14522
2015
eng
1555
6
article
1
2017-03-02
--
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Emotion regulation in heavy smokers: experiential, expressive and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal
Emotion regulation dysfunctions are assumed to contribute to the development of tobacco addiction and relapses among smokers attempting to quit. To further examine this hypothesis, the present study compared heavy smokers with non-smokers (NS) in a reappraisal task. Specifically, we investigated whether non-deprived smokers (NDS) and deprived smokers (DS) differ from non-smokers in cognitive emotion regulation and whether there is an association between the outcome of emotion regulation and the cigarette craving. Sixty-five participants (23 non-smokers, 22 NDS, and 20 DS) were instructed to down-regulate emotions by reappraising negative or positive pictorial scenarios. Self-ratings of valence, arousal, and cigarette craving as well as facial electromyography and electroencephalograph activities were measured. Ratings, facial electromyography, and electroencephalograph data indicated that both NDS and DS performed comparably to nonsmokers in regulating emotional responses via reappraisal, irrespective of the valence of pictorial stimuli. Interestingly, changes in cigarette craving were positively associated with regulation of emotional arousal irrespective of emotional valence. These results suggest that heavy smokers are capable to regulate emotion via deliberate reappraisal and smokers' cigarette craving is associated with emotional arousal rather than emotional valence. This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic use of reappraisal to replace maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in nicotine addicts.
Frontiers in Psychology
10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01555
urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145225
Frontiers in Psychology 6:1555 (2015). DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01555
CC BY: Creative-Commons-Lizenz: Namensnennung 4.0 International
Lingdan Wu
Markus H. Winkler
Matthias J. Wieser
Marta Andreatta
Yonghui Li
Paul Pauli
eng
uncontrolled
negative affect
eng
uncontrolled
regulation strategies
eng
uncontrolled
positive emotions
eng
uncontrolled
craving
eng
uncontrolled
late positive potential
eng
uncontrolled
nicotine addiction
eng
uncontrolled
smoking
eng
uncontrolled
emotion regulation
eng
uncontrolled
reappraisal
eng
uncontrolled
facial electromyography
eng
uncontrolled
brain reactivity
eng
uncontrolled
down regulation
eng
uncontrolled
unpleasant pictures
eng
uncontrolled
anxiety sensitivity
eng
uncontrolled
facial expressions
eng
uncontrolled
cigarette smokers
eng
uncontrolled
smoking motives
Psychologie
open_access
Institut für Psychologie
Universität Würzburg
https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/files/14522/099_Wu_Frontiers_in_Psychology.pdf
14861
2015
eng
128
9
article
1
2017-05-17
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Appetitive vs. aversive conditioning in humans
In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) becomes associated with a biologically salient event (unconditioned stimulus, US), which might be pain (aversive conditioning) or food (appetitive conditioning). After a few associations, the CS is able to initiate either defensive or consummatory responses, respectively. Contrary to aversive conditioning, appetitive conditioning is rarely investigated in humans, although its importance for normal and pathological behaviors (e.g., obesity, addiction) is undeniable. The present study intents to translate animal findings on appetitive conditioning to humans using food as an US. Thirty-three participants were investigated between 8 and 10 am without breakfast in order to assure that they felt hungry. During two acquisition phases, one geometrical shape (avCS+) predicted an aversive US (painful electric shock), another shape (appCS+) predicted an appetitive US (chocolate or salty pretzel according to the participants' preference), and a third shape (CS) predicted neither US. In a extinction phase, these three shapes plus a novel shape (NEW) were presented again without US delivery. Valence and arousal ratings as well as startle and skin conductance (SCR) responses were collected as learning indices. We found successful aversive and appetitive conditioning. On the one hand, the avCS+ was rated as more negative and more arousing than the CS and induced startle potentiation and enhanced SCR. On the other hand, the appCS+ was rated more positive than the CS and induced startle attenuation and larger SCR. In summary, we successfully confirmed animal findings in (hungry) humans by demonstrating appetitive learning and normal aversive learning.
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00128
urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148614
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 9:128 (2015). DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00128
CC BY: Creative-Commons-Lizenz: Namensnennung 4.0 International
Marta Andreatta
Paul Pauli
eng
uncontrolled
extinction
eng
uncontrolled
attention
eng
uncontrolled
classical conditioning
eng
uncontrolled
skin conductance response
eng
uncontrolled
punishment
eng
uncontrolled
startle reflex
eng
uncontrolled
reward
eng
uncontrolled
fear
eng
uncontrolled
startle
eng
uncontrolled
model
Psychologie
open_access
Institut für Psychologie
Universität Würzburg
https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/files/14861/031_Andreatta_Frontiers_in_Behavioral_Neuroscience.pdf
15151
2015
eng
981
6
article
1
2017-07-14
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Arousal, valence, and the uncanny valley: psychophysiological and self-report findings
The main prediction of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis (UVH) is that observation of humanlike characters that are difficult to distinguish from the human counterpart will evoke a state of negative affect. Well-established electrophysiological [late positive potential (LPP) and facial electromyography (EMG)] and self-report [Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)] indices of valence and arousal, i.e., the primary orthogonal dimensions of affective experience, were used to test this prediction by examining affective experience in response to categorically ambiguous compared with unambiguous avatar and human faces (N = 30). LPP and EMG provided direct psychophysiological indices of affective state during passive observation and the SAM provided self-reported indices of affective state during explicit cognitive evaluation of static facial stimuli. The faces were drawn from well-controlled morph continua representing the UVH' dimension of human likeness (DHL). The results provide no support for the notion that category ambiguity along the DHL is specifically associated with enhanced experience of negative affect. On the contrary, the LPP and SAM-based measures of arousal and valence indicated a general increase in negative affective state (i.e., enhanced arousal and negative valence) with greater morph distance from the human end of the DHL. A second sample (N = 30) produced the same finding, using an ad hoc self-rating scale of feelings of familiarity, i.e., an oft-used measure of affective experience along the UVH' familiarity dimension. In conclusion, this multi-method approach using well-validated psychophysiological and self-rating indices of arousal and valence rejects for passive observation and for explicit affective evaluation of static faces the main prediction of the UVH.
Frontiers in Psychology
10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00981
urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151519
Frontiers in Psychology 6:981 (2015). DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00981
27731
CC BY: Creative-Commons-Lizenz: Namensnennung 4.0 International
Marcus Cheetham
Lingdan Wu
Paul Pauli
Lutz Jancke
eng
uncontrolled
emotional facial expressions
eng
uncontrolled
event-related potentials
eng
uncontrolled
electromyographic activity
eng
uncontrolled
startle reflex
eng
uncontrolled
arousal
eng
uncontrolled
unpleasant pictures
eng
uncontrolled
brain potentials
eng
uncontrolled
mere exposure
eng
uncontrolled
circumplex model
eng
uncontrolled
face recognition
eng
uncontrolled
neural response
eng
uncontrolled
valence
eng
uncontrolled
uncanny valley hypothesis
eng
uncontrolled
familiarity
eng
uncontrolled
EMG
eng
uncontrolled
EEG
eng
uncontrolled
LPP
Psychologie
open_access
Institut für Psychologie
OpenAIRE
Universität Würzburg
https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/files/15151/017_Cheetham_FRONTIERS-IN-PSYCHOLOGY.pdf