@phdthesis{Spindler2020,
  author    = {Spindler, Markus},
  title     = {The role of the adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein (ADAP) in platelet production},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20097},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200977},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Bone marrow (BM) megakaryocytes (MKs) produce platelets by extending proplatelets into sinusoidal blood vessels. Although this process is fundamental to maintain normal platelet counts in circulation only little is known about the regulation of directed proplatelet formation. As revealed in this thesis, ADAP (adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein) deficiency (constitutive as well as MK and platelet-specific) resulted in a microthrombocytopenia in mice, recapitulating the clinical hallmark of patients with mutations in the ADAP gene. The thrombocytopenia was caused by a combination of an enhanced removal of platelets from the circulation by macrophages and a platelet production defect. This defect led to an ectopic release of (pro)platelet-like particles into the bone marrow compartment, with a massive accumulation of such fragments around sinusoids. In vitro studies of cultured BM cell-derived MKs revealed a polarization defect of the demarcation membrane system, which is dependent on F-actin dynamics. ADAP-deficient MKs spread on collagen and fibronectin displayed a reduced F-actin content and podosome density in the lowest confocal plane. In addition, ADAP-deficient MKs exhibited a reduced capacity to adhere on Horm collagen and in line with that the activation of beta1-integrins in the lowest confocal plane of spread MKs was diminished. These results point to ADAP as a novel regulator of terminal platelet formation. Beside ADAP-deficient mice, three other knockout mouse models (deficiency for profilin1 (PFN1), Wiskott-Aldrich-syndrome protein (WASP) and Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 (ARPC2)) exist, which display ectopic release of (pro)platelet-like particles. As shown in the final part of the thesis, the pattern of the ectopic release of (pro)platelet-like particles in these genetically modified mice (PFN1 and WASP) was comparable to ADAP-deficient mice. Furthermore, all tested mutant MKs displayed an adhesion defect as well as a reduced podosome density on Horm collagen. These results indicate that similar mechanisms might apply for ectopic release.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AndelovicWinterJakobetal.2021,
  author    = {Andelovic, Kristina and Winter, Patrick and Jakob, Peter Michael and Bauer, Wolfgang Rudolf and Herold, Volker and Zernecke, Alma},
  title     = {Evaluation of plaque characteristics and inflammation using magnetic resonance imaging},
  series = {Biomedicines},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Biomedicines},
  number    = {2},
  issn      = {2227-9059},
  doi       = {10.3390/biomedicines9020185},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228839},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized arteries, characterized by the growth of atherosclerotic lesions (plaques). These plaques often develop at inner curvatures of arteries, branchpoints, and bifurcations, where the endothelial wall shear stress is low and oscillatory. In conjunction with other processes such as lipid deposition, biomechanical factors lead to local vascular inflammation and plaque growth. There is also evidence that low and oscillatory shear stress contribute to arterial remodeling, entailing a loss in arterial elasticity and, therefore, an increased pulse-wave velocity. Although altered shear stress profiles, elasticity and inflammation are closely intertwined and critical for plaque growth, preclinical and clinical investigations for atherosclerosis mostly focus on the investigation of one of these parameters only due to the experimental limitations. However, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been demonstrated to be a potent tool which can be used to provide insights into a large range of biological parameters in one experimental session. It enables the evaluation of the dynamic process of atherosclerotic lesion formation without the need for harmful radiation. Flow-sensitive MRI provides the assessment of hemodynamic parameters such as wall shear stress and pulse wave velocity which may replace invasive and radiation-based techniques for imaging of the vascular function and the characterization of early plaque development. In combination with inflammation imaging, the analyses and correlations of these parameters could not only significantly advance basic preclinical investigations of atherosclerotic lesion formation and progression, but also the diagnostic clinical evaluation for early identification of high-risk plaques, which are prone to rupture. In this review, we summarize the key applications of magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of plaque characteristics through flow sensitive and morphological measurements. The simultaneous measurements of functional and structural parameters will further preclinical research on atherosclerosis and has the potential to fundamentally improve the detection of inflammation and vulnerable plaques in patients.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Reil2023,
  author    = {Reil, Lucy Honor},
  title     = {The role of WASH complex subunit Strumpellin in platelet function},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24207},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242077},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Strumpellin is a member of the highly conserved pentameric WASH complex, which stimulates the Arp2/3 complex on endosomes and induces the formation of a branched actin network. The WASH complex is involved in the formation and stabilisation of endosomal retrieval subdomains and transport carriers, into which selected proteins are packaged and subsequently transported to their respective cellular destination, e.g. the plasma membrane. Up until now, the role of Strumpellin in platelet function and endosomal trafficking has not been researched. In order to examine its role, a conditional knockout mouse line was generated, which specifically lacked Strumpellin in megakaryocytes and platelets. Conditional knockout of Strumpellin resulted in only a mild platelet phenotype. Loss of Strumpellin led to a decreased abundance of the αIIbβ3 integrin in platelets, including a reduced αIIbβ3 surface expression by approximately 20\% and an impaired αIIbβ3 activation after platelet activation. The reduced surface expression of αIIbβ3 was also detected in megakaryocytes. The expression of other platelet surface glycoproteins was not affected. Platelet count, size and morphology remained unaltered. The reduction of αIIbβ3 expression in platelets resulted in a reduced fibrinogen binding capacity after platelet activation. However, fibrinogen uptake under resting conditions, although slightly delayed, as well as overall fibrinogen content in Strumpellin-deficient platelets were comparable to controls. Most notably, reduced αIIbβ3 expression did not lead to any platelet spreading and aggregation defects in vitro. Furthermore, reduced WASH1 protein levels were detected in the absence of Strumpellin. In conclusion, loss of Strumpellin does not impair platelet function, at least not in vitro. However, the data demonstrates that Strumpellin plays a role in selectively regulating αIIbβ3 surface expression. As a member of the WASH complex, Strumpellin may regulate αIIbβ3 recycling back to the platelet surface. Furthermore, residual WASH complex subunits may still assemble and partially function in the absence of Strumpellin, which could explain the only 20\% decrease in αIIbβ3 surface expression. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism still remains unclear.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mott2023,
  author    = {Mott, Kristina},
  title     = {Regulation of platelet biogenesis in the native and myeloablated bone marrow niche},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28963},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289630},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the largest cells of the hematopoietic system and the precursor cells of platelets. During proplatelet formation (PPF) bone marrow (BM) MKs extent large cytoplasmic protrusions into the lumen of sinusoidal blood vessels. Under homeostatic conditions PPF occurs exclusively in the direction of the sinusoid, while platelet generation into the marrow cavity is prevented. So far, the mechanisms regulating this process in vivo are still not completely understood, especially when PPF is deregulated during disease. This thesis investigated the mechanisms of PPF in native BM and after myeloablation by total body irradiation (TBI). First, we have identified a specialized type of BM stromal cells, so called CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells, as novel possible regulators of PPF. By using complementary high-resolution microscopy techniques, we have studied the morphogenetic events at the MK/vessel wall interface in new detail, demonstrating that PPF formation preferentially occurs at CAR cell-free sites at the endothelium. In the second part of this thesis, we analyzed the processes leading to BM remodeling in response to myeloablation by TBI. We used confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to study the kinetic of radiation-triggered vasodilation and mapped extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins after TBI. We could demonstrate that collagen type IV and laminin α5 are specifically degraded at BM sinusoids. At the radiation-injured vessel wall we observed ectopic release of platelet-like particles into the marrow cavity concomitantly to aberrant CAR cell morphology, suggesting that the balance of factors regulating PPF is disturbed after TBI. ECM proteolysis is predominantly mediated by the matrix metalloproteinase MMP9, as revealed by gelatin-zymography and by a newly established BM in situ zymography technique. In transgenic mice lacking MMP9 vascular recovery was delayed, hinting towards a role of MMP9 in vessel reconstitution after myeloablation. In a third series of experiments, we studied the irradiated BM in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). By using mice as BM donors that ubiquitously express the fluorescent reporter protein dsRed we tracked engraftment of donor cells and especially MKs in the recipient BM. We found a distinct engraftment pattern and cluster formation for MKs, which is different from other blood cell lineages. Finally, we assessed platelet function after TBI and HSCT and were the first to demonstrate that platelets become massively hyporeactive, particularly upon stimulation of the collagen receptor GPVI. In summary, our findings shed light on the processes of PPF during health and disease which will help to develop treatments for aberrant thrombopoiesis.},
  subject      = {Knochenmark},
  language  = {en}
}