@phdthesis{Eman2013,
  author    = {Eman, Maher Othman Sholkamy},
  title     = {In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Insulin-Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69274},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Hyperinsulinemia, a condition with excessively high insulin blood levels, is related to an increased cancer incidence. Diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome are the most common of several diseases accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. Since an elevated cancer risk especially for colon and kidney cancers, was reported for those patients, we investigated for the first time the induction of genomic damage by insulin mainly in HT29 (human colon cells), LLC-PK1 (pig kidney cells), HK2 (human kidney cells) and peripheral lymphocytes, and to confirm the genotoxicity of insulin in other cells from different tissues. To ascertain that the insulin effects were not only limited to permanent cell lines, rat primary colon, kidney, liver and fatty tissue cells were also studied. To connect the study and the findings to in vivo conditions, two in vivo models for hyperinsulinemia were used; Zucker diabetic fatty rats in a lean and diabetic state infused with different insulin concentrations and peripheral lymphocytes from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. First, the human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT29) showed significant elevation of DNA damage using comet assay and micronucleus frequency analysis upon treatment with 5 nM insulin in standard protocols. Extension of the treatment to 6 days lowered the concentration needed to reach significance to 0.5-1 nM. Insulin enhanced the cellular ROS production as examined by the oxidation of the dyes 2´,7´-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE). The FPG modified comet assay and the reduction of damage by the radical scavenger tempol connected the insulin-mediatedDNA damage to ROS production. To investigate the sources of ROS upon insulin stimulation, apocynin and VAS2870 as NADPH oxidase inhibitors and rotenone as mitochondrial inhibitor were applied in combination with insulin and all of them led to a reduction of the genomic damage. Investigation of the signaling pathway started by evaluation of the binding of insulin to its receptor and to the IGF-1 receptor. The results showed the involvement of both receptors in the signaling mechanism. Following the activation of both receptors, PI3K activation occurs leading to phosphorylation of AKT which in turn activates two pathways for ROS production, the first related to mitochondria and the second through activation of Rac1 , resulting in the activation of Nox1. Both pathways could be activated through AKT or through the mitochondrial ROS which in turn could activates Nox1. Studying another human colon cancer cell line, Caco-2 and rat primary colon cells in vitro confirmed the effect of insulin on cellular chromatin. We conclude that pathophysiological levels of insulin can cause DNA damage in colon cells, which may contribute to the induction or progression of colon cancer. Second, in kidney cells, insulin at a concentration of 5 nM caused a significant increase in DNA damage in vitro. This was associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the presence of antioxidants, blockers of the insulin and IGF-1 receptors, and a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) inhibitor, the insulin mediated DNA damage was reduced. Phosphorylation of AKT was increased and p53 accumulated. Inhibition of the mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase related ROS production reduced the insulin mediated damage. In primary rat cells insulin also induced genomic damage. HK2 cells were used to investigate the mechanistic pathway in the kidney The signaling is identical to the one in the colon cells untill the activation of the mitochondrial ROS production, because after the activation of PI3K activation of Nox4 occurs at the same time across talk between mitochondria and Nox4 activation has been suggested and might play a role in the observed effects. In the in vivo model, kidneys from healthy, lean ZDF rats, which were infused with insulin to yield normal or high blood insulin levels, while keeping blood glucose levels constant, the amounts of ROS and p53 were elevated in the high insulin group compared to the control level group. ROS and p53 were also elevated in diabetic obese ZDF rats. The treatment of the diabetic rats with metformin reduced the DNA oxidation measured as 8-oxodG as well as the ROS production in that group. HL60 the human premyelocytic cells and cultured lymphocytes as models for the hemopoietic system cells showed a significant induction for DNA damage upon treatment with insulin. The diabetic patients also exhibited an increase in the micronucleus formation over the healthy individuals. In the present study, we showed for the first time that insulin induced oxidative stress resulting in genomic damage in different tissues, and that the source of the produced ROS differs between the tissues. If the same mechanisms are active in patients, hyperinsulinemia might cause genomic damage through the induction of ROS contributing to the increased cancer risk, against which the use of antioxidants as well as mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase inhibitors might exert protective effects with cancer preventive potential under certain conditions. Normal healthy human plasma insulin concentrations are in the order of 0.04 nM after overnight fasting and increase to less than about 0.2 nM after a meal. Pathophysiological levels can reach 1 nM and can stay above 0.2 nM for the majority of the daytime yielding condictions close to the insulin concentrations determined in the present study. Whether the observed effects also occur in vivo and whether they actually initiate or promote tumor formation remains to be determined. However, if proof of that can be obtained, our experiments with inhibitors indicate chances for pharmacological intervention applying antioxidants or enzyme inhibitors. It will not be the aim to reduce ROS in any case or as much as possible because ROS have now been recognized as important signaling molecules and participatants in immune defense, but a reduction to physiological levels instead of pathophysiological levels in the context of a disease associated with ROS overproduction might be beneficial.},
  subject      = {Insulin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Engelhardt2001,
  author    = {Engelhardt, Stefan},
  title     = {Transgene Mausmodelle zur Charakterisierung der Funktion kardialer beta-adrenerger Rezeptoren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-1181950},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2001},
  abstract  = {In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Funktion kardialer beta-adrenerger Rezeptoren mit Hilfe einer Kombination aus transgenen Mausmodellen und physiologischen und molekularbiologischen Methoden untersucht. Durch gezielte {\"U}berexpression des humanen beta1-adrenergen Rezeptors im Herzen transgener M{\"a}use konnte gezeigt werden, daß die chronische Aktivierung dieses Rezeptors eine trophische Wirkung auf die Herzmuskelzellen hat. {\"U}ber einen Zeitraum von mehreren Monaten f{\"u}hrte dies zur Entwicklung einer Herzinsuffizienz. In der menschlichen Herzinsuffizienz kommt es zu einem {\"a}hnlichen Ph{\"a}nomen: Durch deutlich erh{\"o}hte Freisetzung von endogenen Katecholaminen kommt es zu einer chronischen Dauerstimulation kardialer beta1-adrenerger Rezeptoren. Daß diese sch{\"a}dlich ist belegen das hier beschriebene Mausmodell und zudem einige neuere klinische Studien, die zeigen daß eine pharmakologische Blockade beta-adrenerger Rezeptoren zu einer Verminderung der Herzinsuffizienzmortalit{\"a}t f{\"u}hrt. Dieses Mausmodell erlaubte es erstmals den beta1-adrenergen Rezeptor hinsichtlich seiner spontanen Rezeptoraktivit{\"a}t in einem physiologischen Modell zu untersuchen. Dabei zeigte sich, daß der humane beta1-adrenerge Rezeptor spontane Aktivit{\"a}t aufweist, jedoch in einem deutlich geringeren Ausmaß als der beta2-adrenerge Rezeptor. Dies k{\"o}nnte klinisch relevant sein, da klinisch verwendete beta-Rezeptor-Antagonisten die spontane Aktivit{\"a}t des beta1-adrenergen Rezeptors in unserem Modell unterschiedlich stark unterdr{\"u}ckten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde zudem untersucht, ob sich die beiden kardial exprimierten Beta-Rezeptor-Subtypen Beta1 und Beta2 hinsichtlich ihrer Signaltransduktion unterscheiden. Ausgehend von dem Befund, daß die chronische Aktivierung der beiden Subtypen in transgenen Mausmodellen zu deutlich unterschiedlichen Ph{\"a}notypen f{\"u}hrt, wurden verschiedene intrazellul{\"a}re Signalwege auf ihre Aktivierung hin {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Abweichend von publizierten, in vitro nach kurzzeitiger Rezeptorstimulation erhobenen Daten zeigte sich, daß die chronische Aktivierung der Rezeptorsubtypen zu einer unterschiedlichen Aktivierung der kardialen MAP-kinasen (ERK) f{\"u}hrt. Die beta1-spezifische Aktivierung dieser Kinasen k{\"o}nnte die beobachtete unterschiedliche Hypertrophieentwicklung in diesen beiden Mausmodellen erkl{\"a}ren. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bei der Aufkl{\"a}rung des Mechanismus beta-adrenerg induzierter Hypertrophie bildete die Untersuchung der zellul{\"a}ren Calcium-hom{\"o}ostase. Als fr{\"u}heste funktionelle Ver{\"a}nderung in der Entwicklung einer beta-adrenerg induzierten Herzhypertrophie und -insuffizienz trat dabei eine St{\"o}rung des intrazellul{\"a}ren Calciumtransienten auf. Als m{\"o}glicher Mechanismus f{\"u}r die St{\"o}rung des Calciumhaushalts konnte eine zeitgleich auftretende ver{\"a}nderte Expression des Calcium-regulierenden Proteins Junctin beschrieben werden. Einen neuen therapeutischen Ansatz f{\"u}r die Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz k{\"o}nnten schließlich vielleicht die Untersuchungen zum kardialen Na/H-austauscher ergeben: Es konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, daß der kardiale Na/H-Austauscher maßgeblich an der beta-adrenerg induzierten Herzhypertrophie- und Fibrose-entstehung beteiligt ist und daß die pharmakologische Inhibition dieses Proteins sowohl Hypertrophie als auch die Fibrose wirksam unterdr{\"u}cken kann.},
  subject      = {Beta-Rezeptor},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EpeHarttigStopperetal.1990,
  author    = {Epe, B. and Harttig, U. and Stopper, Helga and Metzler, M.},
  title     = {Covalent binding of reactive estrogen metabolites to microtubular protein as a possible mechanism of aneuploidy induction and neoplastic cell transformation},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63478},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {Neoplastic cell transfonnation induced by estrogens and some other carcinogen\& such as benzene appears to involve the induction of mitotic aneuploidy rather than DNA damage and point mutations. As metabolic activation may also play an important roJe in the mechanism of carcinogenesis of these nongenotoxic compounds, we have studied the Interaction of reactive quinone metabolites of various estrogens and of benzene with the major microtubular protein, tubulin, in a cell-free system. Covalent binding of the radioactively labeled metabolites to the a- and 13-subunit of tubulin was found to depend on the structure of the metabolite. When the adducted tubulins were tested in vitro for their ability to polymerize to microtubules, Inhibition of microtubule assembly was obsened in every case, although to varying extents. It is proposed that the fonnation of covalent tubulin adducts may impair the formation of mitotic spindies and thus contribute to chromosomal nondisjunction and aneuploidy induction.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EpeHaeringRamaiahetal.1993,
  author    = {Epe, Bernd and H{\"a}ring, Martin and Ramaiah, Danaboyina and Stopper, Helga and Abou-Elzahab, Mohamed M. and Adam, Waldemar and Saha-M{\"o}ller, Chantu R.},
  title     = {DNA damage induced by furocoumarin hydroperoxides plus UV (360 nm)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86870},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Wben irradiated at 360 nm, furocoumarins with a hydroperoxide group in a side chain effciently give rise to a type of DNA damage that can best be explained by a photoinduced generation of hydroxyl radicals from the excited pbotosensitizers. The observed DNA damage profiles, i.e. the ratios of single-strand breaks, sites of base loss (AP sites) and base modifications sensitive to fonnamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG protein) and endonuclease m, are similar to the DNA damage profile produced by hydroxyl radicals generated by lonizing radiation or by xanthine and xanthine oxidase in the presence of Fe(III)-EDTA. No such damage is observed with the corresponding furocoumarin alcohols or in the absence of near-UV radiation. The damage caused by the photo-excited hydroperoxides is not influenced by superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase or by D2O as solvent. The presence of t-butanol, however, reduces both the formation of single-strand breaks and of base odifications sensitive to FPG protein. The cytotoxicity caused by one of the hydroperoxides in L5178Y mome lymphoma cells is found to be dependent on the near-UV irradiation and to be much higher than that of the corresponding alcohol. Therefore the new type of photoinduced damage occurs inside cells. Intercalating photosensitizers with an attached hydroperoxide group might represent a novel and versatile class of DNA damaging agents, e.g. for phototherapy.},
  subject      = {DNS-Sch{\"a}digung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Eppli2023,
  author    = {Eppli, Nenad},
  title     = {Untersuchung des Einflusses der ERK1/2-Autophosphorylierung an Threonin 188 auf Mausherzen mittels transgener M{\"a}use mit ubiquit{\"a}rer {\"U}berexpression von ERK2\(^{T188D}\)},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21655},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216558},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Die ERK2Thr188-Autophosphoylierung stellt einen regulatorischen Signalweg dar, der infolge einer hypertrophen Stimulation die kardiale Hypertrophie beg{\"u}nstigt. Eine Hemmung dieser Phosphorylierung in Kardiomyozyten verhindert die Ausbildung der kardialen Hypertrophie ohne Beeinflussung der kardioprotektiven Funktionen von ERK1/2. Demgegen{\"u}ber f{\"u}hrt die dauerhafte Simulation zu einem gain-of-function-Ph{\"a}notypen mit ausgepr{\"a}gter Hypertophie, Fibrose und einer reduzierten Herzfunktion. In dieser Arbeit wurde die dauerhafte Simulation ERK2Thr188-Phosphorylierung (T188D) in einem Mausmodell mit ubiquit{\"a}rer Expression dieser Mutation untersucht. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich nach Stimulation durch TAC in diesen Tieren ein etwas st{\"a}rkerer hypertropher Ph{\"a}notyp mit vergr{\"o}ßerten Kardiomyozyten, gesteigerter interstitieller Fibrosierung und reduzierter Herzfunktion ausbildet als in M{\"a}usen mit kardiomyozyten-spezifischer {\"U}berexpression diese Mutante. In Fibroblasten- und VSMC-Zelllinien wurde eine gesteigerte Proliferation der T188D-{\"u}berexprimierenden Zellen im Vergleich zu Kontrollen festgestellt. Somit scheint die ERK2Thr188-Phosphorylierung auch in kardialen Nicht-Myozyten einen maladaptiven Einfluss auf das Herz auszu{\"u}ben.},
  subject      = {Herzhypertrophie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{FathyFawzyHintzscheetal.2019,
  author    = {Fathy, Moustafa and Fawzy, Michael Atef and Hintzsche, Henning and Nikaido, Toshio and Dandekar, Thomas and Othman, Eman M.},
  title     = {Eugenol exerts apoptotic effect and modulates the sensitivity of HeLa cells to cisplatin and radiation},
  series = {Molecules},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Molecules},
  number    = {21},
  issn      = {1420-3049},
  doi       = {10.3390/molecules24213979},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193227},
  pages     = {3979},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Eugenol is a phytochemical present in different plant products, e.g., clove oil. Traditionally, it is used against a number of different disorders and it was suggested to have anticancer activity. In this study, the activity of eugenol was evaluated in a human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line and cell proliferation was examined after treatment with various concentrations of eugenol and different treatment durations. Cytotoxicity was tested using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme leakage. In order to assess eugenol's potential to act synergistically with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, cell survival was calculated after eugenol treatment in combination with cisplatin and X-rays. To elucidate its mechanism of action, caspase-3 activity was analyzed and the expression of various genes and proteins was checked by RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Eugenol clearly decreased the proliferation rate and increased LDH release in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. It showed synergistic effects with cisplatin and X-rays. Eugenol increased caspase-3 activity and the expression of Bax, cytochrome c (Cyt-c), caspase-3, and caspase-9 and decreased the expression of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) indicating that eugenol mainly induced cell death by apoptosis. In conclusion, eugenol showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects via apoptosis and also synergism with cisplatin and ionizing radiation in the human cervical cancer cell line.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fazeli2010,
  author    = {Fazeli, Gholamreza},
  title     = {Signaling in the induction of genomic damage by endogenous compounds},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55634},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated in cells and are involved in physiological processes including signal transduction but also their damaging effects on biological molecules have been well described. A number of reports in the literature implicate excessive oxidative stress and/or inadequate antioxidant defense in the pathogenesis of cancer, atherosclerosis, chronic and age related disorders. Several studies have indicated that activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system can lead to the formation of ROS. Epidemiological studies have revealed higher renal cell cancer incidences and also higher cancer mortalities in hypertensive individuals. Recently, our group has shown that perfusion of the isolated mouse kidney with Ang II or treatment of several cell lines with Ang II leads to formation of DNA damage and oxidative base modifications. Here, we tried to scrutinize the pathway involved in genotoxicity of Ang II. We confirmed the genotoxicity of Ang II in two kidney cell lines of human origin. Ang II treatment led to the production of superoxide anions which we could hinder when we used the membrane permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic TEMPOL. One of the enzymes which is activated in the cells after Ang II treatment and is able to produce ROS is NADPH oxidase. We demonstrated the activation of NADPH oxidase in response to Ang II by upregulation of its p47 subunit using RT-PCR. Also, pPhosphorylation of p47 subunit of NADPH oxidase after Ang II treatment was enhanced. Using two inhibitors we showed that NADPH oxidase inhibition completely prevents DNA damage by Ang II treatment. To differentiate between Nox2 and Nox4 isoforms of NADPH oxidase subunits in the genotoxicity of Ang II, we performed siRNA inhibition and found a role only for Nox4, while Nox2 was not involved. Next, we investigated PKC as a potential activator of NADPH oxidase. We showed that PKC becomes phosphorylated after Ang II treatment and also that inhibition of PKC hinders Ang II from damaging the cells. Our results from using several inhibitors of different parts of the pathway revealed that PKC activation in this pathway is dependent on the action of PLC on membrane phospholipids and production of IP3. IP3 binds to its receptor at endoplasmic reticulum (ER), opening a channel which allows calcium efflux into the cytoplasm. In this manner, both ER calcium stores and extracellular calcium cooperate so that Ang II can exert its genotoxic effect. PLC is activated by AT1R stimulation. We could also show that the genotoxicity of Ang II is mediated via AT1R signaling using the AT1R antagonist candesartan. In conclusion, here we have shown that Ang II is able to damage genomic damage in cell lines of kidney origin. The observed damage is associated with production of ROS. A decrease in Ang II-induced DNA damage was observed after inhibition of G-proteins, PLC, PKC and NADPH oxidase and interfering with intra- as well as extracellular calcium signaling. This leads to the following preliminary model of signaling in Ang II-induced DNA damage: binding of Ang II to the AT1 receptor activates PLC via stimulation of G-proteins, resulting in the activation of PKC in a calcium dependent manner which in turn, activates NADPH oxidase. NADPH oxidase with involvement of its Nox4 subunit then produces reactive oxygen species which cause DNA damage. Dopamine content and metabolism in the peripheral lymphocytes of PD patients are influenced by L-Dopa administration. The PD patients receiving a high dose of L-Dopa show a significantly higher content of dopamine in their lymphocytes compared to PD patients who received a low dose of L-Dopa or the healthy control. Central to many of the processes involved in oxidative stress and oxidative damage in PD are the actions of monoamine oxidase (MAO), the enzyme which is responsible for the enzymatic oxidation of dopamine which leadsing to production of H2O2 as a by-product. We investigated whether dopamine oxidation can cause genotoxicity in lymphocytes of PD patents who were under high dose L-Dopa therapy and afterward questioned the occurrence of DNA damage after dopamine treatment in vitro and tried to reveal the mechanism by which dopamine exerts its genotoxic effect. The frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the PD patients was not elevated compared to healthy age-matched individuals, although the formation of micronuclei revealed a positive correlation with the daily dose of L-Dopa administration in patients who received L-Dopa therapy together with dopamine receptor agonists. In vitro, we describe an induction of genomic damage detected as micronucleus formation by low micromolar concentrations in cell lines with of different tissue origins. The genotoxic effect of dopamine was reduced by addition of the antioxidants TEMPOL and dimethylthiourea which proved the involvement of ROS production in dopamine-induced DNA damage. To determine whether oxidation of dopamine by MAO is relevant in its genotoxicity, we inhibited MAO with two inhibitors, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine hydrochloride (PCPA) and Ro 16-6491 which both reduced the formation of micronuclei in PC-12 cells. We also studied the role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine type 2 receptor (D2R) signaling in the genotoxicity of dopamine. Inhibitors of the DAT, GBR-12909 and nomifensine, hindered dopamine-induced genotoxicity. These results were confirmed by treatment of MDCK and MDCK-DAT cells, the latter containing the human DAT gene, with dopamine. Only MDCK-DAT cells showed elevated chromosomal damage and dopamine uptake. Although stimulation of D2R with quinpirole in the absence of dopamine did not induce genotoxicity in PC-12 cells, interference with D2R signaling using D2R antagonist and inhibition of G-proteins, phosphoinositide 3 kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases reduced dopamine-induced genotoxicity and affected the ability of DAT to take up dopamine. Furthermore, the D2R antagonist sulpiride inhibited the dopamine-induced migration of DAT from cytosol to cell membrane. Overall, the neurotransmitter dopamine causes DNA damage and oxidative stress in vitro. There are also indications that high dose L-Dopa therapy might lead to oxidative stress. Dopamine exerts its genotoxicity in vitro upon transport into the cells and oxidization oxidation by MAO. Transport of dopamine by DAT has the central role in this process. D2R signaling is involved in the genotoxicity of dopamine by affecting activation and cell surface expression of DAT and hence modulating dopamine uptake. We provided evidences for receptor-mediated genotoxicity of two compounds with different mechanism of actions. The involvement of these receptors in many human complications urges more investigations to reveal whether abnormalities in the endogenous compounds-mediated signaling can play a role in the initiation of new conditions like carcinogenesis.},
  subject      = {Angiotensin II},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FedericoRedentiSturleseetal.2015,
  author    = {Federico, Stephanie and Redenti, Sara and Sturlese, Mattia and Ciancetta, Antonella and Kachler, Sonja and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Cacciari, Barbara and Moro, Stefano and Spalluto, Giampiero},
  title     = {The Influence of the 1-(3-Trifluoromethyl-Benzyl)-1H-Pyrazole-4-yl Moiety on the Adenosine Receptors Affinity Profile of Pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-c]Pyrimidine Derivatives},
  series = {PLoS One},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {PLoS One},
  number    = {12},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0143504},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137133},
  pages     = {e0143504},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {A new series of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (PTP) derivatives has been developed in order to explore their affinity and selectivity profile at the four adenosine receptor subtypes. In particular, the PTP scaffold was conjugated at the C2 position with the 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1H-pyrazole, a group believed to confer potency and selectivity toward the human (h) A\(_{2B}\) adenosine receptor (AR) to the xanthine ligand 8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H, 7H)-dione (CVT 6975). Interestingly, the synthesized compounds turned out to be inactive at the hA\(_{2B}\) AR but they displayed affinity at the hA\(_3\) AR in the nanomolar range. The best compound of the series (6) shows both high affinity (hA\(_3\) AR K\(_i\) = 11 nM) and selectivity (A\(_1\)/A\(_3\) and A\(_{2A}\)/A\(_3\) > 9090; A\(_{2B}\)/A\(_3\) > 909) at the hA\(_3\) AR. To better rationalize these results, a molecular docking study on the four AR subtypes was performed for all the synthesized compounds. In addition, CTV 6975 and two close analogues have been subjected to the same molecular docking protocol to investigate the role of the 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1H-pyrazole on the binding at the four ARs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fink2008,
  author    = {Fink, Kristin},
  title     = {Toxins in Renal Disease and Dialysis Therapy : Genotoxic Potential and Mechanisms},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31082},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2008},
  abstract  = {In patients suffering from end-stage renal disease who are treated by hemodialysis genomic damage as well as cancer incidence is elevated. One possible cause for the increased genomic damage could be the accumulation of genotoxic substances in the blood of patients. Two possible sources for those toxins have to be considered. The first possibility is that substances from dialysers, the blood tubing system or even contaminated dialysis solutions may leach into the blood of the patients during dialysis. Secondly, the loss of renal filtration leads to an accumulation of substances which are normally excreted by the kidney. If those substances possess toxic potential, they are called uremic toxins. Several of these uremic toxins are potentially genotoxic. Within this thesis several exemplary uremic toxins have been tested for genotoxic effects (homocysteine, homocysteine-thiolactone,leptine, advanced glycated end-products). Additionally, it was analysed whether substances are leaching from dialysers or blood tubing and whether they cause effects in in vitrotoxicity testing. The focus of chemical analytisis was on bisphenol A (BPA), the main component of plastics used in dialysers and dialyser membranes.},
  subject      = {Bisphenol A},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Fischer2010,
  author    = {Fischer, Thomas Horst},
  title     = {Die transkriptionelle Regulation der microRNA-21 im Herzen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50702},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {MicroRNAs sind kleine, nicht kodierende RNA-Molek{\"u}le, die posttranskriptionell die Genexpression regulieren. Sie binden hierf{\"u}r spezifisch an 3'-UTRs von messenger-RNAs und f{\"u}hren entweder direkt zu deren Abbau oder inhibieren deren Translation. {\"U}ber die Mechanismen, die die Expression von microRNAs regulieren, ist jedoch noch wenig bekannt. Die Tatsache, dass sie als lange Vorl{\"a}ufermolek{\"u}le (pri-microRNAs) durch die RNA-Polymerase-II transkribiert werden, legt die Existenz eines Promotorbereiches nahe, der dem proteinkodierender Gene {\"a}hnelt. Mit Hilfe von microRNA-Arrays konnten wir im linksventrikul{\"a}ren Myokard mehrere bei Herzinsuffizienz deutlich ver{\"a}ndert exprimierte microRNAs identifizieren. Die microRNA-21 ist dabei bereits im Fr{\"u}hstadium der Herzinsuffizienz verst{\"a}rkt exprimiert (Northern Blot). Auch in prim{\"a}ren, kardialen Zellen (Fibroblasten, Kardiomyozyten) wird die microRNA-21 nach Induktion einer Hypertrophie verst{\"a}rkt exprimiert. Weiterf{\"u}hrendes Ziel dieser Arbeit war es nun, diejenigen Mechanismen aufzukl{\"a}ren, die der starken Induktion der microRNA-21 im erkrankten Myokard zu Grunde liegen. Durch bioinformatische Analyse des zugeh{\"o}rigen Promotorbereiches (Trans-Spezies-Konservierung) und Klonierung danach ausgerichteter Fragmente in Luciferase-basierte Reporter-Plasmide konnte ein 118 Basen langer Bereich identifiziert werden, der maßgeblich die Expression der microRNA-21 im Herzen bedingt. Durch Deaktivierung einzelner cis-Elemente konnte die kardiale Expression auf zwei essentielle Transkriptionsfaktorbindungsstellen zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Es handelt sich dabei um Erkennungssequenzen f{\"u}r die im Herz bedeutsamen Transkriptionsfaktoren CREB und SRF. Sie liegen in enger r{\"a}umlicher Nachbarschaft ungef{\"a}hr 1150 bp vor der Transkriptionsstartstelle. Die Suppression der Expression dieser beiden Transkriptionsfaktoren mittels geeigneter siRNAs f{\"u}hrte jeweils zu einer signifikanten Aktivit{\"a}tsminderung des microRNA-21-Promotors und konnte somit die vorangehenden Ergebnisse validieren. Durch Generierung einer transgenen Tierlinie, die lacZ unter der Kontrolle des microRNA-21-Promotors exprimiert, werden in naher Zukunft n{\"a}here Aufschl{\"u}sse {\"u}ber die gewebsspezifische Verteilung der microRNA-21-Expresssion in vivo m{\"o}glich sein. Zusammenfassend beschreiben wir hier erstmals den Mechanismus der transkriptionellen Regulation der microRNA-21 im Herzen. Dieser Mechanismus bedingt wahrscheinlich die starke Induktion dieser microRNA bei kardialer Hypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz.},
  subject      = {Small RNA},
  language  = {de}
}