@phdthesis{DjoukaFonkwe2005,
  author    = {Djouka-Fonkw{\´e}, Merline Laure},
  title     = {Association of S-type and I-type granitoids in the Neoproterozoic Cameroon orogenic belt, Bafoussam area, West Cameroon : geology, geochemistry and petrogenesis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-14526},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The Bafoussam area in west Cameroon is located within the Cameroon Neoproterozoic orogenic belt (north of the Congo craton) which is part of the Central African Fold Belt (CAFB).The evolution of the CAFB is related to the collision between the convergent West African craton, the S{\~a}o Francisco - Congo cratons and the Sahara Metacraton. The outcrop area stretches over a surface of ~1000 km2 and dominantly consists of granitoids which intruded wall-rocks of gneiss and migmatite during the Pan-African orogeny. The Bafoussam granitoid emplacement was influenced by the N 30 °E strike-slip shear zone in the prolongation of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, but also by the N 70 °E Central Cameroon Shear Zone. In the field, these two shear directions are expressed in the schistosity and foliation trajectories, fault orientation and the alignment of the volcanic cones as well. In the Bafoussam area, four types of granitoids can be distinguished, including: (i) the biotite granitoid, (ii) the deformed biotite granitoid, (iii) the mega feldspar granitoid, and (iv) the two-mica granitoid. These granitoids occur as elongated plutons hosting irregular mafic enclaves (amphibole-bearing, biotite-rich, and metagabbroic types) and are frequently cut by late pegmatites, aplite dykes and quartz veins. Petrographically, they range in composition from syenogranite (major), alkali-feldspar granite, granodiorite, monzogranite, quartz-syenite, quartzmonzonite to quartz-monzodiorite. Potassium feldspar, quartz, plagioclase and biotite are the principal phases, in cases accompanied by amphibole and accessory minerals such as apatite,zircon, monazite, titanite, allanite, ilmenite and magnetite. Sericite, epidote and chlorite are secondary minerals. In addition, the two-mica granitoid contains primary muscovite and sometimes igneous garnet. In the granitoids, potassium feldspar is orthoclase (microcline and orthoclase: Or81-97Ab19-3), and plagioclase is mainly oligoclase with some albite and andesine (An3-35Ab96-64).Biotite is Fe-rich (meroxene and lepidomelane, with some siderophyllite), having high Fe2+/(Fe2+ + Mg) ratios of 0.40-0.80. It is a re-equilibrated primary biotite and suggests calc-alkaline and peraluminous nature of the host granitoids. Amphibole is edenitic and magnesian hastingsitic hornblende, with high Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios of 0.50-0.62. The evolution of the hornblende was dominated by the edenitic, tschermakitic, pargasitic and hastingsitic substitution types. Primary muscovite is iron-rich [Fe2+/(Fe2+ + Mg) = 0.52-0.82] and has experienced celadonite and paragonite substitutions. Igneous garnet is almandine-spessartine (XFe = 0.99 and XMn = 0.46-0.56). The euhedral grain shapes of garnet crystals and the absence of inclusions coupled with the high Mn and Fe2+contents (2.609-3.317 a.p.f.u and 2.646-3.277 a.p.f.u,respectively) and low Mg contents (0.012-0.038 a.p.f.u) clearly point to its plutonic origin. The Mn-depletion crystallization model is suggested for the origin of the analyzed garnet, i.e. initial crystallization of garnet inducing early decrease of Mn in the original melt. Aluminum-in-hornblende and phengite barometric estimates show that the granitoids crystallized at 4.2 ± 1.1 to 6.6 ± 1.0 kbar, corresponding to emplacement depths of 15-24 km.Zircon and apatite saturation temperature calibrations and hornblende-plagioclase thermometry yielded emplacement temperatures between 772 ± 41 and 808 ± 34 °C. Except the two-mica granitoid, the titanite-magnetite-quartz assemblage gives oxygen fugacities ranging from 10-17 to 10-13, suggesting that the granitoids were produced by an oxidized magma. Since the twomica granitoid lacks magnetite, it was originated from a magma under reducing conditions, below the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer. Fluid inclusions in quartz from hydrothermal veins are secondary in nature and are found in trails along healed microcracks or in clusters. Two types of fluid inclusion have been recognized, mixed aqueous-non-aqueous volatile fluid inclusions subdivided into aqueous-rich mixed and non-aqueous volatile-rich mixed fluid inclusions, and pure aqueous fluid inclusions.The non-aqueous volatile-rich mixed fluid inclusions are one-, two-, or three-phase inclusions, whereas the aqueous-rich mixed fluid inclusions are exclusively three-phase inclusions. Both have similar low to moderate salinities (1 to 10 equiv. wt. \%). The total homogenization temperatures of the aqueous-rich mixed fluid inclusions are slightly lower than those of the nonaqueous volatile-rich mixed fluid inclusions, ranging from 150 to 250 °C and 170 to 300 °C,respectively. They contain nearly pure CO2, or CO2 with addition of 4.1-13.5 mole \% CH4 as volatile constituents. Pure aqueous fluid inclusions are two-phase with lower total homogenization temperatures (130-150 °C) and salinities ranging from 3 to 8 equiv. wt. \%. They display mixing salt system characteristics, having NaCl as the dominant salt and considerable amounts of other divalent cations. Aqueous-rich mixed fluid inclusions and pure aqueous fluid inclusions exhibit a low geothermal gradient value of 18 °C/km, whereas the non-aqueous volatiles-rich mixed fluid inclusions have a high density which correspond to high geothermal gradient of 68 °C/km. The studied granitoids are intermediate to felsic in compositions (56.9-74.6 wt. \% SiO2)and have high contents of alkalis K2O (1.73-7.32 wt. \%) and Na2O (1.25-5.13 wt. \%) but low abundances in MnO (0.01-0.20 wt. \%), MgO (0.10-3.97 wt. \%), CaO (0.37-4.85 wt. \%), P2O5(up to 0.90 wt. \%). They display variable contents in TiO2 (0.07-0.91 wt. \%), Fe2O3* (total Fe = 0.96-7.79 wt. \%) and Al2O3 (12.0-17.6 wt. \%) contents. The granitoids show a wide range of high-field-strength elements (HFSE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE) contents, with felsic granitoids being enriched in HFSE and the intermediate granitoids displaying in contrast high LILE concentrations. They exhibit chemical characteristics of non-alkaline to mid-alkaline, alkali-calcic, calc-alkaline, K-rich to shoshonitic, ferriferous affinities. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns are characterized by a strong enrichment in light compared to heavy REEs [(La/Sm)N = 3.23-9.65 and (Ga/Lu)N = 1.45-5.54, respectively], with small to significant negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.28-1.08). Ocean ridge granites (ORG)normalized multi-elements spidergrams display typical collision-related granites pattern, with characteristic negative anomalies of Ba, Nb and Y, and positive anomalies in Rb, Th and Sm. The granitoids under study are genetically I-type granitoids (biotite granitoid, deformed biotite granitoid and mega feldspar granitoid) and one S-type granitoid (two-mica granitoid). The I-type granitoids are metaluminous (ASI: 0.70-1.00) or moderately peraluminous if highly fractionated (ASI: 1.01-1.06). The geochemistry and petrological features of these I-type granitoids argue for close genetic relationships and it is suggest that they originated from a single parent magma. The observed variability in mineralogy and major and trace element compositions in these granitoids are then the reflection of the fractional crystallization that evolved separation of plagioclase, biotite, K-feldspar and accessory minerals at the level of emplacement. The two mica S-type granitoid is exclusively peraluminous (ASI: 1.07-1.25) and classified as a peraluminous leucocratic granitoid or leucogranite. It is marked in its CIPW normative composition by the permanent presence of corundum, ranging between 0.12 and 3.03. The Bafoussam granitoids were emplaced in a syn- to post-collisional tectonic environment. The observed deformational features and the concentrations in Y, less than 40 ppm, confirm that they are related to an orogenesis. Whole-rock Rb-Sr isochrons defines an igneous crystallization ages of 540 ± 27 Ma for the biotite granitoid and 587 ± 41 Ma for the mega feldspar granitoid. These ages fit with the range of Pan-African granitoid ages (650-530 Ma) in West Cameroon and correspond to the Pan-African D2 deformation event in the Neoproterozoic Cameroon orogenic belt. The two-mica granitoid yields an older Rb-Sr isochron age of 663 ± 62 Ma which is considered to be probably a mixing age. The Nd-Sr isotopic compositions indicate that the I-type granitoids have been produced by partial melting of a tonalite-granodiorite source in the lower crust. This is supported by their initial 87Sr/86Sr(600 Ma) ratios (0.705-0.709) and by their WNd(600 Ma) values (0.2 to -6.3, mainly < 0). The two-mica granitoid was generated by partial melting of a greywacke-dominated source involving biotite-limited, biotite dehydration melting. Chemical data of the two-mica granitoid that support this hypothesis are low CaO/Na2O (0.11-0.38) and Sr/Ba (0.20-0.30), the high Rb/Sr (2.26-7.00), the high initial 87Sr/86Sr(600 Ma) ratios ranging from 0.708 to 0.720, the large range in Al2O3/TiO2 (47-204) and the negative WNd(600 Ma) values (-9.9 to -14.0). Moreover,the higher initial 87Sr/86Sr(600 Ma) ratios of the two-mica granitoid are consistent with an upper crust origin. The depleted mantle Nd model ages (TDM) of 1.3-2.3 Ga indicate that the studied granitoids originated by partial melting of Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic crust, with limited mantle-derived magma contribution. The high initial 87Sr/86Sr(600 Ma) ratios of these granitoids coupled with the wide negative WNd(600 Ma) values strongly suggest a very long residence time in the crust of their protoliths before the melting event. The petrologic signatures of the Bafoussam granitoids are similar to those described in other Pan-African belts of western Gondwanaland such as the neighbouring provinces of Nigeria and the Central African Republic, as well as in the Borborema Province of northeastern Brazil. This supports the previous hypothesis that the Central African fold Belt including Cameroon, Nigeria and the Central African Republic provinces has a continuation in Brazil.},
  subject      = {Kamerun <West>},
  language  = {en}
}