@phdthesis{MeyerHeintze2024,
  author    = {Meyer-Heintze, Simon},
  title     = {Holocene pedosedimentary sequences as archives for paleoenvironmental reconstructions},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-34909},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349098},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2024},
  abstract  = {Human-environment interaction has significantly altered the pedosphere since the Neolithic, if not since the early Holocene. In the course of clearance, agriculture, and (wood) pasture soils have been deeply modified or eroded. These types of land use practices but above all forms of sedentariness spread alongside floodplains and trajectories were oriented towards loess covered areas where fertile soils could develop. Besides this, also peripheral / marginal regions were settled due to population pressure or other factors. Evidence for landscape history and development can be found within archeological sites but also overbank deposits and anthropogenic slope deposits document vast transformation processes. The presented investigations took place within the natural region of the Windsheimer Bucht which is locat-ed in the district of Middle Franconia in northern Bavaria, Germany. In this area, Holocene soils predomi-nantly developed within mudstones of the Middle to Upper Triassic. The soil texture is extremely clay-rich which renders the soils problematic with regard to cultivation management. As a peculiarity, the gypsum underlying the mudstones is prone to karstification processes and resulting proceeding geomorphological processes shape the surface of the landscape. In the course of gypsum mining the karst forms are being exposed and archeological findings are being documented. The latter mainly date back to a span from the Neolithic to the Iron Age, but partly are of Younger Paleolithic origin. Especially subsidence sinkholes are capable of storing pedosediments of several meters in thickness. Despite the high clay content and connect-ed pedoturbation processes, the excavated sequences are stratigraphically and pedologically well-differentiated. The archives occur in the context of settlement structures such as pits and postholes; there-fore, they developed at the interface of natural developments and human impact on their surroundings. The main original research questions that were formulated within the general frame of a project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-projects Te295/15-1 and -2 and Fa390/9-1 and -2) focused on the attractors of the peripheral region for early settlers, the pedological conditions before land use, but also the impact of humans on soils and karst dynamics through time. In the course of the in hand study, the pedosedimentary archives have been approached with a multimethodological toolset which consisted of field analyses, soil morphological analyses from micro- to macro-scale, spectrophotometric (color), (laser) granulometric, and (iron-) pedochemical analyses. The numerical chronological frame was spanned by radiocarbon dating of different organic remains and bulk material if soil organic carbon was supposed-ly high. The result is a multi-dimensional data set that consists of analyses on different spatial scales but also on different levels of measurement. Thus, qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative data consti-tute the basis for discussion. While the grain-size analyses underline the general sedimentological differen-tiation of the records and further affirm the high clay content within the pedosedimentary layers, iron-pedochemical analyses indicate an interplay between oxidation of iron and its chemical reduction. This is also manifested within the spectrophotometric record. Especially the versatile pedogenic characteristics that have been identified by field analyses are confirmed within the thin sections and, by considering all different analyses, the polygenic character of the pedosediments is emphasized. After stressing the general pedological specificities among the different investigated sites within the re-search area, for the collected data, the research further branches into the subjects of general notions on pedogenesis in clayey material and the classification of the respective pedosediments according to paleo-pedological concepts but also recent schemes. Concerning the latter, it becomes evident that established principles cannot be applied to the studied pedosediments without major adaptions. This underlines the specific characteristics of the material. The basis for further interpretations is the evaluation of the multi-level data set for the single records with regard to profile development and pedogenic processes. Hereby, the main drivers of pedogenesis could be identified, which are karst dynamics, land use, and subtle changes in parent material due to the admixture of slope deposits that contain allochthonous eolian material. The latter underlines the importance of Pleis-tocene preconditioning for understanding Holocene landscape dynamics. At the same time, a differentia-tion between the mentioned factors and Holocene climate development is difficult. The following compila-tion of record and localities within the given time frame unveils synchronous as well as asynchronous de-velopments; however, a clear connection between phases of Holocene climate and pedogenesis within the pedosediments cannot be established. Instead, it becomes evident that site specific factors or those that act on the scale of the micro-catchment of the investigated records are decisive. The aforementioned main topics of the project are also considered in the in hand study from a soil-geographic perspective: it is possible that before land use, there was an insular or thin cover by loess sedi-ments or at least upper layers (according to the concept of periglacial cover beds) which constituted the parent material for Holocene soil formation. The according soils, which were superior for agricultural purposes compared to those developed on the autochthonous mudstones, were eroded which exposed the clayey Upper to Middle Triassic beds. Erosion was aggravated due to the impermeable mudstones which enhanced overland flow and interflow within the overlying silty (loessic) material. This is further support-ed by the notions on erodibility of the clayey material that are derived from the comparison of conven-tional and laser granulometric analyses: probably, the clayey pedosediments are capable of forming micro-aggregates that can easily be eroded during heavy rainfall events despite the general consent that material with heavy texture should be rather resistant. The study presents a comprehensive view on clay-rich pedosediments and the complex effects of human-environment interaction on pedogenic as well as sedimentary processes through time that have not been investigated in such detail before. In this context, the multi-level soil morphological analyses and their necessity for a genetic interpretation with regard to the influence of natural versus anthropogenic factors need to be emphasized. Based on quantitative laboratory analytical data only, a respective differentiation would not be possible. This underlines the importance of the chosen soil-geographic multi-methodological approach for answering questions with regard to human-environment interaction but also geoarcheology in general.},
  subject      = {Geoarch{\"a}ologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022,
  author    = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard},
  title     = {OpenSpaceAlps - Manuale di Pianificazione: Prospettive per la salvaguardia coerente degli Spazi Aperti nella regione alpina},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27704},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-277042},
  pages     = {114},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Nella regione alpina, si pu{\`o} osservare il continuo consumo di spazi aperti a causa dell'aumento di aree di insediamento e di infrastrutture tecniche e la conseguente impermeabilizzazione del suolo. Questo fenomeno porta principalmente alla perdita di suolo agricolo. A seconda dell'estensione dello sviluppo, si riscontra anche una maggiore frammentazione del paesaggio, che {\`e} associata all'isolamento degli habitat naturali e alla perdita della connettivit{\`a} ecologica, cos{\`i} come ad altre conseguenze negative. Il progetto OpenSpaceAlps ha affrontato questo problema e, sulla base di procedure cooperative partecipate attuate in diverse regioni pilota alpine, ha sviluppato approcci e strategie di soluzione per la salvaguardia sostenibile degli spazi aperti. Questo manuale supporta le attivit{\`a} e il processo decisionale di vari stakeholder, in primo luogo i pianificatori delle autorit{\`a} pubbliche di pianificazione. Sulla base di un'analisi delle sfide e delle condizioni generali nella regione alpina, il manuale presenta e confronta i "principi" centrali della pianificazione degli spazi aperti. Inoltre, vengono discusse strategie di pianificazione integrata per diverse categorie spaziali.},
  subject      = {Raumordnung},
  language  = {it}
}
@article{JobMeyerCoronadoetal.2022,
  author    = {Job, Hubert and Meyer, Constantin and Coronado, Oriana and Koblar, Simon and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Plassmann, Guido and Riedler, Walter and Vesely, Philipp and Schindelegger, Arthur},
  title     = {Open spaces in the European Alps — GIS-based analysis and implications for spatial planning from a transnational perspective},
  series = {Land},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Land},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {2073-445X},
  doi       = {10.3390/land11091605},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288207},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This article presents an open space concept of areas that are kept permanently free from buildings, technical infrastructure, and soil sealing. In the European Alps, space is scarce because of the topography; conflicts often arise between competing land uses such as permanent settlements and commercial activity. However, the presence of open spaces is important for carbon sequestration and the prevention of natural hazards, especially given climate change. A GIS-based analysis was conducted to identify an alpine-wide inventory of large-scale near-natural areas, or simply stated, open spaces. The method used identified the degree of infrastructure development for natural landscape units. Within the Alpine Convention perimeter, near-natural areas (with a degree of infrastructural development of up to 20\%) account for a share of 51.5\%. Only 14.5\% of those areas are highly protected and are mostly located in high altitudes of over 1500 m or 2000 m above sea level. We advocate that the remaining Alpine open spaces must be preserved through the delimitation of more effective protection mechanisms, and green corridors should be safeguarded through spatial planning. To enhance the ecological connectivity of open spaces, there is the need for tailored spatial and sectoral planning strategies to prevent further landscape fragmentation and to coordinate new forms of land use for renewable energy production.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022,
  author    = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard},
  title     = {Izhodišča za usklajeno ohranjanje odprtega prostora na območju Alp: Načrtovalski priročnik projekta OpenSpaceAlps},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-28651},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286518},
  pages     = {114},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Na območju Alp že dalj časa poteka preobrazba odprtega prostora zaradi gradnje in širjenja naselij ter tehnične infrastrukture. Navedeni procesi povzročajo zlasti izgubo kmetijskih zemljišč, stalno pokritje površine tal z nepropustnimi snovmi in razdrobljenost krajine. Razdrobljenost je odvisna od vrst posegov in stopnje pozidanosti prostora, poglavitna negativna učinka pa sta izolacija naravnih habitatov in slabšanje ekološke povezljivosti. Opisana problematika je bila glavna tema projekta OpenSpaceAlps, v katerem so bili ob sodelovanju z deležniki na več pilotnih območjih razviti pristopi in rešitve, ki omogočajo trajnostno ohranjanje odprtega prostora. Načrtovalski priročnik povzema del rezultatov projekta. Namenjen je različnim deležnikom, zlasti načrtovalcem v javnih službah, kot pripomoček pri izvajanju načrtovalskih nalog in odločanju. V priročniku so predstavljeni analiza izzivov in okvirnih pogojev v Alpah ter opis in primerjava poglavitnih načel načrtovanja odprtega prostora, obravnavane pa so tudi celostne načrtovalske strategije za različne kategorije prostora.},
  subject      = {Raumordnung},
  language  = {mul}
}
@article{JobWilliMayeretal.2020,
  author    = {Job, Hubert and Willi, Gero and Mayer, Marius and P{\"u}tz, Marco},
  title     = {Open Spaces in Alpine Countries: Analytical Concepts and Preservation Strategies in Spatial Planning},
  series = {Mountain Research and Development},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {Mountain Research and Development},
  number    = {3},
  doi       = {10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-20-00016.1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259338},
  pages     = {D1-D11},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Open spaces in the Alps are becoming noticeably scarcer, and the long-term consequences for humans and the environment are often overlooked. Open spaces preserve ecosystem services but are under pressure in many Alpine valleys due to demographic and economic development as well as corresponding technical and tourism infrastructure. This article conceptualizes and measures open spaces in Alpine environments. In addition to analyzing existing spatial planning instruments and the open spaces resulting from 2 of them-the Bavarian Alpenplan in Germany and the Tyrolean Ruhegebiete in Austria-we identify open spaces in Switzerland using a geographic information system. More generally, we discuss how spatial planning deals with open spaces. Results show that both the Alpenplan and the Ruhegebiete have contributed significantly to the protection of open spaces in the Bavarian and Tyrolean Alps since the 1970s. Indeed, both approaches prevented several development projects. In the Swiss Alps, open spaces cover 41.9\% of the Alpine Convention area. A share of 40.3\% vegetation-free open spaces shows that they are concentrated in high alpine areas. Of the open spaces identified, 64.6\% are covered by protected areas. Hence, about one third of the open spaces still existing in the Swiss Alps need preservation, not only for ecological connectivity reasons but also to preserve them for generations to come. We conclude that different sectoral approaches for the conservation of open spaces for people and natural heritage in the Alps and other high mountain ranges should be better coordinated. In addition, much more intensive crossborder cooperation in spatial development and planning is needed to preserve open spaces throughout the Alpine arc.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MeyerJobLaneretal.2022,
  author    = {Meyer, Constantin and Job, Hubert and Laner, Peter and Omizzolo, Andrea and Kollmann, Nadia and Clare, Jasmin and Vesely, Philipp and Riedler, Walter and Plassmann, Guido and Coronado, Oriana and Praper Gulič, Sergeja and Gulič, Andrej and Koblar, Simon and Teofili, Corrado and Rohringer, Verena and Schoßleitner, Richard and Ainz, Gerhard},
  title     = {OpenSpaceAlps Planning Handbook: Perspectives for consistent safeguarding of open spaces in the Alpine region},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-27040},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270401},
  pages     = {110},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In the Alpine region, the continuous consumption of open spaces for settlement areas and technical infrastructure and the associated soil sealing can be observed. This leads primarily to the loss of agricultural land. Depending on the extent of development, there is also increased landscape fragmentation, which is associated with the isolation of natural habitats and the restriction of ecological connectivity, as well as other negative consequences. The OpenSpaceAlps project has addressed this issue and, based on cooperative procedures in several pilot regions, has developed approaches and solution strategies for the sustainable safeguarding of open spaces. This handbook supports the activities and decision-making of various stakeholders, first and foremost planners in public planning authorities. Based on an analysis of the challenges and framework conditions in the Alpine region, the handbook presents and compares central "principles" of open space planning. Furthermore, integrated planning strategies for different spatial categories are discussed.},
  subject      = {Raumordnung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Trappe2022,
  author    = {Trappe, Julian},
  title     = {The influence of medieval building activity on relief development within the Spessart uplands, Germany. A sedimentological, geophysical and GIS-based approach at different castle and mining sites},
  edition   = {1. Auflage},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-184-6},
  issn      = {0510-9833},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-185-3},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261499},
  school      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {XXI, 250},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In the Spessart, a low mountain range in central Germany, a feud during the Middle Ages led to the construction of numerous castles in this region. This study analyzes the mutual influence of (paleo-)relief development and medieval building activity using a geomorphological and geoarchaeological multimethod approach to expand the knowledge of human-environmental interactions during this time. For this purpose, GIS-based terrain analysis and geophysical measurements were conducted and combined with sedimentological information to create 1D-3D models of the subsurface and to assess knowledge of the landscape and relief evolution at various medieval castle and mining sites. The interpretation of all these data led to the answering of numerous site-specific questions on various geomorphological, geoarchaeological, geologic, and archaeological topics that have been explored in this work and have greatly increased our knowledge of each study site. In addition to these key contributions to the archaeological and geomorphological interpretation of individual study sites, a quantification of the anthropogenic influence on the relief development was conducted, a generalized model of the influence was derived, and new methodological and interpretative approaches were developed. Overall, this study links geomorphological/geological and (geo-)archaeological investigations at five medieval sites and delivers important information on human-environmental interactions within the Spessart and beyond.},
  subject      = {Geoarch{\"a}ologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Wagner2022,
  author    = {Wagner, Horst-G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {Golf von Neapel : Landschaftswandel durch Verst{\"a}dterung},
  publisher = {wbg Academic},
  address   = {Darmstadt},
  isbn      = {978-3-534-40635-7},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25052},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250525},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  pages     = {172},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In vielen mediterranen K{\"u}stenniederungen entstand seit 1950 infolge von Gebirgsentv{\"o}lkerung, Infrastrukturausbau, neuer Gewerbe sowie illegaler Baut{\"a}tigkeit ein fast l{\"u}ckenloses Verst{\"a}dterungsband. Am Golf von Neapel konnte dieser Landschaftswandel {\"u}ber eine lange Zeit beobachtet und durch zahlreiche Vergleichsfotos, Kartierungen, Luft- und Satellitenbilder und Interviews dokumentiert werden. Horst-G{\"u}nter Wagner zeigt in diesem Band die Ver{\"a}nderungen der K{\"u}stenebene und erl{\"a}utert ihre Ursachen.},
  subject      = {Golf von Neapel},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{Halbleib2019,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Halbleib, Julia},
  title     = {Bodenerosion und ihre Modellierung auf Grundlage der Allgemeinen Bodenabtragsgleichung (ABAG) - Erosionsabsch{\"a}tzung mittels AVErosion im Untersuchungsgebiet Biosph{\"a}renreservat Rh{\"o}n},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178811},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wird ein Verfahren zur Modellierung der Bodenerosion auf Ackerfl{\"a}chen in einem Untersuchungsgebiet im UNESCO-Biosph{\"a}renreservat Rh{\"o}n vorgestellt. Als Grundlage dienen fl{\"a}chendeckend verf{\"u}gbare, hochaufl{\"o}sende Datens{\"a}tzen zu allen relevanten Faktoren. Ziel ist es die Sensitivit{\"a}t des Modells gegen{\"u}ber verschiedenen Faktoren sowie die {\"U}bertragbarkeit des Verfahrens auf gr{\"o}ßere Untersuchungsgebiete zu testen. Die Modellierung findet dabei in ArcView 3.2 {\"u}ber die Extension AVErosion von SCH{\"A}UBLE (2005) statt, w{\"a}hrend die Vorprozessierung in ArcMap von ESRI durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. Zun{\"a}chst werden grundlegende Begriffe zu den Prozessen, Einflussfaktoren und Messmethoden von Bodenerosion erl{\"a}utert. Die von Bodenerosion verursachten Sch{\"a}den und m{\"o}gliche Schutzmaßnahmen werden aufgrund ihrer Relevanz, unter anderem f{\"u}r die betroffenen Landwirte, geschildert. Nach dem {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die wichtigsten Erosionsmodelle werden die hier verwendete Allgemeine Bodenabtragsgleichung (ABAG) und ihre einzelnen Berechnungsschritte vorgestellt. Das Modellierungstool AVErosion verwendet zus{\"a}tzlich Elemente der Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE87). Zur Bodenerosionsmodellierung stehen hochaufl{\"o}sende Datens{\"a}tze aus dem Untersuchungsgebiet zur Verf{\"u}gung, aus denen in der Vorprozessierung die Raster der Faktoren errechnet werden. Insgesamt werden zehn Szenarien mit verschiedenen C-Faktoren und zwei Szenarien mit variierendem R-Faktor modelliert. Daraufhin wird das Untersuchungsgebiet nach physisch-geographischen Gesichtspunkten beschrieben und die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung in der Region charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse der Modellierung zeigen, dass neben den Reliefeigenschaften die Bodenbewirtschaftung auf den Ackerfl{\"a}chen den gr{\"o}ßten Einfluss auf den Bodenabtrag hat. Die Variationen der Niederschlagssumme in den R-Faktor-Szenarien hat hingegen vergleichsweise wenig Auswirkungen auf das Modellierungsergebnis. Zwar konnte durch das Fehlen von aktuellen Bewirtschaftungsdaten keine Modellierung der tats{\"a}chlichen Bodenerosion erzielt werden, jedoch zeigen die verschiedenen C-Faktor-Szenarien den potentiellen Bodenabtrag bei unterschiedlicher Bewirtschaftung. Es wird deutlich, dass auf erosionsgef{\"a}hrdeten Fl{\"a}chen durch eine angepasste Form der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung geringere Abtragswerte in der Modellierung erreicht werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Methode l{\"a}sst sich gut auf das Untersuchungsgebiet im Biosph{\"a}renreservat Rh{\"o}n anwenden und zeigt Potential zur {\"U}bertragung auf gr{\"o}ßere Untersuchungsgebiete},
  subject      = {Bodenerosion},
  language  = {de}
}
@book{JobFliessbachSchendzielorzBittlingmaieretal.2019,
  author    = {Job, Hubert and Fließbach-Schendzielorz, Maike and Bittlingmaier, Sarah and Herling, Anne and Woltering, Manuel},
  title     = {Akzeptanz der bayerischen Nationalparks - Ein Beitrag zum sozio{\"o}konomischen Monitoring in den Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald und Berchtesgaden},
  edition   = {1. Auflage},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-102-0},
  issn      = {0510-9833},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-103-7},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171246},
  publisher      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {XI, 149},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Nationalparks sind das {\"a}lteste und bekannteste fl{\"a}chenbezogene Naturschutzinstrument weltweit. F{\"u}r den Erhalt einer nachhaltigen Lebensgrundlage und die Entwicklung der Biodiversit{\"a}t sowie f{\"u}r mehr Naturdynamik in der Landschaft haben sie eine sehr große Bedeutung, auch in unseren Breiten. Dennoch ist die Einstellung zu Nationalparks von Seiten der unmittelbaren Anwohner nicht immer unproblematisch. Entsprechend versucht die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Analyse neue Erkenntnisse bez{\"u}glich der Akzeptanz der Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald und Berchtesgaden, den {\"a}ltesten Deutschlands, aufzuzeigen. Empirische Grundlagen f{\"u}r diese Studie sind eine bayernweite Online-Befragung, qualitative Experteninterviews und aufw{\"a}ndige repr{\"a}sentative schriftliche Befragungen in den Nationalpark-Landkreisen Regen und Freyung-Grafenau bzw. Berchtesgadener Land im Jahr 2018. Auch die zeitliche Entwicklung der Akzeptanz wird auf Basis der Ergebnisse von Vorg{\"a}ngerstudien, soweit m{\"o}glich, ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Dabei sind es {\"o}konomische, emotionale, interpersonelle, soziokulturelle und nicht zuletzt f{\"u}r Geographen besonders interessante raumzeitliche Pr{\"a}diktoren der Akzeptanz beider Nationalparks, die im Fokus der Untersuchungen stehen.},
  subject      = {Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald},
  language  = {de}
}