@article{SchuesslerOppermannKreuzeretal.1986,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Oppermann, Uwe and Kreuzer, Hans and Seidel, Eberhard and Okrusch, Martin and Lenz, Karl-Ludwig and Raschka, Helmut},
  title     = {Zur Altersstellung des ostbayerischen Kristallins - Ergebnisse neuer K-Ar Datierungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31778},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Sponholz1988,
  author    = {Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Beobachtungen zur Morphodynamik an Koris des s{\"u}dlichen Air-Vorlandes (Niger)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53579},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Am Beispiel von vier Koris l) (T{\´e}loua, Barghot, Tazol{\´e}, Oufagu{\´e}dout) des s{\"u}dlichen Air-Vorlandes werden Beobachtungen zum aktuellen morphodynamischen Geschehen dieser Region vorgestellt. Durch die regionalen Unterschiede der durchschnittlichen j{\"a}hrlichen Niederschlagsh{\"o}hen und durch unterschiedliche Charakteristika ihrer Einzugsgebiete k{\"o}nnen diese vier Koris als typische Vertreter verschiedener fluviatil/{\"a}olischer Formungsgruppen angesehen werden. Der {\"U}bergang von vorherrschend fluviatiler zu vorherrschend {\"a}olischer Formung liegt dabei im Bereich des Kori Oufagu{\´e}dout, im {\"o}stlichen Teil des Untersuchungsraumes. Hier konnte durch mehrere Sch{\"u}rfe auch der zeitliche {\"U}bergang zwischen beiden Formungskreisen in der j{\"u}ngeren Reliefgeschichte nachgewiesen werden.},
  subject      = {Geographie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BuscheSponholz1988,
  author    = {Busche, Detlef and Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Karsterscheinungen in nichtkarbonatischen Gesteinen der Republik Niger},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55858},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Vorgestellt werden L{\"o}sungsformen in karbonatfreien Sandsteinen und Eisenkrusten der {\"o}stlichen Republik Niger. Diese Formen haben eine außerordentlich weite Verbreitung und sind wesentliche Elemente der Landschaft. Beschrieben werden sowohl auf den Dachfl{\"a}chen der s{\"u}dsaharisch/sahelischen Schichtstufen entwickelte Depressionen mit subterraner Entw{\"a}sserung als auch an Wadi h{\"a}ngen und steilen Stufenabschnitten gekappte, horizontal bis schr{\"a}g verlaufende H{\"o}hlen und R{\"o}hren. Viele dieser L{\"o}sungsformen sind zumindest in Resten noch von einer Eisen- oder Kieselkruste ausgekleidet, die u.a. als Indiz f{\"u}r eine Entstehung der Formen im Grundwasserbereich angesehen werden kann. Die Anlage der Karstformen w{\"a}re demnach noch vor die Herauspr{\"a}parierung der Stufen und Inselberge im ausgehenden Terti{\"a}r zu stellen. Die Karstformen in nichtkarbonatischen Gesteinen gleichen bis ins Detail denen des Karbonatkarstes. Eine initiale Formung durch {\"a}olische oder fluviatile Prozesse oder durch Piping kann ausgeschlossen werden.},
  subject      = {Geographie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Schuessler1988,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich},
  title     = {Mobilisation einzelner Elemente in Amphiboliten aus der Umgebung der KTB-Lokation, Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss, n{\"o}rdliche Oberpfalz},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39248},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Mineralogie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{BaumhauerBuscheSponholz1989,
  author    = {Baumhauer, Roland and Busche, Detlef and Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Reliefgeschichte und Pal{\"a}oklima des saharischen Ost-Niger},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55378},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Der gr{\"o}ßte Teil des zentralsaharischen Reliefs ist unter dem Einfluß nicht-arider Klimate gebildet worden. Andererseits gab es im Pleistoz{\"a}n {\"a}olisch gepr{\"a}gte aride Phasen, die extremer als heutige gewesen sind. Der Kenntnisstand zur Reliefgeschichte erlaubt es, daraus die Grundz{\"u}ge der Klimageschichte eines großen Teils der s{\"u}dlich-zentralen Sahara abzuleiten.},
  subject      = {Geographie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchuesslerRichterOkrusch1989,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Richter, P. and Okrusch, Martin},
  title     = {Metabasites from the KTB Oberpfalz target area, Bavaria - geochemical characteristics and examples of mobile behaviour of "immobile" elements},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31021},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KreuzerSeidelSchuessleretal.1989,
  author    = {Kreuzer, Hans and Seidel, Eberhard and Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Okrusch, Martin and Lenz, Karl-Ludwig and Raschka, Helmut},
  title     = {K-Ar geochronology of different tectonic units at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31811},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchuesslerKreuzerVejnaretal.1989,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Kreuzer, H.. and Vejnar, Z. and Okrusch, M. and Seidel, E. and Kopeck{\´y}, L. and Patzak, M.},
  title     = {Geochemische Untersuchungen und K-Ar Datierungen in der Zone Tepl-Taus},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81840},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {no abstract available},
  subject      = {Tepl-Taus},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Sponholz1990,
  author    = {Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Sedimentologische Untersuchungen an Verf{\"u}llungen von Silikatkarstformen im Djado und an der Stufe von Bilma (NE-Niger)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56650},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {Vorstellung eines durch die Jubil{\"a}umsstiftung der Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg gef{\"o}rderten Forschungsvorhabens},
  subject      = {Geographie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Schuessler1990,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich},
  title     = {Petrographie, Geochemie und Metamorphosealter von Metabasiten im KTB-Zielgebiet Oberpfalz},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31694},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {An Metabasiten der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß, der Erbendorfer Gr{\"u}nschieferzone und der Zone Tirschenreuth-M{\"a}hring wurden petrographische, geochemische und phasenpetrologische Untersuchungen sowie K-Ar-Mineraldatierungen durchgef{\"u}hrt. In der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß treten in regionaler Abh{\"a}ngigkeit drei Haupttypen von Metabasiten auf: 1. Flaseramphibolite mit der Paragenese Hornblende + Oligoklas/ Andesin + Granat ± Salit und mit Plagioklas- und / oder Kalksilikat-reichen Flasern findet man haupts{\"a}chlich im n{\"o}rdlichen und zentralen Teil der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß. Geochemisch zeigen sie eine deutliche Anreicherung der inkompatiblen Elemente und der leichten Seltenerdelemente und sind vergleichbar mit modernen Tholeiiten von ozeanischen Inseln oder anomalen Abschnitten mittelozeanischer R{\"u}kken. Ein kontinentaler Intraplatten-Charakter scheint nicht gegeben. In der Kontaktaureole von Windisch-Eschenbach wurde ein Teil der Flaseramphibolite kontaktmetamorph {\"u}berpr{\"a}gt. 2. Schiefrige, teils streifige Amphibolite mit der Paragenese Hornblende + Andesin / Labrador ± Salit dominieren im S{\"u}d teil der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß, erscheinen aber in einzelnen Ausstrichen auch im Norden. Die Streifung entsteht durch Plagioklas- und / oder Kalksilikat-reiche Zwischenlagen. Geochemisch sind diese Amphibolite bei flachen Spurenelement- und Seltenerdelement- Mustern vergleichbar mit modernen Tholeiiten von normalen Abschnitten mittelozeanischer R{\"u}cken. Sowohl Flaseramphibolite als auch schiefrige, teils streifige Amphibolite zeigen {\"U}berg{\"a}nge zu massigen, homogenen Amphiboliten. 3. Metagabbros mit der Paragenese Hornblende + Plagioklas ± Biotit und einer grobk{\"o}rnigen, gabbro iden Textur treten haupts{\"a}chlich im Bereich der Schuppenzone Michldorf-Kaimling (VOLL 1960) auf. Geochemisch nehmen sie bei einer schwachen Anreicherung der inkompatiblen Elemente eine Zwischenstellung zwischen Flaseramphiboliten und schiefrigen, teils streifigen Amphiboliten ein. In der Erbendorfer Gr{\"u}nschieferzone treten Metagabbros und schiefrige, teils gestreifte Amphibolite mit der Paragenese Hornblende + Oligoklas ± Epidot ± Chlorit auf. Die Amphibolite wurden z. T. stark retrograd {\"u}berpr{\"a}gt und dabei auch deformiert. Dies wird auf gr{\"o}ßere, post-regionalmetamorphe, tektonische Bewegungen, m{\"o}glicherweise Decken{\"u}berschiebungen zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt. Geochemisch sind die Metabasite der Erbendorfer Gr{\"u}nschieferzone mit modernen tholeiitischen bis kalkalkalischen, subduktionsgebundenen Basalten vergleichbar. Sie unterscheiden sich damit v{\"o}llig von den s{\"u}dlich angrenzenden Flaseramphiboliten der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß und den n{\"o}rdlich benachbarten Amphiboliten des Fichtelgebirges. Dies unterstreicht die Stellung der Erbendorfer Gr{\"u}nschieferzone als eigenst{\"a}ndige tektonische Einheit. Im Vergleich mit dem M{\"u}nchberger Komplex zeigt die Erbendorfer Gr{\"u}nschieferzone große {\"A}hnlichkeit mit der Prasinit-Phyllit-Serie hinsichtlich der tektonischen Stellung, der Lithologie und insbesondere des geochemischen Charakters der Metabasite. Zwischen der Zone Erbendorf-Vohen-strauß und den M{\"u}nchberger Serien konnten bez{\"u}glich der Metabasite dagegen keine Parallelen festgestellt werden. Schiefrige, teils streifige Amphibolite der Zone Tirschenreuth-M{\"a}hring mit der Paragenese Hornblende + Andesin ± Salit (± Granat) und hellen Plagioklas- oder Kalksilikat-reichen Lagen sind geochemisch mit modernen Basalten normaler mittel ozeanischer R{\"u}cken vergleichbar. Die untersuchten Metabasite d{\"u}rften die Zusammensetzung des basaltischen Ausgangsmaterials zumindest ann{\"a}hernd wiedergeben. In einigen F{\"a}llen wurde jedoch eine sekund{\"a}re Mobilisation von Elementen festgestellt: Die kontaktmetamorphe {\"U}berpr{\"a}gung eines Teils der Flaseramphibolite in der Kontaktaureole von Windisch-Eschenbach f{\"u}hrte zu einer deutlichen Anreicherung von Rb, Li und K und zu einer Abreicherung von Ca, Sr und V, insbesondere aber von Cr und Ni. Die sog. immobilen Elemente Nb, Ce, (P), Zr, Ti, Y, Sc streuen in einem deutlich breiteren Bereich als bei den nicht kontaktmetamorphen Flaseramphiboliten. In einer Probe sind die Seltenerdelemente insgesamt angereichert. Eine Mobilisation von P20 S und den leichten Seltenerdelementen in einigen schiefrigen, teils streifigen Amphiboliten der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß und in einigen kontaktmetamorphen Flaseramphiboliten wird auf einen Abbau von Apatit im Zuge einer post-regionalmetamorphen, m{\"o}glicherweise postgranitischen, hydrothermalen {\"U}berpr{\"a}gung zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt. Mineralchemische Untersuchungen ergaben f{\"u}r die Zusammensetzung der Hornblenden aus Amphiboliten der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß deutliche regionale Unterschiede, die weitgehend unabh{\"a}ngig von der regionalen Verteilung der einzelnen Metabasit-Haupttypen sind. Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Granat untermauern eine vermutete, fr{\"u}here, eklogitfazielle {\"U}berpr{\"a}gung eines Granatamphibolits vom Nordrand der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß bei Hauxdorf. K-Ar-Altersdatierungen an Hornblende- und Glimmerkonzentraten belegen, daß das letzte, (Mitteldruck-) metamorphe Ereignis im Westteil der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß vor etwa 380 Ma beendet war. Dieses Alter wird korreliert mit einer letzten Metamorphose der h{\"o}hermetamorphen Serien des M{\"u}nchberger Komplexes zur gleichen Zeit. Im Ostteil der Zone Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß treten j{\"u}ngere Altersdaten mit einem Schwerpunkt bei 324 Ma auf, die entweder auf einen Einfluß der etwa gleichalten Niederdruck-Metamorphose im unmittelbar benachbarten Moldanubikum i. e. S. oder auf die Intrusion des 324 Ma alten (K{\"O}HLER et al. 1974) Leuchtenberger Granits zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren sind. Im {\"U}bergangsbereich vom Saxothuringikum zum Moldanubikum bei M{\"a}hring zeigen Altersdaten um 320Ma das Ende der letzten (Niederdruck-)Metamorphose an.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchuesslerSkinnerRoland1990,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Skinner, D. N. B. and Roland, N.},
  title     = {Basischer bis intermedi{\"a}rer Plutonismus im NW-Teil des Wilson Terrane, Nordvictorialand, Antarktis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81850},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {no abstract available},
  subject      = {Wilson Terrane},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchuesslerOkruschPatzaketal.1990,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Okrusch, M. and Patzak, M. and M{\"u}ller, P. and Kreuzer, H.},
  title     = {The polyphase thermal history of the Erbendorf-Vohenstrauß (ZEV) and the Erbendorf Greenschist (EGZ) zones of NE Bavaria in the light of Ar-Ar spectra},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81862},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {no abstract available},
  subject      = {Erbendorf},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vonGehlenMatthesOkruschetal.1990,
  author    = {von Gehlen, K. and Matthes, S. and Okrusch, Martin and Richter, P. and R{\"o}hr, C. and Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich},
  title     = {Metapyroxenite in der KTB-Vorbohrung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87539},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Sponholz1990,
  author    = {Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Silicate karst in eastern Niger - a geomorphological study},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86846},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {Niger <Ost>},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchulzJosephBaumhaueretal.1990,
  author    = {Schulz, Erhard and Joseph, Alain and Baumhauer, Roland and Schultze, Ekkerhard and Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Upper Pleistocene and Holocene history of the Bilma region (Kawar, NE-Niger)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86828},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {A 42 m drilling was pertormed in the depresalon of Bilma, Xawar, NE-Niger. The sediment and pollen records show that after an initial deposition of dune sands there were repeated lake phases which terminated by desiccation and consolidation of spring mounds. The pollen record indicates a continuous presence of savanna vegetation. The record probably covers the period between the Upper Pleistocene and the Late Holocene. The climate was characterised by a monssonal summer rain regime giving effective rain fall of about 450-500 mm per year. Groundwater recharge was possible but estimates of the amount of water resources are difficult because of the karstic system of the escarpment and the nearly unknown hydrogeological situation.},
  subject      = {Pleistoz{\"a}n},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchuesslerTalarico1991,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Talarico, F.},
  title     = {Granulite facies rocks from the Ross orogenic belt, Northern-Victoria-Land, Antarctica},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81889},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {no abstract available},
  subject      = {Geographie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BuscheSponholz1992,
  author    = {Busche, Detlef and Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Morphological and micromorphological aspects of the sandstone karst of eastern Niger},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56672},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Die Arbeit beschreibt im ersten Teil die Auswirkung der Sandstein- und Eisenkrustenverkarstung auf das Plateaurelief des {\"o}stlichen Niger. Angesprochen werden die abflußlosen Karstdepressionen auf den Plateaudachfl{\"a}chen, die Rolle intensiver Verkarstung bei der Herauspr{\"a}parierung von Sandsteins{\"a}ulen an H{\"a}ngen, von Plateauspornen und Inselbergen, die Mitwirkung bei der Talbildung sowie Einsturzdolinen an H{\"a}ngen. Im zweiten Teil wird die Mikromorphologie von Karsth{\"o}hlen{\"u}berz{\"u}gen aus der Endphase der phreatischen Karstl{\"o}sung beschrieben. Oberfl{\"a}chennahe K{\"o}rner weisen starke Korrosion auf. Phosphor in der wiederausgef{\"a}llten Matrix und eingekieselte Bakterien deuten auf eine organische Komponente bei der Ausbildung des terti{\"a}ren Silikatkarsts.},
  subject      = {Geographie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Sponholz1992,
  author    = {Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Karstverf{\"u}llungen in Ostniger},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53866},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {Die Karstdepressionen auf den Dachfl{\"a}chen der Schichtstufen in Sahara und Sahel sind im allgemeinen von allochthonen quart{\"a}ren Lockermaterialien verf{\"u}llt. Die tieferen Verf{\"u}llungsschichten zeigen eine von Norden nach S{\"u}den zunehmende {\"U}berpr{\"a}gung durch Verwitterungs- und Bodenbildungsprozesse. Die obersten ca. 10 cm der Verf{\"u}llungen sind dagegen im ganzen Untersuchungsgebiet relativ uniform ausgebildet. Sie repr{\"a}sentieren die {\"a}olischen Ablagerungen seit der mittelholoz{\"a}nen Aridisierung. Drei Verfiillungsprofile (Seggedim, Termit-Dougoule und Koutous) werden vorgestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer pal{\"a}oklimatischen Aussagekraft {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft.},
  subject      = {Karst},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchuesslerWilhelm1992,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Wilhelm, G.},
  title     = {Mikrosondenanalytische Untersuchungen eines Kupfer-Rollsiegels des fr{\"u}hen 3. Jahrtausends v. Ch. vom Tell Karrana-3 bei Mosul, Irak},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86747},
  year      = {1992},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Mikrosonde},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{GlaserSponholz1993,
  author    = {Glaser, R{\"u}diger and Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Erste Untersuchungen von Hangrutschungen an der Frankenh{\"o}he},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53615},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Der vorliegende Beitrag faßt den derzeitigen Stand der Untersuchungen von Hangrutschungen im Bereich der Frankenh{\"o}he, die im Rahmen des EPOCH-Programmes durchgef{\"u}hrt wurden, zusammen. Nach einer Inventarisierung der regionalen Rutschungsereignisse wird die Rutschung bei Obergailnau in einer geomorphologischen Detailkartierung vorgestellt. F{\"u}r die Ausl{\"o}sung der Rutschung kommen mehrere Faktoren in Betracht: neben einer erh{\"o}hten Rutschungsanf{\"a}lligkeit aufgrund der geologisch-tektonischen Verh{\"a}ltnisse muß v.a. auch eine Einflußnahme durch die Landnutzung mit ber{\"u}cksichtigt werden. Dazu z{\"a}hlen Steinbrucharbeiten in unmittelbarer N{\"a}he der Rutschung, aber auch Wasserbaumaßnahmen am Schloßberg. In diesem potentielllabilisierten Gebiet kam es nach {\"u}berdurchschnittlichen Niederschl{\"a}gen Anfang 1958 zu einer {\"U}berschreitung der Belastungsgrenze des Hanges, die sich in einer großfl{\"a}chigen Rutschung {\"a}ußerte. Die weiteren Untersuchungen sollen zeigen, ob sich die f{\"u}r Obergailnau herausgestellten Faktorenkomplexe im regionalen Rahmen verifizieren lassen.},
  subject      = {Geographie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SponholzBaumhauerFelixHennignsen1993,
  author    = {Sponholz, Barbara and Baumhauer, Roland and Felix-Hennignsen, P.},
  title     = {Fulgurites in the southern central Sahara, Republic of Niger and their palaeoenvironmental significance},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63337},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {The mineralogical and chemical characteristics of fulgurites ( = natural glasses forrned by lightning strikes to the ground) from the southern Centrat Sahara (Niger) are presented. The fulgurites are indicators of thunderstorms. The northernmost important fulgurite formation in the study area reached up to about l8°N, with decreasing fulgurite concentration from south to north. Their distribution pattern and the relative dating of their formation in relation to Iandscape history from the Late Pleistocene onwards (e.g., palaeolakes, palaeosols), and to Neolithic settlement reveals their value as palaeoenvironmental indicators. They indicate: (1) local palaeoenvironmental conditions depending on the topographical situation in a complex dune relief; (2) climatic change during the mid-Holocene from northerly rains to southerly rains; and (3) the northernmost Iimit of important thunderstorrns and rainfall activity since this time in the southern Centrat Sahara.},
  subject      = {Sahara},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Schuessler1993,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich},
  title     = {Zur geologischen Situation der Erzlagerst{\"a}tte Kupferberg-Neufang in der Umrahmung der M{\"u}nchberger Gneismasse},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31791},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Die Kupfer-Zink-Lagerst{\"a}tte von Kupferberg-Neufang im Bereich der M{\"u}nchberger Deckenstruktur besteht aus einem etwa 4 km langen Zug einzelner stratiformer Vererzungslinsen, der in NW-SE-Richtung vom anchimetamorphen Pal{\"a}ozoikum "Bayerischer" Faziesentwicklung in die Prasinit-Phyllit-Serie hin{\"u}berzieht. Bisherige lagerst{\"a}ttenkundliche Untersuchimgen interpretierten die gesamte Lagerst{\"a}tte als einheitliche, submarin-exhalativ entstandene stratiforme Bildung in Zusammenhang mit ordovizischem basischem Vulkanismus, der in den Rahmengesteinen der Lagerst{\"a}tte durch die Diabase der anchimetamorphen Randschieferserie bzw. die Prasinite der Prasinit-Phyllit-Serie dokumentiert ist. Diese Vorstellung steht jedoch in deutlichem Widerspruch zu den Ergebnissen neuerer geochemischer und biostratigraphischer Untersuchungen, die f{\"u}r die Diabase und Prasinite eine v{\"o}llig unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung ergaben und die zeigten, daß die Prasinit-Phyllit-Serie schon im Oberproterozoikum, die erzf{\"u}hrenden Schichten im anchimetamorphen Pal{\"a}ozoikum aber erst im Unterdevon sedimentiert wurden. F{\"u}r eine Kl{\"a}rung der Situation sind weitere Untersuchungen im Bereich der Lagerst{\"a}tte erforderlich.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchuesslerSkinnerRoland1993,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Skinner, David N. B. and Roland, Norbert W.},
  title     = {Subduction-related Mafic to Intermediate Plutonism in the Northwestern Wilson Terrane, North Victoria Land and Oates Coast, Antarctica},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31805},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Sponholz1994,
  author    = {Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Silicate karst associated with lateritic formations (examples from eastern Niger)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-53852},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Silicate and iron crust karst pits and sinkholes in eastern Niger are filled with reworked lateritic sediments or with unconsolidated palaeosoils and aeolian deposits. The fillings facies depend on the environmental conditions during deposition. Geomorphological and sedimentological studies on the karst fillings and the interpretation of various karst/filling associations allow an approach to the chronology of landscape development in eastern Niger plateaus.},
  subject      = {Geographie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlemdMatthesSchuessler1994,
  author    = {Klemd, R. and Matthes, S. and Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich},
  title     = {Reaction textures and fluid behaviour in very high-pressure calc-silicate rocks of the M{\"u}nchberg gneiss complex, Bavaria, Germany},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31035},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Calc-silicate rocks occur as elliptical bands and boudins intimately interlayered with eclogites and high-pressure gneisses in the Munchberg gneiss complex of NE Bavaria. Core assemblages of the boudins consist of grossular-rich garnet, diopside, quartz, zoisite, clinozoisite, calcite, rutile and titanite. The polygonal granoblastic texture commonly displays mineral relics and reaction textures such as postkinematic grossular-rich garnet coronas. Reactions between these mineral phases have been modelled in the CaO-Al203-Si02-C02-H2 0 system with an internally consistent thermodynamic data base. High-pressure metamorphism in the calc-silicate rocks has been estimated at a minimum pressure of 31 kbar at a temperature of 630°C with X^oSQ.Gi. Small volumes of a C02-N2-rich fluid whose composition was buffered on a local scale were present at peak-metamorphic conditions. The P-T conditions for the onset of the amphibolite facies overprint are about 10 kbar at the same temperature. A'co., of the H20-rich fluid phase is regarded to have been <0.03 during amphibolite facies conditions. These P-T estimates are interpreted as representing different stages of recrystallization during isothermal decompression. The presence of multiple generations of mineral phases and the preservation of very high-pressure relics in single thin sections preclude pervasive post-peak metamorphic fluid flow as a cause of a re-equilibration within the calc-silicates. The preservation of eclogite facies, very high-pressure relics as well as amphibolite facies reactions textures in the presence of a fluid phase is in agreement with fast, tectonically driven unroofing of these rocks.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchuesslerHenjesKunst1994,
  author    = {Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Henjes-Kunst, Friedhelm},
  title     = {Petrographical and Geochronological Investigations on a Garnet-Tourmaline Pegmatite from Ringgold Knoll, Oates Coast, Antarctica},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31789},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {The Ringgold Knoll pegmatite, a late-stage member of the Granite Harbour Intrusives, crosscuts high-grade Wilson gneisses of the Oates Coast, which forms the westernmost part of the Wilson Terrane at the Pacific end of the Cambro-Ordovician Ross orogenic belt in West Antarctica. The pegmatite mineral assemblage consists of K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, garnet (almandinespessartine-pyrope), dark tourmaline (schorl-dravite), muscovite, apatite, monazite, zircon, blue AI-rich tourmaline and dumortierite in order of decreasing abundances. Major, minor and rare earth elements are reported for the greater part of the mineral assemblage. The time of pegmatite emplacement is constrained by Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isochron ages of 492 ± 8 (2a) Ma and 500 ± 40 (2a) Ma, respectively. High initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7315 ± 0.0003 and low E Nd,t of -8.7 ± 1.2 strongly support an origin of the magma from highly evolved crustal source rocks. K-Ar and Ar-Ar model ages of about 470 to 475 Ma for igneous muscovite indicate that the pegmatite together with its wall rocks spent a prolonged period at elevated temperatures before final cooling below about 350 °C. The muscovite dates may give an estimate for the time of exhumation of the Oates Coast crystalline basement along two major late Ross orogenic detachment zones within the Wilson Terrane i.e. the Wilson and the Exiles thrusts (c.f. FL{\"O}TTMANN and KLEINSCHMIDT, 1991).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RoeschHockSchuessleretal.1994,
  author    = {R{\"o}sch, C. and Hock, R. and Sch{\"u}ssler, Ulrich and Yule, P.},
  title     = {Pr{\"a}islamische Schmuckperlen aus dem Oman - Erste Ergebnisse mineralogisch-materialkundlicher Untersuchungen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-81822},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {no abstracts available},
  subject      = {Schmuckperle},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{Sponholz1994,
  author    = {Sponholz, Barbara},
  title     = {Ph{\´e}nom{\´e}nes karstiques dans les roches siliceuses au Niger oriental},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86833},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Dans le Niger oriental, des ph{\´e}nomenes karstiques sont fr{\´e}quents dans les roches siliceuses: gres, silcretes, cro{\^u}tes ferrugineuses, roches cristallines. A partir des {\´e}tudes g{\´e}omorphologiques et micromorphologiques, on peut conclure a une kartsification, au sense de production de formes par dissolution. Les r{\´e}sultats permettent de dater du Tertiaire inf{\´e}rieur la principale p{\´e}riode de karstification. La r{\´e}partition r{\´e}gionale des formes induites par cette karstification indique une d{\´e}pendance probable des conditions pal{\´e}oclimatiques. Actuellement le karst influe encore sur le d{\´e}veloppement des autres formes de relief.},
  language  = {fr}
}
@article{LandmannSchrammColditzetal.2010,
  author    = {Landmann, Tobias and Schramm, Matthias and Colditz, Rene R. and Dietz, Andreas and Dech, Stefan},
  title     = {Wide Area Wetland Mapping in Semi-Arid Africa Using 250-Meter MODIS Metrics and Topographic Variables},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68628},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Wetlands in West Africa are among the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change. West African wetlands are often freshwater transfer mechanisms from wetter climate regions to dryer areas, providing an array of ecosystem services and functions. Often wetland-specific data in Africa is only available on a per country basis or as point data. Since wetlands are challenging to map, their accuracies are not well considered in global land cover products. In this paper we describe a methodology to map wetlands using well-corrected 250-meter MODIS time-series data for the year 2002 and over a 360,000 km2 large study area in western Burkina Faso and southern Mali (West Africa). A MODIS-based spectral index table is used to map basic wetland morphology classes. The index uses the wet season near infrared (NIR) metrics as a surrogate for flooding, as a function of the dry season chlorophyll activity metrics (as NDVI). Topographic features such as sinks and streamline areas were used to mask areas where wetlands can potentially occur, and minimize spectral confusion. 30-m Landsat trajectories from the same year, over two reference sites, were used for accuracy assessment, which considered the area-proportion of each class mapped in Landsat for every MODIS cell. We were able to map a total of five wetland categories. Aerial extend of all mapped wetlands (class "Wetland") is 9,350 km2, corresponding to 4.3\% of the total study area size. The classes "No wetland"/"Wetland" could be separated with very high certainty; the overall agreement (KHAT) was 84.2\% (0.67) and 97.9\% (0.59) for the two reference sites, respectively. The methodology described herein can be employed to render wide area base line information on wetland distributions in semi-arid West Africa, as a data-scarce region. The results can provide (spatially) interoperable information feeds for inter-zonal as well as local scale water assessments.},
  subject      = {Geologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ConradFritschZeidleretal.2010,
  author    = {Conrad, Christopher and Fritsch, Sebastian and Zeidler, Julian and R{\"u}cker, Gerd and Dech, Stefan},
  title     = {Per-Field Irrigated Crop Classification in Arid Central Asia Using SPOT and ASTER Data},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68630},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The overarching goal of this research was to explore accurate methods of mapping irrigated crops, where digital cadastre information is unavailable: (a) Boundary separation by object-oriented image segmentation using very high spatial resolution (2.5-5 m) data was followed by (b) identification of crops and crop rotations by means of phenology, tasselled cap, and rule-based classification using high resolution (15-30 m) bi-temporal data. The extensive irrigated cotton production system of the Khorezm province in Uzbekistan, Central Asia, was selected as a study region. Image segmentation was carried out on pan-sharpened SPOT data. Varying combinations of segmentation parameters (shape, compactness, and color) were tested for optimized boundary separation. The resulting geometry was validated against polygons digitized from the data and cadastre maps, analysing similarity (size, shape) and congruence. The parameters shape and compactness were decisive for segmentation accuracy. Differences between crop phenologies were analyzed at field level using bi-temporal ASTER data. A rule set based on the tasselled cap indices greenness and brightness allowed for classifying crop rotations of cotton, winter-wheat and rice, resulting in an overall accuracy of 80 \%. The proposed field-based crop classification method can be an important tool for use in water demand estimations, crop yield simulations, or economic models in agricultural systems similar to Khorezm.},
  subject      = {Geologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TaubenboeckWurmNetzbandetal.2011,
  author    = {Taubenb{\"o}ck, H and Wurm, M and Netzband, M and Zwenzner, H and Roth, A and Rahman, A and Dech, S},
  title     = {Flood risks in urbanized areas - multi-sensoral approaches using remotely sensed data for risk assessment},
  series = {NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {NATURAL HAZARDS AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES},
  number    = {2},
  doi       = {10.5194/nhess-11-431-2011},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-139605},
  pages     = {431-444},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Estimating flood risks and managing disasters combines knowledge in climatology, meteorology, hydrology, hydraulic engineering, statistics, planning and geography - thus a complex multi-faceted problem. This study focuses on the capabilities of multi-source remote sensing data to support decision-making before, during and after a flood event. With our focus on urbanized areas, sample methods and applications show multi-scale products from the hazard and vulnerability perspective of the risk framework. From the hazard side, we present capabilities with which to assess flood-prone areas before an expected disaster. Then we map the spatial impact during or after a flood and finally, we analyze damage grades after a flood disaster. From the vulnerability side, we monitor urbanization over time on an urban footprint level, classify urban structures on an individual building level, assess building stability and quantify probably affected people. The results show a large database for sustainable development and for developing mitigation strategies, ad-hoc coordination of relief measures and organizing rehabilitation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Schamel2015,
  author    = {Schamel, Johannes},
  title     = {Ableitung von Pr{\"a}ferenzen aus GPS-Trajektorien bei landschaftsbezogenen Erholungsaktivit{\"a}ten},
  series = {AGIT - Journal f{\"u}r Angewandte Geoinformatik},
  volume    = {2015},
  journal   = {AGIT - Journal f{\"u}r Angewandte Geoinformatik},
  number    = {1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153590},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{DuerigGudmundssonKarmannetal.2015,
  author    = {D{\"u}rig, Tobias and Gudmundsson, Magn{\´u}s Tumi and Karmann, Sven and Zimanowski, Bernd and Dellino, Pierfrancesco and Rietze, Martin and B{\"u}ttner, Ralf},
  title     = {Mass eruption rates in pulsating eruptions estimated from video analysis of the gas thrust-buoyancy transition-a case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallaj{\"o}kull, Iceland},
  series = {Earth, Planets and Space},
  volume    = {67},
  journal   = {Earth, Planets and Space},
  number    = {180},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40623-015-0351-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-138635},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano was characterized by pulsating activity. Discrete ash bursts merged at higher altitude and formed a sustained quasi-continuous eruption column. High-resolution near-field videos were recorded on 8-10 May, during the second explosive phase of the eruption, and supplemented by contemporary aerial observations. In the observed period, pulses occurred at intervals of 0.8 to 23.4 s (average, 4.2 s). On the basis of video analysis, the pulse volume and the velocity of the reversely buoyant jets that initiated each pulse were determined. The expansion history of jets was tracked until the pulses reached the height of transition from a negatively buoyant jet to a convective buoyant plume about 100 m above the vent. Based on the assumption that the density of the gas-solid mixture making up the pulse approximates that of the surrounding air at the level of transition from the jet to the plume, a mass flux ranging between 2.2 and 3.5 . 10\(^4\) kg/s was calculated. This mass eruption rate is in good agreement with results obtained with simple models relating plume height with mass discharge at the vent. Our findings indicate that near-field measurements of eruption source parameters in a pulsating eruption may prove to be an effective monitoring tool. A comparison of the observed pulses with those generated in calibrated large-scale experiments reveals very similar characteristics and suggests that the analysis of near-field sensors could in the future help to constrain the triggering mechanism of explosive eruptions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{QamarAzmatAbbasetal.2018,
  author    = {Qamar, Muhammad Uzair and Azmat, Muhammad and Abbas, Azhar and Usman, Muhammad and Shahid, Muhammad Adnan and Khan, Zahid Mahmood},
  title     = {Water Pricing and Implementation Strategies for the Sustainability of an Irrigation System: A Case Study within the Command Area of the Rakh Branch Canal},
  series = {Water},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Water},
  number    = {4, 509},
  doi       = {10.3390/w10040509},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224711},
  pages     = {1-24},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The command area of the Rakh branch canal grows wheat, sugarcane, and rice crops in abundance. The canal water, which is trivial for irrigating these crops, is conveyed to the farms through the network of canals and distributaries. For the maintenance of this vast infrastructure; the end users are charged on a seasonal basis. The present water charges are severely criticized for not being adequate to properly manage the entire infrastructure. We use the residual value to determine the value of the irrigation water and then based on the quantity of irrigation water supplied to farm land coupled with the infrastructure maintenance cost, full cost recovery figures are executed for the study area, and policy recommendations are made for the implementation of the full cost recovery system. The approach is unique in the sense that the pricings are based on the actual quantity of water conveyed to the field for irrigating crops. The results of our analysis showed that the canal water is severely under charged in the culturable command area of selected distributaries, thus negating the plan of having a self-sustainable irrigation system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HaggMayrMannigetal.2018,
  author    = {Hagg, Wilfried and Mayr, Elisabeth and Mannig, Birgit and Reyers, Mark and Schubert, David and Pinto, Joaquim G. and Peters, Juliane and Pieczonka, Tino and Juen, Martin and Bolch, Tobias and Paeth, Heiko and Mayer, Christoph},
  title     = {Future climate change and its impact on runoff generation from the debris-covered Inylchek glaciers, Central Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan},
  series = {Water},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Water},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {2073-4441},
  doi       = {10.3390/w10111513},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197592},
  pages     = {1513},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The heavily debris-covered Inylchek glaciers in the central Tian Shan are the largest glacier system in the Tarim catchment. It is assumed that almost 50\% of the discharge of Tarim River are provided by glaciers. For this reason, climatic changes, and thus changes in glacier mass balance and glacier discharge are of high impact for the whole region. In this study, a conceptual hydrological model able to incorporate discharge from debris-covered glacier areas is presented. To simulate glacier melt and subsequent runoff in the past (1970/1971-1999/2000) and future (2070/2071-2099/2100), meteorological input data were generated based on ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 global climate model projections. The hydrological model HBV-LMU was calibrated by an automatic calibration algorithm using runoff and snow cover information as objective functions. Manual fine-tuning was performed to avoid unrealistic results for glacier mass balance. The simulations show that annual runoff sums will increase significantly under future climate conditions. A sensitivity analysis revealed that total runoff does not decrease until the glacier area is reduced by 43\%. Ice melt is the major runoff source in the recent past, and its contribution will even increase in the coming decades. Seasonal changes reveal a trend towards enhanced melt in spring, but a change from a glacial-nival to a nival-pluvial runoff regime will not be reached until the end of this century.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{UsmanReimannLiedletal.2018,
  author    = {Usman, Muhammad and Reimann, Thomas and Liedl, Rudolf and Abbas, Azhar and Conrad, Christopher and Saleem, Shoaib},
  title     = {Inverse parametrization of a regional groundwater flow model with the aid of modelling and GIS: test and application of different approaches},
  series = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijgi7010022},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175721},
  pages     = {22},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The use of inverse methods allow efficient model calibration. This study employs PEST to calibrate a large catchment scale transient flow model. Results are demonstrated by comparing manually calibrated approaches with the automated approach. An advanced Tikhonov regularization algorithm was employed for carrying out the automated pilot point (PP) method. The results indicate that automated PP is more flexible and robust as compared to other approaches. Different statistical indicators show that this method yields reliable calibration as values of coefficient of determination (R-2) range from 0.98 to 0.99, Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (ME) range from 0.964 to 0.976, and root mean square errors (RMSE) range from 1.68 m to 1.23 m, for manual and automated approaches, respectively. Validation results of automated PP show ME as 0.969 and RMSE as 1.31 m. The results of output sensitivity suggest that hydraulic conductivity is a more influential parameter. Considering the limitations of the current study, it is recommended to perform global sensitivity and linear uncertainty analysis for the better estimation of the modelling results.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RemelgadoLeutnerSafietal.2018,
  author    = {Remelgado, Ruben and Leutner, Benjamin and Safi, Kamran and Sonnenschein, Ruth and Kuebert, Carina and Wegmann, Martin},
  title     = {Linking animal movement and remote sensing - mapping resource suitability from a remote sensing perspective},
  series = {Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1002/rse2.70},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225199},
  pages     = {211-224},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Optical remote sensing is an important tool in the study of animal behavior providing ecologists with the means to understand species-environment interactions in combination with animal movement data. However, differences in spatial and temporal resolution between movement and remote sensing data limit their direct assimilation. In this context, we built a data-driven framework to map resource suitability that addresses these differences as well as the limitations of satellite imagery. It combines seasonal composites of multiyear surface reflectances and optimized presence and absence samples acquired with animal movement data within a cross-validation modeling scheme. Moreover, it responds to dynamic, site-specific environmental conditions making it applicable to contrasting landscapes. We tested this framework using five populations of White Storks (Ciconia ciconia) to model resource suitability related to foraging achieving accuracies from 0.40 to 0.94 for presences and 0.66 to 0.93 for absences. These results were influenced by the temporal composition of the seasonal reflectances indicated by the lower accuracies associated with higher day differences in relation to the target dates. Additionally, population differences in resource selection influenced our results marked by the negative relationship between the model accuracies and the variability of the surface reflectances associated with the presence samples. Our modeling approach spatially splits presences between training and validation. As a result, when these represent different and unique resources, we face a negative bias during validation. Despite these inaccuracies, our framework offers an important basis to analyze species-environment interactions. As it standardizes site-dependent behavioral and environmental characteristics, it can be used in the comparison of intra- and interspecies environmental requirements and improves the analysis of resource selection along migratory paths. Moreover, due to its sensitivity to differences in resource selection, our approach can contribute toward a better understanding of species requirements.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AtaeeMaghsoudiLatifietal.2019,
  author    = {Ataee, Mohammad Sadegh and Maghsoudi, Yasser and Latifi, Hooman and Fadaie, Farhad},
  title     = {Improving estimation accuracy of growing stock by multi-frequency SAR and multi-spectral data over Iran's heterogeneously-structured broadleaf Hyrcanian forests},
  series = {Forests},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Forests},
  number    = {8},
  issn      = {1999-4907},
  doi       = {10.3390/f10080641},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197212},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Via providing various ecosystem services, the old-growth Hyrcanian forests play a crucial role in the environment and anthropogenic aspects of Iran and beyond. The amount of growing stock volume (GSV) is a forest biophysical parameter with great importance in issues like economy, environmental protection, and adaptation to climate change. Thus, accurate and unbiased estimation of GSV is also crucial to be pursued across the Hyrcanian. Our goal was to investigate the potential of ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1's polarimetric features in combination with Sentinel-2 multi-spectral features for the GSV estimation in a portion of heterogeneously-structured and mountainous Hyrcanian forests. We used five different kernels by the support vector regression (nu-SVR) for the GSV estimation. Because each kernel differently models the parameters, we separately selected features for each kernel by a binary genetic algorithm (GA). We simultaneously optimized R\(^2\) and RMSE in a suggested GA fitness function. We calculated R\(^2\), RMSE to evaluate the models. We additionally calculated the standard deviation of validation metrics to estimate the model's stability. Also for models over-fitting or under-fitting analysis, we used mean difference (MD) index. The results suggested the use of polynomial kernel as the final model. Despite multiple methodical challenges raised from the composition and structure of the study site, we conclude that the combined use of polarimetric features (both dual and full) with spectral bands and indices can improve the GSV estimation over mixed broadleaf forests. This was partially supported by the use of proposed evaluation criterion within the GA, which helped to avoid the curse of dimensionality for the applied SVR and lowest over estimation or under estimation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MayrKuenzerGessneretal.2019,
  author    = {Mayr, Stefan and Kuenzer, Claudia and Gessner, Ursula and Klein, Igor and Rutzinger, Martin},
  title     = {Validation of earth observation time-series: a review for large-area and temporally dense land surface products},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {22},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs11222616},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193202},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Large-area remote sensing time-series offer unique features for the extensive investigation of our environment. Since various error sources in the acquisition chain of datasets exist, only properly validated results can be of value for research and downstream decision processes. This review presents an overview of validation approaches concerning temporally dense time-series of land surface geo-information products that cover the continental to global scale. Categorization according to utilized validation data revealed that product intercomparisons and comparison to reference data are the conventional validation methods. The reviewed studies are mainly based on optical sensors and orientated towards global coverage, with vegetation-related variables as the focus. Trends indicate an increase in remote sensing-based studies that feature long-term datasets of land surface variables. The hereby corresponding validation efforts show only minor methodological diversification in the past two decades. To sustain comprehensive and standardized validation efforts, the provision of spatiotemporally dense validation data in order to estimate actual differences between measurement and the true state has to be maintained. The promotion of novel approaches can, on the other hand, prove beneficial for various downstream applications, although typically only theoretical uncertainties are provided.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AbdullahiWesselHuberetal.2019,
  author    = {Abdullahi, Sahra and Wessel, Birgit and Huber, Martin and Wendleder, Anna and Roth, Achim and Kuenzer, Claudia},
  title     = {Estimating penetration-related X-band InSAR elevation bias: a study over the Greenland ice sheet},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {24},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs11242903},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193902},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Accelerating melt on the Greenland ice sheet leads to dramatic changes at a global scale. Especially in the last decades, not only the monitoring, but also the quantification of these changes has gained considerably in importance. In this context, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) systems complement existing data sources by their capability to acquire 3D information at high spatial resolution over large areas independent of weather conditions and illumination. However, penetration of the SAR signals into the snow and ice surface leads to a bias in measured height, which has to be corrected to obtain accurate elevation data. Therefore, this study purposes an easy transferable pixel-based approach for X-band penetration-related elevation bias estimation based on single-pass interferometric coherence and backscatter intensity which was performed at two test sites on the Northern Greenland ice sheet. In particular, the penetration bias was estimated using a multiple linear regression model based on TanDEM-X InSAR data and IceBridge laser-altimeter measurements to correct TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model (DEM) scenes. Validation efforts yielded good agreement between observations and estimations with a coefficient of determination of R\(^2\) = 68\% and an RMSE of 0.68 m. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the benefits of X-band penetration bias estimation within the application context of ice sheet elevation change detection.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TrappeKneisel2019,
  author    = {Trappe, Julian and Kneisel, Christof},
  title     = {Geophysical and sedimentological investigations of Peatlands for the assessment of lithology and subsurface water pathways},
  series = {Geosciences},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Geosciences},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.3390/geosciences9030118},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201699},
  pages     = {118},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Peatlands located on slopes (herein called slope bogs) are typical landscape units in the Hunsrueck, a low mountain range in Southwestern Germany. The pathways of the water feeding the slope bogs have not yet been documented and analyzed. The identification of the different mechanisms allowing these peatlands to originate and survive requires a better understanding of the subsurface lithology and hydrogeology. Hence, we applied a multi-method approach to two case study sites in order to characterize the subsurface lithology and to image the variable spatio-temporal hydrological conditions. The combination of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and an ERT-Monitoring and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), in conjunction with direct methods and data (borehole drilling and meteorological data), allowed us to gain deeper insights into the subsurface characteristics and dynamics of the peatlands and their catchment area. The precipitation influences the hydrology of the peatlands as well as the interflow in the subsurface. Especially, the geoelectrical monitoring data, in combination with the precipitation and temperature data, indicate that there are several forces driving the hydrology and hydrogeology of the peatlands. While the water content of the uppermost layers changes with the weather conditions, the bottom layer seems to be more stable and changes to a lesser extent. At the selected case study sites, small differences in subsurface properties can have a huge impact on the subsurface hydrogeology and the water paths. Based on the collected data, conceptual models have been deduced for the two case study sites.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ReinermannGessnerAsametal.2019,
  author    = {Reinermann, Sophie and Gessner, Ursula and Asam, Sarah and Kuenzer, Claudia and Dech, Stefan},
  title     = {The Effect of Droughts on Vegetation Condition in Germany: An Analysis Based on Two Decades of Satellite Earth Observation Time Series and Crop Yield Statistics},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {15},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs11151783},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225165},
  pages     = {1783, 1-21},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Central Europe experienced several droughts in the recent past, such as in the year 2018, which was characterized by extremely low rainfall rates and high temperatures, resulting in substantial agricultural yield losses. Time series of satellite earth observation data enable the characterization of past drought events over large temporal and spatial scales. Within this study, Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) (MOD13Q1) 250 m time series were investigated for the vegetation periods of 2000 to 2018. The spatial and temporal development of vegetation in 2018 was compared to other dry and hot years in Europe, like the drought year 2003. Temporal and spatial inter- and intra-annual patterns of EVI anomalies were analyzed for all of Germany and for its cropland, forest, and grassland areas individually. While vegetation development in spring 2018 was above average, the summer months of 2018 showed negative anomalies in a similar magnitude as in 2003, which was particularly apparent within grassland and cropland areas in Germany. In contrast, the year 2003 showed negative anomalies during the entire growing season. The spatial pattern of vegetation status in 2018 showed high regional variation, with north-eastern Germany mainly affected in June, north-western parts in July, and western Germany in August. The temporal pattern of satellite-derived EVI deviances within the study period 2000-2018 were in good agreement with crop yield statistics for Germany. The study shows that the EVI deviation of the summer months of 2018 were among the most extreme in the study period compared to other years. The spatial pattern and temporal development of vegetation condition between the drought years differ.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeigandWurmDechetal.2019,
  author    = {Weigand, Matthias and Wurm, Michael and Dech, Stefan and Taubenb{\"o}ck, Hannes},
  title     = {Remote sensing in environmental justice research—a review},
  series = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information},
  number    = {1},
  issn      = {2220-9964},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijgi8010020},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196950},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Human health is known to be affected by the physical environment. Various environmental influences have been identified to benefit or challenge people's physical condition. Their heterogeneous distribution in space results in unequal burdens depending on the place of living. In addition, since societal groups tend to also show patterns of segregation, this leads to unequal exposures depending on social status. In this context, environmental justice research examines how certain social groups are more affected by such exposures. Yet, analyses of this per se spatial phenomenon are oftentimes criticized for using "essentially aspatial" data or methods which neglect local spatial patterns by aggregating environmental conditions over large areas. Recent technological and methodological developments in satellite remote sensing have proven to provide highly detailed information on environmental conditions. This narrative review therefore discusses known influences of the urban environment on human health and presents spatial data and applications for analyzing these influences. Furthermore, it is discussed how geographic data are used in general and in the interdisciplinary research field of environmental justice in particular. These considerations include the modifiable areal unit problem and ecological fallacy. In this review we argue that modern earth observation data can represent an important data source for research on environmental justice and health. Especially due to their high level of spatial detail and the provided large-area coverage, they allow for spatially continuous description of environmental characteristics. As a future perspective, ongoing earth observation missions, as well as processing architectures, ensure data availability and applicability of 'big earth data' for future environmental justice analyses.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KhareLatifiRossietal.2019,
  author    = {Khare, Siddhartha and Latifi, Hooman and Rossi, Sergio and Ghosh, Sanjay Kumar},
  title     = {Fractional cover mapping of invasive plant species by combining very high-resolution stereo and multi-sensor multispectral imageries},
  series = {Forests},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Forests},
  number    = {7},
  issn      = {1999-4907},
  doi       = {10.3390/f10070540},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197250},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Invasive plant species are major threats to biodiversity. They can be identified and monitored by means of high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. This study aimed to test the potential of multiple very high-resolution (VHR) optical multispectral and stereo imageries (VHRSI) at spatial resolutions of 1.5 and 5 m to quantify the presence of the invasive lantana (Lantana camara L.) and predict its distribution at large spatial scale using medium-resolution fractional cover analysis. We created initial training data for fractional cover analysis by classifying smaller extent VHR data (SPOT-6 and RapidEye) along with three dimensional (3D) VHRSI derived digital surface model (DSM) datasets. We modelled the statistical relationship between fractional cover and spectral reflectance for a VHR subset of the study area located in the Himalayan region of India, and finally predicted the fractional cover of lantana based on the spectral reflectance of Landsat-8 imagery of a larger spatial extent. We classified SPOT-6 and RapidEye data and used the outputs as training data to create continuous field layers of Landsat-8 imagery. The area outside the overlapping region was predicted by fractional cover analysis due to the larger extent of Landsat-8 imagery compared with VHR datasets. Results showed clear discrimination of understory lantana from upperstory vegetation with 87.38\% (for SPOT-6), and 85.27\% (for RapidEye) overall accuracy due to the presence of additional VHRSI derived DSM information. Independent validation for lantana fractional cover estimated root-mean-square errors (RMSE) of 11.8\% (for RapidEye) and 7.22\% (for SPOT-6), and R\(^2\) values of 0.85 and 0.92 for RapidEye (5 m) and SPOT-6 (1.5 m), respectively. Results suggested an increase in predictive accuracy of lantana within forest areas along with increase in the spatial resolution for the same Landsat-8 imagery. The variance explained at 1.5 m spatial resolution to predict lantana was 64.37\%, whereas it decreased by up to 37.96\% in the case of 5 m spatial resolution data. This study revealed the high potential of combining small extent VHR and VHRSI- derived 3D optical data with larger extent, freely available satellite data for identification and mapping of invasive species in mountainous forests and remote regions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NaeschenDiekkruegerEversetal.2019,
  author    = {N{\"a}schen, Kristian and Diekkr{\"u}ger, Bernd and Evers, Mariele and H{\"o}llermann, Britta and Steinbach, Stefanie and Thonfeld, Frank},
  title     = {The impact of land use/land cover change (LULCC) on water resources in a tropical catchment in Tanzania under different climate change scenarios},
  series = {Sustainability},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Sustainability},
  number    = {24},
  issn      = {2071-1050},
  doi       = {10.3390/su11247083},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193825},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Many parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are prone to land use and land cover change (LULCC). In many cases, natural systems are converted into agricultural land to feed the growing population. However, despite climate change being a major focus nowadays, the impacts of these conversions on water resources, which are essential for agricultural production, is still often neglected, jeopardizing the sustainability of the socio-ecological system. This study investigates historic land use/land cover (LULC) patterns as well as potential future LULCC and its effect on water quantities in a complex tropical catchment in Tanzania. It then compares the results using two climate change scenarios. The Land Change Modeler (LCM) is used to analyze and to project LULC patterns until 2030 and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is utilized to simulate the water balance under various LULC conditions. Results show decreasing low flows by 6-8\% for the LULC scenarios, whereas high flows increase by up to 84\% for the combined LULC and climate change scenarios. The effect of climate change is stronger compared to the effect of LULCC, but also contains higher uncertainties. The effects of LULCC are more distinct, although crop specific effects show diverging effects on water balance components. This study develops a methodology for quantifying the impact of land use and climate change and therefore contributes to the sustainable management of the investigated catchment, as it shows the impact of environmental change on hydrological extremes (low flow and floods) and determines hot spots, which are critical for environmental development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LatifiValbuena2019,
  author    = {Latifi, Hooman and Valbuena, Ruben},
  title     = {Current trends in forest ecological applications of three-dimensional remote sensing: Transition from experimental to operational solutions?},
  series = {Forests},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Forests},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {1999-4907},
  doi       = {10.3390/f10100891},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193282},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The alarming increase in the magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns of changes in composition, structure and function of forest ecosystems during recent years calls for enhanced cross-border mitigation and adaption measures, which strongly entail intensified research to understand the underlying processes in the ecosystems as well as their dynamics. Remote sensing data and methods are nowadays the main complementary sources of synoptic, up-to-date and objective information to support field observations in forest ecology. In particular, analysis of three-dimensional (3D) remote sensing data is regarded as an appropriate complement, since they are hypothesized to resemble the 3D character of most forest attributes. Following their use in various small-scale forest structural analyses over the past two decades, these sources of data are now on their way to be integrated in novel applications in fields like citizen science, environmental impact assessment, forest fire analysis, and biodiversity assessment in remote areas. These and a number of other novel applications provide valuable material for the Forests special issue "3D Remote Sensing Applications in Forest Ecology: Composition, Structure and Function", which shows the promising future of these technologies and improves our understanding of the potentials and challenges of 3D remote sensing in practical forest ecology worldwide.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LatifiHeurich2019,
  author    = {Latifi, Hooman and Heurich, Marco},
  title     = {Multi-scale remote sensing-assisted forest inventory: a glimpse of the state-of-the-art and future prospects},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs11111260},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197358},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Advances in remote inventory and analysis of forest resources during the last decade have reached a level to be now considered as a crucial complement, if not a surrogate, to the long-existing field-based methods. This is mostly reflected in not only the use of multiple-band new active and passive remote sensing data for forest inventory, but also in the methodic and algorithmic developments and/or adoptions that aim at maximizing the predictive or calibration performances, thereby minimizing both random and systematic errors, in particular for multi-scale spatial domains. With this in mind, this editorial note wraps up the recently-published Remote Sensing special issue "Remote Sensing-Based Forest Inventories from Landscape to Global Scale", which hosted a set of state-of-the-art experiments on remotely sensed inventory of forest resources conducted by a number of prominent researchers worldwide.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SaddiqueUsmanBernhofer2019,
  author    = {Saddique, Naeem and Usman, Muhammad and Bernhofer, Christian},
  title     = {Simulating the impact of climate change on the hydrological regimes of a sparsely gauged mountainous basin, northern Pakistan},
  series = {Water},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Water},
  number    = {10},
  issn      = {2073-4441},
  doi       = {10.3390/w11102141},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193175},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Projected climate changes for the 21st century may cause great uncertainties on the hydrology of a river basin. This study explored the impacts of climate change on the water balance and hydrological regime of the Jhelum River Basin using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Two downscaling methods (SDSM, Statistical Downscaling Model and LARS-WG, Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator), three Global Circulation Models (GCMs), and two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for three future periods (2030s, 2050s, and 2090s) were used to assess the climate change impacts on flow regimes. The results exhibited that both downscaling methods suggested an increase in annual streamflow over the river basin. There is generally an increasing trend of winter and autumn discharge, whereas it is complicated for summer and spring to conclude if the trend is increasing or decreasing depending on the downscaling methods. Therefore, the uncertainty associated with the downscaling of climate simulation needs to consider, for the best estimate, the impact of climate change, with its uncertainty, on a particular basin. The study also resulted that water yield and evapotranspiration in the eastern part of the basin (sub-basins at high elevation) would be most affected by climate change. The outcomes of this study would be useful for providing guidance in water management and planning for the river basin under climate change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PaethPollinger2019,
  author    = {Paeth, Heiko and Pollinger, Felix},
  title     = {Changes in mean flow and atmospheric wave activity in the North Atlantic sector},
  series = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  volume    = {145},
  journal   = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
  number    = {725},
  doi       = {10.1002/qj.3660},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208079},
  pages     = {3801-3818},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In recent years, the midlatitudes are characterized by more intense heatwaves in summer and sometimes severe cold spells in winter that might emanate from changes in atmospheric circulation, including synoptic-scale and planetary wave activity in the midlatitudes. In this study, we investigate the heat and momentum exchange between the mean flow and atmospheric waves in the North Atlantic sector and adjacent continents by means of the physically consistent Eliassen-Palm flux diagnostics applied to reanalysis and forced climate model data. In the long-term mean, momentum is transferred from the mean flow to atmospheric waves in the northwest Atlantic region, where cyclogenesis prevails. Further downstream over Europe, eddy fluxes return momentum to the mean flow, sustaining the jet stream against friction. A global climate model is able to reproduce this pattern with high accuracy. Atmospheric variability related to atmospheric wave activity is much more expressed at the intraseasonal rather than the interannual time-scale. Over the last 40 years, reanalyses reveal a northward shift of the jet stream and a weakening of intraseasonal weather variability related to synoptic-scale and planetary wave activity. This pertains to the winter and summer seasons, especially over central Europe, and correlates with changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation as well as regional temperature and precipitation. A very similar phenomenon is found in a climate model simulation with business-as-usual scenario, suggesting an anthropogenic trigger in the weakening of intraseasonal weather variability in the midlatitudes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoehlerKuenzer2020,
  author    = {Koehler, Jonas and Kuenzer, Claudia},
  title     = {Forecasting spatio-temporal dynamics on the land surface using Earth Observation data — a review},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {21},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs12213513},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216285},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Reliable forecasts on the impacts of global change on the land surface are vital to inform the actions of policy and decision makers to mitigate consequences and secure livelihoods. Geospatial Earth Observation (EO) data from remote sensing satellites has been collected continuously for 40 years and has the potential to facilitate the spatio-temporal forecasting of land surface dynamics. In this review we compiled 143 papers on EO-based forecasting of all aspects of the land surface published in 16 high-ranking remote sensing journals within the past decade. We analyzed the literature regarding research focus, the spatial scope of the study, the forecasting method applied, as well as the temporal and technical properties of the input data. We categorized the identified forecasting methods according to their temporal forecasting mechanism and the type of input data. Time-lagged regressions which are predominantly used for crop yield forecasting and approaches based on Markov Chains for future land use and land cover simulation are the most established methods. The use of external climate projections allows the forecasting of numerical land surface parameters up to one hundred years into the future, while auto-regressive time series modeling can account for intra-annual variances. Machine learning methods have been increasingly used in all categories and multivariate modeling that integrates multiple data sources appears to be more popular than univariate auto-regressive modeling despite the availability of continuously expanding time series data. Regardless of the method, reliable EO-based forecasting requires high-level remote sensing data products and the resulting computational demand appears to be the main reason that most forecasts are conducted only on a local scale. In the upcoming years, however, we expect this to change with further advances in the field of machine learning, the publication of new global datasets, and the further establishment of cloud computing for data processing.},
  language  = {en}
}