@phdthesis{Kestler2017,
  author    = {Kestler, Christian},
  title     = {Untersuchungen {\"u}ber die Dimerisierung der HAD-Phosphatase Chronophin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149777},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Phosphatasen der HAD (haloacid dehalogenase)-Familie sind weit verbreitet in allen Dom{\"a}nen des Lebens und erf{\"u}llen die verschiedensten zellul{\"a}ren Aufgaben, beispielsweise in Metabolismus und Zellregulation. Die HAD-Phosphatase Chronophin zeigt Phosphataseaktivit{\"a}t unter anderem gegen{\"u}ber Pyridoxal-5'-Phosphat (PLP), einem essentiellen Kofaktor vieler biochemischer Prozesse, und Phosphocofilin, einem Regulator des Aktinzytoskeletts. Chronophin dimerisiert {\"u}ber die Interaktion zweier identischer Untereinheiten zu einem Homodimer. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, die Rolle dieser Dimerisierung, eines bei HAD-Phosphatasen weit verbreiteten Oligomerisierungszustandes, n{\"a}her zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurde die Dimerisierung erfolgreich durch den Austausch der Aminos{\"a}uren Alanin 194 und 195 zu Lysinen (Mutation A194K/A195K) gest{\"o}rt. Der Nachweis einer konstitutiv monomeren Chronophin-Mutante mittels Gr{\"o}ßenausschlusschromatographie, Rasterkraftmikroskopie, analytischer Ultra¬zentrifugation und Zellexperimenten wurde schließlich {\"u}ber die Struktur¬aufl{\"o}sung mittels R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalyse best{\"a}tigt. Aktivit{\"a}tsmessungen der monomeren Mutante gegen{\"u}ber dem Substrat PLP zeigten eine deutliche Verminderung der Phosphataseaktivit{\"a}t. Die R{\"o}ntgenstrukturanalyse von Chronophin A194K/A195K im Vergleich mit Wildtyp-Chronophin enth{\"u}llte einen Mechanismus, wie die sogenannte Substratspezifit{\"a}tsschleife, die f{\"u}r die korrekte Positionierung des PLP sorgt, im Homodimer des Wildtyps durch Interaktionen mit dem zweiten Protomer stabilisiert wird. Diese Stabilisierung fehlt bei der monomeren Mutante und {\"a}ußert sich in einer ver{\"a}nderten Stellung der Substratspezifit{\"a}tsschliefe. Der Strukturvergleich von Chronophin mit weiteren HAD-Phosphatasen der selben strukturellen Untergruppe vom C2a-Typ l{\"a}sst eine allgemeine G{\"u}ltigkeit der hier beschriebenen allosterischen Kontrolle von Substratspezifit{\"a}t {\"u}ber Homodimerisierung bei HAD-Phosphatasen vermuten und k{\"o}nnte so neue Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r m{\"o}glicherweise auch therapeutisch nutzbare Aktivit{\"a}tshemmungen liefern.},
  subject      = {Dimerisierung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kircher2020,
  author    = {Kircher, Malte Tim},
  title     = {Neuronale Genotoxizit{\"a}t von Angiotensin II},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-21427},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214273},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {In recent decades, the acceptance has steadily increased that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of chronic diseases, malignant neoplasia and the acceleration of the aging process. As one of the most common chronic diseases, hypertension is often associated with a misregulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that causes chronic oxidative stress. Hypertension is a risk factor for neurological diseases such as vascular dementia (VaD) and many neurological disorders, including VaD, have an ROS-associated or inflammatory component in their etiology. Our group has already demonstrated AT-II-induced genotoxicity in kidney and myocardial cells and tissues. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate a possible association between AT-II and neurodegeneration that is triggered by neuronal genotoxicity of AT-II. First, we showed in two neuronal cell lines that AT-II causes dose-dependent genome damage. Subsequent experiments could attribute this toxicity to NOX-produced superoxide generated after AT-II binding to the AT1R. In addition, AT-II-induced depletion of the most important intracellular antioxidant - glutathione - was demonstrated. In vivo, we were able to show that AT1aR knockout mice after AT-II treatment showed significantly more genome damage in the subfornic organ (SFO) than wild-type mice. The SFO is one of the few structures in the brain with an interrupted blood-brain barrier, which makes it accessible and particularly sensitive to circulating AT-II. In the recent literature, these genome damages were also observed in kidney and heart tissues and prove an additional genotoxicity of AT-II independent of AT1aR and consequently independent of blood pressure. In summary, this work shows that increased AT-II levels in neuronal cells cause genome damage due to NOX-produced superoxide. It is hoped that these results will one day help to decipher the complete development of VaD.},
  subject      = {Angiotensin II},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KirchnerStopperPappetal.1993,
  author    = {Kirchner, S. and Stopper, Helga and Papp, T. and Eckert, I. and Yoo, H. J. and Vig, B. K. and Schiffmann, D.},
  title     = {Cytogenetic changes in primary, immortalized and malignant mammalian cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63439},
  year      = {1993},
  abstract  = {Some chromosomes in transformed rat cells and somatic cell hybrids fail to display the presence of kinetochore proteins as detected by antikinetochore antibodies. Suchchromosomes (K- Chromosomes) may constitute a novel mechanism for the genesis of aneuploidy. Wehave analyzed primary~ immortalized and malignant marnmalian cells for the presence of kinetochore proteins and micronuclei. Our resuJts suggest a correlation of the K- chromosome and micronucleus frequency with the variability in chromosome number. Upon in situ hybridization with the minor satellite and alpha satellite sequences some Kchromosomes showed a signal. This indicates that the observed lack of kinetocbores is not necessarily due to a lack of centromeric DNA. We conclude that dislocated K- chromosomes may become incorporated into micronuclei which are prone to loss. Such events would be associated with the generation of aneuploidy.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlaunigDekantPlotzkeetal.2016,
  author    = {Klaunig, James E. and Dekant, Wolfgang and Plotzke, Kathy and Scialli, Anthony R.},
  title     = {Biological relevance of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) induced rat uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis: Mode of action and relevance to humans},
  series = {Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology},
  volume    = {74},
  journal   = {Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology},
  number    = {Supplement},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.021},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190952},
  pages     = {S44-S56},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) is a cyclic siloxane used in the production and formulation of consumer products with potential exposure to manufacturing workers, consumer, and the general public. Following a combined 2-year inhalation chronic bioassay performed in Fischer 344 (F344) rats, an increase in uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas was noted at the highest concentration to which animals were exposed. No other neoplasms were detected. In this study, a dose of 160 ppm produced an incidence of 8\% endometrial adenocarcinomas. Based on a number of experimental studies with D5, the current manuscript examines the biological relevance and possible modes of action for the uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas observed in the rat following chronic exposure to D5. Variable rates of spontaneous uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas have been reported for untreated F344 CrIBr rats. As such, we concluded that the slight increase in uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas observed in the D5 chronic bioassay might not be the result of D5 exposure but may be related to variability of the spontaneous tumor incidence in this strain of rat. However, if the uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas are related to D5-exposure, alteration in the estrous cycle in the aging F344 rat is the most likely mode of action. D5 is not genotoxic or estrogenic. The alteration in the estrous cycle is caused by a decrease in progesterone with an increase in the estrogen:progesterone ratio most likely induced by a decrease in prolactin concentration. Available data support that exposure to D5 influences prolactin concentration. Although the effects on prolactin concentrations in a number of experiments were not always consistent, the available data support the conclusion that D5 is acting via a dopamine receptor agonist-like mechanism to alter the pituitary control of the estrous cycle. In further support of this mode of action, studies in F344 aged animals showed that the effects of D5 on estrous cyclicity produced a response consistent with a dopamine-like effect and further suggest that D5 is accelerating the aging of the reproductive endocrine system in the F344 rat utilized in this study. This mode of action for uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis is not relevant for humans.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlenkHommersLohse2022,
  author    = {Klenk, Christoph and Hommers, Leif and Lohse, Martin J.},
  title     = {Proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain affects signaling of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor},
  series = {Frontiers in Endocrinology},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Endocrinology},
  issn      = {1664-2392},
  doi       = {10.3389/fendo.2022.839351},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262055},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) is a member of the class B family of G protein-coupled receptors, which are characterized by a large extracellular domain required for ligand binding. We have previously shown that the extracellular domain of PTH1R is subject to metalloproteinase cleavage in vivo that is regulated by ligand-induced receptor trafficking and leads to impaired stability of PTH1R. In this work, we localize the cleavage site in the first loop of the extracellular domain using amino-terminal protein sequencing of purified receptor and by mutagenesis studies. We further show, that a receptor mutant not susceptible to proteolytic cleavage exhibits reduced signaling to G\(_s\) and increased activation of G\(_q\) compared to wild-type PTH1R. These findings indicate that the extracellular domain modulates PTH1R signaling specificity, and that its cleavage affects receptor signaling.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Klenk2009,
  author    = {Klenk, Johann Christoph},
  title     = {Effekte von Parathormon auf die Struktur und Komplexierung des Parathormonrezeptors 1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47288},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Der Parathormonrezeptor Typ 1 (PTHR) ist ein G-Protein-gekoppelter Rezeptor der Gruppe 2 und wichtigster Regulator des Kalziumstoffwechsels. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine neuartige posttranslationale Modifikation des PTHR in Form einer proteolytischen Spaltung der Ektodom{\"a}ne identifiziert, charakterisiert und deren Regulation beschrieben. Nach langanhaltender Stimulation des Rezeptors mit Agonisten - aber nicht mit Antagonisten - wurde eine Massen- und Mengenzunahme des Rezeptorproteins beobachtet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Rezeptor unter basalen Bedingungen einer Spaltung unterliegt. Der Massenunterschied entsteht durch die proteolytische Spaltung der Ektodom{\"a}ne des PTHR, was nachfolgend die Stabilit{\"a}t des Rezeptors beeintr{\"a}chtigt. Die Spaltung erfolgte innerhalb einer unstrukturierten Schleife der Ektodom{\"a}ne, welche die Bereiche f{\"u}r die Ligandenbindung miteinander verbindet. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Region, die im Vergleich zu anderen Gruppe 2-Rezeptoren spezifisch f{\"u}r den PTHR ist. Das durch die Spaltung entstandene N-terminale Fragment bleibt durch eine Disulfidbr{\"u}cke mit dem Transmembranteil des Rezeptors verbunden. Durch Versuche mit verschiedenen Proteaseinhibitoren konnte die verantwortliche Protease der Familie der zinkabh{\"a}ngigen extrazellul{\"a}ren Proteasen zugeordnet werden. Diese Ergebnisse beschreiben einen Mechanismus wie die Homo{\"o}stase des PTHR reguliert sein k{\"o}nnte. In einem zweiten Abschnitt wurde die Interaktion der Adapterproteine NHERF1 und beta-Arrestin2 mit dem PTHR untersucht. Beide Proteine interagierten unabh{\"a}ngig mit dem Rezeptor, wobei NHERF1 {\"u}ber eine PDZ-Dom{\"a}ne konstitutiv an den C-Terminus des Rezeptors bindet. beta-Arrestin2 hingegen bindet nach Aktivierung des Rezeptors und f{\"u}hrt zur Desensitisierung des Rezeptors. Mittels biochemischer und mikroskopischer Methoden konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide Proteine gemeinsam einen tern{\"a}ren Komplex mit dem PTHR bilden, welcher durch die direkte Interaktion zwischen NHERF1 und beta-Arrestin2 vermittelt wird. Dies hat zur Folge, dass beta-Arrestin im basalen Zustand durch NHERF1 an den Rezeptor gekoppelt wird. Durch Analyse der Assoziationskinetik mittels Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energietransfer-Messungen zeigte sich, dass diese Kopplung zu einer zweifach erh{\"o}hten Rekrutierungsgeschwindigkeit von beta-Arrestin2 an den PTHR f{\"u}hrt. Somit stellt unterst{\"u}tzt NHERF1 die beta-Arrestin2-vermittelte Desensitisierung des PTHR.},
  subject      = {Parathormon},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Klenk2006,
  author    = {Klenk, Johann Christoph},
  title     = {Posttranslationale Modifikation von Phosducin durch den small ubiquitin-related modifier "SUMO"},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-19140},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Die Rezeptor vermittelte Aktivierung heterotrimerer G-Proteine ist einer der bedeutendsten Signaltransduktionsmechanismen in vielen Organismen. Die Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Rezeptoren und Agonisten macht eine effektive Kontrolle des einzelnen Signals unumg{\"a}nglich. Das zytosolische Protein Phosducin bindet beta-gamma-Untereinheiten aktivierter G-Proteine und hemmt damit sowohl Gbeta-gamma-vermittelte Effekte als auch Galpha-vermittelte Effekte. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde neben der bekannten 33 kDa Form von Phosducin eine weitere 47 kDa große Form in der Retina und im Herz identifiziert. Hierbei handelte es sich um Phosducin, welches mit dem small ubiquitin-related modifier, SUMO, modifiziert war. Weiterhin wurde sowohl in vitro als auch in zellul{\"a}ren Sytemen gezeigt, dass Phosducin mit einem Molek{\"u}l SUMO an Lysin 33 modifiziert wird. Durch punktgerichtete Mutation dieser Modifikationsstelle wurde eine SUMOylierungs-defiziente Phosducin-Mutante generiert. Diese Mutante unterliegt einem gesteigerten Turnover im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Phosducin, welcher auf die verst{\"a}rke Ubiquitinierung und dem damit verbundenen proteasomalen Abbau der Mutante zur{\"u}ckzuf{\"u}hren war. Dies demonstriert, dass SUMOylierung von Phosducin protektive Wirkung auf dieses Protein hat. Dar{\"u}berhinaus behindert die SUMOylierung von Phosducin dessen Bindung an Gbeta-gamma-Untereinheiten heterotrimerer G-Proteine. Diese Beobachtungen erlauben den Schluss, dass SUMOylierung neben der Phosphorylierung ein neuer und wichtiger Mechanismus ist, {\"u}ber den die Verf{\"u}gbarkeit von Phosducin als G-Protein-Regulator kontrolliert wird.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KlotzMentrupRegensburgeretal.2012,
  author    = {Klotz, Barbara and Mentrup, Birgit and Regensburger, Martina and Zeck, Sabine and Schneidereit, Jutta and Schupp, Nicole and Linden, Christian and Merz, Cornelia and Ebert, Regina and Jakob, Franz},
  title     = {1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Treatment Delays Cellular Aging in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells while Maintaining Their Multipotent Capacity},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {1},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0029959},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133392},
  pages     = {e29959},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) was reported to induce premature organismal aging in fibroblast growth factor-23 (Fgf23) and klotho deficient mice, which is of main interest as 1,25D3 supplementation of its precursor cholecalciferol is used in basic osteoporosis treatment. We wanted to know if 1,25D3 is able to modulate aging processes on a cellular level in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Effects of 100 nM 1,25D3 on hMSC were analyzed by cell proliferation and apoptosis assay, beta-galactosidase staining, VDR and surface marker immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR of 1,25D3-responsive, quiescence-and replicative senescence-associated genes. 1,25D3 treatment significantly inhibited hMSC proliferation and apoptosis after 72 h and delayed the development of replicative senescence in long-term cultures according to beta-galactosidase staining and P16 expression. Cell morphology changed from a fibroblast like appearance to broad and rounded shapes. Long term treatment did not induce lineage commitment in terms of osteogenic pathways but maintained their clonogenic capacity, their surface marker characteristics (expression of CD73, CD90, CD105) and their multipotency to develop towards the chondrogenic, adipogenic and osteogenic pathways. In conclusion, 1,25D3 delays replicative senescence in primary hMSC while the pro-aging effects seen in mouse models might mainly be due to elevated systemic phosphate levels, which propagate organismal aging.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzCristalliGrifantinietal.1985,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Cristalli, G. and Grifantini, M. and Vittori, S. and Lohse, M. J.},
  title     = {Photoaffinity labeling of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors},
  series = {The journal of biological chemistry},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {The journal of biological chemistry},
  number    = {260},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60198},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {The ligand-binding subunit of the A\(_1\)-adenosine receptor has been identified by photoaffinity labeling. A photolabile derivative of R- \(N^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine, R-2-azido-\(N^6\)-p-hydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine (R-AHPIA), has been synthesized as a covalent specific Iigand for A\(_1\)-adenosine receptors. In adenylate cyclase studies with membranes of rat fat cells and human platelets, R·AHPIA has adenosine receptor agonist activity with a more than 60-fold selectivity for the A\(_1\)-subtype. It competes for [\(^3\)H].\(N^6\)- phenylisopropyladenosine binding to Arreceptors of rat brain membranes with a Ki value of 1.6 nM. After UV irradiation, R-AHPIA binds irreversibly to the receptor, as indicated by a loss of [\(^3\)H)\(N^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine binding afterextensive washing; the K; value for this photoinactivation is 1.3 nM. The p-hydroxyphenyl substituent of R-AHPIA can be directly radioiodinated to give a photoaffinity Iabel of high specific radioactivity (\(^{125}\)I-AHPIA). This compound has a KD value of about 1.5 nM as assessed from saturation and kinetic experiments. Adenosine analogues compete for \(^{125}\)I-AHPIA binding to rat brain membranes with an order of potency characteristic for A\(_1\)-adenosine receptors. Dissociation curves following UV irradiation at equilibrium demonstrate 30-40\% irreversible specific binding. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that the probe is photoincorporated into a single peptide of M\(_r\) = 35,000. Labeling of this peptide can be blocked specifically and stereoselectively by adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists in a manner which is typical for the A\(_1\)-subtype. The results indicate that \(^{125}\)I-AHPIA identifies the ligand-binding subunit of the A\(_1\)-adenosine receptor, which is a peptide with M\(_r\) = 35,000.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzJesaitis1994,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Jesaitis, A. J.},
  title     = {Neutrophil chemoattractant receptors and the membrane skeleton},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60471},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Signal transduction via receptors for N-formylmethionyl peptide chemoattractants (FPR) on human neutrophils is a highly regulated process which involves participation of cytoskeletal elements. Evidence exists suggesting that the cytoskeleton and/or the membrane skeleton controls the distributJon of FPR in the plane of the plasma membrane, thus controlling the accessibility of FPR to different proteins in functionally distinct domains. In desensitized cells, FPR are restricted todomains which are depleted of G proteins but enriched in cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and fodrin. Thus, the G protein signal transduction partners of FPR become inaccessible to the agonist-occupied receptor, preventing cell activation. The mechanism of interaction of FPR with the membrane skeleton is poorly understood but evidence is accumulating that suggests a direct binding of FPR (and other receptors) to cytoskeletal proteins such as actin.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzJesaitis1994,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Jesaitis, A. J.},
  title     = {Physical coupling of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors to G protein is not affected by desensitization},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60483},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Desensitization of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors (FPR) in human neutrophils results in association of these receptors to the membrane skeleton. This is thought to be the critical event in the lateral segregation of receptors and guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) within the plane of the plasma membrane resulting in an interruption of the signaling cascade. In this study we probed the interaction of FPR with G protein in human neutrophils that were desensitized to various degrees. Human neutrophils were desensitized using the photoreactive agonist N-formyl-met-leu-phelys- N\(^\epsilon\)-[\(^{125}\)I]2(p-azidosalicylamido )ethyl-1 ,3 '-dithiopropionate (/MLFK-[\(^{125}\)I]ASD). The interaction if FPR with G protein was studied via a reconstitution assay and subsequent analysis of FPR-G protein complexes in sucrose density gradients. FPR-G protein complexes were reconstituted with solubilized FPR from partially and fully desensitized neutrophils with increasing concentrations of Gi purified from bovine brain. The respective EC\(_{50}\) values for reconstitution were similar to that determined for FPR from unstimulated neutrophils (Bommakanti RK et al., J Bio[ Chem 267: 757~7581, 1992). We conclude, therefore, that the affinity of the interaction of FPR with G protein is not affected by desensitization, consistent with the model of lateral segregation of FPR and G protein as a mechanism of desensitization.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzJesaitis1994,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Jesaitis, A. J.},
  title     = {The interaction of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors with the membrane skeleton is energy-dependent},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60499},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {Desensitization of N-fonnyl peptide chemoattractant receptors (FPR) in human neutrophils is thought to be achieved by lateral segregation of receptors and G proteins within the plane of the plasma membrane resulting in an interruption of the signalling cascade. Direct coupling of FPR to membrane skeletal actin appears to be the basis of this process~ however, the molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study we investigated the effect of energy depletion on formation of FPR-membrane skeleton complexes. In addition the effect of the protein kinase C inhibitor stauroporine and the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid on coupling of FPR to the membrane skeletonwas studied. Human neutrophils were desensitized using the photoreactive agonist N-formy1-met-leu-phe-1ys-N'[\(^{125}\)I]2(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1,3'-dithiopropionate (fMLFK-[\(^{125}\)I]ASD) after ATP depletion with NaF or after incubation with the respective inhibitors. The interaction of FPR with the membrane skeleton was studied by Sedimentation of the membrane skeleton-associated receptors in sucrose density gradients. Energy depletion of the cells markedly inhibited the formation of FPR-membrane skeleton complexes. This does not appear tobe related to inhibition of protein phosphorylation due to ATP depletion because inhibition of protein kinases and phosphatases bad no significant effect on coupling of FPR to the membrane skeleton. We conclude, therefore, that coupling of FPR to the membrane skeleton is an energy,dependent process which does not appear to require modification of the receptor protein by phosphorylation.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzKeilZimmeretal.1990,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Keil, R. and Zimmer, F. J. and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {Guanine nucleotide effects on 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine binding to membrane-bound and solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptors of rat brain},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60369},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {The effects of guanine nucleotides on binding of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine [\(^3\)H]DPCPX), a highly selective A\(_1\) adenosine receptor antagonist, have been investigated in rat brain membranes and solubilized A\(_1\) receptors. GTP, which induces uncoupling of receptors from guanine nucleotide binding proteins, increased binding of [\(^3\)H]DPCPX in a concentration-dependent manner. The rank order of potency for different guanine nucleotides for increasing [\(^3\)H]DPCPX bindingwas the same as for guanine nuc1eotide-induced inhibition of agonist binding. Therefore, a role for a guanine nucleotide binding protein, e.g., G\(_i\), in the regulation of antagonist binding is suggested. This was confirmed by inactivation ofGi by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) treatment of membranes, which resulted in an increase in [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding similar to that seen with addition of GTP. Kinetic and equilibrium binding studies showed that the GTP- or NEM-induced increase in antagonist binding was not caused by an affinity change of A\(-1\) receptors for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX but by an increased Bmu value. Guanine nucleotides had similar effects on membrane-bound and solubilized receptors, with the effects in the solubilized system being more pronounced. In the absence of GTP, when rnost receptors are in a high-affinity state for agonists, only a few receptors are labeled by [\(^3\)H]DPCPX. It is suggested that [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding is inhibited when receptors are coupled to G\(_i\). Therefore, uncoupling of A\(_1\) receptors from G\(_i\) by guanine nucleotides or by inactivation of G\(_i\) with NEM results in an increased antagonist binding. Key Words: Adenosine receptors-8 -Cyclopentyl-1,3-eH]dipropylxanthine-Antagenist binding-Guanine nucleotide effects. Klotz K.-N. et al. Guanine nucleotide etfects on 8-cyclopentyl-1 ,3-eH]dipropylxanthine binding to membrane-bound and solubilized A1 adenosine receptors of rat brain. J. Neurochem. 54, 1988-1994 (1990).},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{KlotzKeilZimmeretal.1989,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Keil, Roger and Zimmer, Franz-Josef and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Modulation of (\SH) DPCPX binding to membrane-bound ans solubilized A1 adenosine receptors by guanine nucleotides},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86153},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Adenosinrezeptor},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzKrotecGripentrogetal.1994,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Krotec, K. L. and Gripentrog, J. and Jesaitis, A. J.},
  title     = {Regulatory interaction of N-formyl peptide chemoattractant receptors with the membrane skeleton in human neutrophils},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60466},
  year      = {1994},
  abstract  = {The cytoskeleton and/or membrane skeleton has been implicated in the regulation of N-formyl peptide receptors. The coupling of these chemotactic receptors to the membrane skeleton was investigated in plasma membranes from unstimulated and desensitized human neutrophils using the photoreactive agonist N-formyl-met-leu-phelys-N\(^6\)-[\(^{125}\)I]2(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-1,3'-dithiopropionate (fMLFK-[\(^{125}\)I]ASD). When membranes of unstimulated cells were solubilized in Triton-X 100, a detergent that does not disrupt actin filaments, only 50\% of the photoaffinity-labeled receptors were solubilized sedimenting in sucrose density gradients at a rate consistent with previous reports. The remainder were found in the pellet fraction along with the membrane skeletal actin. Solubilization of the membranes in the presence of p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, elevated concentrations of KCI, or deoxyribonuclease I released receptors in parallel with actin. When membranes from neutrophils, desensitized by incubation with fMLFK-e 251]ASD at 15°C, were solubilized, nearly all receptors were recovered in the pellet fraction. lncubation of cells with the Iigand at 4°C inhibited desensitization partially and prevented the conversion of a significant fraction of receptors to the form associated with the membrane skeletal pellet. ln these separations the photoaffinity-labeled receptors not sedimenting to the pellet cosedimented with actin. Approximately 25\% of these receptors could be immunosedimented with antiactin antibodies suggesting that N-formyl peptide receptors may interact directly with actin. These results are consistent with a regulatory role for the interaction of chemotactic N-formyl peptide receptors with actin of the membrane skeleton.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzLohse1986,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Lohse, M. J.},
  title     = {The glycoprotein nature of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60231},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {A\(_1\) adenosine receptors from different tissues and species we~e photoaffinity labelled and then the carbohydrate content was examined by both enzymatic and chemical treatment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the labelled membrane receptors shows that neuraminidase treatment alters the electrophoretic mobility of the receptor band indica ting the presence of terminal neurandnie acids. Neuraminidase digestion does not influence the binding characteristics of the receptor. The totally deglycosylated receptor protein obtained by chemical treatment has an apparent molecular weight Of 32,000.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzLohseSchwabe1988,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Lohse, M. J. and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {Chemical modification of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in rat brain membranes - evidence for histidine in different domains of the ligand binding site},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60295},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Chemical modification of amino acid residues was used to probe the ligand recognition site of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors from rat brain membranes. The effect of treatment with group·specific reagents on agonist and antagonist radioligand binding was investigated. The histidine-specific reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) induced a loss of binding of the agonist R-N\(^6\)-[\(^3\)H]phenylisopropyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]PIA), which could be prevented in part by agonists, but not by antagonists. DEP treatment induced also a loss of binding of the antagonist [\(^3\)H]8- cyclopentyl-1 ,3-dipropylxanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX). Antagonists protected A\(_1\) receptors from this inactivation while agonists did not. This result provided evidence for the existence of at least 2 different histidine residues involved in ligand binding. Consistent with a modification of the binding site, DEP did not alter the affinity of [\(^3\)H]DPCPX, but reduced receptor number. From the selective protection of [\(^3\)H] PIA and [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding from inactivation, it is concluded that agonists and antagonists oocupy different domains at the binding site. Sulfhydryl modifying reagents did not influence antagonist binding, but inhibited agonist binding. This effect is explained by modification of tbe inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate inactivated both [\(^3\)H]PIA and [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding, but the receptors could not be protected from inactivation by ligands. Therefore, no amino group seems to be located at the Iigand binding site. In addition, it was shown that no further amino acids witb polar side chains are present. The absence of bydrophilic amino acids frout the recognition site of the receptor apart from histidine suggests an explanation for the lack of hydrophilic ligands with high affinity for A\(_1\) receptors.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzLohseSchwabe1986,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Lohse, M. J. and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {Characterization of the solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptor from rat brain membranes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60222},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {A\(_1\) adenosine receptors from rat brain membranes were solubilized with the zwitterionic detergent 3-[3-( cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. The solubilized receptors retained all the characteristics of membrane-bound A\(_1\) adenosine receptors. A high and a low agonist affinity state for the radiolabelled agonist (R)-\(N^6\)-[\(^3\)H]phenylisopropyladenosine([\(^3\)H]PJA) with K\(_D\) values of 0.3 and 12 nM, respectively, were detected. High-affinity agonist binding was regulated by guanine nucleotides. In addition agonist binding was still modulated by divalent cations. The solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptors could be labelled not only with the agonist [\(^3\)H]PIA but also with the antagonist I ,3-diethyi-8-[\(^3\)H]phenylxanthine. Guanine nucleotides did not affect antagonist binding as reported for membrane-bound receptors. These results suggest that the solubilized receptors are still coupled to the guanine nucleotide binding protein N; and that all regulatory functions are retained on solubilization. Key Words: A1 adenosine receptors - Solubilization- Rat brain membranes. Klotz K.-N. et al. Characterization of the solubilized A1 adenosine receptor from rat brain membranes. J. Neurochem. 46, 1528-1534 (1986).},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzLohseSchwabeetal.1989,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Lohse, M. J. and Schwabe, U. and Cristalli, G. and Vittori, S. and Grifantini, M.},
  title     = {2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-[\(^3\)H]cyclopentyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]CCPA) - a high affinity agonist radioligand for A\(_1\) adenosine receptors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60328},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {The tritiated analogue of 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), an adenosine derivative with subnanomolar affinity and a 10000-fold selectivity for A1 adenosine receptors, has been examined as a new agonist radioligand. [3H]CCP A was prepared with a specifi.c radioactivity of 1.58 TBqjmmol ( 43 Ci/mmol) and bound in a reversible manner to A1 receptors from rat brain membranes with a high affinity K0 -value of 0.2 nmol/1. In the presence of GTP a K0 -value of 13 nmol/1 was determined for the low affinity state for agonist binding. Competition of several adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists for [3H]CCPA binding to rat brain membranes confrrmed binding to an A1 receptor. Solubilized A1 receptors bound [3H]CCPA with similar affinity for the high affinity state. At solubilized receptors a reduced association rate was observed in the presence of MgC12, as has been shown for the agonist [ 3H]N6-phenylisopropyladenosine ([3H]PIA). [3H]CCPA was also used for detection of A1 receptors in rat cardio myocyte membranes, a tissue with a very low receptor density. A K0 -value of 0.4 nmol/1 and a Bmax-value of 16 fmol/ mg protein was determined in these membranes. In human platelet membranes no specific binding of [3H]CCPA was measured at concentrations up to 400 nmoljl, indicating that A2 receptors did not bind [3H]CCPA. Based on the subnanomolar affinity and the high selectivity for A1 receptors [ 3H]CCPA proved to be a useful agonist radioligand for characterization of A 1 adenosine receptors also in tissues with very low receptor density.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlotzVogtTawfikSchlieper1991,
  author    = {Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Vogt, H. and Tawfik-Schlieper, H.},
  title     = {Comparison of A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in brain from different species by radioligand binding and photoaffinity labelling},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60388},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {Radioligand binding to A\(_1\) adenosine receptors at brain membranes from seven species was investigated. The antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1 ,3-[\(^3\)H]dipropylxanthine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX) bound with affinities between 0.17 nM in sheep brain and 2.1 nM in guinea pig brain. Competition of several antagonists for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding showed that the most potent compounds were DPCPX with K\(_i\) values of 0.05 nM in bovine brain and 1.1 nM in guinea pig brain and xanthine amine congener (XAC) with K\(_i\) values of 0.03 nM in bovine brain and 5.5 nM in guinea pig brain. The differences in affinity of the agonist radio Iigand 2-chloro-N\(^6\) -[\(^3\)H]cyclopen tyladenosine ([\(^3\)H]CCP A) were less pronounced, rauging from a K\(_D\) value of 0.12 nM (hamster brain) to 0.42 nM (guinea pig brain). Agonist competition for [\(^3\)H]DPCPX binding of photoaffinity labelling, however, exhibited marked species differences. N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and S-N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (S-PIA) showed 20 to 25-fold different K\(_D\) values in different species. NECA had a particularly high affinity in guinea pig brain and was only two-fold less potent than R-PIA. Thus, the difference from the "classical" A\(_1\) receptor profile (R-PIA > -NECA > S-PIA) is not sufficient to speculate that A\(_1\) receptor subtypes may exist that are coupled to different effector systems. Our data show that these difference can easily be explained by species differences.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Knaus2007,
  author    = {Knaus, Anne Elizabeth},
  title     = {Pharmacological target proteins of alpha2-agonists in alpha2ABC-deficient mice},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-23752},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Clonidine is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptors that mediate a wide variety of the physiological responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine, such as inhibition of neurotransmitter release as well as sedation and analgesia. As with other therapeutically used alpha2-agonists such as moxonidine and rilmenidine, clonidine possesses an imidazoline structure and is believed to lower blood pressure not only via central and peripheral alpha2-receptors, but perhaps even more so by acting on central "imidazoline I1 receptors" in the brain stem. The molecular structure of these hypothetical "imidazoline I1 receptors" has not yet been identified. In order to test whether ligands with an imidazoline structure elicit pharmacological effects via alpha2-adrenergic receptors or via "imidazoline receptors", mice were generated with a targeted deletion of all three alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes (alpha2ABC-KO). These alpha2ABC-KO mice were an ideal model in which to examine the pharmacological effects of the centrally acting antihypertensives clonidine, moxonidine and rilmenidine in the absence of alpha2-adrenergic receptors. As expected, sedative and analgesic actions of clonidine were completely absent in alpha2ABC-KO mice, confirming the sole role of alpha2-receptors in these properties of clonidine. Clonidine significantly lowered heart rate in anesthetized alpha2ABC-KO and wild-type mice by up to 150 beats/min. A similar bradycardic effect of clonidine was observed in isolated spontaneously beating right atria from alpha2ABC-KO mice. After treatment with the specific If inhibitor ZD 7288, clonidine was no longer able to lower spontaneous beating frequency, suggesting a common site of action. Furthermore, in HEK293 cells stably transfected with HCN2 and HCN4, it could be shown that clonidine inhibits the If current via blockade of pacemaker channels with similar affinity as in isolated alpha2ABC-KO and wild-type atria. This inhibition was demonstrated again in isolated sinoatrial node (SAN) cells from alpha2ABC-KO mice and was identical in potency and efficacy to clonidine inhibition observed in isolated wild-type SAN cells, confirming that inhibition of atrial HCN channels constitutes the alpha2-independent bradycardic action of clonidine. Direct inhibition of cardiac HCN pacemaker channels contributes to the bradycardic effects of clonidine in gene-targeted mice. Thus clonidine-like drugs represent novel structures for future HCN channel inhibitors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KochDegerKlotzetal.1986,
  author    = {Koch, R. and Deger, A. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schenzle, D. and Kr{\"a}mer, H. and Kelm, S. and M{\"u}ller, G. and Rapp, R. and Weber, U.},
  title     = {Characterization of solubilized insulin receptors from rat liver microsomes. Existence of two receptor species with different binding properties},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60215},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {Insulin receptors were solubilized from rat liver microsomes by the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. After gel filtration of the extract on Sepharose CL-6B, two insulin-binding species (peak I and peak li) were obtained. The structure and binding properties of both peaks were characterized. Gel filtration yielded Stokes radii of 9.2 nm (peak I) and 8.0 nm (peak Il). Both peaks were glycoproteins. At 4°C peak 1 showed optimal insulin binding at pH 8.0 and high ionic strength. In contrast, peak li bad its binding optimum at pH 7.0 and low ionic strength, where peak I bindingwas minimal. For peak I the change in insulin binding under different conditions of pH and ionic strength was due to a change in receptor affinity only. For peak 11 an additional change in receptor number was found. Both peaks yielded non-linear Scatchard plots under most of the buffer conditions examined. At their binding optima at 4 oc the high affinity dissociation constants were 0.50 nM (peak I) and 0.55 nM (peak II). Sodium dodecyl sulfatejpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of peak I revealed five receptor bands with Mr 400000, 365000, 320000, 290000, and 245000 under non-reducing conditions. For peak II two major receptor bands with M\(_r\) 210000 and 115000 were found. The peak II receptor bands were also obtained aftermild reduction of peak I. After complete reduction both peaks showed one major receptor band with M\(_r\) 130000. The reductive generation of the peak II receptor together with molecular mass estimations suggest that the peak I receptor is the disulfide-linked dimer of the peak II receptor. Thus, Triton extracts from rat liver microsomes contain two receptor species, which are related, but differ considerably in their size and insulin-binding properties.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kodandaraman2021,
  author    = {Kodandaraman, Geema},
  title     = {Influence of insulin-induced oxidative stress in genotoxicity and disease},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24200},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242005},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Hormones are essential components in the body and their imbalance leads to pathological consequences. T2DM, insulin resistance and obesity are the most commonly occurring lifestyle diseases in the past decade. Also, an increased cancer incidence has been strongly associated with obese and T2DM patients. Therefore, our aim was to study the influence of high insulin levels in accumulating DNA damage in in vitro models and patients, through the induction of oxidative stress. The primary goal of this study was to analyze the genotoxicity induced by the combined action of two endogenous hormones (insulin and adrenaline) with in vitro models, through the induction of micronuclei and to see if they cause an additive increase in genomic damage. This is important for multifactorial diseases having high levels of more than one hormone, such as metabolic syndrome and conditions with multiple pathologies (e.g., T2DM along with high stress levels). Furthermore, the combination of insulin and the pharmacological inhibition of the tumor suppressor gene: PTEN, was to be tested in in vitro models for their genotoxic effect and oxidative stress inducing potential. As the tumor suppressor gene: PTEN is downregulated in PTEN associated syndromes and when presented along with T2DM and insulin resistance, this may increase the potential to accumulate genomic damage. The consequences of insulin action were to be further elucidated by following GFP-expressing cells in live cell-imaging to observe the ability of insulin, to induce micronuclei and replicative stress. Finally, the detrimental potential of high insulin levels in obese patients with hyperinsulinemia and pre-diabetes was to be studied by analyzing markers of oxidative stress and genomic damage. In summary, the intention of this work was to understand the effects of high insulin levels in in vitro and in patients to understand its relevance for the development of genomic instability and thus an elevated cancer risk.},
  subject      = {Insulin},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Konrad2021,
  author    = {Konrad, Charlotte},
  title     = {Biochemische Charakterisierung von cAMP-Gradienten - Einfluss von Phosphodiesterasen},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20572},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205728},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Cyclisches Adenosinmonophosphat ist ein ubiquit{\"a}rer zweiter Botenstoff zahlreicher Signalwege im menschlichen K{\"o}rper. Auf eine Vielzahl verschiedenster extrazellul{\"a}rer Signale folgt jedoch eine Erh{\"o}hung desselben intrazellul{\"a}ren Botenstoffs - cAMP. Nichtsdestotrotz schafft es die Zelle, Signalspezifit{\"a}t aufrecht zu erhalten. Ein anerkanntes, wenn auch bisher unverstandenes Modell, um dieses zu erm{\"o}glichen, ist das Prinzip der Kompartimentierung. Die Zelle besitzt demnach Areale verschieden hoher cAMP-Konzentrationen, welche lokal begrenzt einzelne Signalkaskaden beeinflussen und somit eine differenzierte Signal{\"u}bertragung erm{\"o}glichen. Eine m{\"o}gliche Ursache f{\"u}r die Ausbildung solcher Bereiche geringerer cAMP- Konzentrationen (hier als Dom{\"a}nen bezeichnet), ist die hydrolytische Aktivit{\"a}t von Phosphodiesterasen (PDEs), welche als einzige Enzyme die F{\"a}higkeiten besitzen, cAMP zu degradieren. In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der cAMP-Hydrolyse verschiedener PDEs auf die Gr{\"o}ße dieser Dom{\"a}nen evaluiert und mit denen der PDE4A1 verglichen, welche bereits durch unsere Arbeitsgruppe aufgrund ihrer Gr{\"o}ße als Nanodom{\"a}nen definiert wurden. Der Fokus wird dabei auf den Einfluss von kinetischen Eigenschaften der Phosphodiesterasen gelegt. So werden eine PDE mit hoher Umsatzgeschwindigkeit (PDE2A3) und eine PDE mit hoher Substrataffinit{\"a}t (PDE8A1) verglichen. Mithilfe sogenannter Linker, Abstandshaltern definierter L{\"a}nge, werden zus{\"a}tzlich die Nanodom{\"a}nen ausgemessen, um einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen Gr{\"o}ße und kinetischer Eigenschaft anzugeben. Die Zusammenschau der Ergebnisse zeigt, dass die maximale Umsatzgeschwindigkeit der Phosphodiesterasen direkt mit der Gr{\"o}ße der Nanodom{\"a}nen korreliert. Durch den unmittelbaren Vergleich der gesamten PDE mit ihrer katalytischen Dom{\"a}ne wird zus{\"a}tzlich der Einfluss von regulatorischen Dom{\"a}nen evaluiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese cAMP-Gradienten modulieren k{\"o}nnen. Bei der PDE2A3 geschieht die Modulation u.a. durch Stimulation mit cGMP, welche h{\"o}chstwahrscheinlich dosisabh{\"a}ngig ist und somit graduell verl{\"a}uft. Hiermit pr{\"a}sentieren sich die Dom{\"a}nen als dynamische Bereiche, d.h. sie k{\"o}nnen in ihrer Auspr{\"a}gung reguliert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird die Hypothese best{\"a}tigt, dass Phosphodiesterasen eine wichtige Rolle in der Kompartimentierung von cAMP spielen, die Gruppe jedoch inhomogener ist, als bislang angenommen. Die Gradienten-Bildung l{\"a}sst sich nicht bei jeder Phosphodiesterase darstellen (PDE8A1). Einige Phosphodiesterasen (PDE2A3) jedoch bilden Kompartimente, die durch externe Stimuli in ihrer Gr{\"o}ße reguliert werden k{\"o}nnen. Die Arbeit legt den Grundstein zur breiteren Charakterisierung des spezifischen Einflusses weiterer PDEs auf cAMP-Kompartimentierung, welches nicht nur das Verst{\"a}ndnis der Kompartimentierungs-Strategien voranbringt, sondern auch essentiell f{\"u}r das Verst{\"a}ndnis der Pathophysiologie zahlreicher Krankheitsbilder, aber auch f{\"u}r das Verst{\"a}ndnis bereits angewandter aber auch potentiell neuer Medikamente ist.},
  subject      = {Cyclo-AMP},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kopp2009,
  author    = {Kopp, Eva Katharina},
  title     = {Biotransformation and Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide in Humans},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37273},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {The widely used chemical acrylamide (AA) has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. This classification was based on positive results in rodent carcinogenicity studies as well as on a number of in vitro mutagenicity assays. In 2002, AA was discovered to be formed during the preparation of starch-containing foods. According to the latest FDA exposure assessment (2006), the average daily intake has been estimated from AA levels in foodstuffs and from nutritional habits to be around 0.4 µg/kg b.w. with a 90th percentile of 0.95 µg/kg b.w.. In children and adolescents however, the daily AA intake is about 1.5 times higher, due to lower body weight and differing consumption patterns. Apart from the diet, humans may be exposed to AA during the production or handling of monomeric AA, from AA residues in polyacrylamides, and from cigarette smoke. After oral administration, AA is readily absorbed and distributed throughout the organism. AA is metabolized to the reactive epoxide glycidamide (GA) via the CYP 450 isoenzyme CYP 2E1. Both, AA and GA are conjugated with glutathione. After enzymatic processing, the mercapturic acids N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) as well as the regioisomers N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(1-carbamoyl-2-hydroxy-ethyl)-L-cysteine (iso-GAMA) are excreted with urine. An additional pathway for the metabolic conversion of GA is the epoxide hydrolase mediated hydrolysis to the diol compound glyceramide. Following administration of AA at doses exceeding the daily dietary intake by a factor of 1000 - 6000 to human subjects, a new urinary metabolite was found, which could be identified as the S-oxide of AAMA (AAMA-sulfoxide). In general, data from animal studies are used for risk assessment of (potential) human carcinogens. However, inter-species differences in toxicodynamics or toxicokinetics, e.g. in biotransformation may lead to under- or overestimation of human risk. The objective of this work was to establish a highly specific and sensitive analytical method to quantify the major urinary metabolites of AA. Other aims apart from measurements concerning the human background exposure were the evaluation of biotransformation and toxicokinetics of AA in humans and rats after oral administration of 13C3-AA. The obtained data was intended to help avoid linear extrapolation from animal models for future risk assessments of AA carcinogenicity.},
  subject      = {Acrylamid},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Koussemou2020,
  author    = {Kouss{\´e}mou, Y{\´e}wa Bony Marthe},
  title     = {A\(_{2B}\) adenosine receptor signaling in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells: Mechanism of A\(_{2B}\)-mediated reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-20965},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-209655},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Recently, it was shown that MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells express very high levels of the A2BAR as the sole adenosine receptor subtype, and stimulation of the A2BAR in MDA-MB-231 cells triggers an unusual inhibitory signal on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The ERK1/2 pathway is reported to be associated with the control of growth, proliferation and differentiation of cells and as such might serve as a promising target for tumor treatment. The present study investigated signaling mechanisms involved in linking A2BAR to ERK1/2 phosphorylation in MDA-MB-231 cells. The A2BAR mediated reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and of proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cell is in good agreement with previous results from (Dubey et al., 2005). These observations provide support to the hypothesis that activation of A2BAR could attenuate the growth of some types of cancer cell and argue against a stimulation of proliferation resulting from the activation of A2BAR as discussed by (Fernandez-Gallardo et al., 2016). AC activation by forskolin has recently been shown to enhance the activity of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin in TNBC cells via a mechanism dependent on the PKA-mediated inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, forskolin also increased the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 triple negative breast cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil and taxol (Illiano et al., 2018), and sustains the evidence of anticancer activity mediated by cAMP/PKA-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition. Similar to these studies, a reduced amount of pERK1/2 was also observed after stimulation of AC with FSK, application of cAMP-AM or inhibition of PDE-4. The inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was mimicked by UTP and abolished with the PLC inhibitor U73122 or by chelating intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM. These results point to an important role for both cAMP and Ca2+ signaling in the pathway leading to a decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This study encourages the idea that A2BAR could be used as target in cancer therapy. But A2BAR did not only stimulate signaling cascades associated with cell survival and proliferation reduction, but also key phases relevant in angiogenesis like Ca2+ mobilization (Kohn et al., 1995). Whereas the potency toward AC and Ca2+ are similar for the diverse agonists, the potency to promote ERK1/2 reduction is much higher. Interestingly, the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells is inhibited by low nanomolar agonist concentration which is inactive in Ca2+ mobilization. This means that it is certainly possible to reduce the proliferation without promoting angiogenesis. LUF6210 is particularly interesting when considering that it preferentially stimulates a reduction in ERK1/2 phosphorylation over Ca2+ and therefore may not promote angiogenesis. LUF6210 is therapeutically appealing as adjuvant in treatment of cancer. Given that stimulation of AC can activate a reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and proliferation in cancer cells, agonist bias toward Gs-AC-PKA-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition represent a potential therapy of various malignancies. The fact that the reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation followed by reduced proliferation observed in MDA-MB-231 cells were mediated by the activation of the A2BAR illustrates the importance of this receptor subtype in cancer. A2BARs must be considered as a key factor in cancer treatment and deserve attention for the development of new therapeutic strategies.},
  subject      = {Adenosinrezeptor},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kramer2021,
  author    = {Kramer, Sofia},
  title     = {Hemmung pathologischer kardialer Hypertrophie {\"u}ber das Dimer-Interface von ERK1/2},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-23373},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-233739},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Die extrazellul{\"a}r Signal-regulierten Kinasen 1 und 2 (ERK1/2) spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Vermittlung kardialer Hypertrophie und dem Zell{\"u}berleben. Hypertrophe Stimuli aktivieren ERK1/2, triggern deren Dimerisierung und in der Folge die ERK188-Autophosphorylierung. Diese neu entdeckte Autophosphorylierung ist eine Voraussetzung f{\"u}r den nukle{\"a}ren Import von ERK1/2 und f{\"u}hrt zum Entstehen pathologischer kardialer Hypertrophie. Da das Dimer Interface von ERK eine m{\"o}gliche Zielstruktur darstellt, um selektiv die nukle{\"a}ren Signalwege von ERK zu unterbrechen, wurde untersucht, ob man mit Hemmung der ERK-Dimerisierung eine therapeutische M{\"o}glichkeit hat, um pathologische kardiale Hypertrophie zu verhindern. Dazu wurden verschiedene ERK2 Mutanten und Peptide generiert, um die ERK-Dimerisierung zu verhindern. Die Effekte dieser Konstrukte auf die ERK-Dimerisierung und den Kernimport wurden in verschiedenen Zelltypen mittels Fluoreszenzmikroskopie, Co-Immunopr{\"a}zipitationen und Duolink proximity ligation assays getestet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Peptide effektiv die ERK-ERK Interaktion nach Stimulation mit Phenylephrin und/oder Carbachol verhindern. Zus{\"a}tzlich reduzierten die Peptide ERKT188-Phosphorylierung und in der Folge den ERK-Import in den Nukleus und Kardiomyozytenhypertrophie. Normale ERK-Aktivierung wurde jedoch durch die Peptide nicht verhindert. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass das ERK-Dimer Interface eine wertvolle Zielstruktur ist, mit dem man nukle{\"a}re ERK1/2 Signalwege selektiv unterbrechen und damit effektiv Kardiomyozytenwachstum reduzieren kann, ohne gleichzeitig das Zell{\"u}berleben zu gef{\"a}hrden.},
  subject      = {Dimerisierung},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Kreutzmann2021,
  author    = {Kreutzmann, Moritz Paul},
  title     = {Untersuchung von Markern f{\"u}r oxidativen Stress und DNA-Sch{\"a}den bei arterieller Hypertonie},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-24338},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-243380},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Patienten mit arterieller Hypertonie haben ein erh{\"o}htes Risiko eine Tumorerkrankung, insbesondere Nierenzellkarzinome, zu entwickeln. Die arterielle Hypertonie ist {\"u}ber die Entstehung von oxidativem Stress mit der Entwicklung von DNA-Sch{\"a}den verkn{\"u}pft, wobei ein hochreguliertes Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (RAAS) eine entscheidende Rolle einnimmt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zum einen Hypertoniker (HypAll) und gesunde Kontrollen und zum anderen gut (HypGut) und schlecht (HypSch) eingestellte Hypertoniker unter Ber{\"u}cksichtigung der eingenommenen Antihypertensiva bez{\"u}glich ihrer Level an oxidativem Stress und DNA-Sch{\"a}den zu vergleichen. Zus{\"a}tzlich erfolgte im Rahmen einer L{\"a}ngsschnittanalyse der intraindividuelle Vergleich unter den Hypertonikern. Hierf{\"u}r erfolgte die Bestimmung von SHp, D-ROM und 3-Nitrotyrosin als Marker f{\"u}r oxidativen Stress im Plasma, von 8-oxodG, 15-F2t-Isoprostan und Malondialdehyd als Marker f{\"u}r oxidativen Stress im Urin und von γ-H2AX und Mikrokernen als Marker f{\"u}r DNA-Sch{\"a}den in Lymphozyten. Dabei konnte ein erh{\"o}hter oxidativer Stress in der HypAll-Gruppe verglichen zu den Kontrollen anhand aller Marker f{\"u}r oxidativen Stress mit Ausnahme von Malondialdehyd festgestellt werden. Nach Altersadjustierung zeigte sich dieser Gruppenunterschied nur noch f{\"u}r die Proteinstressmarker SHp und 3-Nitrotyrosin signifikant. Bez{\"u}glich der Marker f{\"u}r DNA-Sch{\"a}den ergab sich kein Unterschied zwischen HypAll und Kontrollen. Ebenso zeigte sich kein signifikanter Unterschied in den Leveln f{\"u}r oxidativen Stress und DNA-Sch{\"a}den zwischen der HypGut- und HypSch-Gruppe. Zuletzt konnte im Rahmen der L{\"a}ngsschnittstudie ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen der Entwicklung des Blutdrucks und des oxidativen Stresses anhand der Ver{\"a}nderung von D-ROM und des systolischen Blutdrucks beobachtet werden. Die teils nicht-signifikanten und teils mangelnden Unterschiede zwischen HypAll und Kontrollen sowie zwischen HypGut und HypSch sind am ehesten durch das besondere Patientengut, welches sich auch grundlegend von dem anderer vergleichbarer Studien unterscheidet, erkl{\"a}rbar. Die Patienten mit therapieresistenter Hypertonie (TRH) zeichnen sich durch eine langj{\"a}hrige Einnahme zahlreicher Antihypertensiva aus. Diese, insbesondere die RAAS-wirksamen, besitzen eine {\"u}ber die reine Blutdrucksenkung hinausgehende antioxidative und antigenotoxische Wirkung, welche vermutlich zu einer Angleichung der Level f{\"u}r oxidativen Stress und DNA-Sch{\"a}den gef{\"u}hrt hat. Um die Dynamik der Biomarker und den Einfluss der Antihypertensiva auf oxidativen Stress und DNA-Sch{\"a}den besser zu verstehen, sind weitere Studien {\"u}ber einen l{\"a}ngeren Beobachtungszeitraum sowie mit zus{\"a}tzlich therapienaiven Hypertonikern sinnvoll. Die weitere Erforschung von Biomarkern, um sie im klinischen Alltag zur Verbesserung der Patientenbehandlung einsetzen zu k{\"o}nnen, ist notwendig.},
  subject      = {Oxidativer Stress},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{KuglerSteigmeierFriederichGrafetal.1989,
  author    = {Kugler-Steigmeier, M. E. and Friederich, U. and Graf, U. and Lutz, Werner K. and Maier, P. and Schlatter, C.},
  title     = {Genotoxicity of aniline derivatives in various short-term tests},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60857},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {Various substituted aniline derivatives were tested for genotoxicity in several short-term tests in order to examine the hypothesis that a Substitution at both ortho positions (2,6-disubstitution) could prevent genotoxicity due to steric hindrance of an enzymatic activation to electrophilic intermediates. In the Salmonellajmicrosome assay, 2,6-dialkylsubstituted anilines and 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (2,4,6-TMA) were weakly mutagenic in strain TA100 when 20\% S9 mixwas used, although effects were small compared to those of 2,4-dimethylaniline and 2,4,5-trimethylaniline (2,4,5-TMA). In Drosophila me/anogaster, however, 2,4,6-TMA and 2,4,6-trichloroaniline (TCA) were mutagenic in the wing spottestat 2-3 times lower doses than 2,4,5-TMA. In the 6-thioguanine resistance test in cultured fibroblasts, 2,4,6-TMA was again mutagenic at lower doses than 2,4,5-TMA. Two methylene-bis-aniline derivatives were also tested with the above methods: 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) was moderately genotoxic in al1 3 test systems whereas 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-ethyl-6-methylaniline) (MMEA) showed no genotoxicity at all. DNA binding sturlies in rats, however, revealed that both MOCA and MMEA produced DNA adducts in the liver at Ievels typically found for moderately strong genotoxic carcinogens. These results indicate that the predictive value of the in vitro test systems and particularly the Salmonellajmicrosome assay is inadequate to detect genotoxicity in aromatic amines. Genotoxicity seems to be a general property of aniline derivatives and does not seem to be greatly influenced by substitution at both ortho positions.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kaempf2012,
  author    = {K{\"a}mpf, Anne Kristina},
  title     = {Does methylphenidate cause a cytogenetic effect in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77652},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {MPH wird seit {\"u}ber 50 Jahren zur Therapie des ADHS eingesetzt. Gerade in den letzten Jahren wurde deutlich, dass der Einsatz ohne fundierte Kenntnis {\"u}ber m{\"o}gliche Langzeit-effekte erfolgte, da zum Zeitpunkt der Zulassung aufgrund der begrenzten technischen M{\"o}glichkeiten weniger strenge und weniger umfassende Einschr{\"a}nkungen beachtet wer-den mussten (Walitza, Werner et al. 2007). Da in den letzten Jahren die Anzahl der verschrieben Tagesdosen MPH sprunghaft anstiegen, ist es wichtig, auch die langfristigen Nebenwirkungen von MPH zu untersuchen (Janhsen 2007). Eine Studie von El-Zein et al. von 2005 brachte die Frage auf, ob MPH eventuell Genomsch{\"a}den hervorrufe. Bei 11 von 12 untersuchten Kindern wurde unter der Therapie mit MPH um das 2,4fache erh{\"o}hte Mikrokernfrequenzen gefunden (El-Zein, Abdel-Rahman et al. 2005). Dies beunruhig-te vor allem im Hinblick auf das mit erh{\"o}hten Mikrokernfrequenzen korrelierte erh{\"o}hte Karzinomrisiko. Eine daraufhin von Walitza et al. durchgef{\"u}hrte Studie, die ebenfalls Mikrokernfrequenzen in peripheren Blutzellen untersuchte (Walitza, Werner et al. 2007), konnte keine Hinweise auf eine Genomsch{\"a}digung durch MPH erbringen. Zahlreiche weitere Untersuchungen zur potentiellen Genomsch{\"a}digung durch MPH konnten die Ergebnisse durch in vivo- oder in vitro-Studien nicht best{\"a}tigen und kritisierten die ge-ringe Stichprobengr{\"o}ße sowie mangelnde Transparenz der Arbeit von El-Zein (Preston, Kollins et al. 2005; El-Zein, Hay et al. 2006; Holtmann, Kaina et al. 2006; Suter, Martus et al. 2006). Da jedoch keine weitere Studie sich konkret mit zytogenetischen Effekten in peripheren Blutzellen befasste, soll die vorliegende Arbeit dazu dienen, den Verdacht einer Genomsch{\"a}digung endg{\"u}ltig auszur{\"a}umen (Walitza, Kampf et al. 2009). Dazu wurde eine gr{\"o}ßere Gruppe von Kindern eingeschlossen, sowie Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten w{\"a}hrend der MPH-Einnahme, bis hin zu Untersuchungen nach einem Zeitraum von 12 Monaten der MPH- Einnahme, durchgef{\"u}hrt. Mit Hilfe eines Mikrokerntestes wurden in der vorliegenden Studie versucht, DNS-Sch{\"a}den an periphe-ren Lymphozyten zu bestimmen, um daraus auf ein potentiell erh{\"o}htes Krebsrisiko schließen zu k{\"o}nnen. Im Vergleich mit einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe waren die Werte von ADHS-Kindern ohne MPH-Therapie sowie nach 3 und 12 Monaten MPH-Therapie zwar signifikant er-h{\"o}ht, diese gesunde Kontrollgruppe wies jedoch im Vergleich mit internationalen Refe-renzwerten eine extrem niedrige Mikrokernfrequenz auf, so dass davon ausgegangen werden muss, dass diese Vergleiche nur begrenzte Aussagekraft haben. In keiner der verschiedenen mit MPH therapierten Gruppen konnten {\"u}ber die Dauer der Einnahme eine signifikant Erh{\"o}hung der Mikrokernfrequenzen im Vergleich zu den Werten vor Einnahmebeginn nachgewiesen werden, was den Schluss zul{\"a}sst, dass eine Therapie mit Methylphenidat in therapie{\"u}blichen Dosen bei Kindern das Erbgut nicht zu sch{\"a}digen scheint. Dieses Ergebnis best{\"a}tigen inzwischen auch weitere Studien. Der Mikrokerntest erfasst Genomsch{\"a}den, nicht jedoch etwaige tumorpromovierende Eigenschaften des verabreichten Medikaments. Damit ist unklar, ob MPH auf andere Art als {\"u}ber eine Sch{\"a}digung des Genoms das Karzinomrisiko erh{\"o}hen k{\"o}nnte. Erste epidemiologische Studien sehen jedoch keinen Hinweis auf eine wie auch immer entstandene erh{\"o}hte Karzinominzidenz unter der Therapie mit MPH (Selby, Friedman et al. 1989; Oestreicher, Friedman et al. 2007). Hier scheinen jedoch weitere epidemiologische Studien, die m{\"o}g-lichst große Zeitspannen umfassen, n{\"o}tig zu sein},
  subject      = {Methylphenidat},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Leitz2006,
  author    = {Leitz, Michael R.},
  title     = {Vergleichende Pharmakologie der Subtypen von menschlichen Beta- adrenergen Rezeptoren - Charakterisierung von stabil in CHO-Zellen transfizierten Rezeptoren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18655},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Seit langem werden auf das \&\#946;-adrenerge System wirkende Pharmaka, v.a. \&\#946;1-Antagonisten und \&\#946;2-Agonisten, therapeutisch eingesetzt, allerdings sind die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften dieser Stoffe an den drei bekannten \&\#946;-adrenergen Subtypen teilweise nur unzureichend untersucht. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, vergleichbare pharmakologische Daten f{\"u}r Agonisten (Adrenalin, Noradrenalin, Isoprenalin, Fenoterol, Salbutamol, Salmeterol, Terbutalin, Formoterol, Broxaterol) und Neutrale und Inverse Antagonisten (Propranolol, Alprenolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Carvedilol, Pindolol, BRL 37344, CGP 20712, SR 59230A, CGP 12177, ICI 118551) an allen drei Subtypen von \&\#61538;\&\#61485;adrenergen Rezeptoren in einem zellbiologisch identischen Hintergrund zu gewinnen. Dazu stellten wir stabil transfizierte CHO-Zelllinien her, die die einzelnen humanen \&\#946;-adrenergen Subtypen in vergleichbarer Menge exprimierten. Nach der pharmakologischen Charakterisierung der einzelnen Rezeptorsubtypen erfolgte die Affinit{\"a}tsmessung von klinisch h{\"a}ufig eingesetzten wie auch experimentell verwendeten Substanzen mit dem unselektiven \&\#946;-adrenergen Antagonisten 125I-CYP als Radioligand. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus untersuchten wir die \&\#946;-adrenerg vermittelte Stimulation der Adenylylcyclase in isolierten Membranen dieser Zelllinien. Alle untersuchten Substanzen zeigten charakteristische Bindungs- und funktionale Eigenschaften. Wir konnten nachweisen, dass einige \&\#946;2- bzw. \&\#946;3-Agonisten an den anderen Subtypen inversen Agonismus zeigen. Zus{\"a}tzlich konnten \&\#946;1-Antagonisten mit agonistischer Aktivit{\"a}t an \&\#946;2- und \&\#946;3-AR gefunden werden. Die gewonnenen Daten k{\"o}nnen somit helfen, klinisch beobachtete Effekte, wie z.B. die unerw{\"u}nschten Wirkungen der entsprechenden Medikamente, besser zu verstehen. Insbesondere die Ergebnisse am \&\#946;3-AR sind als Referenz und Ausgangspunkt weiterer Studien an diesem noch relativ wenig untersuchten Rezeptor wertvoll.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Leyh2015,
  author    = {Leyh, Annekathrin},
  title     = {In vitro Untersuchungen zur Genotoxizit{\"a}t von Insulin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131986},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Insulin ist ein essentielles Hormon im menschlichen K{\"o}rper, welches f{\"u}r die Senkung der Blutglukosekonzentration, die Bildung von Energiespeichern und das Zellwachstum verantwortlich ist. Eine mit der Fehlregulation der Insulinproduktion einhergehenden Krankheit ist der Diabetes mellitus. F{\"u}r diese Arbeit spielt der Typ 2 dieser Erkrankung eine wichtige Rolle. Es entwickelt sich bei Patienten mit diesem Typ des Diabetes mellitus langsam eine Insulinresistenz, die zun{\"a}chst durch eine kompensatorische {\"U}berproduktion von Insulin charakterisiert ist. Dieser Zustand der Hyperinsulin{\"a}mie kann Jahre bis Jahrzehnte andauern, ehe es zu einem Versagen der ß-Zellen des Pankreas und somit zu einer Hypoinsulin{\"a}mie kommt. In dieser Arbeit war es Ziel herauszufinden, ob diese lange Zeit herrschende Hyperinsulin{\"a}mie einen Einfluss auf die menschliche DNA hat. Die Genotoxizit{\"a}t von hohen Insulinkonzentrationen wurde in Hep-G2 Zellen, HT29 Zellen, sowie prim{\"a}ren humanen peripheren Lymphozyten mithilfe des Comet Assays und des Mikrokerntests nachgewiesen. Oxidativer Stress bzw. dessen Reduzierung durch Antioxidantien und Inhibitoren wurde in HT29 Zellen mithilfe der DHE-F{\"a}rbung detektiert. Diese Arbeit belegt dass sich Insulin sch{\"a}digend auf das menschliche Genom in vitro auswirken kann. Eine besondere Relevanz haben die durchgef{\"u}hrten Experimente mit prim{\"a}ren menschlichen Lymphozyten. Denn bei ihnen handelt es sich um Zellen, die im Gegensatz zu der auch genutzten humanen Leberkarzinomzelllinie Hep-G2 und der humanen Kolonkarzinomzelllinie HT29 nicht transformiert sind. Eine weitere wesentliche Erkenntnis dieser Arbeit ist, dass schon pathophysiologisch vorliegende Insulinkonzentrationen in der Lage sind Genomsch{\"a}digungen in vitro zu induzieren. HT29 Zellen zeigten bei Kurzzeitbehandlung mit nur 1nM Insulin eine signifikante Erh{\"o}hung der DNA-Sch{\"a}digung. Bei Langzeitexposition von 6 Tagen konnten schon 0,5nM signifikante DNA-Sch{\"a}den hervorrufen. Diese durch Insulin hervorgerufenen Sch{\"a}den k{\"o}nnten, falls sie so auch in vivo entstehen, bei Versagen von Reparaturmechanismen zur Entstehung von Mutationen und sich daraus entwickelnden Karzinomen beitragen. Aus diesem Grund war ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit herauszufinden, ob bestimmte Antioxidantien oder Inhibitoren in der Lage sind die Insulin-induzierten Genomsch{\"a}digungen zu verringern. Hierf{\"u}r wurde Tempol, Apocynin, Plumbagin, VAS2870, Rotenone, PPP, HNMPA-(AM)3 und Wortmannin genutzt. Tats{\"a}chlich sind diese Substanzen in der Lage die durch Insulin hervorgerufene Sch{\"a}digung zu reduzieren. Die positiven Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit k{\"o}nnten einen ersten Hinweis auf eine m{\"o}gliche pharmakologische Intervention bei Hyperinsulin{\"a}mie mit dem Ziel der Senkung des erh{\"o}hten Krebsrisikos geben. Eine wichtige Erkenntnis aus den Ergebnissen meiner Arbeit ist, dass die Reduzierung des oxidativen Stresses eine Reduzierung der Genomsch{\"a}digung bewirkt. Die genutzten Substanzen Apocynin, Tempol, VAS2870 und Rotenone bewirkten in HT29 Zellen eine signifikante Reduzierung des durch Insulin ausgel{\"o}sten oxidativen Stresses. Um aber genauere Aussagen {\"u}ber M{\"o}glichkeiten der Therapie bei Hyperinsulin{\"a}mie zu treffen, sollten Folgestudien auch in vivo folgen, welche die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Effekte best{\"a}tigen.},
  subject      = {Insulin},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Link2019,
  author    = {Link, Samuel},
  title     = {Aldosteron-vermittelte oxidative Nierensch{\"a}digung - Einfluss der antioxidativen Abwehr},
  doi       = {10.25972/OPUS-18603},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186037},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Patienten mit erh{\"o}hten Aldosteronspiegeln zeigen eine gesteigerte Inzidenz f{\"u}r Malignome, insbesondere von Nierenzellkarzinomen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Aldosteron-vermittelte oxidative Nierensch{\"a}digung n{\"a}her zu analysieren sowie die auf Zellebene gezeigte Beeinflussung der antioxidativen Schutzmechanismen im lebenden Organismus nachzuweisen und m{\"o}gliche therapeutische Ansatzpunkte zu identifizieren. Dazu wurde ein Interventions-versuch {\"u}ber 28 Tage durchgef{\"u}hrt. Neben einer Aldosterongabe wurden folgende Interventionen verwendet: Spironolacton zur Blockade des Mineralkortikoid-Rezeptors (MR), Apocynin als Hemmstoff der NADPH-Oxidasen (Nox), L-NAME zur Blockade der NO-Synthasen (NOS), PDTC, einen Hemmstoff des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-kB sowie Sulforaphan, ein nat{\"u}rlicher Nrf2-Induktor. Eine weitere Gruppe erhielt Sulforaphan ohne additive Aldosterongabe. Die Nierensch{\"a}den wurden mittels histopathologischer Sch{\"a}digungsscores und der Anzahl an DNA-Doppelstrangbr{\"u}che analysiert. Die Beeinflussung der antioxidativen Abwehr wurde durch die Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors Nrf2 und durch die Quantifizierung antioxidativer Enzyme bestimmt. Im Nierengewebe f{\"u}hrte Aldosteron zu einer Zunahme von oxidativem Stress. Histologisch zeigte sich ein Anstieg von glomerul{\"a}ren Sch{\"a}den. Auch kam es zu einer deutlichen Zunahme von Doppelstrangbr{\"u}chen der DNA. Des Weiteren konnten wir zeigen, dass Aldosteron auch in vivo zu einer Zunahme der Nrf2-Aktivit{\"a}t f{\"u}hrte, wobei sich dies auf Proteinebene nicht in einer (dauerhaften) Synthesesteigerung von antioxidativen Enzymen wiederspiegelte und keinen ausreichenden Schutz des Nierengewebes bot. F{\"u}r die Interventionsgruppen konnte keine signifikante Auswirkung auf das Vorliegen von oxidativem Stress gezeigt werden. Dies k{\"o}nnte an der Versuchsdauer bzw. an der gew{\"a}hlten Nachweismethode gelegen haben. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigte die Blockade der Nox durch Apocynin bzw. der NOS durch L-NAME eine effektive Reduktion der histologischen und genomischen Sch{\"a}den. Die L-NAME-Gruppe wies dabei die h{\"o}chsten Blutdruckwerte auf, diese waren auch zur Aldosterongruppe signifikant gesteigert. Die beobachteten Effekte waren folglich nicht durch den in der Aldosterongruppe erfolgten Blutdruckanstieg, sondern vielmehr durch den Anstieg von oxidativem Stress zu erkl{\"a}ren. Ebenfalls blieb die Nrf2-Aktivit{\"a}t bei der Gabe von Apocynin und L-NAME weitgehend auf Kontrollniveau, was daf{\"u}rspricht, dass der in der Aldosterongruppe messbare Nrf2-Anstieg am ehesten als Reaktion auf chronisch erh{\"o}hten oxidativen Stress erfolgte, welcher durch die Interventionen ausblieb. Die Blockade von NF-κB mittels PDTC f{\"u}hrte zu vergleichbaren Effekten wie Apocynin und L-NAME. Das deutet darauf hin, dass Aldosteron {\"u}ber die Aktivierung von NF-κB die vermehrte Synthese von pro-oxidativen Enzymen wie Nox und NOS anregt. Die Gabe von Spironolacton hatte den st{\"a}rksten protektiven Effekt, sowohl auf histologische Ver{\"a}nderungen als auch auf das Entstehen von DNA-Doppelstrangbr{\"u}chen, wobei die Nrf2-Aktivit{\"a}t in dieser Gruppe ebenfalls auf Kontrollniveau blieb. Die Aldosteroneffekte wurden folglich {\"u}ber den MR vermittelt. Eine additive Nrf2-Induktion mittels Sulforaphan konnte auch keinen (dauerhaften) Effekt auf die Synthese antioxidativer Enzyme zeigen. Dennoch zeigte diese Gruppe einen {\"a}hnlich effektiven Schutz vor den oxidativen Nierensch{\"a}den wie die Gabe von Spironolacton. Vieles spricht daf{\"u}r, dass die Wirkung von Sulforaphan dabei {\"u}ber seine Wirkung als direktes Antioxidans bzw. Radikalf{\"a}nger und nicht {\"u}ber den Nrf2-Weg zu erkl{\"a}ren ist. Aldosteron f{\"u}hrt in der Niere {\"u}ber oxidativen Stress zu glomerul{\"a}rer Fibrose und DNA-Sch{\"a}den. Das k{\"o}nnte eine Erkl{\"a}rung f{\"u}r die gesteigerte Inzidenz von Nierenzellkarzinomen in Patienten mit erh{\"o}hten Aldosteronspiegeln darstellen. Unsere Ergebnisse sprechen daf{\"u}r, dass Aldosteron {\"u}ber eine Signalkaskade {\"u}ber den MR zu einer Aktivierung von Nox und NOS f{\"u}hrt. Der Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-κB scheint dabei durch die Synthese pro-oxidativer Enzyme eine Art Verst{\"a}rker-Effekt zuzukommen. Als Reaktion auf den durch Aldosteron gesteigerten oxidativen Stress kommt es zu einer Aktivierung des antioxidativen Transkriptionsfaktors Nrf2, jedoch ohne dass dies zu einem ausreichenden Schutz des Nierengewebes f{\"u}hrt. M{\"o}gliche therapeutische Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r einen Schutz vor den durch Aldosteron vermittelten oxidativen Nierensch{\"a}den scheinen eher innerhalb der Aldosteronsignalkaskade, insbesondere in der Blockade des MR, als in der antioxidativen Abwehr zu liegen.},
  subject      = {Aldosteron},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LohseBockMaiellaroetal.2017,
  author    = {Lohse, Christian and Bock, Andreas and Maiellaro, Isabella and Hannawacker, Annette and Schad, Lothar R. and Lohse, Martin J. and Bauer, Wolfgang R.},
  title     = {Experimental and mathematical analysis of cAMP nanodomains},
  series = {PLoS ONE},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {PLoS ONE},
  number    = {4},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0174856},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170972},
  pages     = {e0174856},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In their role as second messengers, cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP have a variety of intracellular effects. These complex tasks demand a highly organized orchestration of spatially and temporally confined cAMP action which should be best achieved by compartmentalization of the latter. A great body of evidence suggests that cAMP compartments may be established and maintained by cAMP degrading enzymes, e.g. phosphodiesterases (PDEs). However, the molecular and biophysical details of how PDEs can orchestrate cAMP gradients are entirely unclear. In this paper, using fusion proteins of cAMP FRET-sensors and PDEs in living cells, we provide direct experimental evidence that the cAMP concentration in the vicinity of an individual PDE molecule is below the detection limit of our FRET sensors (<100nM). This cAMP gradient persists in crude cytosol preparations. We developed mathematical models based on diffusion-reaction equations which describe the creation of nanocompartments around a single PDE molecule and more complex spatial PDE arrangements. The analytically solvable equations derived here explicitly determine how the capability of a single PDE, or PDE complexes, to create a nanocompartment depend on the cAMP degradation rate, the diffusive mobility of cAMP, and geometrical and topological parameters. We apply these generic models to our experimental data and determine the diffusive mobility and degradation rate of cAMP. The results obtained for these parameters differ by far from data in literature for free soluble cAMP interacting with PDE. Hence, restricted cAMP diffusion in the vincinity of PDE is necessary to create cAMP nanocompartments in cells.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseBoeserKlotzetal.1987,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and B{\"o}ser, S. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {Affinities of barbiturates for the GABA-receptor complex and A\(_1\) adenosine receptors: A possible explanation of their excitatory effects},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60250},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {The effects of barbiturates on the GABA·receptor complex and the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor were studied. At the GABA-receptor complex the barbiturates inhibited the binding of [\(^{35}\)S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate [\(^{35}\)S]TBPT) and enhanced the binding of [\(^3\)H]diazepam. Kinetic and saturation experiments showed that both effects were allosteric. Whereas all barbiturates caused complete inhibition of [\(^{35}\)S]TBPT binding, they showed varying degrees of maximal enhancement of [\(^3\)H]diazepam binding; (±)methohexital was idenafied as the most efficacious compound for this enhancement. At the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor all barbiturates inhibited the binding of [\(^3\)H]N\(^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine (\(^3\)H]PIA) in a competitive manner. The comparison of the effects on [\(^3\)H]diazepam and [\(^3\)H]PIA binding showed that excitatory barbiturates interact preferentially with the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor, and sedative/anaesthetic barbiturates with the GABA-receptor complex. It is speculated that the interaction with these two receptors might be the basis of the excitatory versus sedative/ anaesthetic properties of barbiturates.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseElgerLindenbornFotinosetal.1988,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and Elger, B. and Lindenborn-Fotinos, J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {Separation of solubilized A\(_2\) adenosine receptors of human platelets from non-receptor [\(^3\)H]NECA binding sites by gel filtration},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60309},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Human platelet membranes were solubilized with the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS (3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]- 1-propanesulfonate) and the solubilized extract subjected to gel ftltration. Binding of the adenosine receptor agonist [\(^3\)H]NECA (5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) was measured to the eluted fractions. Two [\(^3\)H]NECA binding peaks were eluted, the first of them with the void volume. This first peak represented between 10\% and 25\% of the [\(^3\)H]NECA binding activity eluted from the column. It bound [\(^3\)H]NECA in a reversible, saturable and GTPdependent manner with an affinity of 46 nmol/1 and a binding capacity of 510 fmol/mg protein. Various adenosine receptor ligands competed for the binding of [\(^3\)H]NECA to the frrst peak with a pharmacological proftle characteristic for the A\(_2\) adenosine receptor as determined from adenylate cyclase experiments. In contrast, most adenosine receptor ligands did not compete for [\(^3\)H]NECA binding to the second, major peak. These results suggest that a solubilized A\(_2\) receptor-Gs protein complex of human platelets can be separated from other [\(^3\)H]NECA binding sites by gel filtration. This allows reliable radioligand binding studies of the A2 adenosine receptor of human plate1ets.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{LohseKlotzSchwabeetal.1988,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and Klotz, K.-N. and Schwabe, U. and Christalli, G. and Vittori, S. and Grifantini, M.},
  title     = {Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Adenosine Receptors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86251},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Adenosine modulates a variety of physiological functions via membrane-bound receptors. These receptors couple via G proteins to adenylate cyclase and K+channels. The A1 subtype mediates an inhibition of adenylate cyclase and an opening of K+-channels, and the A2 subtype a Stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Both subtypes have been characterized by radioligand binding. This has facilitated the development of agonists and antagonists with more than 1000-fold A1 selectivity. A1-selective photoaffinity labels have been used for the biochemical characterization of A1 receptors and the study of their coupling to adenylate cyclase. Such selective ligands allow the analysis of the involvement of adenosine receptors in physiological functions. Selective interference with adenosine receptors provides new pharmacological tools and eventually new therapeutic approaches to a number of pathophysiological states.},
  subject      = {Adenosinrezeptor},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzUkenaetal.1984,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and Klotz, K.-N. and Ukena, D. and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {Characterization of \([^3H]\)Phenobarbital Binding to Rat Brain Membranes},
  series = {Neuroscience Letters},
  volume    = {52},
  journal   = {Neuroscience Letters},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127894},
  pages     = {97-101},
  year      = {1984},
  abstract  = {The binding of \([^3H]\)phenobarbital to rat brain membranes was studied in order to determine its characteristics and specificity. The binding reaction was rapid and occurred at sites of low affinity. \((K_d = 700 μM)\) and very high density \((B_{max} = 2.7 nmoll/mg protein)\). It was unaffected by temperature changes from O°C to 95°C and was maximal at pH 5. Detergents in low concentrations markedly decreased the binding, apparently without solubilizing the binding sites. It is concluded that the binding of \([^3H]\) phenobarbital is a rather non-specific interaction with the plasma membrane.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzDiekmannetal.1988,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Diekmann, E. and Friedrich, K. and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {2',3'-Dideoxy-N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine: an adenosine derivative with antagonist properties at adenosine receptors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60282},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Tbe 2',3'-dideoxy analogue of the potent A\(_1\) receptor agonist, N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), was synthesized as a potential antagonist for the A\(_1\) adenosine receptor. In sturlies on adenylate cyclase 2',3'-dideoxy-N\(^6\)-cyclohexyladenosine (ddCHA) did not show agonist properties at A\(_1\) or at A\(_2\) receptors. However, it antagonized the inhibition by R-PIA of adenylate cyclase activity of fat cell membranes via A\(_1\) receptors with a K\(_i\) value of 13 \(\mu\)M. ddCHA competed for the binding of the selective A1 receptor antagonist, [\(^3\) HJ8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxantbine ([\(^3\)H]DPCPX), to rat brain membranes with a K\(_i\) value of 4.8 \(\mu\)M; GTP did not affect the competition curve. In contrast to the marked stereoselectivity of the A\(_1\) receptor for the cx- and the natural ß-anomer of adenosine, the cx-anomer of ddCHA showed a comparable affinity for the A\(_1\) receptor (K\(_i\) value 13.9 \8\mu\)M). These data indicate that the 2'- and 3'-hydroxy groups of adenosine and its derivatives are required foragonist activity at and high affinity binding to A\(_1\) adenosine receptors and for the distinction between the cx- and ß-forms.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzJakobsetal.1985,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Jakobs, K. H. and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {Barbiturates are selective antagonists at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60187},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Barbiturates in pharmacologically relevant . concentrations inhibit binding of (R)-\(N^6\)-phenylisopropyl[\(^3\)H]adenosine ([\(^3\)H]PIA) to solubilized A\(_1\) adenosine receptors in a concentration-dependent, stereospecific, and competitive manner. K\(_i\) values are similar to those obtained for membrane-bound receptors and are 31 \(\mu\)M for ( ± )-5-(1 ,3-dimethyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid [( ± )DMBB] and 89 \(\mu\)M for ( ± )-pentobarbital. Kinetic experiments demoostrate that barbiturates compete directly for the binding site of the receptor. The inhibition of rat striatal adenylate cyclase by unlabelled (R)-\(N^6\)-phenylisopropyladenosine [(R)-PIA] is antagonized by barbiturates in the same concentrations that inhibit radioligand binding. The Stimulation of adenylate cyclase via A\(_2\) adenosine receptors in membranes from NIE 115 neuroblastoma cells is antagonized only by 10-30 times higher concentrations of barbiturates. lt is concluded that barbiturates are selective antagonists at the A1 receptor subtype. In analogy to the excitatory effects of methylxanthines it is suggested that A\(_1\) adenosine receptor antagonism may convey excitatory properties to barbiturates. Key Words: Adenosine receptors-Barbiturates - Adenylate cyclase-Receptor solubilization-[3H]PIA binding-N1E 115 cells. Lohse M. J. et al. Barbiturates are selective antagonists at A1 adenosine receptors.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzLindenbornFotinosetal.1987,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Lindenborn Fotinos, J. and Reddington, M. and Schwabe, U. and Olsson, R. A.},
  title     = {8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) - a selective high affinity antagonist radioligand for A\(_1\) adenosine receptors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60246},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {The properties of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) as an antagonist ligand for A\(_1\) adenosirre receptors were examined and conipared with other radioligands for this receptor. DPCPX competitively antagonized both the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity via A\(_1\) adenosirre receptors and the stimulationvia A\(_2\) adenosirre receptors. The K\(_i\)-values of this antagonism were 0.45 nM at the A\(_1\) receptor of rat fat cells, and 330 nM at the A\(_2\) receptor of human platelets, giving a more than 700-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity. A similar A\(_1\)-selectivity was determined in radioligand binding studies. Even at high concentrations, DPCPX did not significantly inhibit the soluble cAMPphosphodiesterase activity of human platelets. [\(^3\)H]DPCPX (105 Ci/mmol) bound in a saturable manner with high affinity to A\(_1\) receptors in membranes of bovine brain and heart, and rat brain and fat cells (K\(_D\) -values 50-190 pM). Its nonspecific binding was about 1\% of total at K\(_D\) , except in bovine myocardial membranes (about 10\%). Binding studies with bovine myocardial membranes allowed the analysis of both the high and low agonist affinity states of this receptor in a tissue with low receptor density. The binding properties of [\(^3\)H]DPCPX appear superior to those of other agonist and antagonist radioligands for the A\(_1\) receptor.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzSchwabeetal.1988,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, U. and Cristalli, G. and Vittori, S. and Grifantini, M.},
  title     = {2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine: a highly selective agonist at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60279},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {2-Chloro-N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) was synthesized as a potential high affinity ligand for At adenosine receptors. Binding of [\(^3\)H]PIA to A1 receptors of rat brain membranes was inhibited by CCP A with a Ki-value of 0.4 nM, compared to a Ki-value of 0.8 nM for the parent compound N\(^6\)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). Binding of [\(^3\)H]NECA to A\(_2\) receptors of rat striatal membranes was inhibited with a Ki-value of 3900 nM, demonstrating an almost 10,000-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity of CCPA. CCP A inhibited the activity of rat fat cell membrane adenylate cyclase, a model for the A\(_1\) receptor, with an IC\(_{50}\)-value of 33 nM, and it stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity of human platelet membranes with an EC\(_{50}\)-value of 3500 nM. The more than 100-fold A\(_1\)-selectivity compares favourably with a 38-fold selectivity of CPA. Thus, CCPA is an agonist at A\(_1\) adenosine receptors with a 4-fold higher selectivity and 2-fold higher affinity than CPA, and a considerably higher selectivity than the standard At receptor agonist R-N\(^6\) -phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA). CCP A represents the agonist with the highest selectivity for A\(_1\) receptors reported so far.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseMaurerKlotzetal.1989,
  author    = {Lohse, M. J. and Maurer, K. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, U.},
  title     = {Synergistic effects of calcium-mobilizing agents and adenosine on histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-60346},
  year      = {1989},
  abstract  = {1 Adenosine and its metabolically stable analogue N.etbyl-carboxamidoadenosine (NECA) enhance histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells when tbese are stimulated by calciummobilizing agents. NECA and adenosine shift the concentration-response curve of tbe calcium ionophore A23187 to lower concentrations. 2 The potencies of NECA or adenosinein enhancing A23187-induced histamine release are dependent on the Ievel of stimulated release in tbe absence of adenosine analogues. At high Ievels of release their potencies are up to 20 times higher than at low Ievels. Consequently, averaged concentration-response curves of adenosine and NECA for enhancing bistamine release are shallow. 3 The adenosine transport blocker S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBTI) has no effect by itself at low Ievels of stimulated histamine release, but abolishes the enhancing effect of adenosine. At high Ievels of release, however, NBTI alone enhances the release of histamine. 4 lt is concluded that adenosine and calcium reciprocally enhance the sensitivity of the secretory processes to the effects of the other agent. The Ievels of intracellular adenosine obtained by trapping adenosine inside stimulated mast cells are sufficient to enhance histamine release substantially, suggesting that this effect may play a physiological and pathophysiological role.},
  subject      = {Toxikologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{LohseKlotzMaureretal.1990,
  author    = {Lohse, Martin J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Maurer, K. and Ott, I. and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Effects of adenosine on mast cells},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86101},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1990},
  abstract  = {No abstract available},
  subject      = {Adenosin},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzSalzeretal.1988,
  author    = {Lohse, Martin J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Salzer, Manfred J. and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Adenosine regulates the \(Ca^{2+} \) sensitivity of mast cell mediator release : (histamine secretion/inositol phosphates/calcium)},
  series = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127883},
  pages     = {8875-8879},
  year      = {1988},
  abstract  = {Mast cells release histamine and other mediators of allergy in response to stimulation of their IgE receptors. This release is generally thought to be mediated by an elevation of cytosolic \(Ca^{2+}\). Recent evidence suggests that there might be factors that modulate the coupling between \(Ca^{2+}\) levels and mediator release. The present report identifies adenosine as one such modulator. Adenosine and several of its metabolically stable analogues were shown to enhance histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in response to stimuli such as concanavalin A. Metabolizing endogenous adenosine with adenosine deaminase dampened the response to stimuli, whereas trapping endogenous adenosine inside mast cells with nucleoside-transport inhibitors markedly enhanced stimulated histamine release. The metabolically stable adenosine analogue 5' -(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (NECA) did not affect the initial steps in the sequence from IgE-receptor activation to mediator release, which are generation of inositol trisphosphate and increase of cytosolic \(Ca^{2+}\). However, NECA did enhance the release induced in ATP-permeabilized cells by exogenous \(Ca^{2+}\), but it had no effect on the release induced by phorbol esters. These data suggest that adenosine sensitizes mediator release by a mechanism regulating stimulus-secretion coupling at a step distal to receptor activation and second-messenger generation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzSchwabe1991,
  author    = {Lohse, Martin J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Mechanism of A2 adenosine receptor activation. I. Blockade of A2 adenosine receptors by photoaffinity labeling},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86073},
  year      = {1991},
  abstract  = {It has previously been shown that covalent incorporation of the photoreactive adenosine derivative (R)-2-azido-N6-p-hydroxyphenytisopropyladenosine [(R)-AHPIA] into the A, adenosine receptor of intact fat cells leads to a persistent activation of this receptor, resulting in a reduction of celular cAMP Ieveis [Mol. Pharmacol. 30:403-409 (1986)]. In contrast, covalent incorporation of (R)-AHPIA into human platelet membranes, which contain only stimulatory A2 adenosine receptors, reduces adenytate cyclase Stimulation via these receptors. This effect of (R)-AHPIA is specific for the A2 receptor and can be prevented by the adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline. Binding studies in-dicate that up to 90\% of A2 receptors can be blocked by photoincorporation of (R)-AHPIA. However, the remaining 10-20\% of A2 receptors are sufficient to mediate an adenylate cyclase Stimulation of up to SOOk of the control value. Similarly, the activation via these 10-20\% of receptors occurs with a halflife that is only 2 times Ionger than that in control membranes. This indicates the presence of a receptor reserve, with respect to both the extent and the rate of adenytate cyclase Stimulation. These observations require a modification of the models of receptor-adenytate cyclase coupling, which is described in the accompanying paper [Mol. Pharmacol. 39:524-530 (1991)].},
  subject      = {Adenosinrezeptor},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{LohseKlotzSchwabe1985,
  author    = {Lohse, Martin J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Effects of barbiturates on A1 adenosine receptors of rat brain},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70100},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1985},
  abstract  = {Barbiturates inhibit binding of radioligands to A 1(Ri) adenosine receptors of rat brain membranes. This inhibition is dose-dependent and stereospecific and occurs in the range of pharmacologically active concentrations. The displacement of radiolabelled A1antagonists by barbiturates is not modified by GTP, indicating that barbiturates might act as antagonists at this receptor. This action of barbiturates does not seem to be related to the binding of barbiturates to plasma membranes, as the latter process has different characteristics. Barbiturates also inhibit the binding of radioligands to solubilized A1receptors, and saturation and kinetic experiments suggest that this is due to a competitive antagonism. These results indicate that barbiturates interact with the recognition site of the A1adenosine receptor.},
  subject      = {Barbiturat},
  language  = {en}
}
@incollection{LohseKlotzSchwabe1987,
  author    = {Lohse, Martin J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Functional characterization of A1 adenoosine receptors by photoaffinity labelling},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86097},
  publisher      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {1987},
  abstract  = {The ligand-binding subunit ofthe A1 adenosine receptor has been identified in membranes with the photoaffinity Iabel R-2-azido-N6-p-hydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine (R-AHPIA). Covalent labelling ofthe A1 receptor can also be achieved in intact cells. The dissociation of the radioiodinated label (1251-AHPIA) from isolated rat fat cells was incomplete after UV irradiation, leaving about 20°/o of irreversible specific binding. Such covalent labelling of the receptor led to a concentration-dependent reduction of cellular cyclic AMP levels. This persistent effect of covalent labeHing occurred with an IC50 value of 9 nM, as compared to an IC50 value of 0.9 nM for the direct reduction of cyclic AMP Ievels by the ligand. The difference in the IC5o values can be explained by assuming spare receptors. This hypothesis was verified in binding studies using [ 3HJPIA as a radioligand. R-AHPIA inhibited binding of [3H)PIA to intact fat cells with a K1 value of about 20 nM, which is about 20 tim es high er than the corresponding IC50 value of cyclic AMP reduction. These data show that the A1 receptor is activated according to the occupancy theory. The high sensitivity of the activation in intact ceJis is due to a large number of spare receptors.},
  subject      = {Adenosinrezeptor},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzSchwabe1986,
  author    = {Lohse, Martin J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Effectes of temperature and membrane phase transitions on ligand binding to a2-receptors of human platelets},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86023},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {The binding of agonists and antagonists to a2-adrenergic receptors of human platelets was studied. The receptors showed homogeneaus affinities for antagonists but two affinity states for the agonist (-)-epinephrine, which were modulated by guanine nucleotides. Van't Hoffplots of antagonist binding had a break point at about 18° and considerable diversity between 18° and 0°. Agonist binding to both affinity states showed a similar break point; agonist binding to the high affinity state was characterized by a large entropy component compared to the low affinity state. This entropy component was reduced at higher concentrations of sodium, indicating that it may be due to Iiberation of sodium ions. Measurements of the fluorescence of 1-anilin-8-naphthalenesulfonate showed thermotropic phase transitions of theplatelet membranes at about 17°. The transition temperature was decreased to about 12° by addition of 1 0 mM octanoic acid. Octanoic acidalso shifted the break points of the van't Hoffplot of antagonist and low affinity agonist binding from 18° to 12°. High affinity agonist binding, however, remained unchanged. It is concluded that agonist-specific thennodynamic characteristics of ligand binding to a2-receptors of human platelets can only be investigated by regarding differences between high and low affinity agonist binding. These differences include an entropy increase upon Iigand binding, which is in part due to enhanced liberation of sodium ions, and a loss of sensitivity to fluidity changes in the outer layer of the plasma membrane.},
  subject      = {Molekularpharmakologie},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LohseKlotzSchwabe1986,
  author    = {Lohse, Martin J. and Klotz, Karl-Norbert and Schwabe, Ulrich},
  title     = {Agonist photoaffinity labeling of A1 adenosine receptors: Persistent activation reveals spare receptors},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87966},
  year      = {1986},
  abstract  = {No abstract available.},
  subject      = {Pharmazie},
  language  = {en}
}