@phdthesis{Kolmer2002,
  author    = {Kolmer, Kerstin},
  title     = {Co-operation and conflict in societies of the ponerine ant genus Pachycondyla},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2153},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {A significant relatedness is of fundamental importance for the evolution and maintenance of social life (kin selection theory, Hamilton 1964a,b). Not only kin selection itself, but also more complex evolutionary theories make predictions on the occurrence of conflict and co-operation in animal societies. They all depend on the genetic relationships among individuals. Therefore, the study of unrelated, co-operating individuals provides a unique opportunity to critically test predictions based on these evolutionary theories. Using allozyme electrophoresis, the study species Pachycondyla villosa was found to represent three different species. Young queens in one of these species, provisionally called Pachycondyla cf. inversa, may co-operate during colony founding (pleometrosis). Approximately 50 per cent of all founding colonies collected near Itabuna, Brazil, consisted of two to five founding queens. Queens of P. cf. inversa have to forage for food (semi-claustral founding), and in founding associations only one queen specialised for this risky task. A microsatellite study showed that nestmate queens were typically not related. How can a division of labour be achieved, where one individual performs risky tasks to the favour of another individual to which it is not related? In contrast to the predictions made by group selectionists, this study provided clear evidence that the division of labour among co-foundresses of P. cf. inversa results from social competition: Co-foundresses displayed aggressive interactions and formed dominance hierarchies which predominantly served to force subordinates to forage. The frequency of queen antagonism increased with the duration since food was last added to the foraging arena. The social status was not, or only weakly associated with the reproductive status: As predicted by the reproductive skew theory, all foundresses laid eggs at similar rates, though the subordinate may be harassed during egg laying and occasionally, some of her eggs may be eaten by the dominant. The differential oophagy presumably was also reflected in a microsatellite study of foundress associations, which was conducted shortly after the first workers emerged: Here, the co-foundresses occasionally contributed unequally to the colony's workers. Conflicts among workers or between workers and queens, e.g. over the division of labour or sex ratio, strongly depend on the genetic relationships among members of a colony. The number of two to five co-founding queens in polygynous colonies of P. cf. inversa, and the lack of relatedness among them, should lead to a decrease in the relatedness of workers. However, nestmate workers were closely related. Furthermore, worker relatedness may decrease as several queens were found to be multiply inseminated. Inbreeding coefficients were significantly different from zero in both queens and workers. No evidence for a geographical substructuring of the population was found. The deviation from random mating presumably was probably due to small, localised nuptial flights. Virgin queens do not mate near their natal nest and disperse before founding colonies. The analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons obtained from live queens revealed consistent differences between the patterns of cuticular hydrocarbons of queens with high vs. low rank: only high-ranking queens showed considerable amounts of cuticular pentadecane (n-C15) and heptadecene (n-C17:1). The presence of the two substances apparently was not associated with reproductive status. It is not yet known, if the two substances indeed serve to communicate high social status in P. cf. inversa. In experimentally assembled associations of two founding queens, queens engaged in aggressive interactions which already within one to twenty minutes resulted in stable dominance hierarchies. The queens attacking first usually won the contest and became dominant. Nest ownership at least for a couple of days did not influence the outcome of dominance interactions in the laboratory experiments, whereas queen body size apparently played an important role: In all eight trials, the larger queen became dominant. However, dominant queens from natural foundress associations were on average not larger than subordinates, suggesting that in the field, resident asymmetries might override size asymmetries only after a more prolonged period of nest ownership. Sequencing of the COI/COII region of mitochondrial DNA displayed sufficient variability for the study of the sociogenetic structure of the secondarily polygynous ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis: Six different haplotypes could be distinguished among six workers of different colonies from one study population in Costa Rica. The variability of other methods which were established (RFLPs, microsatellites, allozymes, and multilocus DNA fingerprinting) was too low for a further study on the genetic structure in P. obscuricornis.},
  subject      = {Pachycondyla},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Dietemann2002,
  author    = {Dietemann, Vincent},
  title     = {Differentiation in reproductive potential and chemical communication of reproductive status in workers and queens of the ant Myrmecia gulosa},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2202},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Division of reproductive labour in societies represents a topic of interest in evolutionary biology at least since Darwin. The puzzle of how helpers can be selected for, in spite of their reduced fertility has found an explanation in the kin selection theory: workers can overcome the cost of helping and of forgiving direct reproduction by rearing sufficiently related individuals. However, in the Hymenoptera, little is known on the proximate mechanisms that regulate the division of labour in colonies. Our knowledge is based on several "primitive" ants from the subfamily Ponerinae and two highly eusocial Hymenoptera species. In the former, the dominance hierarchies allowing for the establishment of individuals as reproductives are well understood. In contrast, the pheromonal mechanisms that help maintain their reproductive status are not understood. Similarly in "higher" ants, pheromonal regulation mechanisms of worker reproduction by queens remain largely unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the modalities of production, distribution and action, as well as the identity of the queen pheromones affecting worker reproduction in the ant Myrmecia gulosa. This species belongs to the poorly studied subfamily Myrmeciinae, which is endemic to the Australian region. The subfamily represents, together with the Ponerinae, the most "primitive" ants: their morphology is close to that of the hypothetical ancestor of ants, and the specialisation of queens is weaker than that of "higher" ants. Simple regulation mechanisms were therefore expected to facilitate the investigation. The first step in this study was to characterise the morphological specialisation of queens and workers, and to determine the differences in reproductive potential associated with this specialisation. This study contributes to our understanding of the link between regulation of division of reproductive labour and social complexity. Furthermore, it will help shed light on the reproductive biology in the poorly known subfamily Myrmeciinae. Queens were recognised by workers on the basis of cuticular as well as gland extracts or products. What is the exact function of the multiple pheromones identified and how they interact remains to be determined. This could help understand why queen "signal" in a "primitive" ant with weakly specialised queens such as M. gulosa appears to be as complex as in highly eusocial species. Primer pheromones act on workers? physiology and have long-term effect. Whether workers of M. gulosa reproduce or not is determined by the detection of a queen pheromone of this type. Direct physical contact with the queen is necessary for workers to detect this pheromone. Thus, the colony size of M. gulosa is compatible with a simple system of pheromone perception by workers based on direct physical contact with the queen. When prevented from establishing physical contact with their queen, some workers start to reproduce and are policed by nestmates. The low volatility of the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), their repartition over the entire cuticle and the existence of queen and worker specific CHC profiles suggest that these chemicals constitute a queen pheromone. Importance of HC versus non-HC compounds was confirmed by bioassaying purified fraction of both classes of chemicals. This study demonstrates for the first time that purified HCs indeed are at the basis of the recognition of reproductive status. This supports the idea that they are also at the basis of the recognition of queens by their workers. As CHCs profiles of workers and queens become similar with acquisition of reproductive status, they represent honest fertility markers. These markers could be used as signals of the presence of reproductives in the colonies, and represent the basis of the regulation of division of reproductive labour.},
  subject      = {Myrmecia gulosa},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Roeschard2002,
  author    = {R{\"o}schard, Jacqueline},
  title     = {Cutter, carriers and bucket brigades ...},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2240},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {This study investigates the foraging behaviour of grass-cutting ants, Atta vollenweideri, with specific consideration of the following issues: (a) cutting behaviour and the determination of fragment size, (b) the effect of load size on transport economics, (c) division of labour and task-partitioning. Grass-cutting ants, Atta vollenweideri, harvest grass fragments that serve as substrate for the cultivation of a symbiotic fungus. Foragers were observed to cut grass fragments across the blade, thus resulting in longish, rectangular-shaped fragments in contrast to the semicircular fragments of leaf-cutting ants. Cutting was very time-consuming: In tough grasses like the typical grassland species Paspallum intermedium and Cyperus entrerrianus, cutting times lasted up to more than 20 minutes per fragment and roughly half of all initiated cutting attempts were given up by the ants. Foragers harvesting the softer grass Leersia hexandra were smaller than those foraging on the hard grasses. Fragment size determination and the extent of size-matching between ant body size and fragment size was investigated regarding possible effects of tissue toughness on decision-making and as a function of the distance from the nest. Tissue toughness affected decision-making such that fragment width correlated with ant body mass for the hard grass but not for the soft one, suggesting that when cutting is difficult, larger ants tend to select wider grasses to initiate cutting. The length of the fragments cut out of the two grass species differed statistically, but showed a large overlap in their distribution. Distance from the nest affected load size as well as the extent of size-matching: Fragments collected directly after cutting were significantly larger than those carried on the trail. This indicates that fragments were cut once again on their way to the nest. Size-matching depended on the trail sector considered, and was stronger in ants sampled closer to the nest, suggesting that carriers either cut fragments in sizes corresponding to their body mass prior transport, or transferred them to nestmates of different size after a short carrying distance. During transport, a worker takes a fragment with its mandibles at one end and carries it in a more or less vertical position. Thus, load length might particularly affect maneuverability, because of the marked displacement of the gravitational center. Conversely, based on the energetic of cutting, workers might maximise their individual harvesting rate by cutting long grass fragments, since the longer a grass fragment, the larger is the amount of material harvested per unit cutting effort. I therefore investigated the economics of load transport by focusing on the effects of load size (mass and length) on gross material transport rate to the nest. When controlling for fragment mass, both running speed of foragers and gross material transport rate was observed to be higher for short fragments. In contrast, if fragment mass was doubled and length maintained, running speed differed according to the mass of the loads, with the heavier fragments being transported at the lower pace. For the sizes tested, heavy fragments yielded a higher transport rate in spite of the lower speed of transport, as they did not slow down foragers so much that it counterbalanced the positive effects of fragment mass on material transport rate. The sizes of the fragments cut by grass-cutting ants under natural conditions therefore may represent the outcome of an evolutionary trade-off between maximising harvesting rate at the cutting site and minimising the effects of fragment size on material transport rates. I investigated division of labour and task partitioning during foraging by recording the behaviour of marked ants while cutting, and by monitoring the transport of fragments from the cutting until they reached the nest. A. vollenweideri foragers showed division of labour between cutting and carrying, with larger workers cutting the fragments, and smaller ones transporting them. This division was absent for food sources very close to the nest, when no physical trail was present. Along the trail, the transport of fragment was a partitioned task, i.e., workers formed bucket brigades composed of 2 to 5 carriers. This sequential load transport occurred more often on long than on short trails. The first carriers of a bucket brigade covered only short distances before dropping their fragments, turned back and continued foraging at the same food source. The last carriers covered the longest distance. There was no particular location on the trail for load dropping , i.e., fragments were not cached. I tested the predictions of two hypotheses about the causes of bucket brigades: First, bucket brigades might occur because of load-carriage effects: A load that is too big for an ant to be carried is dropped and carried further by nestmates. Second, fragments carried by bucket brigades might reach the nest quicker than if they are transported by a single carrier. Third, bucket brigades might enhance information flow among foragers: By transferring the load a worker may return earlier back to the foraging site and be able to reinforce the chemical trail, thus recruitment. In addition, the dropped fragment itself may contain information for unladen foragers about currently harvested sources and may enable them to choose between sources of different quality. I investigated load-carriage effects and possible time-saving by presenting ants with fragments of different but defined sizes. Load size did not affect frequency of load dropping nor the distance the first carrier covered before dropping, and transport time by bucket brigades was significantly longer than by single carriers. In order to study the information transfer hypothesis, I presented ants with fragments of different attractivity but constant size. Ants carrying high-quality fragments would be expected to drop them more often than workers transporting low-quality fragments, thus increasing the frequency of bucket brigades. My results show that increasing load quality increased the frequency of bucket brigades as well as it decreased the carrying distance of the first carrier. In other words, more attractive loads were dropped more frequently and after a shorter distance than less attractive ones with the first carriers returning to the foraging site to continue foraging. Summing up, neither load-carriage effects nor time-saving caused the occurrence of bucket brigades. Rather, the benefit might be found at colony level in an enhanced information flow.},
  subject      = {Atta},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wueck2002,
  author    = {W{\"u}ck, Daniela Maria},
  title     = {Kombination von Paclitaxel und Bestrahlung},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3356},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Paclitaxel wird als antineoplastisches Agenz haupts{\"a}chlich gegen Ovarial- und Brusttumore eingesetzt. Seine Wirkung beruht auf einer St{\"o}rung der mikrotubul{\"a}ren Dynamik und Struktur des Zytoskeletts, die einen Arrest der Zelle in der G2- und Mitosephase des Zellzykluses bewirkt. Da Zellen, die in der G2/M-Phase des Zellzykluses arretiert sind, eine erh{\"o}hte Empfindlichkeit gegen{\"u}ber ionisierender Strahlung aufweisen, k{\"o}nnte Paclitaxel als Strahlensensibilisierer in einer Kombinationstherapie mit Bestrahlung Vorteile in der Tumortherapie haben. In dieser Arbeit wurden daher die gentoxischer Effekte einer Einzelbehandlung und einer Kombinationsbehandlung von Paclitaxel und Strahlung untersucht. Da eine Tumortherapie stark von der Art des Tumors abh{\"a}ngt, wurden verschiedene Tumorzellinien untersucht. Als gentoxischen Endpunkt wurde die Induktion von Mikrokernen in vitro gew{\"a}hlt. Der in vitro Mikrokerntest ist ein valider und empfindlicher Test, der sensitiv gegen{\"u}ber Spindelgiften wie Paclitaxel und chromosomenbrechende Agentien, wie ionisiernder Strahlung ist. In der Maus Lymphom Zellinie L5178Y, den Lungenfibroblasten V79, den humanen Cervixkarzinomzellen HeLa und in den humanen Brustkrebszellen MCF-7 konnte keine Radiosensibilisierung durch Paclitaxel detektiert werden. Die Anzahl der induzierten Mikrokerne lag immer im Bereich der theoretischen Addition der Einzelbehandlung mit Paclitaxel und Bestrahlung. In der humanen Lungenkarzinomzellinie A549, die als f{\"u}nfte Zellreihe untersucht wurde, konnte f{\"u}r eine Kombination von 2,5 nM Paclitaxel und 2 Gy Bestrahlung ein synergistischer Effekt gefunden werden (30 \%ige Erh{\"o}hung der Mikrokernrate bei Kombinationsbehandlung verglichen mit der Summe der Einzelbehandlungen). Dieser Effekt konnte in Wiederholungsexperimenten, in denen h{\"o}here Dosen an Paclitaxel verwendet wurden jedoch nicht reproduziert werden. Insgesamt konnten damit die Ergebnisse des in vitro Mikrokerntestes in f{\"u}nf verschiedenen Zellinien keine eindeutige Radiosensibilisierung von Paclitaxel zeigen. In Folgestudien sollten daher verschiedene Konzentrationen und Behandlunsdauern von Paclitaxel sowie andere Endpunkte untersucht werden, um eine abschließende Beurteilung, ob Paclitaxel als zelltypabh{\"a}ngiger Radiosensibilisierer fungieren k{\"o}nnte, zu erlauben.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Wiegand2002,
  author    = {Wiegand, Johannes Tobias Martin},
  title     = {Einfluß der extrazellul{\"a}ren Ca2+-Konzentration und des Aktinfilamentsystems auf die homophile Interaktion von VE-Cadherin},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3386},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Die Barriereeigenschaften des Gef{\"a}ßendothels werden durch Verschluß- und Adh{\"a}renskontakte vermittelt. Das Ca2+-abh{\"a}ngige Zelladh{\"a}sionsmolek{\"u}l VE-Cadherin vermittelt in Adh{\"a}renskontakten die Adh{\"a}sion benachbarter Endothelzellen. Es wurde vermutet, daß die extrazellul{\"a}re Ca2+-Konzentration und das intrazellul{\"a}re Aktinfilamentsystem die Adh{\"a}sionseigenschaften von VE-Cadherin ver{\"a}ndern k{\"o}nnen. Daher wurden diese Einflußfaktoren mit Hilfe der Laserpinzetten-Technik untersucht. Hierzu wurden Latex-Mikroperlen mit rekombinanten VE-Cadherin-Fc-Molek{\"u}len beschichtet, die damit an VE-Cadherin-Molek{\"u}le von Endothelzellen binden und Zell-Zell-Kontakte simulieren konnten. Es zeigte sich, daß die ausschließlich durch VE-Cadherin vermittelte Interaktion zwischen Mikroperlen und Endothelzellen direkt von der extrazellul{\"a}ren Ca2+-Konzentration abh{\"a}ngig war und sich durch eine s-f{\"o}rmige Titrationskurve beschreiben ließ: Die Bindungsh{\"a}ufigkeit der Mikroperlen war bei Ca2+-Konzentrationen nahe 0,0 mM gering (26-27 \%), nahm ab 0,8 mM stark zu (38 \%) und erreichte bei 1,8 mM ein Maximum (65 \%). Halbmaximale Bindung (KD) wurde bei 1,1 mM Ca2+ erreicht. Die Bindung war hochkooperativ (Hill Koeffizient nH = 4,6). Um die Eigenschaften des Aktinfilamentsystems zu ver{\"a}ndern, wurden die Zellen mit Cytochalasin B, Cytochalasin D und dem Ca2+-Ionophor A 23187 inkubiert. Dabei nahm die Bindungsh{\"a}ufigkeit der Mikroperlen deutlich gegen{\"u}ber Kontrollbedingungen ab. Es wurde gefolgert, daß ein intaktes Aktinfilamentsystem unmittelbar die Interaktion zwischen VE-Cadherin-Molek{\"u}len st{\"a}rkte. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit liefern damit neue Erkenntnisse {\"u}ber die Eigenschaften von VE-Cadherin: Die Adh{\"a}sion dieses Molek{\"u}ls wird im physiologischen Ca2+-Bereich reguliert und ist direkt von einem intakten Aktinfilamentsystem abh{\"a}ngig. Es ist vorstellbar, daß die durch VE-Cadherin vermittelten Barriereeigenschaften des Endothels in vivo durch {\"a}hnliche Mechanismen reguliert werden. Ein Abfall der Ca2+-Konzentration im Interzellularspalt unter den f{\"u}r die Adh{\"a}sion kritischen Wert von 1,1 mM k{\"o}nnte durch Agonist-vermittelte {\"O}ffnung von Ca2+-Kan{\"a}len erfolgen. Eingestr{\"o}mtes Ca2+ k{\"o}nnte seinerseits {\"u}ber Aktivierung von Gelsolin zur Fragmentation von Aktinfilamenten f{\"u}hren und so die Adh{\"a}sion weiter schw{\"a}chen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Seipel2002,
  author    = {Seipel, Michael},
  title     = {Chemische Wellen und Fronten in nichtlinearen Reaktions-Diffusions-Systemen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3392},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Die vorliegende Dissertation besch{\"a}ftigt sich mit nichtlinearen Reaktions-Transport-Systemen, die in zweidimensionalen Medien chemische Wellen und propagierende Fronten ausbilden k{\"o}nnen. Grundlage dieser Art von r{\"a}umlichen Mustern sind sogenannte erregbare Systeme. Ein Themengebiet der Arbeit umfasst die Untersuchung von Spiralwellen in der Belousov-Zhabotinsky-Reaktion (BZ-Reaktion). Ein weiterer Teilabschnitt behandelt die Wechselwirkung zwischen Polymersystemen und nichtlinearen chemischen Reaktionen. In den untersuchten, r{\"a}umlich ausgedehnten Systemen spielt die Kopplung nichtlinearer chemischer Reaktionen an Transportprozesse eine wichtige Rolle. Die generischen Typen von chemischen Mustern sind Pulswellen in einer Raumdimension, kreisf{\"o}rmige Wellen und Spiralen in einem zweidimensionalen System und kugelschalen- bzw. schraubenf{\"o}rmige Wellen in drei Raumdimensionen. Auf theoretischer Basis werden Effekte von Spiralwellen bei {\"A}nderung der Erregbarkeit des Reaktionsmediums dargestellt.In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es erstmals gelungen, eine Methode zu entwickeln, die es erlaubt die Erregbarkeit in der BZ-Reaktion sowie in einer Vielzahl weiterer nichtlinearer Reaktionen zu beeinflussen. Ein weiteres Themengebiet dieser Dissertation ist die Untersuchung von pH-Systeme in Hydrogelen. Dies sind hydrophile Gele, die ihr Volumen in w{\"a}ssrigen L{\"o}sungen ver{\"a}ndern k{\"o}nnen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Gele auf der Basis von Acrylamid und Methacrylat als Copolymer verwendet und an die oben beschriebenen pH-Oszillatoren angekoppelt. Durch Polymerisation von Acrylamid zusammen mit Natriummethacrylat konnte ein mit einem pH-Oszillator beladenes Gel hergestellt werden, das nach Start der Reaktion durch eine kleine Menge S{\"a}ure mit einer deutlichen Volumenkontraktion reagiert. Diese Kontraktion des Gels konnte ausgenutzt werden, um die chemische Energie eines pH-Reaktionssystems in eine mechanische Kraftwirkung umzuwandeln.},
  subject      = {Hydrogel},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Leusser2002,
  author    = {Leußer, Dirk},
  title     = {S=N versus S+-N-},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3437},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {The main aim of this thesis was to characterise structurally four sulfur-nitrogen compounds in terms of their experimental electron density distribution: Sulfurdiimide S(NtBu)2 (I), sulfurtriimide S(NtBu)3 (II), methyl(diimido)sulfinic acid H(NtBu)2SMe (III) and methylene-bis(triimido)sulfonic acid CH2{S(NtBu)2(HNtBu)}2 (IV). The electron density was determined by multipole refinements on high-resolution X-ray data at low temperatures. The refined densities were analysed by means of Bader's theory of 'Atoms in Molecules' to get information about the bonding types (shared/ closed shell), bond strengths, and the extent of polarisation. The distributions of the static deformation densities, which already showed the most important electronical features as lone-pairs and bonding densities, were calculated for all compounds. The spatial distributions provided a first impression about the bonding properties. The nitrogen lone-pair densities were found to be inclined towards the electropositive sulfur atoms. In II, III and IV the spatial distributions already suggested sp3 hybridisation of the nitrogen atoms. In I gradual differences between the E/Z and Z/Z oriented NtBu groups were visualised. The charge density distribution was analysed along the bond paths, which showed some of the S,N bonds to be considerably bent. In the central part of the thesis detailed topological analyses of the electron density distributions were performed. All BCPs and the related electronical properties as the electron density, the negative Laplacian, the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix, and several values, which can be deduced from these, were calculated. Due to the low number of comparable published compounds, internal scaling facilitated by III and IV led to system-specific ranking of the S-N and S-C bonds in terms of bond type (shared vs. closed shell), bond order, and bond strength. To quantify bond polarisation a criterion was developed which relates shifts in the BCPs to electron transfer from the electropositive to the electronegative bonding partner. The distributions of the Laplacian were determined for all S-E (E = N, C) bonds because of their fundamental importance for the classification of atomic interactions. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the negative Laplacian with respect to all important bonds was determined around the central sulfur and nitrogen atoms. The analyses led to detailed information about the S,N interactions. A calculation of the reactive surfaces where the Laplacian equals zero revealed possible reaction pathways of nucleophilic attacks to the central sulfur atoms. All nitrogen atoms in H(NtBu)2SMe (III) as well as in CH2{S(NtBu)2(HNtBu)}2 (IV) are predominantly sp3 hybridised. The S,N bonds should therefore be formulated as S+-N- single bonds, strengthened and shortened by electrostatic reinforcement. In S(NtBu)2 (I) the sp2 hybridisation of the nitrogen atoms was verified. All topological criteria unearthed the inequality of the formally equivalent S=N double bonds. The differences were assigned to the molecular E/Z conformation in the solid state. Interaction between the in-plane lone-pair density of the nitrogen and the sulfur atom located at the same side causes the non-bonding charge concentration at the sulfur atom to be dislocated into the second S-N bond. The existence of a delocalised 3-centres-2-electrons system within the planar SN2 core was assumed to be formed by non-hybridised p-orbitals. An effective delocalisation was found to be possibly disturbed by a weak intermolecular S...S interaction. The interpretation of the S,N interaction in S(NtBu)3 (II) was not straightforward, since the electron density distribution showed both, indicators for multiple bonding as well as for sp3 hybridisation of the nitrogen atoms, which verifies the formulation of a S+-N- bonding mode. The bonding situation in S(NtBu)3 was identified as an intermediate state between that of a delocalised 4-centres-6-electrons system formed by non-hybridised p-orbitals within the planar SN3 unit and that of a S+-N- system.},
  subject      = {Schwefelverbindungen},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Zuegner2002,
  author    = {Z{\"u}gner, Sascha},
  title     = {Untersuchungen zum elastisch-plastischen Verhalten von Kristalloberfl{\"a}chen mittels Kraft-Eindringtiefen-Verfahren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3447},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Untersuchungen zum elastisch-plastischen Verhalten von Kristalloberfl{\"a}chen mittels Kraft-Eindringtiefen-Verfahren Die 'registrierende H{\"a}rtepr{\"u}fung' nach dem Kraft-Eindringtiefen-Verfahren hat in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr an Bedeutung gewonnen, um mechanische Materialparameter vor allem d{\"u}nner Filme und beschichteter Oberfl{\"a}chen im Nanometermaßstab zu messen. Das kontrollierte Eindringen einer Meßspitze in eine Oberfl{\"a}che mit definierter Kraft bei gleichzeitiger Registrierung der zur{\"u}ckgelegten Wegstrecke erm{\"o}glicht die Aufzeichnung sogenannter Kraft-Weg-Kurven. Deren Auswertung liefert quantitative Daten der mechanischen Materialeigenschaften wie H{\"a}rte (H), Elastizit{\"a}tsmodul (E), Bruchfestigkeit oder Kriechanteil. Im Laufe eines pharmazeutischen Herstellungsprozesses m{\"u}ssen fast alle eingesetzten Wirk- und Hilfsstoffe zerkleinert werden. Die dabei geforderten Feinheitsgrade lassen sich oft nur durch den Einsatz effizienter Maschinen, wie zum Beispiel der Luftstrahlm{\"u}hlen erreichen. Dieser energie- und kostenaufwendige Zerkleinerungsprozeß ist bis heute noch nicht vollst{\"a}ndig kontrollierbar. Das makroskopische Verhalten von partikul{\"a}ren Sch{\"u}ttg{\"u}tern, wie etwa deren Bruchfestigkeit, ben{\"o}tigte Bruchkraft oder -energie, wird weitgehend von den elastisch-plastischen Materialeigenschaften mitbestimmt. Demnach sollten H{\"a}rte und Elastizit{\"a}t einen entscheidenden Einfluß darauf haben, ob und in welchem Ausmaß ein Partikelkollektiv zerkleinert wird. Die Eindruckexperimente wurden an vier verschiedenen, handels{\"u}blichen, kristallinen Sch{\"u}ttg{\"u}tern durchgef{\"u}hrt (CaCO3, Natriumascorbat, NaCl, Saccharose). Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich die einzelnen Proben z.T. erheblich in ihren mechanischen Eigenschaften unterscheiden. Alle untersuchten Materialien sind durch ausgepr{\"a}gtes elastoplastisches Verhalten charakterisiert. W{\"a}hrend der elastische Anteil an der Gesamtverformung f{\"u}r Calcit, Natriumascorbat und Saccharose etwa 30\% betr{\"a}gt, zeigt Natriumchlorid nahezu vollst{\"a}ndig plastische Deformation. Die elastische R{\"u}ckfederung in der Entlastungsphase liegt f{\"u}r Kochsalz jeweils unter 10\%. Ebenso schwanken die gemessenen H{\"a}rtewerte der pharmazeutischen Sch{\"u}ttg{\"u}ter in einem Bereich von 0,4GPa und 3,0GPa. Dabei erweist sich das Calciumcarbonat als h{\"a}rtestes und sehr spr{\"o}des Material (H»3,0GPa und E»85GPa). Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Natriumchlorid sehr weich und leicht plastisch verformbar (H»0,5GPa und E»42GPa). Weiterhin kann der bei einer Vielzahl von kristallinen Materialien nachgewiesene 'indentation size effect', also die Abh{\"a}ngigkeit der H{\"a}rte von der Eindruckgr{\"o}ße, best{\"a}tigt werden. Bei geringen Eindringtiefen ist die H{\"a}rte signifikant erh{\"o}ht, wogegen sie mit zunehmender Indenttiefe auf konstante Werte absinkt. Die Energiezufuhr in Form einer {\"a}ußeren mechanischen Beanspruchung beeinflußt ebenfalls die H{\"a}rte. Art und Ausmaß der Beanspruchung spielen dabei die entscheidende Rolle. Partikel, welche in einer Luftstrahlm{\"u}hle zerkleinert wurden, zeigen im Vergleich zu unbeanspruchten Teilchen signifikant h{\"o}here Werte. Der Grund f{\"u}r diesen H{\"a}rtezuwachs liegt in der Kaltverfestigung des Materials. Die hohe Prallenergie und in deren Folge die Ver{\"a}nderung der partikul{\"a}ren Mikrostruktur f{\"u}hren vor allem bei kleinen, stark beanspruchten Partikeln zu einer gesteigerten H{\"a}rte. Die elastisch-plastischen Parameter sind eng mit der Kristallstruktur und der Orientierung der Atome im Kristallgitter verkn{\"u}pft. Jedoch kann eine Anisotropie bez{\"u}glich der mechanischen Kennwerte f{\"u}r die kristallinen Materialien nicht best{\"a}tigt werden. Eindruckexperimente unter wechselnden Rotationswinkeln ergaben keine statistisch unterscheidbaren Meßwerte.},
  subject      = {Nanostrukturiertes Material},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Beckert2002,
  author    = {Beckert, Cornelia},
  title     = {Biosynthese, Akkumulation und Strukturen von Styrylpyronen in gametophytischen und sporophytischen Geweben von Equisetum},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3454},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Untersuchungen zur Akkumulation phenolischer Inhaltsstoffe von Equisetum an gametophytischen und unterirdisch wachsenden sporophytischen Geweben vervollst{\"a}ndigten den Kenntnisstand der phenolischen Inhaltsstoffe in dieser Gattung. In beiden Geweben konnten - wie in oberirdischen sporophytischen Geweben - Hydroxyzimts{\"a}urederivate nachgewiesen werden. Styrylpyrone und Protoflavonoide ersetzen hier die in oberirdischen sporophytischen Geweben nachgewiesenen Flavonoide. Hydroxyzimts{\"a}urederivate wurden in Prothallien aller untersuchter Arten gefunden wohingegen in Rhizomen der jeweiligen Arten einzelne Hydroxyzimts{\"a}urederivate fehlten. Die Inhaltsstoffmuster der Styrylpyrone bei verschiedenen Arten entsprachen sich weitgehend. Die sukzessive Analyse des {\"U}bergangsbereiches - unterirdisch wachsendes Rhizom zu oberirdischem Spross - zeigte einen ebenso sukzessiven Wechsel im Akkumulationsmuster. Der Gehalt l{\"o}slicher Styrylpyrone nahm - von unten nach oben betrachtet - in gleichem Maße ab, wie der Gehalt an Flavonoiden anstieg. In lokal braun pigmentierten Sprossbereichen, die vereinzelt an oberirdisch wachsenden Sporophyten auftraten, wurden neben den in Rhizomen konstitutiv akkumulierten Styrylpyronen auch, offenbar durch Verwundung induziert, Styrylpyrone detektiert. In den gr{\"u}nen, nicht pigmentierten Bereichen dieser Sprosse wurden dagegen ausschließlich Flavonoide und Hydroxyzimts{\"a}urederivate detektiert. Fluoreszenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen belegten eine vakuol{\"a}re Speicherung der l{\"o}slichen Inhaltsstoffe Styrylpyrone und Hydroxyzimts{\"a}urederivate in Rhizomen und Prothallien. Hydroxyzimts{\"a}urederivate wurden vorwiegend in zentral liegenden Rhizombereichen detektiert, w{\"a}hrend Styrylpyrone {\"u}ber den gesamten Rhizomquerschnitt verteilt sichtbar gemacht werden konnten. Folgende Styrylpyrone wurden aus Rhizomen von E. arvense isoliert und mit Hilfe spektroskopischer Methoden in ihrer Struktur aufgekl{\"a}rt: 3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(4´-hydroxy-E-styryl)-2-pyron-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosid und 3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(3´-hydroxy-4´methoxy-E-styryl)-2-pyron-3-O-ß-glucopyranosid. Untersuchungen zur Biosynthese von Styrylpyronen zeigten eine enzymkatalysierte Bildung von Hispidin und Bisnoryangonin in Gametophyten verschiedener Equisetum-Arten sowie in Rhizomen und fertilen Sporophyten von E. arvense. Ebenso gelang der Nachweis der enzymatischen Glycosilierung von 3-Hydroxyhispidin zu Equisetumpyron in Gametophyten von E. arvense. Eine Styrylpyronsynthase wurde charakterisiert: Das pH-Optimum f{\"u}r die Bildung von Bisnoryangonin lag bei pH 7,5-7,8 und f{\"u}r die Bildung von Hispidin bei 6,8-7,0, jeweils in 0,5 M KPi-Puffer. Das Temperaturoptimum f{\"u}r die Bildung von Bisnoryangonin betrug 30° C bzw. 37°C f{\"u}r die Bildung von Hispidin. Die Substanzen Natriumascorbat in einer Konzentration von 20 mM, BSA (0,1 \% w/V), Dithiothreitol (2,5 mM) bzw. Mercaptoethanol (7 mM) konnten die Enzymaktivit{\"a}t deutlich steigern. Die Km\&\#64979;Werte wurden f{\"u}r die Substrate Kaffeoyl-CoA und Malonyl-CoA bei 116 µM bzw. 141 µM ermittelt. F{\"u}r die Substrate p-Cumaroyl-CoA und Malonyl-CoA lagen die Km\&\#64979;Werte bei 182 µM bzw. 238 µM. Das relative Molekulargewicht des nativen Enzyms wurde mittels Gelfiltration mit 78-80 kD bestimmt. Im Rahmen der Proteinreinigung wurde eine auf chromatographischen Techniken basierende Methode entwickelt, mit der die Styrylpyronsynthase mit einem Anreicherungsfaktor von 1107 bei einer Ausbeute von 0,08 \% gereinigt werden konnte.},
  subject      = {Schachtelhalm},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Dornhaus2002,
  author    = {Dornhaus, Anna},
  title     = {The role of communication in the foraging process of social bees},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3468},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In the various groups of social bees, different systems of communication about food sources occur. These communication systems are different solutions to a common problem of social insects: efficiently allocating the necessary number of workers first to the task of foraging and second to the most profitable food sources. The solution chosen by each species depends on the particular ecological circumstances as well as the evolutionary history of that species. For example, the outstanding difference between the bumble bee and the honey bee system is that honey bees can communicate the location of profitable food sources to nestmates, which bumble bees cannot. To identify possible selection pressures that could explain this difference, I have quantified the benefits of communicating location in honey bees. I show that these strongly depend on the habitat, and that communicating location might not benefit bees in temperate habitats. This could be due to the differing spatial distributions of resources in different habitats, in particular between temperate and tropical regions. These distributions may be the reason why the mostly temperate-living bumble bees have never evolved a communication system that allows them to transfer information on location of food sources, whereas most tropical social bees (all honey bees and many stingless bees) are able to recruit nestmates to specific points in their foraging range. Nevertheless, I show that in bumble bees the allocation of workers to foraging is also regulated by communication. Successful foragers distribute in the nest a pheromone which alerts other bees to the presence of food. This pheromone stems from a tergite gland, the function of which had not been identified previously. Usage of a pheromone in the nest to alert other individuals to forage has not been described in other social insects, and might constitute a new mode of communicating about food sources. The signal might be modulated depending on the quality of the food source. Bees in the nest sample the nectar that has been brought into the nest. Their decision whether to go out and forage depends not only on the pheromone signal, but also on the quality of the nectar they have sampled. In this way, foraging activity of a bumble bee colony is adjusted to foraging conditions, which means most bees are allocated to foraging only if high-quality food sources are available. In addition, foraging activity is adjusted to the amount of food already stored. In a colony with full honeypots, no new bees are allocated to foraging. These results help us understand how the allocation of workers to the task of food collection is regulated according to external and internal nest conditions in bumble bees.},
  subject      = {Hummel},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Grahl2002,
  author    = {Grahl, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Blochsches Prinzip, L{\"u}ckenreihen und Semidualit{\"a}t},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3477},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Ein bekanntes heuristisches Prinzip von A. Bloch beschreibt die Korrespondenz zwischen Kriterien f{\"u}r die Konstanz ganzer Funktionen und Normalit{\"a}tskriterien. In der vorliegenden Dissertation untersuchen wir die G{\"u}ltigkeit des Blochschen Prinzip bei L{\"u}ckenreihenproblemen sowie Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen Normalit{\"a}tsfragen und der Semidualit{\"a}t von einer bzw. von zwei Funktionen. Die ersten beiden Kapitel stellen die im folgenden ben{\"o}tigten Hilfsmittel aus der Nevanlinnaschen Wertverteilungstheorie und der Normalit{\"a}tstheorie bereit. Im dritten Kapitel beweisen wir ein neues Normalit{\"a}tskriterium f{\"u}r Familien holomorpher Funktionen, f{\"u}r die ein Differentialpolynom einer bestimmten Gestalt nullstellenfrei ist. Dies verallgemeinert fr{\"u}here Resultate von Hayman, Drasin, Langley und Chen \& Hua. Kapitel 4 ist dem Beweis eines unserer im folgenden wichtigsten Hilfsmittel gewidmet: eines tiefliegenden Konvergenzsatzes von H. Cartan {\"u}ber Familien von p-Tupeln holomorpher nullstellenfreier Funktionen, welche einer linearen Relation unterliegen. In Kapitel 5 werden die Konzepte der Dualit{\"a}t und Semidualit{\"a}t eingef{\"u}hrt und die Verbindung zu Normalit{\"a}tsfragen diskutiert. Die neuen Ergebnisse {\"u}ber L{\"u}ckenreihen finden sich im sechsten Kapitel. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei zum einen auf sog. AP-L{\"u}ckenreihen, zum anderen auf allgemeinen Konstruktionsverfahren, mit denen sich neue semiduale L{\"u}ckenstrukturen aus bereits bekannten gewinnen lassen. Zahlreiche unserer Beweise beruhen wesentlich auf dem Satz von Cartan aus Kapitel 4. Im siebten Kapitel erweitern wir unsere Semidualit{\"a}tsuntersuchungen auf Mengen aus zwei Funktionen. Wir ziehen Normalit{\"a}tskriterien (vor allem das in Kapitel 3 bewiesene sowie den Satz von Cartan) heran, um spezielle Mengen als nichtsemidual zu identifizieren. Zuletzt konstruieren wir ein Beispiel einer semidualen Menge aus zwei Funktionen.},
  subject      = {Blochsches Prinzip},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Stoimenova2002,
  author    = {Stoimenova, Maria},
  title     = {Normoxic and anoxic metabolism of Nicotiana tabacum transformants lacking root nitrate reductase},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3498},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {The aim of this work was to find out whether and how nitrate reduction in roots would facilitate survival of hypoxic and anoxic (flooding)-phases. For that purpose, we compared the response of roots of hydroponically grown tobacco wildtype (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Gatersleben) and of a transformant (LNR-H) with no nitrate reductase (NR) in the roots but almost normal NR in leaves (based on a nia2-double mutant). As an additional control we used occasionally a 35S-transformant of the same nia2-double mutant, which on the same genetic background constitutively expressed NR in all organs. In some cases, we also compared the response of roots from WT plants, which had been grown on tungstate for some time in order to completely suppress NR activity. The following root parameters were examined: 1) Growth and morphology 2) Root respiration rates and leaf transpiration 3) Metabolite contents in roots (ATP, hexosemonophosphates, free sugars, starch, amino acids, total protein) 4) Inorganic cation and anion contents 5) Lactate and ethanol production 6) Extractable LDH-and ADH-activities 7) Cytosolic pH values (by 31P-NMR) 8) NO Cation and anion contents of roots from WT and LNR-H were only slightly different, confirming that these plants would be better suited for our purposes than the widely used comparison of nitrate-versus ammonium-grown plants, which usually show up with dramatic differences in their ion contents. Normoxia: LNR-H-plants had shorter and thicker roots than WT with a lower roots surface area per leaf FW. This was probably the major cause for the significantly lower specific leaf transpiration of LNR-H. WT-roots had lower respiration rates, lower ATP-and HMP-contents, slightly lower sugar- and starch contents and somewhat lower amino acid contents than LNR-H roots. However, total protein/FW was almost identical. Obviously the LNR-H transformants did not suffer from N-defciency, and their energy status appeared even better than that of WT-roots. Data from the 35S-transformant were similar to those of WT. This indicates that the observed differences between WT and LNR-H were not due to unknown factors of the genetic nia2-background, but that they could be really traced back to the presence resp. absence of nitrate reduction. Anoxia: Under short-term anoxia (2h) LNR-H plants, but not WT-plants exhibited clear symptoms of wilting, although leaf transpiration was lower with LNR-H. Reasons are not known yet. LNR-H roots produced much more ethanol (which was excreted) and lactate compared to WT, but extractable ADH and LDH activities, were not induced by anoxia. However, the LDH activity background was twice as high as that of the WT troughout the time period studied. Tungstate-treated WT-roots also gave higher fermentation rates than normal WT roots. Sugar- and HMP-contents remained higher in LNR-H roots than in WT. NR in WT roots was activated under anoxia and roots accumulated nitrite, which was also released to the medium. 31P-NMR spectroscopy showed that LNR-H- roots, in spite of their better energy status, acidified their cytosol more than WT roots. Conclusions: Obviously nitrate reduction affects - by as yet unknown mechanisms - root growth and morphology. The much lower anoxic fermentation rates of WT-roots compared to LNR-H roots could not be traced back to an alternative NADH consumption by nitrate reduction, since NR activity was too low for that. An overall estimation of H+-production by glycolysis, fermentation and nitrate reduction (without nitrite reduction, which was absent under anoxia) indicated that the stronger cytosolic acidification of anoxic LNR-H roots was based on their higher fermentation rates. Thus, nitrate reduction under anoxia appears advantageous because of lower fermentation rates and concomitantly lower cytosolic acidification. However, it remained unclear why fermentation rates were so different. Perspective: Preliminary experiments had indicated that WT-roots produced more nitric oxide (NO) under anoxia than LNR-H-roots. Accordingly, we suggest that nitrate reduction, beyond a merely increased NADH-consumption, would lead to advantageous changes in metabolism, eventually via NO-production, which is increasingly recognized as an important signaling compound regulating many plant functions.},
  subject      = {Tabak},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Wolfrom2002,
  author    = {Wolfrom, Martin},
  title     = {Isoparametric hypersurfaces with a homogeneous focal manifold},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3505},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {The classification of isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres with a homogeneous focal manifold is a project that has been started by Linus Kramer. It extends results by E. Cartan and Hsiang and Lawson. Kramer does most part of this classification in his Habilitationsschrift. In particular he obtains a classification for the cases where the homogeneous focal manifold is at least 2-connected. Results of E. Cartan, Dorfmeister and Neher, and Takagi also solve parts of the classification problem. This thesis completes the classification. We classify all closed isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres with g>2 distinct principal curvatures one of whose multiplicities is 2 such that the lower dimensional focal manifold is homogeneous. The methods are essentially the same as in Kramer's 'Habilitationsschrift'. The cohomology of the focal manifolds in question is known. This leads to two topological classification problems, which are also solved in this thesis. We classify simply connected homogeneous spaces of compact Lie groups with the same integral cohomology ring as a product of spheres S^2 x S^m and m odd on the one hand and a truncated polynomial ring Q[a]/(a^m) with one generator of even degree and m > 1 as its rational cohomology ring on the other hand.},
  subject      = {Isoparametrische Hyperfl{\"a}che},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Roesch2002,
  author    = {R{\"o}sch, Petra},
  title     = {Raman-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen und Mikroorganismen},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3539},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit werden Pflanzen, Pflanzengewebe, Pflanzenzellen und Mikro-organismen spektroskopisch untersucht und ihre Inhaltsstoffe unter minimaler Probenpr{\"a}paration im biologischen Gewebe direkt lokalisiert und identifiziert. Unter den verf{\"u}gbaren Schwingungs-spektroskopischen Methoden ist die Mikro-Raman-Spektroskopie f{\"u}r diese Fragestellungen besonders gut geeignet, da Wasser Raman-Spektren nur wenig beeinflusst. Daher kann mit Raman-spektroskopischen Methoden auch in stark wasserhaltigem Gewebe gemessen werden. Weiterhin erh{\"a}lt man mit der Mikro-Raman-Spektroskopie eine gute r{\"a}umliche Aufl{\"o}sung im sub-µm-Bereich, wodurch es m{\"o}glich ist, heterogene Proben zu untersuchen. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus kann die Mikro-Raman-Spektroskopie mit anderen Methoden, wie z. B. der oberfl{\"a}chenverst{\"a}rkten Raman-Spektroskopie (SERS), kombiniert werden. In pflanzlichen Zellen liegt eine Vielzahl von Substanzen in geringen Konzentrationen vor. Aufgrund der niedrigen Quantenausbeute des Raman-Effekts treten vor allem Substanzen, die eine Resonanz-Verst{\"a}rkung erfahren, in den Spektren hervor. Diese Substanzen, wie z. B. b-Carotin, k{\"o}nnen deshalb in geringen Konzentrationen detektiert werden. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt in der Untersuchung von Sekund{\"a}r-Metaboliten wie Alkaloiden, Lipiden oder Terpenen, die in der Pflanze agglomerieren. Neben der Identifikation von Inhaltsstoffen, k{\"o}nnen die Raman-Spektren von Pflanzen f{\"u}r die chemotaxonomische Klassifizierung mit Hilfe der hierarchischen Clusteranalyse verwendet werden. Die Identifizierung von Mikroorganismen auch in sehr geringen Mengen (Monolage, einzelne Zellen) ist mit der Mikro-Raman-Spektroskopie nur unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen durchf{\"u}hrbar. F{\"u}r weitergehende Untersuchungen wird hier die SERS-Sonde oder ein TERS-Aufbau verwendet werden.},
  subject      = {Pflanzen},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Diedering2002,
  author    = {Diedering, Manfred},
  title     = {Mechanistische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Viskosit{\"a}t und Polarit{\"a}t des L{\"o}sungsmittels sowie des Substitutionsmusters auf das Produktverh{\"a}ltnis bei der Photolyse von Azoalkanen vom DBH-Typ},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3551},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Die photolytische Stickstoffabspaltung aus Azoalkanen vom DBH-Typ verl{\"a}uft stereoselektiv unter bevorzugter Bildung des invertierten Hausans. Bei cyclopentenannelierten DBH-Derivaten kann die Selektivit{\"a}t in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit von den Br{\"u}ckenkopfsubstituenten auch umgekehrt sein. Bei der Photolyse von Azoalkan DBH-d2 zeigt sich, dass das Verh{\"a}ltnis von Inversions- zu von der Viskosit{\"a}t des L{\"o}sungsmittels abh{\"a}ngig ist. Die Viskosit{\"a}t wird sowohl durch Verwendung einer Serie von Alkoholen verschiedener Viskosit{\"a}t als auch durch Variation der Temperatur in n-Butanol ge{\"a}ndert. Der Wert f{\"u}r die Photolyse in Acetonitril f{\"u}gt sich in die Reihe der alkoholischen Solventien ein, womit eine Beteiligung von Wasserstoffbr{\"u}cken ausgeschlossen ist. Der Viskosit{\"a}tseffekt ist mit einem schrittweisen Mechanismus der Stickstoffabspaltung vereinbar, der {\"u}ber ein unsymmetrisches Singulettdiazenyldiradikal verl{\"a}uft. Die Abweichung der Viskosit{\"a}tprofile des kinv/kret-Verh{\"a}ltnisses f{\"u}r die Viskosit{\"a}ts{\"a}nderung durch L{\"o}sungsmittel- und Temperaturvariation l{\"a}sst einen kleinen aber messbaren Unterschied in der Aktivierungsenergie f{\"u}r den Inversions- und Retentionsprozess ableiten. Das kinv/kret-Verh{\"a}ltnis bei der Photolyse von DBH-d2 wird auch in Abh{\"a}ngigkeit vom Druck in superkritischem Ethan und Kohlendioxid untersucht, wof{\"u}r zun{\"a}chst eine spezielle Apparatur aufgebaut werden musste. Die Analyse der beobachteten Druckabh{\"a}ngigkeit im Hinblick auf Stoß- (Selbstdiffusionskoeffi-zient) und Reibungseffekte (Viskosit{\"a}t) l{\"a}sst schließen, dass eine Behinderung des Inversionsprozesses durch Reibung mit Mediummolek{\"u}len die experimentellen Beobachtungen am besten erkl{\"a}rt. Dies entspricht den Beobachtungen in fl{\"u}ssiger Phase und best{\"a}tigt den Mechanismus. In einer vergleichenden Untersuchung der Photolyse (bei + 25 °C) von Azaolkan Ib und der thermischen (bei +25 °C) syn-zu-anti-Isomerisierung des entsprechenden Hausans IIb wird festgestellt, dass die kinv/kret-Verh{\"a}ltnisse bei der Photolyse des Azoalkans in einer Serie von Alkoholen und die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten kiso der Isomerisierung in der gleichen Reihe von L{\"o}sungsmitteln einer sehr {\"a}hnlichen Viskosit{\"a}tsabh{\"a}ngigkeit gehorchen. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass die Bewegung bei der Ger{\"u}stinversion in beiden F{\"a}llen durch Reibung mit L{\"o}sungsmittelmolek{\"u}len gehemmt und damit die Stereoselektivit{\"a}t bestimmt wird. Die Photolyse von DBH-d2 in Isooctan/Nujol-Gemischen zeigt die gleiche Viskosit{\"a}tsabh{\"a}ngigkeit des kinv/kret-Verh{\"a}ltnisses wie die in alkoholischen Medien. Aus dem Unterschied der absoluten kinv/kret-Werte der beiden Serien und durch die Verwendung weite-rer aprotischer L{\"o}sungsmittel wird eine Beeinflussung der Selektivit{\"a}t durch die "bulk" Polarit{\"a}t des Mediums festgestellt. Fazit: Durch die Untersuchung des Einflusses der Viskosit{\"a}t und Polarit{\"a}t des L{\"o}sungsmittels auf die Stereoselektivit{\"a}t bei der Photolyse von bicyclischen Azoalkanen und die thermi-sche Isomerisierung der entsprechenden Hausane wird das Auftreten eines Diazenyldiradi-kals als Schl{\"u}sselintermediat best{\"a}tigt und dynamische Effekte werden ausgeschlossen. Bei der Photolyse der cyclopentenannelierten Azoalkane Ic,d mit n-Propyl- und Acetoxy-methylsubstituenten an den Br{\"u}ckenkopfpositionen (Schema IV) entstehen unter Singulettbedingungen (direkte Photolyse bei h{\"o}herer Temperatur) unter Retention haupts{\"a}chlich die anti-IIc,d Hausane. Unter Triplettbedingungen (direkte Photolyse bei tiefer Temperatur oder sensibilisierte Photolyse) wird das Inversionsprodukt syn-IIc,d bevorzugt. Die favorisierte Inversion beim Triplettweg wird mit der unsymmetrischen Natur der Br{\"u}ckenkopfsubstituenten n\&\#64979;Propyl und Acetoxymethyl bei der Rotation um die Br{\"u}ckenkopfposition des planaren Cyclopentan-1,3-diyltriplettdiradikal erkl{\"a}rt. Die rotationsunsymmetrischen Br{\"u}ckenkopfsubstituenten stehen in ihrer Konformation niedrigster Energie (AM1-Rechnungen) auf der gegen{\"u}berliegenden Seite des Diylrings als der annelierte Cyclopentenring. Nach ISC f{\"u}hrt der Ringschluss aufgrund sterischer Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Br{\"u}ckenkopfsubstituenten und der gem-dimethylsubstituierten Methylenbr{\"u}cke bevorzugt zum syn-Hausan. Beim Vergleich des Verh{\"a}ltnisses von Inversion zu Retention bei der Photolyse des unges{\"a}t-tigten und ges{\"a}ttigten Azoalkans Ie und If (Schema IV) zeigt sich, dass bei beiden Derivaten unter Singulettbedingungen das syn-Hausan in etwa gleichem Ausmaß entsteht. Unter Triplettbedingungen f{\"u}hrt die Photolyse zum Retentionsprodukt anti-IIe,f als Hauptdiastereomer, aber mit einem betr{\"a}chtlichen Unterschied im syn/anti-Hausan-Verh{\"a}ltnis f{\"u}r Ie (38 : 62) und If (6 : 94). Dieser signifikante Unterschied der anti-Stereoselektivit{\"a}t im Triplettweg wird mechanistisch durch weitreichende sterische Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem annelierten Ring und der gem-dimethylsubstituierten Methylenbr{\"u}cke w{\"a}hrend des Ringschlusses nach ISC des planaren Cyclopentan-1,3-diyltriplettdiradikals gedeutet. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Denitrogenierung des intermedi{\"a}ren Diazenyldiradikals Ie,f-1DZ (analog zu Ia-1DZ) im SH2-Prozess (Inversion) des Singulettwegs relativ unempfindlich gegen{\"u}ber solchen sterischen Effekten zwischen den entfernten Substituenten. Fazit: Bei der Photolyse von f{\"u}nfringannelierten Azoalkanen wirken sich kleinere strukturelle Variationen (rotationsunsymmetrische Br{\"u}ckenkopfsubstituenten oder die Hydrierung der Doppelbindung im annelierten Ring) vor allem im Triplettweg {\"u}ber sterische Wechselwirkungen im planaren Cyclopentan-1,3-diyltriplettdiradikal auf das Verh{\"a}ltnis der entstehenden syn/anti-Hausane aus. Der SH2-Prozess im Singulettweg ist relativ unempfindlich gegen{\"u}ber solchen sterischen Effekten.},
  subject      = {Azoalkene},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Jadulco2002,
  author    = {Jadulco, Raquel C.},
  title     = {Isolation and structure elucidation of bioactive secondary metabolites from marine sponges and sponge-derived fungi},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3565},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Low-molecular mass natural products from bacteria, fungi, plants and marine organisms exhibit unique structural diversity which are of interest for the identification of new lead structures for medicinals and agrochemicals. In the search for bioactive compounds from marine sponges and sponge-associated fungi, this research work resulted to the isolation of twenty-six compounds, eight of which are new metabolites. The sponges were collected from the Indo-pacific regions, particularly those from Indonesian and Philippine waters, as well as those from the Mediterranean Sea near the island of Elba in Italy. A combination of the chemically- and biologically-driven approach for drug discovery was employed, wherein extracts were screened for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. In addition to the bioassay-guided approach to purify the compounds responsible for the activity of the extract, TLC, UV and MS were also used to isolate the chemically most interesting substances. Hence, purified compounds which are not responsible for the initial bioscreening activity may have a chance to be evaluated for other bioactivities. Enumerated below are the compounds which have been isolated and structurally elucidated and whose bioactivities have been further characterized. 1. The extract of the fungus Cladosporium herbarum associated with the sponge Callyspongia aerizusa afforded seven structurally related polyketides, including two new twelve-membered macrolides: pandangolide 3 and 4, and a new acetyl congener of the previously isolated 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid. The two furoic acid analogues isolated were found to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the extract. The isolation of the known phytotoxin Cladospolide B from Cladosporium herbarum, which was originally known from Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum, indicates the possibility that Cladospolide B may be a chemotaxonomic marker of particular Cladosporium species. 2. The extract of the fungus Curvularia lunata associated with the Indonesian sponge Niphates olemda yielded three compounds, namely the new antimicrobially-active anthraquinone lunatin, the known bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin A, and the known plant hormone abscisic acid. The co-occurrence of the two structurally-related anthraquinones suggests that the monomeric lunatin may be a precursor in the biosynthesis of the bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin A. 3. The fungus Penicillium spp. associated with the Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa yielded six compounds, namely the known antifungal griseofulvin and its less active dechloro analogue; the known toxin oxaline; and the known cytotoxic metabolite communesin B and its two new congeners communesin C and D. The new communesins were less active than communesin B in the brine-shrimp lethality test. 4. An unidentified fungus which was also isolated from the same Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa as Penicillium spp. yielded the known compound monocerin which has been reported to possess phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. 5. The fungus Aspergillus flavus associated with the Philippine sponge Hyrtios aff. reticulatus yielded the known toxin a-cyclopiazonic acid. 6. The Indonesian sponge Agelas nakamurai yielded four bromopyrrole alkaloids namely the new compound 4-bromo-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, and the known compounds: 4-bromo-pyrrole-2-carboxamide, mukanadin B and mukanadin C. All of the four compounds except mukanadin B were found to be antimicrobially-active. Bromopyrrole alkaloids are well-known metabolites of the genus Agelas and are proven to play an important role in the chemical defense of the sponge against predation from fishes. 7. The Indonesian sponge Jaspis splendens yielded three known substances which are known for their antiproliferative activities, namely the depsipeptides jaspamide (jasplakinolide), and its derivatives jaspamide B and jaspamide C.},
  subject      = {Meeresschw{\"a}mme},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bode2002,
  author    = {Bode, Val{\´e}rie Sabine},
  title     = {Eine kephalometrische Longitudinalstudie kieferorthop{\"a}disch behandelter Patienten im Alter von 8 bis 18 Jahren},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3573},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In einer kephalometrischen Longitudinalstudie wurden 919 Fernr{\"o}ntgenseiten-aufnahmen von 290 kieferorthop{\"a}disch behandelten Jugendlichen im Alter zwischen 8 und 18 Jahren ausgewertet. Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten bei Behandlungsbeginn (Zeitpunkt t0) betrug 11,5 Jahre (+/- 1,9 Jahre). Bis zu 5 FRS-Aufnahmen im Abstand von je einem Jahr konnten pro Patient ausgewertet werden. F{\"u}r die statistische Auswertung skelettaler FRS-Parameter wurde das Patientengut in verschiedene Untersuchungsgruppen eingeteilt: 1.) Einteilung nach dem pr{\"a}therapeutischen ANB-Winkel; 2.) Einteilung nach dem pr{\"a}therapeutischen SNA-Winkel; 3.) Einteilung nach dem Alter bei Behandlungsbeginn. Als Kontrollgruppen dienten die kephalometrischen Durchschnittswerte aus der Dissertation von GILBERT-BRESLER, aus dem Werk von BHATIA und LEIGHTON und aus den BOLTON Standards. Im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten Kontrollgruppen konnte folgendes Wachstum im Viscerocranium w{\"a}hrend der Behandlung gemessen werden: 1. In der Gruppe mit einem pr{\"a}therapeutischen ANB-Winkel > 4° (distal-basale Hauptgruppe) konnte beim Vergleich des Wachstums unbehandelter Probanden (Kontrollgruppe) mit dem entsprechenden Wachstum behandelter Patienten ein kieferorthop{\"a}discher Effekt w{\"a}hrend der Behandlung anhand folgender sagittaler Parameter nachgewiesen werden: Die Zunahme des SNB- und des SN-Pg-Winkels der behandelten Patienten lag deutlich {\"u}ber der vergleichbaren Zunahme der entsprechenden Winkel in der Kontrollgruppe. Eine gegen{\"u}ber der Kontrollgruppe signifikant gr{\"o}ßere Abnahme des ANB-Winkels ließ sich auf eine erfolgreiche Bißlage-Korrektur zur{\"u}ckf{\"u}hren. 2. Bei Patienten mit einem pr{\"a}therapeutischen SNA-Winkel <= 79° (maxill{\"a}r retrognathe Hauptgruppe) konnte im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe ein behandlungsbedingter Effekt anhand folgender sagittaler Parameter beobachtet werden: Der SNB- und der SN-Pg-Winkel und die Strecke Go-Me nahmen geringf{\"u}gig st{\"a}rker als in der Kontrollgruppe zu. Dazu analog nahm der ANB-Winkel st{\"a}rker ab. Zusammenfassend konnte festgestellt werden: Bei Patienten mit pr{\"a}therapeutisch ausgepr{\"a}gteren Dysgnathien (distal-basale und maxill{\"a}r retrognathe Hauptgruppe) konnte eine st{\"a}rkere kieferorthop{\"a}dische Einflußnahme auf das Gesichtssch{\"a}delwachstum als in den {\"u}brigen beiden Patientengruppen mit geringerer Auspr{\"a}gung skelettaler Diskrepanzen (neutral-basale und maxill{\"a}r orthognathe Hauptgruppe) nachgewiesen werden. Insbesondere bei Patienten mit einem pr{\"a}therapeutischen ANB-Winkel > 4° (distal-basale Hauptgruppe) konnte die Korrektur der basalen Diskrepanz (signifikant gr{\"o}ßere Zunahme des SNB- und SN-Pg-Winkels und signifikant gr{\"o}ßere Abnahme des ANB-Winkels als in der unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe) eindeutig auf eine durchgef{\"u}hrte funktionskieferorthop{\"a}dische Therapie zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt werden. Somit konnte hier ein Einfluß kieferorthop{\"a}discher Behandlung auf das skelettale Gesichts- und Sch{\"a}delwachstum nachgewiesen werden.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Thom2002,
  author    = {Thom, Corinna},
  title     = {Dynamics and Communication Structures of Nectar Foraging in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3601},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {In this thesis, I examined honey bee nectar foraging with emphasis on the communication system. To document how a honey bee colony adjusts its daily nectar foraging effort, I observed a random sample of individually marked workers during the entire day, and then estimated the number and activity of all nectar foragers in the colony. The total number of active nectar foragers in a colony changed frequently between days. Foraging activity did not usually change between days. A honey bee colony adjusts its daily foraging effort by changing the number of its nectar foragers rather than their activity. I tested whether volatiles produced by a foraging colony activated nectar foragers of a non-foraging colony by connecting with a glass tube two colonies. Each colony had access to a different green house. In 50\% of all experiments, volatile substances from the foraging colony stimulated nectar foragers of the non-foraging colony to fly to an empty feeder. The results of this study show that honey bees can produce a chemical signal or cue that activates nectar foragers. However, more experiments are needed to establish the significance of the activating volatiles for the foraging communication system. The brief piping signal of nectar foragers inhibits forager recruitment by stopping waggle dances (Nieh 1993, Kirchner 1993). However, I observed that many piping signals (approximately 43\%) were produced off the dance floor, a restricted area in the hive where most waggle dances are performed. If the inhibition of waggle dances would be the only function of the brief piping signal, tremble dancers should produce piping signals mainly on the dance floor, where the probability to encounter waggle dancers is highest. To therefore investigate the piping signal in more detail, I experimentally established the foraging context of the brief piping signal, characterized its acoustic properties, and documented for the first time the unique behavior of piping nectar foragers by observing foragers throughout their entire stay in the hive. Piping nectar foragers usually began to tremble dance immediately upon their return into the hive, spent more time in the hive, more time dancing, had longer unloading latencies, and were the only foragers that sometimes unloaded their nectar directly into cells instead of giving it to a nectar receiver bee. Most of the brief piping signals (approximately 99\%) were produced by tremble dancers, yet not all tremble dancers (approximately 48\%) piped. This suggests that piping and tremble dancing have related, but not identical functions in the foraging system. Thus, the brief piping signals may not only inhibit forager recruitment, but have an additional function both on and off the dance floor. In particular, the piping signal might function 1. to stop the recruitment of additional nectar foragers, and 2. as a modulatory signal to alter the response threshold of signal receivers to the tremble dance. The observation that piping tremble dancers often did not experience long unloading delays before they started to dance gave rise to a question. A forager's unloading delay provides reliable information about the relative work capacities of nectar foragers and nectar receivers, because each returning forager unloads her nectar to a nectar receiver before she takes off for the next foraging trip. Queuing delays for either foragers or receivers lower foraging efficiency and can be eliminated by recruiting workers to the group in shortage. Short unloading delays indicate to the nectar forager a shortage of foragers and stimulate waggle dancing which recruits nectar foragers. Long unloading delays indicate a shortage of nectar receivers and stimulate tremble dancing which recruits nectar receivers (Seeley 1992, Seeley et al. 1996). Because the short unloading delays of piping tremble dancers indicated that tremble dancing can be elicited by other factors than long unloading delays, I tested whether a hive-external stimulus, the density of foragers at the food source, stimulated tremble dancing directly. The experiments show that tremble dancing can be caused directly by a high density of foragers at the food source and suggest that tremble dancing can be elicited by a decrease of foraging efficiency either inside (e.g. shortage of receiver bees) or outside (e.g. difficulty of loading nectar) the hive. Tremble dancing as a reaction to hive-external stimuli seems to occur under natural conditions and can thus be expected to have some adaptive significance. The results imply that if the hive-external factors that elicit tremble dancing do not indicate a shortage of nectar receiver bees in the hive, the function of the tremble dance may not be restricted to the recruitment of additional nectar receivers, but might be the inhibition or re-organization of nectar foraging.},
  subject      = {Bienen <Familie>},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Porsch2002,
  author    = {Porsch, Matthias},
  title     = {OMB and ORG-1},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3614},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Members of the T-box gene family encode transcription factors that play key roles during embryonic development and organogenesis of invertebrates and vertebrates. The defining feature of T-box proteins is an about 200 aa large, conserved DNA binding motif, the T domain. Their importance for proper development is highlighted by the dramatic phenotypes of T-box mutant animals. My thesis was mainly focused on two Drosophila T-box genes, optomotor-blind (omb) and optomotor-blind related 1 (org-1), and included (i) a genetic analysis of org-1 and (ii) the identification of molecular determinants within OMB and ORG-1 that confer functional specificity. (i) Genetic analysis of org-1 initially based on a behavioral Drosophila mutant, C31. C31 is a X-linked, recessive mutant and was mapped to 7E-F, the cytological region of org-1. This pleiotropic mutant is manifested in walking defects, structural aberrations in the central brain, and "held-out" wings. Molecular analysis revealed that C31 contains an insertion of a 5' truncated I retrotransposon within the 3' untranslated transcript of org-1, suggesting that C31 might represent the first org-1 mutant. Based on this hypothesis, we screened 44.500 F1 female offspring of EMS mutagenized males and C31 females for the "held-out" phenotype, but failed to isolate any C31 or org-1 mutant, although this mutagenesis was functional per se. Since we could not exclude the possibility that our failure is due to an idiosyncracy of C31, we intended not to rely on C31 in further genetic experiments and followed a reverse genetic strategy . All P element lines cytologically mapping to 7E-7F were characterized for their precise insertion sites. 13 of the 19 analyzed lines had P element insertions within a hot-spot 37 kb downstream of org-1. No P element insertions within org-1 could be identified, but several P element insertions were determined on either side of org-1. The org-1 nearest insertions were used for local-hop experiments, in which we associated 6 new genes with P insertions, but failed to target org-1. The closest P elements are still 10 kb away from org-1. Subsequently, we employed org-1 flanking P elements to induce precise deletions in 7E-F spanning org-1. Two org-1 flanking P elements were brought together on a recombinant chromosome. Remobilization of P elements in cis configuration frequently results in deletions with the P element insertion sites as deficiency endpoints. In a first attempt, we expected to identify deficiencies by screening for C31 alleles. 8 new C31 alleles could be isolated. The new C31 chromosomes, however, did not carry the desired deletion. Molecular analysis indicated that C31 is not caused by aberrations in org-1, but by mutations in a distal locus. We repeated the P element remobilization and screened for the absence of P element markers. 4 lethal chromosomes could be isolated with a deletion of the org-1 locus. (ii) The consequences of ectopic org-1 were analyzed using UAS-org-1 transgenic flies and a number of different Gal4 driver lines. Misexpression of org-1 during imaginal development interfered with the normal development of many organs and resulted in flies with a plethora of phenotypes. These include a homeotic transformation of distal antenna (flagellum) into distal leg structures, a strong size reduction of the legs along their proximo-distal axis, and stunted wings. Like ectopic org-1, ectopic omb leads to dramatic changes of normal developmental pathways in Drosophila as well. dpp-Gal4/ UAS-omb flies are late pupal lethal and show an ectopic pair of wings and largely reduced eyes. GMR-Gal4 driven ectopic omb expression in the developing eye causes a degeneration of the photoreceptor cells, while GMR-Gal4/ UAS-org-1 flies have intact eyes. Hence, ectopic org-1 and omb induce profound phenotypes that are qualitatively different for these homologous genes. To begin to address the question where within OMB and ORG-1 the specificity determinants reside, we conceptionally subdivided both proteins into three domains and tested the relevance ofthese domains for functional specificity in vivo. The single domains were cloned and used as modules to assemble all possible omb-org-1 chimeric trans- genes. A method was developed to determine the relative expression strength of different UAS-transgenes, allowing to compare the various transgenic constructs for qualitative differences only, excluding different transgene quantities. Analysis of chimeric omb-org-1 transgenes with the GMR-Gal4 driver revealed that all three OMB domains contribute to functional specificity.},
  subject      = {Taufliege},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bornhorst2002,
  author    = {Bornhorst, Ralf},
  title     = {Das bayerische Insolvenzrecht im 19. Jahrhundert und der Einfluß Bayerns auf das Entstehen der Reichskonkursordnung von 1877},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2055},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Das Werk stellt zun{\"a}chst das bayerische Insolvenzrecht des 19. Jahrhunderts dar. Der Autor untersucht dann anhand historischer Quellen aus der Zeit der Gr{\"u}ndung des deutschen Kaiserreichs, welchen Einfluß Bayern - als nach Preußen seinerzeit wohl m{\"a}chtigster Bundesstaat - im Rahmen der Rechtsvereinheilichung auf dem Gebiet des Konkursrechts geltend machen konnte. Dabei wird der Verlauf der Gesetzesberatungen unter Bezugnahme auf die in den Archiven lagernden Materialien unter juristischen und rechtspolitischen Gesichtspunkten n{\"a}her beleuchtet. Schließlich gibt der Verfasser einen kurzen {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Auswirkungen einiger von Bayern unterst{\"u}tzten Regelungen f{\"u}r die Rechtspraxis der Folgezeit. Er zeigt außerdem noch auf, inwieweit "bayerische Ideen" Eingang in das aktuell in Deutschland geltende Insolvenzrecht gefunden haben.},
  subject      = {Bayern},
  language  = {de}
}