@phdthesis{Paesler2015,
  author    = {Paesler, Ferdinand},
  title     = {Regionalentwicklung und Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktion - Zwei Fallbeispiele aus Kenia und der Demokratischen Republik Kongo},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-026-9 (print)},
  issn      = {0510-9833},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-027-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120395},
  school      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {344},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Der vielschichtige Begriff Entwicklung stellt die Basis f{\"u}r die multidisziplin{\"a}re Entwicklungsforschung, aber auch die Entwicklungspolitik und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit dar und wird demzufolge auf verschiedenste Art und Weise verwendet. Insbesondere zu den Auswirkungen regionaler Entwicklungsprozesse auf lokaler Ebene existieren innerhalb der entwicklungstheoretischen Ideengeschichte eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Zug{\"a}nge, {\"u}ber die die vorliegende Arbeit einen kurzen {\"U}berblick gibt. Unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung anthropogeographischer Ans{\"a}tze zur Erforschung des Verh{\"a}ltnisses von Entwicklung und Raum werden im ersten (theoretischen) Teil die Konzepte der lokalen Partizipation sowie der Politischen {\"O}kologie als geeignete Analyseinstrumente f{\"u}r das Verst{\"a}ndnis konkreter lokaler Entwicklungsprozesse erarbeitet; Entwicklung wird hierbei akteurs- und kontextorientiert als Ergebnis von Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktionen angesehen. Im Rahmen eines case study research wird im zweiten Teil der Arbeit die Praxistauglichkeit dieser Analyseinstrumente {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Hierf{\"u}r werden in zwei Untersuchungsregionen regionale Entwicklungsdynamiken beschrieben und analysiert, um deren r{\"a}umliche und soziale Auswirkungen zu verstehen. In beiden Gebieten (Mampu/Mbankana in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo sowie Wasini Island in Kenia) hat in den vergangenen Jahren eine durch unterschiedliche Prozesse verursachte rasante Regionalentwicklung stattgefunden, die die Gebiete jeweils deutlich von ihrem Umland abhebt. Im Fallbeispiel Wasini Island wurde die Entwicklung durch den (internationalen) Tourismus bedingt, in Mampu/Mbankana durch ein Entwicklungsprojekt der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung (HSS). F{\"u}r beide Gebiete wird zuerst der naturr{\"a}umliche, politische und historische Kontext aufgezeigt, welcher die Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r die Analyse der einzelnen Akteure und Akteursgruppen darstellt. Sowohl f{\"u}r Wasini Island als auch f{\"u}r Mampu/Mbankana k{\"o}nnen w{\"a}hrend des Untersuchungszeitraums Ereignisse identifiziert werden, die von der einheimischen Bev{\"o}lkerung (bzw. Teilen dieser) als stark situationsver{\"a}ndernd und zudem nicht endogen verursacht wahrgenommen werden (externe Krisen): in Wasini der drastische Einbruch der Touristenzahlen nach den Unruhen im Nachgang der Pr{\"a}sidentschaftswahlen (2007/08 Kenyan Crisis), im kongolesischen Untersuchungsgebiet der schrittweise R{\"u}ckzug der HSS aus dem operativen Projekt ab 2009 und die damit einhergehende {\"U}bertragung von Verantwortung auf lokale Gremien und Organisationen. Durch die Zusammenf{\"u}hrung der Ergebnisse aus beiden Fallbeispielen wird konstatiert, dass Entwicklung auf regionaler Ebene als ein kontext- und akteursabh{\"a}ngiger dynamischer Prozess anzusehen ist, der aus den kumulierten, in beide Richtungen wirksamen Mensch-Umwelt-Interaktionen in der betrachteten Region resultiert, und damit in der Tradition geopossibilistischer Perspektiven steht, in denen die nat{\"u}rliche bzw. geographische ebenso wie die gesellschaftliche Umwelt die Rahmenbedingungen f{\"u}r menschliches Handeln und damit Entwicklung vorgibt, jedoch nicht determiniert.},
  subject      = {Regionalentwicklung},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{ErmertFinkMorseetal.2012,
  author    = {Ermert, Volker and Fink, Andreas H. and Morse, Andrew P. and Paeth, Heiko},
  title     = {The Impact of Regional Climate Change on Malaria Risk due to Greenhouse Forcing and Land-Use Changes in Tropical Africa},
  series = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
  volume    = {120},
  journal   = {Environmental Health Perspectives},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1289/ehp.1103681},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135562},
  pages     = {77-84},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: Climate change will probably alter the spread and transmission intensity of malaria in Africa. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we assessed potential changes in the malaria transmission via an integrated weather disease model. METHODS: We simulated mosquito biting rates using the Liverpool Malaria Model (LMM). The input data for the LMM were bias-corrected temperature and precipitation data from the regional model (REMO) on a 0.5 degrees latitude longitude grid. A Plasmodium falciparum infection model expands the LMM simulations to incorporate information on the infection rate among children. Malaria projections were carried out with this integrated weather disease model for 2001 to 2050 according to two climate scenarios that include the effect of anthropogenic land-use and land-cover changes on climate. RESULTS: Model-based estimates for the present climate (1960 to 2000) are consistent with observed data for the spread of malaria in Africa. In the model domain, the regions where malaria is epidemic are located in the Sahel as well as in various highland territories. A decreased spread of malaria over most parts of tropical Africa is projected because of simulated increased surface temperatures and a significant reduction in annual rainfall. However, the likelihood of malaria epidemics is projected to increase in the southern part of the Sahel. In most of East Africa, the intensity of malaria transmission is expected to increase. Projections indicate that highland areas that were formerly unsuitable for malaria will become epidemic, whereas in the lower-altitude regions of the East African highlands, epidemic risk will decrease. CONCLUSIONS: We project that climate changes driven by greenhouse-gas and land-use changes will significantly affect the spread of malaria in tropical Africa well before 2050. The geographic distribution of areas where malaria is epidemic might have to be significantly altered in the coming decades.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Forkuor2014,
  author    = {Forkuor, Gerald},
  title     = {Agricultural Land Use Mapping in West Africa Using Multi-sensor Satellite Imagery},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-108687},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Rapid population growth in West Africa has led to expansion in croplands due to the need to grow more food to meet the rising food demand of the burgeoning population. These expansions negatively impact the sub-region's ecosystem, with implications for water and soil quality, biodiversity and climate. In order to appropriately monitor the changes in croplands and assess its impact on the ecosystem and other environmental processes, accurate and up-to-date information on agricultural land use is required. But agricultural land use mapping (i.e. mapping the spatial distribution of crops and croplands) in West Africa has been challenging due to the unavailability of adequate satellite images (as a result of excessive cloud cover), small agricultural fields and a heterogeneous landscape. This study, therefore, investigated the possibilities of improving agricultural land use mapping by utilizing optical satellite images with higher spatial and temporal resolution as well as images from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems which are near-independent of weather conditions. The study was conducted at both watershed and regional scales. At watershed scale, classification of different crop types in three watersheds in Ghana, Burkina Faso and Benin was conducted using multi-temporal: (1) only optical images (RapidEye) and (2) optical plus dual polarimetric (VV/VH) SAR images (TerraSAR-X). In addition, inter-annual or short term (2-3 years) changes in cropland area in the past ten years were investigated using historical Landsat images. Results obtained indicate that the use of only optical images to map different crop types in West Africa can achieve moderate classification accuracies (57\% to 71\%). Overlaps between the cropping calendars of most crops types and certain inter-croppings pose a challenge to optical images in achieving an adequate separation between those crop classes. Integration of SAR images, however, can improve classification accuracies by between 8 and 15\%, depending on the number of available images and their acquisition dates. The sensitivity of SAR systems to different crop canopy architectures and land surface characteristics improved the separation between certain crop types. The VV polarization of TerraSAR-X was found to better discrimination between crop types than the VH. Images acquired between August and October were found to be very useful for crop mapping in the sub-region due to structural differences in some crop types during this period. At the regional scale, inter-annual or short term changes in cropland area in the Sudanian Savanna agro-ecological zone in West Africa were assessed by upscaling historical cropland information derived at the watershed scale (using Landsat imagery) unto a coarse spatial resolution, but geographically large, satellite imagery (MODIS) using regression based modeling. The possibility of using such regional scale cropland information to improve government-derived agricultural statistics was investigated by comparing extracted cropland area from the fractional cover maps with district-level agricultural statistics from Ghana The accuracy of the fractional cover maps (MAE between 14.2\% and 19.1\%) indicate that the heterogeneous agricultural landscape of West Africa can be suitably represented at the regional or continental scales by estimating fractional cropland cover on low resolution Analysis of the results revealed that cropland area in the Sudanian Savanna zone has experienced inter-annual or short term fluctuations in the past ten years due to a variety of factors including climate factors (e.g. floods and droughts), declining soil fertility, population increases and agricultural policies such as fertilizer subsidies. Comparison of extracted cropland area from the fractional cover maps with government's agricultural statistics (MoFA) for seventeen districts (second administrative units) in Ghana revealed high inconsistencies in the government statistics, and highlighted the potential of satellite derived cropland information at regional scales to improve national/sub-national agricultural statistics in West Africa. The results obtained in this study is promising for West Africa, considering the recent launch of optical (Landsat 8) and SAR sensors (Sentinel-1) that will provide free data for crop mapping in the sub-region. This will improve chances of obtaining adequate satellite images acquired during the cropping season for agricultural land use mapping and bolster opportunities of operationalizing agricultural land use mapping in West Africa. This can benefit a wide range of biophysical and economic models and improve decision making based on their results.},
  subject      = {Westafrika},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Mann2017,
  author    = {Mann, Daniel},
  title     = {"The smell of Ujamaa is still there" - Tanzania's Path of Development between Grassroots Socialism and Central State Control in Ruvuma},
  edition   = {1. Auflage},
  publisher = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-066-5 (print)},
  issn      = {0510-9833},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-067-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-154079},
  school      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {332},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In the 1960s, when most African nations gained their independence after the age of colonialism, several theories and strategies emerged with the goal of "developing" these apparently "underdeveloped" territories. One of the most influential approaches for this task was represented in Julius K. Nyerere´s idea of Ujamaa, the Tanzanian version of African socialism. Even before the Arusha Declaration established Ujamaa as a national development strategy in 1967, several groups of politicized young farmers took to the empty countryside of Tanzania to implement their own version of cooperative development. From one of these attempts emerged the Ruvuma Development Association (RDA), which organized up to 18 villages in southwestern Tanzania. The RDA became the inspiration for Nyerere´s concretization of Ujamaa and its implementation on national level. Yet, the central state could not replicate the success of the peasants, which was based on voluntariness and intrinsic motivation. In 2015, this exploratory study has revisited the Region of Ruvuma. Through a case study approach, relying mostly on qualitative methods, new insights into the local history of Ujamaa and its perception have been gathered. In particular, narrative interviews with contemporary witnesses and group interviews with the present-day farmers' groups have been conducted. Furthermore, NGOs active within the region, as well as regional and local government institutions were among the key stakeholders identified to concretize the local narrative of Ujamaa development. All interviews were analyzed according to the principles of qualitative content analysis. Additionally, individual villager questionnaires were used to achieve a more holistic picture of the local perception of development, challenges and the Ujamaa era. None of the original Ujamaa groups of the times of the RDA was still operational at the time of research and no case of village-wide organization of collective agriculture could be observed. Nevertheless, in all of the three case study villages, several farmers' groups (vikundi) were active in organizing development activities for their members. Furthermore, the perception of the Ujamaa era was generally positive throughout all of the case study sites. Yet, there have been significant differences in this perception, based on the village, age, gender and field size of the recipients. Overall, the period of Ujamaa was seen as an inspiration for present-day group activities, and the idea of such activities as a remedy for the developmental challenges of these villages was common among all stakeholders. This thesis concludes that the positive perception of group activities as a vehicle for village development and the perception of Ujamaa history as a positive asset for the inception and organization of farmers' groups would be highly beneficial to further attempts to support such development activities. However, the limitations in market access and capital availability for these highly-motivated group members have to be addressed by public and private development institutions. Otherwise, "the smell of Ujamaa" will be of little use for the progress of these villages.},
  subject      = {Ujamaa-Sozialismus},
  language  = {en}
}
@book{Sonntag2021,
  author    = {Sonntag, Christian},
  title     = {Wie kommen Obst und Gem{\"u}se in Superm{\"a}rkte im Globalen S{\"u}den? Supermarktexpansion und Liefersysteme/Intermedi{\"a}re f{\"u}r Frischeprodukte in Kenia und Tansania},
  isbn      = {978-3-95826-170-9},
  issn      = {2196-5811},
  doi       = {10.25972/WUP-978-3-95826-171-6},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244320},
  publisher      = {W{\"u}rzburg University Press},
  pages     = {xiv, 194},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten expandierten Supermarktketten aus dem Globalen Norden in L{\"a}nder des Globalen S{\"u}dens. Insbesondere L{\"a}nder mit einem raschen wirtschaftlichen Wachstum und damit neuen Marktpotentialen waren dabei Expansionsziele. Zugleich zeigt sich innerhalb der L{\"a}nder des Globalen S{\"u}dens eine Ausbreitung von regionalen Supermarktketten. Mittlerweile geh{\"o}rt frisches Obst und Gem{\"u}se fast immer zum Sortiment dieser Einzelhandelsunternehmen. Bisher untersuchte eine Reihe von Studien die Auswirkungen der Kooperation mit den Einzelh{\"a}ndlern auf die landwirtschaftlichen Produzierenden. Weniger ist dagegen bekannt, welche Liefersysteme und Intermedi{\"a}re f{\"u}r die Verbindung zwischen landwirtschaftlichen Produzierenden und Supermarktketten in L{\"a}ndern des Globalen S{\"u}dens bestehen und sich entwickeln. Insbesondere f{\"u}r leicht verderbliche Frischeprodukte (Obst und Gem{\"u}se) ist die Herausbildung dieser Intermedi{\"a}re eine große Herausforderung. Die vorliegende Studie betrachtet den Zusammenhang zwischen der r{\"a}umlichen und zeitlichen Ausbreitung von Superm{\"a}rkten und der Etablierung von Liefersystemen sowie Intermedi{\"a}ren am Beispiel von Kenia und Tansania.},
  subject      = {Wertsch{\"o}pfungskette},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Bangelesa2022,
  author    = {Bangelesa, Freddy Fefe},
  title     = {Impacts of climate variability and change on Maize (\(Zea\) \(mays\)) production in tropical Africa},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-25934},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259347},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Climate change is undeniable and constitutes one of the major threats of the 21st century. It impacts sectors of our society, usually negatively, and is likely to worsen towards the middle and end of the century. The agricultural sector is of particular concern, for it is the primary source of food and is strongly dependent on the weather. Considerable attention has been given to the impact of climate change on African agriculture because of the continent's high vulnerability, which is mainly due to its low adaptation capac- ity. Several studies have been implemented to evaluate the impact of climate change on this continent. The results are sometimes controversial since the studies are based on different approaches, climate models and crop yield datasets. This study attempts to contribute substantially to this large topic by suggesting specific types of climate pre- dictors. The study focuses on tropical Africa and its maize yield. Maize is considered to be the most important crop in this region. To estimate the effect of climate change on maize yield, the study began by developing a robust cross-validated multiple linear regression model, which related climate predictors and maize yield. This statistical trans- fer function is reputed to be less prone to overfitting and multicollinearity problems. It is capable of selecting robust predictors, which have a physical meaning. Therefore, the study combined: large-scale predictors, which were derived from the principal component analysis of the monthly precipitation and temperature; traditional local-scale predictors, mainly, the mean precipitation, mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature; and the Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI), derived from the specific crop (maize) water balance model. The projected maize-yield change is forced by a regional climate model (RCM) REMO under two emission scenarios: high emission scenario (RCP8.5) and mid-range emission scenario (RCP4.5). The different effects of these groups of predictors in projecting the future maize-yield changes were also assessed. Furthermore, the study analysed the impact of climate change on the global WRSI. The results indicate that almost 27 \% of the interannual variability of maize production of the entire region is explained by climate variables. The influence of climate predictors on maize-yield production is more pronounced in West Africa, reaching 55 \% in some areas. The model projection indicates that the maize yield in the entire region is expected to decrease by the middle of the century under an RCP8.5 emission scenario, and from the middle of the century to the end of the century, the production will slightly recover but will remain negative (around -10 \%). However, in some regions of East Africa, a slight increase in maize yield is expected. The maize-yield projection under RCP4.5 remains relatively unchanged compared to the baseline period (1982-2016). The results further indicate that large-scale predictors are the most critical drivers of the global year-to-year maize-yield variability, and ENSO - which is highly correlated with the most important predictor (PC2) - seems to be the physical process underlying this variability. The effects of local predictors are more pronounced in the eastern parts of the region. The impact of the future climate change on WRSI reveals that the availability of maize water is expected to decrease everywhere, except in some parts of eastern Africa.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Rodrian2009,
  author    = {Rodrian, Philipp T.},
  title     = {Das Erbe der deutschen Kolonialzeit in Namibia im Fokus des "Tourist Gaze" deutscher Touristen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231424},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  pages     = {210},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Studie besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit der Wahrnehmung des deutschen Kolonialerbes in Namibia aus Sicht deutscher Touristen. Namibia ist das Land in Afrika welches die st{\"a}rkste Durchdringung mit Elementen der deutschen Kolonialzeit aufweist. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeichnet sich dieses Land durch eine sehr hohe touristische Bedeutung des deutschen Quellmarktes aus. Weiterhin ist die gemeinsame koloniale Vergangenheit weder bilateral noch innerhalb Namibias aufgearbeitet, was der Thematik eine gesellschaftspolitische Komponente verleiht. Die Analyse der touristischen Wahrnehmung basiert auf 103 qualitativen Interviews mit deutschen Touristen in Namibia. Neben der Perspektive der Reisenden werden Akteure untersucht, welche den ‚Blick' der Touristen lenken und beeinflussen. Dabei kommen eine Inhaltsanalyse von deutschsprachiger Reiseliteratur sowie teilnehmende Beobachtungen bei Stadtf{\"u}hrungen mit lokalen Reiseleitern in der Stadt zum Einsatz. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Touristen das Erbe der deutschen Kolonialzeit als sehr heterogenes Ph{\"a}nomen interpretieren. Durch das Aufsummieren der vielf{\"a}ltigen Erfahrungen mit gelebtem und gebautem Kolonialerbe wird die Wahrnehmung geographisch wirksam, da die Eindr{\"u}cke auf R{\"a}ume und Menschen {\"u}bertragen werden und nicht auf punktuellen Elementen verharren. Aufgrund von Unterdr{\"u}ckung und Verbrechen in der Kolonialzeit sehen die befragten Touristen das deutsche Erbe in Namibia als ein ‚schwieriges' an, das kaum nostalgische Gef{\"u}hle ausl{\"o}st, sondern eher zu einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Geschichte anregt. Der Grad dieser Dissonanz ist stark davon abh{\"a}ngig, in wie weit die koloniale Thematik nach Ansicht der Touristen in aktuellem Bezug steht oder aber als nicht mehr relevante Vergangenheit interpretiert wird. Neben der ‚Dissonanz' k{\"o}nnen die Touristen anhand der beiden weiteren Indikatoren ‚Interesse' - im Sinne einer Auseinandersetzung und Informiertheit - sowie ‚Attraktion' - als touristische Bedeutung - typologisiert werden. Die entscheidende Determinante f{\"u}r die Charakterisierung der Befragten stellt das Maß der empfundenen Dissonanz dar. Weiterhin l{\"a}sst sich eine Differenzierung in Touristen mit einer vorbereiteten und organisierten und solche mit einer unvorbereiteten und spontanen Konfrontation mit dem deutschen Erbe vornehmen. Insgesamt k{\"o}nnen f{\"u}nf Typen - ‚klassische Heritage-Touristen', ‚spontane Heritage-Touristen, ‚Kritiker', ‚historische motivierte Touristen' und ‚Sightseeing-Touristen' - identifiziert werden, wobei den drei erstgenannten eine Wahrnehmung als ‚schwieriges', dissonantes Erbe immanent ist.},
  subject      = {Namibia},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{MeisterGarbeTrappeetal.2021,
  author    = {Meister, Julia and Garbe, Philipp and Trappe, Julian and Ullmann, Tobias and Es-Senussi, Ashraf and Baumhauer, Roland and Lange-Athinodorou, Eva and El-Raouf, Amr Abd},
  title     = {The Sacred Waterscape of the Temple of Bastet at Ancient Bubastis, Nile Delta (Egypt)},
  series = {Geosciences},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Geosciences},
  number    = {9},
  issn      = {2076-3263},
  doi       = {10.3390/geosciences11090385},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246129},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Sacred water canals or lakes, which provided water for all kinds of purification rites and other activities, were very specific and important features of temples in ancient Egypt. In addition to the longer-known textual record, preliminary geoarchaeological surveys have recently provided evidence of a sacred canal at the Temple of Bastet at Bubastis. In order to further explore the location, shape, and course of this canal and to find evidence of the existence of a second waterway, also described by Herodotus, 34 drillings and five 2D geoelectrical measurements were carried out in 2019 and 2020 near the temple. The drillings and 2D ERT surveying revealed loamy to clayey deposits with a thickness of up to five meters, most likely deposited in a very low energy fluvial system (i.e., a canal), allowing the reconstruction of two separate sacred canals both north and south of the Temple of Bastet. In addition to the course of the canals, the width of about 30 m fits Herodotus' description of the sacred waterways. The presence of numerous artefacts proved the anthropogenic use of the ancient canals, which were presumably connected to the Nile via a tributary or canal located west or northwest of Bubastis.},
  language  = {en}
}