentierung werden ebenso wie die Schw{\"a}chen im Hinblick auf die zielgerichtete Definition der optimalen Segmentierungsparameter durch die Entwicklung eines klassenbasierten Ansatzes zur Segmentoptimierung in der Software-Umgebung von eCognition reduziert. Der zweite Schwerpunkt dieser Dissertation widmet sich der Entwicklung von Konzepten zur automatisierten Analyse der regionalen und lokalen Siedlungsstruktur. Im regionalen Kontext liegen die Identifizierung von Siedlungsfl{\"a}chen und die Erfassung einfacher Landnutzungsklassen im Fokus der Arbeiten. Dazu wird ein Regelwerk zur Auswertung einfach-polarisierter SAR-Aufnahmen erstellt, das sich maßgeblich auf r{\"a}umlich und zeitlich robuste textur-, kontext- und hierarchiebezogene Merkmale st{\"u}tzt. Diese Wissensbasis wird anschließend so erweitert, dass sie die Analyse dual-polarisierter, bifrequenter oder kombinierter optischer und SAR-basierter Bilddaten erm{\"o}glicht. Wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, k{\"o}nnen Siedlungsfl{\"a}chen und Landnutzungsklassen bereits {\"u}ber einfach-polarisierte SAR-Aufnahmen mit Genauigkeiten von rund 90 Prozent erfasst werden. Durch die Einbindung einer weiteren Polarisation, Frequenz oder optischer Daten l{\"a}sst sich diese G{\"u}te auf Werte von bis zu 95 Prozent steigern. Die lokalen Analysen zielen auf die thematisch und r{\"a}umlich differenzierte Erfassung der Landnutzung innerhalb bebauter Areale ab. Die Untersuchung basiert auf der synergetischen Auswertung einer hochaufl{\"o}senden Radaraufnahme und eines bedeutend geringer aufgel{\"o}sten optischen Datensatzes. Die isolierte Analyse von SAR-Aufnahmen reichte hingegen selbst bei der Kombination verschiedener Frequenzen oder Polarisationen nicht zur Charakterisierung der kleinteiligen, heterogenen Stadtlandschaft aus. Im Kontext der synergetischen Auswertung dient die SAR-Aufnahme vornehmlich zur Extraktion der urbanen Topografie, w{\"a}hrend der optische Datensatz wichtige Merkmale zur Differenzierung der erfassten Struktureinheiten in die Kategorien Geb{\"a}ude, versiegelte Freifl{\"a}che, unversiegelte Freifl{\"a}che und Baumbestand beisteuert. Das Resultat zeigt, dass sich trotz des synergetischen Ansatzes lediglich eine Genauigkeit von 65 Prozent erzielen l{\"a}sst. Dennoch k{\"o}nnen Geb{\"a}ude dabei mit einer G{\"u}te von 72 Prozent vergleichsweise akkurat erfasst werden. Im Hinblick auf die Demonstration des siedlungsbezogenen Anwendungspotentials h{\"o}chstaufl{\"o}sender SAR-Daten l{\"a}sst sich res{\"u}mieren, dass eine automatische Ableitung siedlungsstruktureller Merkmale im komplexen st{\"a}dtischen Umfeld aufgrund der eingeschr{\"a}nkten spektralen Aussagekraft und der starken Geometrieabh{\"a}ngigkeit des Signals mit signifikanten Schwierigkeiten verbunden ist. Dennoch hat sich gezeigt, dass diese Limitierungen in gewissem Umfang {\"u}ber den Ansatz der multiskaligen, objektorientierten Klassifizierung kompensiert werden k{\"o}nnen. Dabei lassen sich die regionalen Siedlungs- und Landnutzungsmuster mit {\"u}berzeugenden Genauigkeiten erfassen, w{\"a}hrend die Betrachtung der lokalen Siedlungsstruktur eindeutig die Grenzen der Radartechnik im Hinblick auf die Analyse komplex strukturierter Stadtlandschaften aufzeigt.}, subject = {Fernerkundung}, language = {de} } @article{EmmertKneisel2021, author = {Emmert, Adrian and Kneisel, Christof}, title = {Internal structure and palsa development at Orravatnsr{\´u}stir Palsa Site (Central Iceland), investigated by means of integrated resistivity and ground-penetrating radar methods}, series = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes}, volume = {32}, journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes}, number = {3}, doi = {10.1002/ppp.2106}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-238933}, pages = {503 -- 519}, year = {2021}, abstract = {The natural cyclical development of palsas makes it difficult to use visible signs of decay as reference points for environmental change. Thus, to determine the actual development stage of a palsa, investigations of the internal structure are crucial. Our study presents 2-D and 3-D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and 2-D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) results, measurements of surface and subsurface temperatures, and of the soil matric potential from Orravatnsr{\´u}stir Palsa Site in Central Iceland. By a joint interpretation of the results, we deduce the internal structure (i.e., thickness of thaw zone and permafrost, ice/water content) of five palsas of different size and shape. The results differentiate between initial and mature development stages and show that palsas of different development stages can exist in close proximity. While internal characteristics indicate undisturbed development of four palsas, one palsa shows indications of environmental change. Our study shows the value of the multimethod geophysical approach and introduces measurements of the soil matric potential as a promising method to assess the current state of the subsurface.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Emmert2020, author = {Emmert, Adrian Alexander}, title = {The Internal Structure of Periglacial Landforms - Assessments of Subsurface Variations in Permafrost-related and Frost-related Phenomena by Multi-dimensional Geophysical Investigations}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-138-9}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-139-6}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202437}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {xix, 167}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The internal structure of periglacial landforms contains valuable information on past and present environmental conditions. To benefit from this archive, however, an enhanced understanding of subsurface variations is crucial. This enables to assess the influence of the internal structure on prevailing process regimes and to evaluate the sensitivity of different landform units to environmental changes. This thesis investigates structural variations in the subsurface of (i) rock glaciers,(ii) solifluction lobes, (iii) palsas/ lithalsas and (iv) patterned ground, which occur between the different landform types, but also between landform units of the same type. Investigated variables comprise (i) the spatial distribution of permafrost, (ii) ground ice content, (iii) the origin of ground ice, (iv) thickness of the active layer and (v) frost table topography. Multi-dimensional investigations by the geophysical methods Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) were performed in six study areas (a-f): four of them are located in high-alpine environments in Switzerland and two of them are located in the subarctic highlands of Iceland. Additionally, surface and subsurface temperature values were continuously recorded at selected study sites. At one study site, pF-values, representing the matric potential (or water potential), were recorded. From a methodological view, this thesis focuses on the application of quasi-3-D ERI, an approach in which many two-dimensional data sets are combined to create one three-dimensional data set. This permits e.g., a three-dimensional delimitation of subsurface structures and a spatial investigation of the distribution of ground ice. Besides the analysis of field data, this thesis incudes a comparison between inversion models produced with different software products, based on two synthetic data sets. The detection of resistivity structures and reflection patterns provides valuable insights into the internal structure of the investigated landform units: At the high-alpine study site at (a) Piz Nair, a highly variable ice content indicates a complex development of the investigated rock glacier assembly. The local formation of ground ice is attributed to an embedding of surface patches of snow or ice into the subsurface by rockfall. Results of geoelectric monitoring surveys on selected rock glaciers show the influence of seasonal alterations in the internal structure on subsurface meltwater flow. At the study site at (b) Piz {\"U}ertsch, results indicate the occurrences of isolated ground ice patches in a significantly larger rock glacier. Detected characteristics of the internal structure enable to reconstruct the development of the rock glacier, in which a temporary override of an adjacent glacier tongue on the rock glacier is considered crucial for the current distribution of ground ice. However, results of this thesis clearly show the absence of buried glacier ice in the subsurface of the rock glacier. Results from a rock glacier near the (c) Las Trais Fluors mountain ridge affirm the existence of a water-permeable frozen layer, which was assumed in previous studies. Furthermore, results show that the rock glacier contains large amounts of rockfall deposits. A joint interpretation of ERI and GPR results from the investigated scree slope at the mountain (d) Blauberg (Furka Pass) reveals characteristic structures in the subsurface, which enable a differentiation between solifluction lobes and pebbly rock glaciers. At the subarctic study site (e) Orravatnsr{\´u}stir, results show that the internal structure of palsas can be used to deduce their current development stage and to assess past and future developments. Presented results affirm a long history of palsa development at the study site, as assumed in previous studies, but indicate recently changing environmental conditions. The investigated occurrences of patterned ground in the proglacial area of the glacier (f) Hofsj{\"o}kull are currently not influenced by the detected occurrence of permafrost, according to the presented results. Therefore, a temporary formation of pattered ground is assumed, which is linked to the retreat of the glacier. This thesis shows discrepancies between the internal structure of some of the investigated landform units and the recent environmental conditions. This indicates a delayed adaption and a low sensitivity of the landform units to environmental changes. Findings indicate that the future development of permafrost will be strongly affected by variations in snowfall. Furthermore, the detection of isolated occurrences of ground ice at several study sites contradicts the widely assumed effectivity of balancing heat fluxes to create homogenous subsurface conditions in relatively fine-grained subsurface materials.}, subject = {Permafrost}, language = {en} } @article{DuerigGudmundssonKarmannetal.2015, author = {D{\"u}rig, Tobias and Gudmundsson, Magn{\´u}s Tumi and Karmann, Sven and Zimanowski, Bernd and Dellino, Pierfrancesco and Rietze, Martin and B{\"u}ttner, Ralf}, title = {Mass eruption rates in pulsating eruptions estimated from video analysis of the gas thrust-buoyancy transition-a case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallaj{\"o}kull, Iceland}, series = {Earth, Planets and Space}, volume = {67}, journal = {Earth, Planets and Space}, number = {180}, doi = {10.1186/s40623-015-0351-7}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-138635}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano was characterized by pulsating activity. Discrete ash bursts merged at higher altitude and formed a sustained quasi-continuous eruption column. High-resolution near-field videos were recorded on 8-10 May, during the second explosive phase of the eruption, and supplemented by contemporary aerial observations. In the observed period, pulses occurred at intervals of 0.8 to 23.4 s (average, 4.2 s). On the basis of video analysis, the pulse volume and the velocity of the reversely buoyant jets that initiated each pulse were determined. The expansion history of jets was tracked until the pulses reached the height of transition from a negatively buoyant jet to a convective buoyant plume about 100 m above the vent. Based on the assumption that the density of the gas-solid mixture making up the pulse approximates that of the surrounding air at the level of transition from the jet to the plume, a mass flux ranging between 2.2 and 3.5 . 10\(^4\) kg/s was calculated. This mass eruption rate is in good agreement with results obtained with simple models relating plume height with mass discharge at the vent. Our findings indicate that near-field measurements of eruption source parameters in a pulsating eruption may prove to be an effective monitoring tool. A comparison of the observed pulses with those generated in calibrated large-scale experiments reveals very similar characteristics and suggests that the analysis of near-field sensors could in the future help to constrain the triggering mechanism of explosive eruptions.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Duenkeloh2011, author = {D{\"u}nkeloh, Armin}, title = {Water Balance Dynamics of Cyprus - Actual State and Impacts of Climate Change}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75165}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2011}, abstract = {A completely revised and enhanced version of the water balance model MODBIL of the regional water balance dynamics of Cyprus was developed for this study. The model is based on a physical, process-oriented, spatially distributed concept and is applied for the calculation of all important water balance components of the island for the time period of 1961-2004. The calibrated results are statistically analysed and visualised for the whole island area, and evaluated with respect to the renewability of natural water resources. Climate variability and changes of the past decades are analysed with regard to their influence on water balances. A further part of the study focusses on the simulation of impacts of potential climate change. The water balances are simulated under changing climatic conditions on the base of theoretical precipitation, temperature and relative humidity changes and the revealed impacts on the water balances and renewable resources are discussed. Furthermore, a first principal water balance scenario is developed for the assessment of the regional hydrological changes expected for Cyprus by the end of the 21st century. The scenarios are based on recently calculated climate change assessments for this part of the Mediterranean, under an assumed further increase of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.}, subject = {Wasserhaushalt}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Drueppel2003, author = {Dr{\"u}ppel, Kirsten}, title = {Petrogenesis of the Mesoproterozoic anorthosite, syenite and carbonatite suites of NW Namibia and their contribution to the metasomatic formation of the Swartbooisdrif sodalite deposits}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-6987}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2003}, abstract = {During the Mesoproterozoic large volumes of magma were repeatedly emplaced within the basement of NW Namibia. Magmatic activity started with the intrusion of the anorthositic rocks of the Kunene Intrusive Complex (KIC) at 1,385-1,347 Ma. At its south-eastern margin the KIC was invaded by syenite dykes (1,380-1,340 Ma) and younger carbonatites (1,140-1,120 Ma) along ENE and SE trending faults. Older ferrocarbonatite intrusions, the 'carbonatitic breccia', frequently contain wallrock fragments, whereas subordinate ferrocarbonatite veins are almost xenolith-free. Metasomatic interaction between carbonatite-derived fluids and the neighbouring and incorporated anorthosites led to the formation of economically important sodalite deposits. Investigated anorthosite samples display the magmatic mineral assemblage of Pl (An37-75) ± Ol ± Opx ± Cpx + Ilm + Mag + Ap ± Zrn. Ilmenite and pyroxene are surrounded by narrow reaction rims of biotite and pargasite. During the subsolidus stage sporadic coronitic garnet-orthopyroxene-quartz assemblages were produced. Thermobarometry studies on amphiboles yield temperatures of 985-950°C whereas the chemical composition of coronitic garnet and orthopyroxene indicate a subsolidus re-equilibration of the KIC at conditions of 760 ± 100°C and 7.3 ± 1 kbar. In the syenites Kfs, Pl, Hbl and/or Cpx crystallized first, followed by a second generation of Kfs, Hbl, Fe-Ti oxides and Ttn. Crystallization of potassium feldspar occurred under temperatures of 890-790°C. For the crystallization of hastingsite pressures of 6.5 ± 0.6 kbar are obtained. In order to constrain the source rocks of the two suites, oxygen isotope analyses of feldspar as well as geochemical bulk rock analyses were carried out. In case of the anorthosites, the general geochemical characteristics are in excellent agreement with their derivation from fractionated basaltic liquids, with the d18O values (5.88 ± 0.19 per mille) proving their derivation from mantle-derived magmas. The results obtained for the felsic suite, provide evidence against consanguinity of the anorthosites and the syenites, i.e. (1) compositional gaps between the geochemical data of the two suites, (2) trace element data of the felsic suite points to a mixed crustal-mantle source, (3) syenites do not exhibit ubiquitous negative Eu-anomalies in their REE patterns, which would be expected from fractionation products of melts that previously formed plagioclase cumulates and (4) feldspar d18O values from the syenites fall in a range of 7.20-7.92 per mille, which, however, is about 1.6 per mille higher than the average d18O of the anorthosites. Conformably, the crustal-derived felsic and the mantle-derived anorthositic suite are suggested to be coeval but not consanguineous. Their spatial and temporal association can be accounted for, if the heat necessary for crustal melting is provided by the upwelling and emplacement of mantle-derived melts, parental to the anorthosites. In order to constrain the source of the 1,140-1,120 Ma carbonatites and to elucidate the fenitizing processes, which led to the formation of the sodalite, detailed mineralogical and geochemical investigations, stable isotope (C,O,S) analyses and fluid inclusion measurements (microthermometrical studies and synchrotron-micro-XRF analyses) have been combined. There is striking evidence that carbonatites of both generations are magmatic in origin. They occur as dykes with cross-cutting relationships and margins disturbed by fenitic aureoles, and contain abundant flow-oriented xenoliths. The mineral assemblage of both carbonatite generations of Ank + Cal + Ilm + Mag + Bt ± Ap ± pyrochlore ± sulphides in the main carbonatite body and Ank + Cal + Mag ± pyrochlore ± rutile in the ferrocarbonatite veins, their geochemical characteristics and the O and C isotope values of ankerite (8.91 to 9.73 and -6.73 to -6.98, respectively) again indicate igneous derivation, with the 18O values suggesting minor subsolidus alteration. NaCl-rich fluids, released from the carbonatite melt mainly caused the fenitization of both, the incorporated and the bordering anorthosite. This process is characterized by the progressive transformation of Ca-rich plagioclase into albite and sodalite. Applying conventional geothermobarometry combined with fluid-inclusion isochore data, it was possible to reconstruct the P-T conditions for the carbonatite emplacement and crystallization (1200-630°C, 4-5 kbar) and for several mineral-forming processes during metasomatism (e.g. formation of sodalite: 800-530°C). The composition and evolutionary trends of the fenitizing solution were estimated from both the sequence of metasomatic reactions within wallrock xenoliths in the carbonatitic breccia and fluid inclusion data. The fenitizing solutions responsible for the transformation of albite into sodalite can be characterised as of NaCl-rich aqueous brines (19-30 wt.\% NaCl eq.), that contained only minor amounts of Sr, Ba, Fe, Nb, and LREE.}, subject = {Namibia }, language = {en} } @article{DongWurmTaubenboeck2022, author = {Dong, Ruirui and Wurm, Michael and Taubenb{\"o}ck, Hannes}, title = {Seasonal and diurnal variation of land surface temperature distribution and its relation to land use/land cover patterns}, series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {19}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, number = {19}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph191912738}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290393}, year = {2022}, abstract = {The surface urban heat island (SUHI) affects the quality of urban life. Because varying urban structures have varying impacts on SUHI, it is crucial to understand the impact of land use/land cover characteristics for improving the quality of life in cities and urban health. Satellite-based data on land surface temperatures (LST) and derived land use/cover pattern (LUCP) indicators provide an efficient opportunity to derive the required data at a large scale. This study explores the seasonal and diurnal variation of spatial associations from LUCP and LST employing Pearson correlation and ordinary least squares regression analysis. Specifically, Landsat-8 images were utilized to derive LSTs in four seasons, taking Berlin as a case study. The results indicate that: (1) in terms of land cover, hot spots are mainly distributed over transportation, commercial and industrial land in the daytime, while wetlands were identified as hot spots during nighttime; (2) from the land composition indicators, the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) showed the strongest influence in summer, while the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) exhibited the biggest impact in winter; (3) from urban morphological parameters, the building density showed an especially significant positive association with LST and the strongest effect during daytime.}, language = {en} } @article{DobińskiKneisel2021, author = {Dobiński, Wojciech and Kneisel, Christof}, title = {Permafrost and glaciers: perspectives for the Earth and planetary sciences — another step forward}, series = {Geosciences}, volume = {11}, journal = {Geosciences}, number = {2}, issn = {2076-3263}, doi = {10.3390/geosciences11020068}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228766}, year = {2021}, abstract = {No abstract available}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{DjoukaFonkwe2005, author = {Djouka-Fonkw{\´e}, Merline Laure}, title = {Association of S-type and I-type granitoids in the Neoproterozoic Cameroon orogenic belt, Bafoussam area, West Cameroon : geology, geochemistry and petrogenesis}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14526}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The Bafoussam area in west Cameroon is located within the Cameroon Neoproterozoic orogenic belt (north of the Congo craton) which is part of the Central African Fold Belt (CAFB).The evolution of the CAFB is related to the collision between the convergent West African craton, the S{\~a}o Francisco - Congo cratons and the Sahara Metacraton. The outcrop area stretches over a surface of ~1000 km2 and dominantly consists of granitoids which intruded wall-rocks of gneiss and migmatite during the Pan-African orogeny. The Bafoussam granitoid emplacement was influenced by the N 30 °E strike-slip shear zone in the prolongation of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, but also by the N 70 °E Central Cameroon Shear Zone. In the field, these two shear directions are expressed in the schistosity and foliation trajectories, fault orientation and the alignment of the volcanic cones as well. In the Bafoussam area, four types of granitoids can be distinguished, including: (i) the biotite granitoid, (ii) the deformed biotite granitoid, (iii) the mega feldspar granitoid, and (iv) the two-mica granitoid. These granitoids occur as elongated plutons hosting irregular mafic enclaves (amphibole-bearing, biotite-rich, and metagabbroic types) and are frequently cut by late pegmatites, aplite dykes and quartz veins. Petrographically, they range in composition from syenogranite (major), alkali-feldspar granite, granodiorite, monzogranite, quartz-syenite, quartzmonzonite to quartz-monzodiorite. Potassium feldspar, quartz, plagioclase and biotite are the principal phases, in cases accompanied by amphibole and accessory minerals such as apatite,zircon, monazite, titanite, allanite, ilmenite and magnetite. Sericite, epidote and chlorite are secondary minerals. In addition, the two-mica granitoid contains primary muscovite and sometimes igneous garnet. In the granitoids, potassium feldspar is orthoclase (microcline and orthoclase: Or81-97Ab19-3), and plagioclase is mainly oligoclase with some albite and andesine (An3-35Ab96-64).Biotite is Fe-rich (meroxene and lepidomelane, with some siderophyllite), having high Fe2+/(Fe2+ + Mg) ratios of 0.40-0.80. It is a re-equilibrated primary biotite and suggests calc-alkaline and peraluminous nature of the host granitoids. Amphibole is edenitic and magnesian hastingsitic hornblende, with high Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios of 0.50-0.62. The evolution of the hornblende was dominated by the edenitic, tschermakitic, pargasitic and hastingsitic substitution types. Primary muscovite is iron-rich [Fe2+/(Fe2+ + Mg) = 0.52-0.82] and has experienced celadonite and paragonite substitutions. Igneous garnet is almandine-spessartine (XFe = 0.99 and XMn = 0.46-0.56). The euhedral grain shapes of garnet crystals and the absence of inclusions coupled with the high Mn and Fe2+contents (2.609-3.317 a.p.f.u and 2.646-3.277 a.p.f.u,respectively) and low Mg contents (0.012-0.038 a.p.f.u) clearly point to its plutonic origin. The Mn-depletion crystallization model is suggested for the origin of the analyzed garnet, i.e. initial crystallization of garnet inducing early decrease of Mn in the original melt. Aluminum-in-hornblende and phengite barometric estimates show that the granitoids crystallized at 4.2 ± 1.1 to 6.6 ± 1.0 kbar, corresponding to emplacement depths of 15-24 km.Zircon and apatite saturation temperature calibrations and hornblende-plagioclase thermometry yielded emplacement temperatures between 772 ± 41 and 808 ± 34 °C. Except the two-mica granitoid, the titanite-magnetite-quartz assemblage gives oxygen fugacities ranging from 10-17 to 10-13, suggesting that the granitoids were produced by an oxidized magma. Since the twomica granitoid lacks magnetite, it was originated from a magma under reducing conditions, below the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer. Fluid inclusions in quartz from hydrothermal veins are secondary in nature and are found in trails along healed microcracks or in clusters. Two types of fluid inclusion have been recognized, mixed aqueous-non-aqueous volatile fluid inclusions subdivided into aqueous-rich mixed and non-aqueous volatile-rich mixed fluid inclusions, and pure aqueous fluid inclusions.The non-aqueous volatile-rich mixed fluid inclusions are one-, two-, or three-phase inclusions, whereas the aqueous-rich mixed fluid inclusions are exclusively three-phase inclusions. Both have similar low to moderate salinities (1 to 10 equiv. wt. \%). The total homogenization temperatures of the aqueous-rich mixed fluid inclusions are slightly lower than those of the nonaqueous volatile-rich mixed fluid inclusions, ranging from 150 to 250 °C and 170 to 300 °C,respectively. They contain nearly pure CO2, or CO2 with addition of 4.1-13.5 mole \% CH4 as volatile constituents. Pure aqueous fluid inclusions are two-phase with lower total homogenization temperatures (130-150 °C) and salinities ranging from 3 to 8 equiv. wt. \%. They display mixing salt system characteristics, having NaCl as the dominant salt and considerable amounts of other divalent cations. Aqueous-rich mixed fluid inclusions and pure aqueous fluid inclusions exhibit a low geothermal gradient value of 18 °C/km, whereas the non-aqueous volatiles-rich mixed fluid inclusions have a high density which correspond to high geothermal gradient of 68 °C/km. The studied granitoids are intermediate to felsic in compositions (56.9-74.6 wt. \% SiO2)and have high contents of alkalis K2O (1.73-7.32 wt. \%) and Na2O (1.25-5.13 wt. \%) but low abundances in MnO (0.01-0.20 wt. \%), MgO (0.10-3.97 wt. \%), CaO (0.37-4.85 wt. \%), P2O5(up to 0.90 wt. \%). They display variable contents in TiO2 (0.07-0.91 wt. \%), Fe2O3* (total Fe = 0.96-7.79 wt. \%) and Al2O3 (12.0-17.6 wt. \%) contents. The granitoids show a wide range of high-field-strength elements (HFSE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE) contents, with felsic granitoids being enriched in HFSE and the intermediate granitoids displaying in contrast high LILE concentrations. They exhibit chemical characteristics of non-alkaline to mid-alkaline, alkali-calcic, calc-alkaline, K-rich to shoshonitic, ferriferous affinities. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are characterized by a strong enrichment in light compared to heavy REEs [(La/Sm)N = 3.23-9.65 and (Ga/Lu)N = 1.45-5.54, respectively], with small to significant negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.28-1.08). Ocean ridge granites (ORG)normalized multi-elements spidergrams display typical collision-related granites pattern, with characteristic negative anomalies of Ba, Nb and Y, and positive anomalies in Rb, Th and Sm. The granitoids under study are genetically I-type granitoids (biotite granitoid, deformed biotite granitoid and mega feldspar granitoid) and one S-type granitoid (two-mica granitoid). The I-type granitoids are metaluminous (ASI: 0.70-1.00) or moderately peraluminous if highly fractionated (ASI: 1.01-1.06). The geochemistry and petrological features of these I-type granitoids argue for close genetic relationships and it is suggest that they originated from a single parent magma. The observed variability in mineralogy and major and trace element compositions in these granitoids are then the reflection of the fractional crystallization that evolved separation of plagioclase, biotite, K-feldspar and accessory minerals at the level of emplacement. The two mica S-type granitoid is exclusively peraluminous (ASI: 1.07-1.25) and classified as a peraluminous leucocratic granitoid or leucogranite. It is marked in its CIPW normative composition by the permanent presence of corundum, ranging between 0.12 and 3.03. The Bafoussam granitoids were emplaced in a syn- to post-collisional tectonic environment. The observed deformational features and the concentrations in Y, less than 40 ppm, confirm that they are related to an orogenesis. Whole-rock Rb-Sr isochrons defines an igneous crystallization ages of 540 ± 27 Ma for the biotite granitoid and 587 ± 41 Ma for the mega feldspar granitoid. These ages fit with the range of Pan-African granitoid ages (650-530 Ma) in West Cameroon and correspond to the Pan-African D2 deformation event in the Neoproterozoic Cameroon orogenic belt. The two-mica granitoid yields an older Rb-Sr isochron age of 663 ± 62 Ma which is considered to be probably a mixing age. The Nd-Sr isotopic compositions indicate that the I-type granitoids have been produced by partial melting of a tonalite-granodiorite source in the lower crust. This is supported by their initial 87Sr/86Sr(600 Ma) ratios (0.705-0.709) and by their WNd(600 Ma) values (0.2 to -6.3, mainly < 0). The two-mica granitoid was generated by partial melting of a greywacke-dominated source involving biotite-limited, biotite dehydration melting. Chemical data of the two-mica granitoid that support this hypothesis are low CaO/Na2O (0.11-0.38) and Sr/Ba (0.20-0.30), the high Rb/Sr (2.26-7.00), the high initial 87Sr/86Sr(600 Ma) ratios ranging from 0.708 to 0.720, the large range in Al2O3/TiO2 (47-204) and the negative WNd(600 Ma) values (-9.9 to -14.0). Moreover,the higher initial 87Sr/86Sr(600 Ma) ratios of the two-mica granitoid are consistent with an upper crust origin. The depleted mantle Nd model ages (TDM) of 1.3-2.3 Ga indicate that the studied granitoids originated by partial melting of Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic crust, with limited mantle-derived magma contribution. The high initial 87Sr/86Sr(600 Ma) ratios of these granitoids coupled with the wide negative WNd(600 Ma) values strongly suggest a very long residence time in the crust of their protoliths before the melting event. The petrologic signatures of the Bafoussam granitoids are similar to those described in other Pan-African belts of western Gondwanaland such as the neighbouring provinces of Nigeria and the Central African Republic, as well as in the Borborema Province of northeastern Brazil. This supports the previous hypothesis that the Central African fold Belt including Cameroon, Nigeria and the Central African Republic provinces has a continuation in Brazil.}, subject = {Kamerun }, language = {en} } @article{DirscherlDietzKneiseletal.2020, author = {Dirscherl, Mariel and Dietz, Andreas J. and Kneisel, Christof and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Automated mapping of Antarctic supraglacial lakes using a Machine Learning approach}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {7}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12071203}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203735}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Supraglacial lakes can have considerable impact on ice sheet mass balance and global sea-level-rise through ice shelf fracturing and subsequent glacier speedup. In Antarctica, the distribution and temporal development of supraglacial lakes as well as their potential contribution to increased ice mass loss remains largely unknown, requiring a detailed mapping of the Antarctic surface hydrological network. In this study, we employ a Machine Learning algorithm trained on Sentinel-2 and auxiliary TanDEM-X topographic data for automated mapping of Antarctic supraglacial lakes. To ensure the spatio-temporal transferability of our method, a Random Forest was trained on 14 training regions and applied over eight spatially independent test regions distributed across the whole Antarctic continent. In addition, we employed our workflow for large-scale application over Amery Ice Shelf where we calculated interannual supraglacial lake dynamics between 2017 and 2020 at full ice shelf coverage. To validate our supraglacial lake detection algorithm, we randomly created point samples over our classification results and compared them to Sentinel-2 imagery. The point comparisons were evaluated using a confusion matrix for calculation of selected accuracy metrics. Our analysis revealed wide-spread supraglacial lake occurrence in all three Antarctic regions. For the first time, we identified supraglacial meltwater features on Abbott, Hull and Cosgrove Ice Shelves in West Antarctica as well as for the entire Amery Ice Shelf for years 2017-2020. Over Amery Ice Shelf, maximum lake extent varied strongly between the years with the 2019 melt season characterized by the largest areal coverage of supraglacial lakes (~763 km\(^2\)). The accuracy assessment over the test regions revealed an average Kappa coefficient of 0.86 where the largest value of Kappa reached 0.98 over George VI Ice Shelf. Future developments will involve the generation of circum-Antarctic supraglacial lake mapping products as well as their use for further methodological developments using Sentinel-1 SAR data in order to characterize intraannual supraglacial meltwater dynamics also during polar night and independent of meteorological conditions. In summary, the implementation of the Random Forest classifier enabled the development of the first automated mapping method applied to Sentinel-2 data distributed across all three Antarctic regions.}, language = {en} } @article{DirscherlDietzKneiseletal.2021, author = {Dirscherl, Mariel and Dietz, Andreas J. and Kneisel, Christof and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {A novel method for automated supraglacial lake mapping in Antarctica using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery and deep learning}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {2}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13020197}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222998}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Supraglacial meltwater accumulation on ice sheets can be a main driver for accelerated ice discharge, mass loss, and global sea-level-rise. With further increasing surface air temperatures, meltwater-induced hydrofracturing, basal sliding, or surface thinning will cumulate and most likely trigger unprecedented ice mass loss on the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. While the Greenland surface hydrological network as well as its impacts on ice dynamics and mass balance has been studied in much detail, Antarctic supraglacial lakes remain understudied with a circum-Antarctic record of their spatio-temporal development entirely lacking. This study provides the first automated supraglacial lake extent mapping method using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery over Antarctica and complements the developed optical Sentinel-2 supraglacial lake detection algorithm presented in our companion paper. In detail, we propose the use of a modified U-Net for semantic segmentation of supraglacial lakes in single-polarized Sentinel-1 imagery. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is implemented with residual connections for optimized performance as well as an Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) module for multiscale feature extraction. The algorithm is trained on 21,200 Sentinel-1 image patches and evaluated in ten spatially or temporally independent test acquisitions. In addition, George VI Ice Shelf is analyzed for intra-annual lake dynamics throughout austral summer 2019/2020 and a decision-level fused Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 maximum lake extent mapping product is presented for January 2020 revealing a more complete supraglacial lake coverage (~770 km\(^2\)) than the individual single-sensor products. Classification results confirm the reliability of the proposed workflow with an average Kappa coefficient of 0.925 and a F\(_1\)-score of 93.0\% for the supraglacial water class across all test regions. Furthermore, the algorithm is applied in an additional test region covering supraglacial lakes on the Greenland ice sheet which further highlights the potential for spatio-temporal transferability. Future work involves the integration of more training data as well as intra-annual analyses of supraglacial lake occurrence across the whole continent and with focus on supraglacial lake development throughout a summer melt season and into Antarctic winter.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dirscherl2022, author = {Dirscherl, Mariel Christina}, title = {Remote Sensing of Supraglacial Lake Dynamics in Antarctica - Exploiting Methods from Artificial Intelligence for Derivation of Antarctic Supraglacial Lake Extents in Multi-Sensor Remote Sensing Data}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-27950}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-279505}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2022}, abstract = {With accelerating global climate change, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is exposed to increasing ice dynamic change. During 1992 and 2017, Antarctica contributed ~7.6 mm to global sea-level-rise mainly due to ocean thermal forcing along West Antarctica and atmospheric warming along the Antarctic Peninsula (API). Together, these processes caused the progressive retreat of glaciers and ice shelves and weakened their efficient buttressing force causing widespread ice flow accelerations. Holding ~91\% of the global ice mass and 57.3 m of sea-level-equivalent, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is by far the largest potential contributor to future sea-level-rise. Despite the improved understanding of Antarctic ice dynamics, the future of Antarctica remains difficult to predict with its contribution to global sea-level-rise representing the largest uncertainty in current projections. Given that recent studies point towards atmospheric warming and melt intensification to become a dominant driver for future Antarctic ice mass loss, the monitoring of supraglacial lakes and their impacts on ice dynamics is of utmost importance. In this regard, recent progress in Earth Observation provides an abundance of high-resolution optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite data at unprecedented spatial and temporal coverage and greatly supports the monitoring of the Antarctic continent where ground-based mapping efforts are difficult to perform. As an automated mapping technique for supraglacial lake extent delineation in optical and SAR satellite imagery as well as a pan-Antarctic inventory of Antarctic supraglacial lakes at high spatial and temporal resolution is entirely missing, this thesis aims to advance the understanding of Antarctic surface hydrology through exploitation of spaceborne remote sensing. In particular, a detailed literature review on spaceborne remote sensing of Antarctic supraglacial lakes identified several research gaps including the lack of (1) an automated mapping technique for optical or SAR satellite data that is transferable in space and time, (2) high-resolution supraglacial lake extent mappings at intra-annual and inter-annual temporal resolution and (3) large-scale mapping efforts across the entire Antarctic continent. In addition, past method developments were found to be restricted to purely visual, manual or semi-automated mapping techniques hindering their application to multi-temporal satellite imagery at large-scale. In this context, the development of automated mapping techniques was mainly limited by sensor-specific characteristics including the similar appearance of supraglacial lakes and other ice sheet surface features in optical or SAR data, the varying temporal signature of supraglacial lakes throughout the year as well as effects such as speckle noise and wind roughening in SAR data or cloud coverage in optical data. To overcome these limitations, this thesis exploits methods from artificial intelligence and big data processing for development of an automated processing chain for supraglacial lake extent delineation in Sentinel-1 SAR and optical Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The combination of both sensor types enabled to capture both surface and subsurface lakes as well as to acquire data during cloud cover or wind roughening of lakes. For Sentinel-1, a deep convolutional neural network based on residual U-Net was trained on the basis of 21,200 labeled Sentinel-1 SAR image patches covering 13 Antarctic regions. Similarly, optical Sentinel-2 data were collected over 14 Antarctic regions and used for training of a Random Forest classifier. Optical and SAR classification products were combined through decision-level fusion at bi-weekly temporal scale and unprecedented 10 m spatial resolution. Finally, the method was implemented as part of DLR's High-Performance Computing infrastructure allowing for an automated processing of large amounts of data including all required pre- and postprocessing steps. The results of an accuracy assessment over independent test scenes highlighted the functionality of the classifiers returning accuracies of 93\% and 95\% for supraglacial lakes in Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, respectively. Exploiting the full archive of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, the developed framework for the first time enabled the monitoring of seasonal characteristics of Antarctic supraglacial lakes over six major ice shelves in 2015-2021. In particular, the results for API ice shelves revealed low lake coverage during 2015-2018 and particularly high lake coverage during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 melting seasons. On the contrary, East Antarctic ice shelves were characterized by high lake coverage during 2016-2019 and extremely low lake coverage during the 2020-2021 melting season. Over all six investigated ice shelves, the development of drainage systems was revealed highlighting an increased risk for ice shelf instability. Through statistical correlation analysis with climate data at varying time lags as well as annual data on Southern Hemisphere atmospheric modes, environmental drivers for meltwater ponding were revealed. In addition, the influence of the local glaciological setting was investigated through computation of annual recurrence times of lakes. Over both ice sheet regions, the complex interplay between local, regional and large-scale environmental drivers was found to control supraglacial lake formation despite local to regional discrepancies, as revealed through pixel-based correlation analysis. Local control factors included the ice surface topography, the ice shelf geometry, the presence of low-albedo features as well as a reduced firn air content and were found to exert strong control on lake distribution. On the other hand, regional controls on lake evolution were revealed to be the amount of incoming solar radiation, air temperature and wind occurrence. While foehn winds were found to dictate lake evolution over the API, katabatic winds influenced lake ponding in East Antarctica. Furthermore, the regional near-surface climate was shown to be driven by large-scale atmospheric modes and teleconnections with the tropics. Overall, the results highlight that similar driving factors control supraglacial lake formation on the API and EAIS pointing towards their transferability to other Antarctic regions.}, subject = {Optische Fernerkundung}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dietz2013, author = {Dietz, Andreas}, title = {Central Asian Snow Cover Characteristics between 1986 and 2012 derived from Time Series of Medium Resolution Remote Sensing Data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-101221}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2013}, abstract = {The eminent importance of snow cover for climatic, hydrologic, anthropogenic, and economic reasons has been widely discussed in scientific literature. Up to 50\% of the Northern Hemisphere is covered by snow at least temporarily, turning snow to the most prevalent land cover types at all. Depending on regular precipitation and temperatures below freezing point it is obvious that a changing climate effects snow cover characteristics fundamentally. Such changes can have severe impacts on local, national, and even global scale. The region of Central Asia is not an exception from this general rule, but are the consequences accompanying past, present, and possible future changes in snow cover parameters of particular importance. Being characterized by continental climate with hot and dry summers most precipitation accumulates during winter and spring months in the form of snow. The population in this 4,000,000 km² vast area is strongly depending on irrigation to facilitate agriculture. Additionally, electricity is often generated by hydroelectric power stations. A large proportion of the employed water originates from snow melt during spring months, implying that changes in snow cover characteristics will automatically affect both the total amount of obtainable water and the time when this water becomes available. The presented thesis explores the question how the spatial extent of snow covered surface has evolved since the year 1986. This investigation is based on the processing of medium resolution remote sensing data originating from daily MODIS and AVHRR sensors, thus forming a unique approach of snow cover analysis in terms of temporal and spatial resolution. Not only duration but also onset and melt of snow coverage are tracked over time, analyzing for systematic changes within this 26 years lasting time span. AVHRR data are processed from raw Level 1B orbit data to Level 3 thematic snow cover products. Both, AVHRR and MODIS snow maps undergo a further post-processing, producing daily full-area mosaics while completely eliminating inherent cloud cover. Snow cover parameters are derived based on these daily and cloud-free time series, allowing for a detailed analysis of current status and changes. The results confirm the predictions made by coarse resolution predictions from climate models: Central Asian snow cover is changing, posing new challenges for the ecosystem and future water supply. The changes, however, are not aimed at only one direction. Regions with decreasing snow cover exist as well as those where the duration of snow cover increases. A shift towards earlier snow cover start and melt can be observed, posing a serious challenge to water management authorities due to a changed runoff regime.}, subject = {Zentralasien}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Diele2000, author = {Diele, Laurence Martine}, title = {Der Pulvermaar-Vulkan}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2397}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2000}, abstract = {Das etwa 20 000 Jahre alte Pulvermaar in der Westeifel besitzt einen 72 m tiefen, zentral liegenden See und einen stellenweise mindestens 45 m m{\"a}chtigen Tuffwall. Durch seinen außergew{\"o}hnlich guten Erhaltungszustand nimmt es eine Sonderstellung ein. Um auch den Tiefbau dieser Struktur besser kennenzulernen, wurden geophysikalische Messungen mit dem Ziel einer dreidimensionalen Modellierung durchgef{\"u}hrt. {\"U}ber beides wird in dieser Arbeit berichtet. Den Schwerpunkt der geophysikalischen Untersuchungen bildet ein Gravimetrieprogramm mit der Erstellung einer Schwerekarte des Pulvermaars und seiner Umgebung. Im Rahmen dieser Schweremessungen hat der Einsatz des GPS-Systems zur Vermessung ein besonderes Gewicht. Die Magnetfeldmessungen der Totalintensit{\"a}t konzentrieren sich mit einem dichten Meßnetz auf den Seebereich (Messungen im Boot). Mit Widerstands-Tiefensondierungen der Geoelektrik wird versucht, zu einer pr{\"a}ziseren Bestimmung der Tuffm{\"a}chtigkeiten zu gelangen. Die gewonnene Schwerekarte dient einer dreidimensionalen Modellierung auf der Basis der Freiluftanomalie mit dem Programm IGMAS. Die verh{\"a}ltnism{\"a}ßig kleine (negative) Schwere-anomalie von 1 - 2 mGal {\"u}ber dem Pulvermaar l{\"a}ßt vermuten, daß ein Basaltk{\"o}rper in das Diatrem eingebettet ist und zur kleinen Amplitude beitr{\"a}gt. Die Magnetfeldmessungen er-h{\"a}rten diese Vorstellung; das Ergebnis einer einfachen Modellierung f{\"u}r ein diametrales Profil ist mit einem 40 m m{\"a}chtigen Basaltk{\"o}rper grob 120 m unter Seeoberfl{\"a}che ver-tr{\"a}glich. Die Ergebnisse der gravimetrischen und magnetischen Modellierung, die M{\"a}chtigkeitsab-sch{\"a}tzungen f{\"u}r die pyroklastischen Ablagerungen aufgrund der Geoelektrik-Messungen sowie die Einbeziehung einer Volumenkalkulation f{\"u}r die Pyroklastika f{\"u}hren zu einem detaillierten Modell f{\"u}r das Pulvermaar, das sich insbesondere durch ein 2000 m tief reichendes Diatrem auszeichnet. Eine Bearbeitung des Schwerefeldes mit der Berechnung von Gradientenfeldern f{\"u}hrt zu einem bisher von Maaren nicht bekannten Ergebnis: Um das Pulvermaar herum existiert ein Hof erniedrigter Dichte mit einem Durchmesser von grob 2 km. Als Ursache wird eine Auf-lockerung des Gesteins durch Streß-Wellen angenommen, die ihren Ursprung in den wiederholten starken Eruptionen der Maar-Entstehung haben. Ebenfalls die Gradienten-felder der Gravimetrie zeigen Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen der Struktur des Maares und der regionalen Tektonik auf.}, subject = {Eifel / Moor}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Dhillon2023, author = {Dhillon, Maninder Singh}, title = {Potential of Remote Sensing in Modeling Long-Term Crop Yields}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-32258}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322581}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Accurate crop monitoring in response to climate change at a regional or field scale plays a significant role in developing agricultural policies, improving food security, forecasting, and analysing global trade trends. Climate change is expected to significantly impact agriculture, with shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events negatively affecting crop yields, soil fertility, water availability, biodiversity, and crop growing conditions. Remote sensing (RS) can provide valuable information combined with crop growth models (CGMs) for yield assessment by monitoring crop development, detecting crop changes, and assessing the impact of climate change on crop yields. This dissertation aims to investigate the potential of RS data on modelling long-term crop yields of winter wheat (WW) and oil seed rape (OSR) for the Free State of Bavaria (70,550 km2 ), Germany. The first chapter of the dissertation describes the reasons favouring the importance of accurate crop yield predictions for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Chapter second explores the accuracy assessment of the synthetic RS data by fusing NDVIs of two high spatial resolution data (high pair) (Landsat (30 m, 16-days; L) and Sentinel-2 (10 m, 5-6 days; S), with four low spatial resolution data (low pair) (MOD13Q1 (250 m, 16-days), MCD43A4 (500 m, one day), MOD09GQ (250 m, one-day), and MOD09Q1 (250 m, 8-days)) using the spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM), which fills regions' cloud or shadow gaps without losing spatial information. The chapter finds that both L-MOD13Q1 (R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.11) and S-MOD13Q1 (R2 = 0.68, RMSE = 0.13) are more suitable for agricultural monitoring than the other synthetic products fused. Chapter third explores the ability of the synthetic spatiotemporal datasets (obtained in chapter 2) to accurately map and monitor crop yields of WW and OSR at a regional scale. The chapter investigates and discusses the optimal spatial (10 m, 30 m, or 250 m), temporal (8 or 16-day) and CGMs (World Food Studies (WOFOST), and the semi-empiric light use efficiency approach (LUE)) for accurate crop yield estimations of both crop types. Chapter third observes that the observations of high temporal resolution (8-day) products of both S-MOD13Q1 and L-MOD13Q1 play a significant role in accurately measuring the yield of WW and OSR. The chapter investigates that the simple light use efficiency (LUE) model (R2 = 0.77 and relative RMSE (RRMSE) = 8.17\%) that required fewer input parameters to simulate crop yield is highly accurate, reliable, and more precise than the complex WOFOST model (R2 = 0.66 and RRMSE = 11.35\%) with higher input parameters. Chapter four researches the relationship of spatiotemporal fusion modelling using STRAFM on crop yield prediction for WW and OSR using the LUE model for Bavaria from 2001 to 2019. The chapter states the high positive correlation coefficient (R) = 0.81 and R = 0.77 between the yearly R2 of synthetic accuracy and modelled yield accuracy for WW and OSR from 2001 to 2019, respectively. The chapter analyses the impact of climate variables on crop yield predictions by observing an increase in R2 (0.79 (WW)/0.86 (OSR)) and a decrease in RMSE (4.51/2.57 dt/ha) when the climate effect is included in the model. The fifth chapter suggests that the coupling of the LUE model to the random forest (RF) model can further reduce the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) from -8\% (WW) and -1.6\% (OSR) and increase the R2 by 14.3\% (for both WW and OSR), compared to results just relying on LUE. The same chapter concludes that satellite-based crop biomass, solar radiation, and temperature are the most influential variables in the yield prediction of both crop types. Chapter six attempts to discuss both pros and cons of RS technology while analysing the impact of land use diversity on crop-modelled biomass of WW and OSR. The chapter finds that the modelled biomass of both crops is positively impacted by land use diversity to the radius of 450 (Shannon Diversity Index ~0.75) and 1050 m (~0.75), respectively. The chapter also discusses the future implications by stating that including some dependent factors (such as the management practices used, soil health, pest management, and pollinators) could improve the relationship of RS-modelled crop yields with biodiversity. Lastly, chapter seven discusses testing the scope of new sensors such as unmanned aerial vehicles, hyperspectral sensors, or Sentinel-1 SAR in RS for achieving accurate crop yield predictions for precision farming. In addition, the chapter highlights the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) or deep learning (DL) in obtaining higher crop yield accuracies.}, subject = {Ernteertrag}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Dhillon2023, author = {Dhillon, Maninder Singh}, title = {Potential of Remote Sensing in Modeling Long-Term Crop Yields}, doi = {10.25972/OPUS-33052}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-330529}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Accurate crop monitoring in response to climate change at a regional or field scale plays a significant role in developing agricultural policies, improving food security, forecasting, and analysing global trade trends. Climate change is expected to significantly impact agriculture, with shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events negatively affecting crop yields, soil fertility, water availability, biodiversity, and crop growing conditions. Remote sensing (RS) can provide valuable information combined with crop growth models (CGMs) for yield assessment by monitoring crop development, detecting crop changes, and assessing the impact of climate change on crop yields. This dissertation aims to investigate the potential of RS data on modelling long-term crop yields of winter wheat (WW) and oil seed rape (OSR) for the Free State of Bavaria (70,550 km2), Germany. The first chapter of the dissertation describes the reasons favouring the importance of accurate crop yield predictions for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Chapter second explores the accuracy assessment of the synthetic RS data by fusing NDVIs of two high spatial resolution data (high pair) (Landsat (30 m, 16-days; L) and Sentinel-2 (10 m, 5-6 days; S), with four low spatial resolution data (low pair) (MOD13Q1 (250 m, 16-days), MCD43A4 (500 m, one day), MOD09GQ (250 m, one-day), and MOD09Q1 (250 m, 8-days)) using the spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM), which fills regions' cloud or shadow gaps without losing spatial information. The chapter finds that both L-MOD13Q1 (R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.11) and S-MOD13Q1 (R2 = 0.68, RMSE = 0.13) are more suitable for agricultural monitoring than the other synthetic products fused. Chapter third explores the ability of the synthetic spatiotemporal datasets (obtained in chapter 2) to accurately map and monitor crop yields of WW and OSR at a regional scale. The chapter investigates and discusses the optimal spatial (10 m, 30 m, or 250 m), temporal (8 or 16-day) and CGMs (World Food Studies (WOFOST), and the semi-empiric light use efficiency approach (LUE)) for accurate crop yield estimations of both crop types. Chapter third observes that the observations of high temporal resolution (8-day) products of both S-MOD13Q1 and L-MOD13Q1 play a significant role in accurately measuring the yield of WW and OSR. The chapter investigates that the simple light use efficiency (LUE) model (R2 = 0.77 and relative RMSE (RRMSE) = 8.17\%) that required fewer input parameters to simulate crop yield is highly accurate, reliable, and more precise than the complex WOFOST model (R2 = 0.66 and RRMSE = 11.35\%) with higher input parameters. Chapter four researches the relationship of spatiotemporal fusion modelling using STRAFM on crop yield prediction for WW and OSR using the LUE model for Bavaria from 2001 to 2019. The chapter states the high positive correlation coefficient (R) = 0.81 and R = 0.77 between the yearly R2 of synthetic accuracy and modelled yield accuracy for WW and OSR from 2001 to 2019, respectively. The chapter analyses the impact of climate variables on crop yield predictions by observing an increase in R2 (0.79 (WW)/0.86 (OSR)) and a decrease in RMSE (4.51/2.57 dt/ha) when the climate effect is included in the model. The fifth chapter suggests that the coupling of the LUE model to the random forest (RF) model can further reduce the relative root mean square error (RRMSE) from -8\% (WW) and -1.6\% (OSR) and increase the R2 by 14.3\% (for both WW and OSR), compared to results just relying on LUE. The same chapter concludes that satellite-based crop biomass, solar radiation, and temperature are the most influential variables in the yield prediction of both crop types. Chapter six attempts to discuss both pros and cons of RS technology while analysing the impact of land use diversity on crop-modelled biomass of WW and OSR. The chapter finds that the modelled biomass of both crops is positively impacted by land use diversity to the radius of 450 (Shannon Diversity Index ~0.75) and 1050 m (~0.75), respectively. The chapter also discusses the future implications by stating that including some dependent factors (such as the management practices used, soil health, pest management, and pollinators) could improve the relationship of RS-modelled crop yields with biodiversity. Lastly, chapter seven discusses testing the scope of new sensors such as unmanned aerial vehicles, hyperspectral sensors, or Sentinel-1 SAR in RS for achieving accurate crop yield predictions for precision farming. In addition, the chapter highlights the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) or deep learning (DL) in obtaining higher crop yield accuracies.}, subject = {Ernteertrag}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{DelveneIbarrola2000, author = {Delvene Ibarrola, Graciela}, title = {Middle and Upper Jurassic bivalves from the Iberian Range (Spain)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3119}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2000}, abstract = {Previous work on Jurassic bivalves from the Iberian Range is reviewed, whereby emphasis is placed on Callovian-Kimmeridgian species. The taxonomy, distribution pattern and ecology of the bivalve fauna occurring in Middle and Upper Jurassic rocks of the Aragonian Branch of the Iberian Range have been analysed. For this purpose 14 sections and 5 additional outcrops, selected according to the abundance of bivalves, were measured in detail and sampled. The rocks studied belong to the Chelva, Y{\´a}tova, Sot de Chera and Loriguilla formations of Callovian-Kimmeridgian age. The distribution of species of bivalves is given for each section. More than 3000 specimens of bivalves representing 83 species that belong to 46 genera and subgenera of the subclasses Palaeotaxodonta, Pteriomorphia, Isofilibranchia. Palaeoheterodonta, Heterodonta and Anomaldesmata have been used for the taxonomic analysis. One species is new: Plagiostoma fuersichi from the Callovian of the Chelva Fm. The autecology (trophic group and life habit) of each bivalve has been discussed. 49 samples of four sections habe been selected for a quantitative palaeoecological analysis of the bivalve fraction of the benthic fauna. Five bivalve associations and two assemblages are recognised by a Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward method). The main environmental factors controlling bivalve associations are thought to be substrate, water energy and distribution of organic matter. The bivalves exhibit a distinct spatial and temporal distribution pattern within the Aragonian Branch. Four of the bivalve associations occur in the Upper Oxfordian (Sot de Chera Fm) and one association in the Lower Callovian (Chelva Fm). In the Sot de Chera and Loriguilla formations, the abundance of bivalves decreases from NW to SE i.e., from relatively close to the shore line towards the distal-most part of the carbonate platform. In the Chelva Fm. bivalves are abundant in the Ari{\~n}o region, interpreted as a palaeogeographic high. The distribution of bivalves might have been largely controlled by the availability of nutrients.}, subject = {Keltiberisches Gebirge}, language = {en} } @article{DechHolzwarthAsametal.2021, author = {Dech, Stefan and Holzwarth, Stefanie and Asam, Sarah and Andresen, Thorsten and Bachmann, Martin and Boettcher, Martin and Dietz, Andreas and Eisfelder, Christina and Frey, Corinne and Gesell, Gerhard and Gessner, Ursula and Hirner, Andreas and Hofmann, Matthias and Kirches, Grit and Klein, Doris and Klein, Igor and Kraus, Tanja and Krause, Detmar and Plank, Simon and Popp, Thomas and Reinermann, Sophie and Reiners, Philipp and Roessler, Sebastian and Ruppert, Thomas and Scherbachenko, Alexander and Vignesh, Ranjitha and Wolfmueller, Meinhard and Zwenzner, Hendrik and Kuenzer, Claudia}, title = {Potential and challenges of harmonizing 40 years of AVHRR data: the TIMELINE experience}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {13}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {18}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs13183618}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246134}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Earth Observation satellite data allows for the monitoring of the surface of our planet at predefined intervals covering large areas. However, there is only one medium resolution sensor family in orbit that enables an observation time span of 40 and more years at a daily repeat interval. This is the AVHRR sensor family. If we want to investigate the long-term impacts of climate change on our environment, we can only do so based on data that remains available for several decades. If we then want to investigate processes with respect to climate change, we need very high temporal resolution enabling the generation of long-term time series and the derivation of related statistical parameters such as mean, variability, anomalies, and trends. The challenges to generating a well calibrated and harmonized 40-year-long time series based on AVHRR sensor data flown on 14 different platforms are enormous. However, only extremely thorough pre-processing and harmonization ensures that trends found in the data are real trends and not sensor-related (or other) artefacts. The generation of European-wide time series as a basis for the derivation of a multitude of parameters is therefore an extremely challenging task, the details of which are presented in this paper.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Cord2012, author = {Cord, Anna}, title = {Potential of multi-temporal remote sensing data for modeling tree species distributions and species richness in Mexico}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71021}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Current changes of biodiversity result almost exclusively from human activities. This anthropogenic conversion of natural ecosystems during the last decades has led to the so-called 'biodiversity crisis', which comprises the loss of species as well as changes in the global distribution patterns of organisms. Species richness is unevenly distributed worldwide. Altogether, 17 so-called 'megadiverse' nations cover less than 10\% of the earth's land surface but support nearly 70\% of global species richness. Mexico, the study area of this thesis, is one of those countries. However, due to Mexico's large extent and geographical complexity, it is impossible to conduct reliable and spatially explicit assessments of species distribution ranges based on these collection data and field work alone. In the last two decades, Species distribution models (SDMs) have been established as important tools for extrapolating such in situ observations. SDMs analyze empirical correlations between geo-referenced species occurrence data and environmental variables to obtain spatially explicit surfaces indicating the probability of species occurrence. Remote sensing can provide such variables which describe biophysical land surface characteristics with high effective spatial resolutions. Especially during the last three to five years, the number of studies making use of remote sensing data for modeling species distributions has therefore multiplied. Due to the novelty of this field of research, the published literature consists mostly of selective case studies. A systematic framework for modeling species distributions by means of remote sensing is still missing. This research gap was taken up by this thesis and specific studies were designed which addressed the combination of climate and remote sensing data in SDMs, the suitability of continuous remote sensing variables in comparison with categorical land cover classification data, the criteria for selecting appropriate remote sensing data depending on species characteristics, and the effects of inter-annual variability in remotely sensed time series on the performance of species distribution models. The corresponding novel analyses were conducted with the Maximum Entropy algorithm developed by Phillips et al. (2004). In this thesis, a more comprehensive set of remote sensing predictors than in the existing literature was utilized for species distribution modeling. The products were selected based on their ecological relevance for characterizing species distributions. Two 1 km Terra-MODIS Land 16-day composite standard products including the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Reflectance Data, and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were assembled into enhanced time series for the time period of 2001 to 2009. These high-dimensional time series data were then transformed into 18 phenological and 35 statistical metrics that were selected based on an extensive literature review. Spatial distributions of twelve tree species were modeled in a hierarchical framework which integrated climate (WorldClim) and MODIS remote sensing data. The species are representative of the major Mexican forest types and cover a variety of ecological traits, such as range size and biotope specificity. Trees were selected because they have a high probability of detection in the field and since mapping vegetation has a long tradition in remote sensing. The result of this thesis showed that the integration of remote sensing data into species distribution models has a significant potential for improving and both spatial detail and accuracy of the model predictions.}, subject = {Fernerkundung}, language = {en} } @article{ConradFritschZeidleretal.2010, author = {Conrad, Christopher and Fritsch, Sebastian and Zeidler, Julian and R{\"u}cker, Gerd and Dech, Stefan}, title = {Per-Field Irrigated Crop Classification in Arid Central Asia Using SPOT and ASTER Data}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68630}, year = {2010}, abstract = {The overarching goal of this research was to explore accurate methods of mapping irrigated crops, where digital cadastre information is unavailable: (a) Boundary separation by object-oriented image segmentation using very high spatial resolution (2.5-5 m) data was followed by (b) identification of crops and crop rotations by means of phenology, tasselled cap, and rule-based classification using high resolution (15-30 m) bi-temporal data. The extensive irrigated cotton production system of the Khorezm province in Uzbekistan, Central Asia, was selected as a study region. Image segmentation was carried out on pan-sharpened SPOT data. Varying combinations of segmentation parameters (shape, compactness, and color) were tested for optimized boundary separation. The resulting geometry was validated against polygons digitized from the data and cadastre maps, analysing similarity (size, shape) and congruence. The parameters shape and compactness were decisive for segmentation accuracy. Differences between crop phenologies were analyzed at field level using bi-temporal ASTER data. A rule set based on the tasselled cap indices greenness and brightness allowed for classifying crop rotations of cotton, winter-wheat and rice, resulting in an overall accuracy of 80 \%. The proposed field-based crop classification method can be an important tool for use in water demand estimations, crop yield simulations, or economic models in agricultural systems similar to Khorezm.}, subject = {Geologie}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Conrad2006, author = {Conrad, Christopher}, title = {Fernerkundungsbasierte Modellierung und hydrologische Messungen zur Analyse und Bewertung der landwirtschaftlichen Wassernutzung in der Region Khorezm (Usbekistan)}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20790}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2006}, abstract = {Die Bew{\"a}sserungslandwirtschaft in Mittelasien ist gepr{\"a}gt von schwerwiegenden {\"o}kologischen und {\"o}konomischen Problemen. Zur Verbesserung der Situation auf dem hydrologischen Sektor wird daher seitens der mittelasiatischen Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (ICWC) die Einf{\"u}hrung des Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) gefordert. Wichtige Herausforderungen zur Optimierung der Wassernutzung im Aralsee-Becken sind dabei die Schaffung von Transparenz sowie von M{\"o}glichkeiten zur {\"U}berwachung der Landnutzung und der Wasserentnahme in den Bew{\"a}sserungssystemen. Im Detail fokussierte diese Arbeit auf das Bew{\"a}sserungssystem der Region Khorezm im Unterlauf des Amu Darya s{\"u}dlich des Aralsees. Die Arbeit zielte darauf ab, (1) objektive und konsistente Datengrundlagen zum Monitoring der Landnutzung und des Wasserverbrauchs innerhalb des Bew{\"a}sserungslandes zu schaffen und (2) auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse die Funktionsweise des Bew{\"a}sserungssystems zu verstehen sowie die Land- und Wassernutzung der Region zu bewerten. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurden Methoden der Fernerkundung und der Hydrologie miteinander kombiniert. Fernerkundliche Schl{\"u}sselgr{\"o}ßen der Arbeit waren die Kartierung der agrarischen Landnutzung und die Modellierung der saisonalen tats{\"a}chlichen Evapotranspiration. Es wurde eine Methode vorgestellt, die eine Unterscheidung verschiedener Landnutzungen und Fruchtfolgen der Region durch die temporale Segmentierung von Zeitserien aus 8-t{\"a}gigen Kompositen von 250 m-Daten des MODIS-Sensors erm{\"o}glicht. Durch die mehrfache Anwendung von Recursive Partitioning And Regression Trees auf deskriptive Statistiken von Zeitseriensegmenten konnte eine hohe Stabilit{\"a}t erzielt werden (overall accuracy: 91 \%, Kappa-Koeffizient: 0,9). T{\"a}glich von MODIS aufgezeichnete Landoberfl{\"a}chentemperaturen (LST) bildeten die Basis zur fernerkundungsbasierten Modellierung der saisonalen tats{\"a}chlichen Evapotranspiration (ETact) f{\"u}r die sommerliche Vegetationsperiode. Aufgrund der hohen zeitlichen und groben r{\"a}umlichen Aufl{\"o}sung der verwendeten MODIS-Daten von 1 km waren leichte Modifikationen des zur Modellierung eingesetzten Surface Energy Balance Algortihm for Land (SEBAL) erforderlich. Zur Modellierung von ETact wurden MODIS-Produkte (LST, Emissionsgrad, Albedo, NDVI und Blattfl{\"a}chenindex) und meteorologische Stationsdaten aus Khorezm verwendet. Die Modellierung des f{\"u}hlbaren W{\"a}rmeflusses, einer Komponente der Energiebilanzgleichung an der Erdoberfl{\"a}che, erfolgte mittels METRIC (High Resolution and Internalized Calibration), einer Variante des SEBAL. Die Landnutzungsklassifikation fungierte als zentraler Eingangsparameter, um eine automatisierte Auswahl der Ankerpunkte des Models sicherzustellen. Da innerhalb der MODIS-Aufl{\"o}sung aufgrund der Mischpixelproblematik keine homogen feuchten oder trockenen Bedingungen im Bew{\"a}sserungsgebiet gefunden werden konnten, wurden die Landnutzungsklassifikation, der NDVI und die ASCE-Referenz-Evapotranspiration zur Absch{\"a}tzung des tats{\"a}chlichen Zustands an den Ankerpunkten herangezogen. Weiterhin wurden umfassende Gel{\"a}ndemessungen durchgef{\"u}hrt, um in der Vegetationsperiode 2005 die Zu- und Abflussmengen des Wasser von und nach Khorezm zu bestimmen. Die abschließende Bewertung der Land- und Wassernutzung basierte letztendlich auf der Bildung von Wasserbilanzen und der Berechnung anerkannter Performanceindikatoren wie der Ratio aus Drainage und Wasserentnahme oder der depleted fraction. F{\"u}r die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung im Rayon Khorezm wurde f{\"u}r die Sommersaison 2005 eine Wasserentnahme von 5,38 km3 ermittelt. Damit {\"u}bertrafen die Messergebnisse die offiziell verf{\"u}gbaren Daten der ICWC um durchschnittlich 37 \%. Auf die landwirtschaftliche Fl{\"a}che bezogen ergab sich f{\"u}r Khorezm im Jahr 2005 eine mittlere Wasserentnahme von 22.782 m3/ha. In den Subsystemen schwankten diese Werte zwischen 17.000 m3/ha und 30.000 m3/ha. Allerdings konnte an den Systemgrenzen, an denen die Messungen durchgef{\"u}hrt werden, der aus den fernerkundungsbasierten Modellierungen auf WUA-Level erwartete abnehmende Gradient der Wasserentnahme zwischen Oberlauf und Unterlauf nicht nachvollzogen werden. Als Ursache f{\"u}r diese Diskrepanz sind vor allem die Versickerungsverluste im Kanalsystem zu nennen, die den Grundwasserk{\"o}rper großr{\"a}umig auff{\"u}llen und auf Feldebene nicht zur oberfl{\"a}chlichen Bew{\"a}sserung zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen. Monatliche Bilanzierungen und die Analyse der Performanceindikatoren f{\"u}hrten zu denselben Ergebnissen. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich mit Methoden der Fernerkundung objektive und konsistente Daten der agrarischen Landnutzung und des Wasserverbrauchs f{\"u}r ein regionales Monitoring erstellen lassen. Da in den benachbarten Regionen gleiche atmosph{\"a}rische Bedingungen und {\"a}hnliche Anbausorten anzutreffen sind, ist anzunehmen, dass beide Verfahren auch auf der Planungsebene in einem IWRM f{\"u}r die {\"u}brigen Mittel- und Unterl{\"a}ufe von Amu Darya und Syr Darya ein hohes Anwendungspotenzial besitzen.}, subject = {Charism}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Colditz2007, author = {Colditz, Rene Roland}, title = {Time Series Generation and Classification of MODIS Data for Land Cover Mapping}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25908}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Processes of the Earth's surface occur at different scales of time and intensity. Climate in particular determines the activity and seasonal development of vegetation. These dynamics are predominantly driven by temperature in the humid mid-latitudes and by the availability of water in semi-arid regions. Human activities are a modifying parameter for many ecosystems and can become the prime force in well-developed regions with an intensively managed environment. Accounting for these dynamics, i.e. seasonal dynamics of ecosystems and short- to long-term changes in land-cover composition, requires multiple measurements in time. With respect to the characterization of the Earth surface and its transformation due to global warming and human-induced global change, there is a need for appropriate data and methods to determine the activity of vegetation and the change of land cover. Space-borne remote sensing is capable of monitoring the activity and development of vegetation as well as changes of the land surface. In many instances, satellite images are the only means to comprehensively assess the surface characteristics of large areas. A high temporal frequency of image acquisition, forming a time series of satellite data, can be employed for mapping the development of vegetation in space and time. Time series allow for detecting and assessing changes and multi-year transformation processes of high and low intensity, or even abrupt events such as fire and flooding. The operational processing of satellite data and automated information-extraction techniques are the basis for consistent and continuous long-term product generation. This provides the potential for directly using remote-sensing data and products for analyzing the land surface in relation to global warming and global change, including deforestation and land transformation. This study aims at the development of an advanced approach to time-series generation using data-quality indicators. A second goal focuses on the application of time series for automated land-cover classification and update, using fractional cover estimates to accommodate for the comparatively coarse spatial resolution. Requirements of this study are the robustness and high accuracy of the approaches as well as the full transferability to other regions and datasets. In this respect, the developments of this study form a methodological framework, which can be filled with appropriate modules for a specific sensor and application. In order to attain the first goal, time-series compilation, a stand-alone software application called TiSeG (Time Series Generator) has been developed. TiSeG evaluates the pixel-level quality indicators provided with each MODIS land product. It computes two important data-availability indicators, the number of invalid pixels and the maximum gap length. Both indices are visualized in time and space, indicating the feasibility of temporal interpolation. The level of desired data quality can be modified spatially and temporally to account for distinct environments in a larger study area and for seasonal differences. Pixels regarded as invalid are either masked or interpolated with spatial or temporal techniques.}, subject = {Zeitreihe}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Carls1999, author = {Carls, Hans-Georg}, title = {Das hochmittelalterliche Seefernhandelszentrum von Hormoz}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-1179807}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {1999}, abstract = {Das Hauptziel dieser Studie war, den Standort des 1 300 A.D. vom iranischen Festland auf die vorgelagerte Insel Jarun (sp{\"a}ter Hormoz) verlegten Seefernhandelszentrums von Alt-Hormoz zu belegen. Dieses Ziel sollte {\"u}ber einen interdisziplin{\"a}ren Ansatz mit Hilfe von kulturgeographischen, siedlungsarch{\"a}ologischen, historischen und geowissenschaftlichen Methoden erreicht werden. Bisherige arch{\"a}ologische und geographische Studien kamen zu sehr unterschiedlichen Standortangaben. Aus diesen Gr{\"u}nden wurde das Untersuchungsgebiet an der hochariden Schlickwattk{\"u}ste der heutigen Straße von Hormoz auf eine ca. 10 Quadratkilometer große Fl{\"a}che ausgedehnt. Der Name Seefernhandelszentrum von Alt-Hormoz steht f{\"u}r das 1300 AD verlassene, festl{\"a}ndische Fernhandelszentrum. Der Name Neu-Hormoz steht f{\"u}r das ab 1300 AD auf der Insel Jarun gelegene Seefernhandelszentrum. Auf der Insel Jarun gibt es kaum Vegetation und so gut wie keine Trinkwasserquellen. Man kann hier von einer f{\"u}r Mensch und Tier {\"a}ußerst lebensfeindlichen Umwelt sprechen. Die zeitliche und funktionale Zuordnung der im Rahmen der Feldarbeiten im Gebiet des ehemaligen Seefernhandelszentruns von Alt-Hormoz lokalisierten Fundorte basiert auf voneinander unabh{\"a}ngigen Auswertungen verschiedener Oberfl{\"a}chen- oder Kleinlesefund-gruppen (qualitativer Ansatz). Eine zentrale Stellung nahmen dabei fern{\"o}stliche Keramiktypen ein. Es wurde aber auch islamische Keramik mit in die Auswertung ein bezogen. Um die {\"u}ber die fern{\"o}stliche und die islamische Keramik gewonnenen Erkenntnisse abzusichern wurden auch chinesische M{\"u}nzen datiert.. Da Alt-Hormoz im 13. Jahrhundert eine M{\"u}nzst{\"a}tte war ließen sich zahllose islamische M{\"u}nzen nachweisen, wovon ein Teil datierbar war und in erster Linie der M{\"u}nzst{\"a}tte Alt-Hormoz zugeordnet werden konnte. Diese materiellen {\"U}berreste aus der 1300 AD verlassenen Hafenstadt Alt-Hormoz unterscheiden sich signifikant von denen, wie sie am Standort des Seefernhandelszentrums von Neu-Hormoz (Insel Jarun) aus dem 14. und 15. Jahrhundert bekannt sind. Die Qualit{\"a}t und die Quantit{\"a}t der am Fundort Kalatun (Alt-Hormoz) an der Oberfl{\"a}che nachgewiesenen Baumaterialien lassen {\"u}berhaupt keinen Zweifel daran, dass es sich hier um die architektonischen {\"U}berreste einer historischen Hafenstadt handelt, deren Bewohner am eintr{\"a}glichen, internationalen Seefernhandelsgesch{\"a}ft partizipierten.}, subject = {Hormos}, language = {de} } @misc{Cammerer2009, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Cammerer, Holger}, title = {Minderung von Hochwassersch{\"a}den durch Fr{\"u}hwarnung und Eigenvorsorge - Eine statistische Analyse von Befragungen in Privathaushalten in Deutschland und {\"O}sterreich}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47314}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2009}, abstract = {Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, anhand von aktuellen Hochwasserschadensdaten aus Telefonbefragungen in Privathaushalten in Deutschland und {\"O}sterreich die Minderung von Hochwassersch{\"a}den durch Fr{\"u}hwarnung und privater Eigenvorsorge zu quantifizieren. Im ersten Schritt wurden die Datens{\"a}tze aus den vier zugrunde liegenden Befragungen zu den Hochwasserereignissen der Jahre 2002, 2005 und 2006 zusammengef{\"u}hrt und die Hochwassersch{\"a}den auf das Referenzjahr 2007 angepasst. Um das Schadensminderungspotenzial von Fr{\"u}hwarnung und diversen Vorsorge-/ Notmaßnahmen beurteilen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurde der konsistente Datensatz nach verschiedenen schadensbestimmenden Faktoren (Wasserstand, Hochwassertyp, Kontaminationsart und Hochwassererfahrung) aufgeteilt. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass eine Hochwasserwarnung z.B. durch Beh{\"o}rden den Schaden am Geb{\"a}ude und Hausrat nur dann reduzieren kann, wenn der Fr{\"u}hwarnungsinhalt klar verst{\"a}ndlich oder das Wissen der Betroffenen ausreichend ist, wie man sich und seinen Haushalt vor dem Hochwasser sch{\"u}tzen kann (durch das Ergreifen von Notmaßnahmen). Der Nutzen einer langfristigen Vorsorge, insbesondere von baulichen Maßnahmen, wurde in dieser Studie sehr deutlich. Vor allem die geringwertige Nutzung der hochwassergef{\"a}hrdeten Stockwerke und die hochwasserangepasste Inneneinrichtung konnten die Sch{\"a}den am Geb{\"a}ude und Inventar erheblich reduzieren.}, subject = {Hochwasser}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Buedel2020, author = {B{\"u}del, Christian}, title = {Quaternary alluvial fan morphodynamics and basin sedimentation in North Iran}, edition = {1. Auflage}, publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, address = {W{\"u}rzburg}, isbn = {978-3-95826-114-3}, issn = {0510-9833}, doi = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-115-0}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184508}, school = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press}, pages = {XI, 124}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Several hundred meter thick alluvial fans are dominating the landscape of semiarid plains of north-eastern Iranian mountain-talus. These fans developed since Miocene times and are still prograding today. They are storing and transporting major amount of weathered debris from the mountain ranges and sediments are directed to the depressions of the endorheic basins. In this course, the debris gets increasingly weathered and abraded to sand silt and clay fractions, which finally constitute the fine loamy layers of the typical central playa lakes and playas. The study focused on the detailed investigation of a characteristic section of this prominent sediment cascades. The sediments were planned be comprehensively documented by using a fully analytical geomorphological mapping approach, also suitable for the classification of the sediment's geomorphological system contexts. Therefore, a geodatabase structure was developed, which is capable of managing and analyzing geomorphological data. The corresponding data was acquired using remote sensing imagery, digital elevation models and field mapping campaigns. Additionally, mapped sediments were selected and analyzed to reveal representative stratigraphic and sedimentologic characteristics. The fieldwork was conducted in Damghan Basin on sections in geomorphologically subdivided alluvial apron sediments. The corresponding, more regularly layered and partly laminated sediments from the central playa, were also investigated and comparably described. Attending to the preparation of profile sections and the percussion core probing, samples from both origins were taken. Detailed lithostratigraphical and geochemical analyses were carried out in the laboratory, in order to develop sound comparable sediment and sediment alteration indices. In addition, OSL sampling was done on distinct alluvial fan surfaces, and the samples were measured and dated in the laboratory in order to develop a functional chronostratigraphy. The results of the geomorphological and stratigraphical investigations reveal five classes of surface ages on the alluvial apron. Parallel to that observation, the ramming core samples exhibit four main phases of sediment development in the playa, each with internal differentiation. This brings up opportunities for a valid correlation of continuously deposited playa sediments, with widespread alluvial surfaces. By considering the OSL ages of selected terrestrial and lacustrine layers, the stratigraphy and relative chronological order of the studied sediments, are aligned to Pleistocene and mid to late Holocene periods. This is also confirmed by proxy ages from the chronological framework of the landscape development, within the basin. Geophysical and geochemical data reveals roughly cyclic sedimentation and sediment alteration that can also be observed in genetically differing geoarchives from alluvial fan surfaces to the playa sediments. These parallel developments are confirmed by the sequence-stratigraphic order of the archives which is derived from geomorphological mapping. We postulate a time span covered by the playa sediments from today to late Pleistocene times. Drying and Lake level retreat at the end of Pleistocene is documented in parallel geoarchives of terrestrial and lacustrine origin. Thus, geomorphologic landform-succession and alluvial fan morphogenesis, as well as geochemical and geophysical fingerprinting data of playa sediments characterize this development. Therefore, it is present in the two youngest generations of alluvial fans, which deposited at the toe of the alluvial apron and which incorporate reworked still water deposits of a former lake level terrace. The geochemical parameters, like pH-value and Ca/S-ratio, in both, sediments of a former lake level and those from the recent playa extent exhibit a similar development. In addition, Ti/Al-ratio shows the potential for quantifying lake level retreat, as it seems to be tightly depending on lake level and increasing transportation distances along the sediment cascade. Major Findings - Analytical geomorphological mapping is a key tool for understanding the sedimentation history of the Iranian Quaternary and for describing Quaternary stratigraphic units of North Iran. - The younger playa deposits in Damghan Basin cover a time span from today to late Pleistocene. They are 10 meters thick and reveal very low organic matter contents throughout the core. - Drying and Lake level retreat is documented in parallel geoarchives (1) in geomorphologic landform-succession and alluvial fan morphogenesis and (2) in geochemical and geophysical fingerprinting data of playa sediments - Sequences of torrential sedimentation are detectable signals and can be correlated in both: playa sediments and landform morphology}, subject = {Quart{\"a}rgeomorphologie}, language = {en} } @article{BuscheSponholz1992, author = {Busche, Detlef and Sponholz, Barbara}, title = {Morphological and micromorphological aspects of the sandstone karst of eastern Niger}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56672}, year = {1992}, abstract = {Die Arbeit beschreibt im ersten Teil die Auswirkung der Sandstein- und Eisenkrustenverkarstung auf das Plateaurelief des {\"o}stlichen Niger. Angesprochen werden die abflußlosen Karstdepressionen auf den Plateaudachfl{\"a}chen, die Rolle intensiver Verkarstung bei der Herauspr{\"a}parierung von Sandsteins{\"a}ulen an H{\"a}ngen, von Plateauspornen und Inselbergen, die Mitwirkung bei der Talbildung sowie Einsturzdolinen an H{\"a}ngen. Im zweiten Teil wird die Mikromorphologie von Karsth{\"o}hlen{\"u}berz{\"u}gen aus der Endphase der phreatischen Karstl{\"o}sung beschrieben. Oberfl{\"a}chennahe K{\"o}rner weisen starke Korrosion auf. Phosphor in der wiederausgef{\"a}llten Matrix und eingekieselte Bakterien deuten auf eine organische Komponente bei der Ausbildung des terti{\"a}ren Silikatkarsts.}, subject = {Geographie}, language = {de} } @article{BuscheSponholz1988, author = {Busche, Detlef and Sponholz, Barbara}, title = {Karsterscheinungen in nichtkarbonatischen Gesteinen der Republik Niger}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55858}, year = {1988}, abstract = {Vorgestellt werden L{\"o}sungsformen in karbonatfreien Sandsteinen und Eisenkrusten der {\"o}stlichen Republik Niger. Diese Formen haben eine außerordentlich weite Verbreitung und sind wesentliche Elemente der Landschaft. Beschrieben werden sowohl auf den Dachfl{\"a}chen der s{\"u}dsaharisch/sahelischen Schichtstufen entwickelte Depressionen mit subterraner Entw{\"a}sserung als auch an Wadi h{\"a}ngen und steilen Stufenabschnitten gekappte, horizontal bis schr{\"a}g verlaufende H{\"o}hlen und R{\"o}hren. Viele dieser L{\"o}sungsformen sind zumindest in Resten noch von einer Eisen- oder Kieselkruste ausgekleidet, die u.a. als Indiz f{\"u}r eine Entstehung der Formen im Grundwasserbereich angesehen werden kann. Die Anlage der Karstformen w{\"a}re demnach noch vor die Herauspr{\"a}parierung der Stufen und Inselberge im ausgehenden Terti{\"a}r zu stellen. Die Karstformen in nichtkarbonatischen Gesteinen gleichen bis ins Detail denen des Karbonatkarstes. Eine initiale Formung durch {\"a}olische oder fluviatile Prozesse oder durch Piping kann ausgeschlossen werden.}, subject = {Geographie}, language = {de} } @article{BucheltBloetheKuenzeretal.2023, author = {Buchelt, Sebastian and Bl{\"o}the, Jan Henrik and Kuenzer, Claudia and Schmitt, Andreas and Ullmann, Tobias and Philipp, Marius and Kneisel, Christof}, title = {Deciphering small-scale seasonal surface dynamics of rock glaciers in the Central European Alps using DInSAR time series}, series = {Remote Sensing}, volume = {15}, journal = {Remote Sensing}, number = {12}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs15122982}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-362939}, year = {2023}, abstract = {The Essential Climate Variable (ECV) Permafrost is currently undergoing strong changes due to rising ground and air temperatures. Surface movement, forming characteristic landforms such as rock glaciers, is one key indicator for mountain permafrost. Monitoring this movement can indicate ongoing changes in permafrost; therefore, rock glacier velocity (RGV) has recently been added as an ECV product. Despite the increased understanding of rock glacier dynamics in recent years, most observations are either limited in terms of the spatial coverage or temporal resolution. According to recent studies, Sentinel-1 (C-band) Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) has potential for monitoring RGVs at high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, the suitability of DInSAR for the detection of heterogeneous small-scale spatial patterns of rock glacier velocities was never at the center of these studies. We address this shortcoming by generating and analyzing Sentinel-1 DInSAR time series over five years to detect small-scale displacement patterns of five high alpine permafrost environments located in the Central European Alps on a weekly basis at a range of a few millimeters. Our approach is based on a semi-automated procedure using open-source programs (SNAP, pyrate) and provides East-West displacement and elevation change with a ground sampling distance of 5 m. Comparison with annual movement derived from orthophotos and unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV) data shows that DInSAR covers about one third of the total movement, which represents the proportion of the year suited for DInSAR, and shows good spatial agreement (Pearson R: 0.42-0.74, RMSE: 4.7-11.6 cm/a) except for areas with phase unwrapping errors. Moreover, the DInSAR time series unveils spatio-temporal variations and distinct seasonal movement dynamics related to different drivers and processes as well as internal structures. Combining our approach with in situ observations could help to achieve a more holistic understanding of rock glacier dynamics and to assess the future evolution of permafrost under changing climatic conditions.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Braetz2000, author = {Br{\"a}tz, Helene}, title = {Radiometrische Altersdatierungen und geochemische Untersuchungen von Orthogneisen, Graniten und Granitporphyren aus dem Ruhlaer Kristallin, Mitteldeutsche Kristallinzone}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2320}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2000}, abstract = {Das Ruhlaer Kristallin (RK) ist Teil der NE-streichenden, variszisch angelegten Mitteldeutschen Kristallinzone. Das RK liegt am Nordwestrand des Th{\"u}ringer Wald Horstes und wird von der NW-streichenden, variszisch bis rezent aktiven Fr{\"a}nkischen Linie durchschnitten. Die vier strukturell-metamorphen Einheiten (Truse Formation, Ruhla Formation, Brotterode Formation und Zentrales Kristallin) werden von Graniten, Dioriten und subvulkanischen G{\"a}ngen intrudiert. Zirkondatierungen ergaben, daß das RK vom Silur bis zum Perm von mindestens f{\"u}nf magmatischen Ereignissen betroffen war. Das {\"a}lteste magmatische Ereignis um 425 Ma zeigen Zirkone zweier Orthogneise aus der Ruhlaer Formation. Geochemisch {\"a}hneln diese Orthogneise Granitoiden, die im Bereich vulkanischer Inselb{\"o}gen (VAG) intrudieren. Dagegen zeigen die Orthogneise aus dem Zentralen Kristallin ein zweites, deutlich j{\"u}ngeres magmatisches Ereignis um 405 Ma an. Die sp{\"a}tsilurischen Orthogneise sind I-Typ Granitoide mit {\"A}hnlichkeiten zu VAG, der fr{\"u}hdevonische Orthogneis ist ein A-types Gestein mit Intraplatten-Granit (WPG) Signatur. Nahezu alle Orthogneise haben Zirkone mit deutlich h{\"o}heren, proterozoischen Alterswerten, die Orthogneis-Protolithe haben demnach bei der Platznahme {\"a}lteres Krustenmaterial assimiliert und/oder wurden daraus erschmolzen. Das dritte magmatische Ereignis wird mit der kompressiven Phase der Variszischen Gebirgsbildung in Verbindung gebracht und ist durch die Intrusion des Th{\"u}ringer Hauptgranits um 350 Ma angezeigt. Es handelt sich um einen I-Typ Granit {\"a}hnlich denen die an kontinentalen Inselb{\"o}gen intrudieren. W{\"a}hrend der extensionalen Phase der Gebirgsbildung kam es im sp{\"a}ten Karbon/ fr{\"u}hen Perm (um 295 Ma) zur Intrusion von zahlreichen Magmatiten. Geochemisch handelt es sich bei den Granitoiden des vierten magmatischen Ereignisses um post-kollisionale A-Typ Granite. Diese werden von G{\"a}ngen rhyolithischer Zusammensetzung durchschnitten. Die G{\"a}nge k{\"o}nnen dem Sp{\"a}tkarbon/Rotliegend Vulkanismus im Th{\"u}ringer Wald zugeordnet werden und repr{\"a}sentieren das f{\"u}nfte magmatische Ereignis (um 280 Ma) im RK. Die NNE-SSW-streichenden G{\"a}nge sind dabei {\"a}lter als die NW-SE-streichenden G{\"a}nge. Eine geochemisch bearbeitete Probe besitzt alkaligranitische Zusammensetzung und zeigt {\"A}hnlichkeit mit WPG.}, subject = {Ruhlaer Kristallin}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Breitkreuz2008, author = {Breitkreuz, Hanne-Katarin}, title = {Solare Strahlungsprognosen f{\"u}r energiewirtschaftliche Anwendungen - Der Einfluss von Aerosolen auf das sichtbare Strahlungsangebot}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28200}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, year = {2008}, abstract = {F{\"u}r eine dauerhaft gesicherte und umweltgerechte Energieerzeugung kommt den erneuerbaren Energien in Zukunft eine immer gr{\"o}ßere Bedeutung zu. Dies stellt eine große Herausforderung f{\"u}r die Entwicklung zuk{\"u}nftiger Energiesysteme dar, da erneuerbare Energietr{\"a}ger zeitlich und r{\"a}umlich zumeist hoch variabel zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen. Eine effiziente Integration solar erzeugter Energie in das bestehende Energieversorgungsnetz ist daher nur m{\"o}glich, wenn verl{\"a}ssliche Nahe-Echtzeit-Vorhersagen der am Erdboden verf{\"u}gbaren Einstrahlung und ein- bis dreit{\"a}gige Vorhersagen von Energieproduktion und -nachfrage zur Verf{\"u}gung stehen. Die vorliegende Arbeit besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Vorhersage der solaren Strahlung f{\"u}r die n{\"a}chsten Tage und Stunden im Hinblick auf Anwendungen in der Energiewirtschaft. Der dominante Atmosph{\"a}renparameter f{\"u}r die Abschw{\"a}chung der solaren Einstrahlung ist die Bew{\"o}lkung. Das gr{\"o}ßte wirtschaftliche Potential der Solarenergie liegt jedoch in Zeitr{\"a}umen und Regionen, in denen wenig Bew{\"o}lkung auftritt. Im wolkenlosen Fall beeinflussen vor allem Aerosole, feste und fl{\"u}ssige Partikel in der Atmosph{\"a}re, die direkte und diffuse Strahlung am Erdboden. Aerosole sind durch eine hohe zeitliche und r{\"a}umliche Variabilit{\"a}t gekennzeichnet, die die Bestimmung ihrer raumzeitlichen Verteilung und damit ihres Einflusses auf die Strahlung erschwert und einen hohen Aufwand zu ihrer Prognose erforderlich macht. Am Beispiel eines f{\"u}nfmonatigen europ{\"a}ischen Datensatzes (Juli-November 2003) werden Prognosen der aerosoloptischen Tiefe bei 550 nm (AOT550) untersucht, die aus Aerosolvorhersagen eines Chemie-Transport-Modells stammen. Es zeigt sich, dass im Vergleich mit Bodenmessungen die Aerosolprognosen mit einer mittleren Untersch{\"a}tzung von -0,11 und einem RMSE von 0,20 die geforderte Genauigkeit nicht ganz erreichen. Dabei stellen insbesondere die unregelm{\"a}ßig auftretenden Saharastaubausbr{\"u}che {\"u}ber dem zentralen Mittelmeer eine im Modell bisher nicht erfassbare Quelle großer Ungenauigkeiten in der AOT- und damit auch in der Strahlungsvorhersage dar. Entsprechend der hohen regionalen Aerosol-Variabilit{\"a}t finden sich zudem signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Regionen, zum Beispiel eine deutliche Untersch{\"a}tzung des Aerosolaufkommens in der stark industriell belasteten Po-Ebene Norditaliens sowie gute Entsprechungen in abgelegenen Gegenden Nordeuropas. Basierend auf dieser Aerosol-Prognose und unter Einbeziehung weiterer Fernerkundungsdaten (Bodenalbedo, Ozon) und Parametern aus der numerischen Wetterprognose (Wasserdampf, Wolken) wird ein Prototyp f{\"u}r ein Vorhersagesystem der Solarstrahlung konzipiert und vorgestellt: das AFSOL-System (Aerosol-based Forecasts of Solar Irradiance for Energy Applications). An Hand der f{\"u}nfmonatigen Testepisode wird das AFSOL-System mit Vorhersagen des Europ{\"a}ischen Zentrums f{\"u}r Mittelfrist-Wettervorhersage (ECMWF), mit satellitenbasierten Beobachtungen der Solarstrahlung (Meteosat-7) und mit Bodenmessungen der Solarstrahlung verglichen. F{\"u}r den wolkenlosen Fall erzielt das AFSOL-Modellsystem eine deutliche Verbesserung der Direktstrahlungsprognosen gegen{\"u}ber den ECMWF-Vorhersagen, mit einer Reduktion des relativen Bias von -26\% auf +11\% und des relativen RMSE von 31\% auf 19\%. Dies kann auf die verbesserte Beschreibung des atmosph{\"a}rischen Aerosols zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden, die sich im Vergleich zu den am ECMWF genutzten AOT-Klimatologien ergibt, auch wenn insbesondere bei der Behandlung von W{\"u}stenstaubepisoden weiterhin Probleme auftreten. Auch die Globalstrahlungsprognosen erreichen im wolkenlosen Fall eine h{\"o}here Genauigkeit als die operationell verf{\"u}gbaren ECMWF-Vorhersagen, was sich in einer Verringerung des relativen Bias von -10\% zu +5\% sowie des relativen RMSE von 12\% zu 7\% zeigt. Im bew{\"o}lkten Fall jedoch k{\"o}nnen die Vorhersagen des AFSOL-Systems erhebliche Ungenauigkeiten aufweisen, die sich auf Grund von Problemen bei der Wolkenprognose des zu Grunde liegenden numerischen Wettervorhersagemodells ergeben. Abschließend wird in einer Fallstudie zur Verwendung der Vorhersagen f{\"u}r die optimale Betriebsf{\"u}hrung eines solarthermischen Kraftwerks in Spanien beispielhaft gezeigt, dass die Nutzung der AFSOL-Prognose im wolkenlosen Fall eine deutliche Gewinnsteigerung bei der Einspeisung ins {\"o}ffentliche Stromnetz durch den Handel an der spanischen Stromb{\"o}rse erm{\"o}glicht.}, subject = {Aerosol}, language = {de} }